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Sahabah

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Sahabah
تخطيط كلمة الصحابة.png تخطيط كلمة الصحابة.png
Calligraphic representation of Sahabah
Native nameاَلصَّحَابَةُ
Born
💼 Occupation

Companions of the Prophet or aṣ-ṣaḥābah (Arabic: اَلصَّحَابَةُ‎ meaning "the companions", from the verb صَحِبَ meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who "saw or met the prophet during his lifetime and were physically in his presence".[1] "Al-ṣaḥābah" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine صَحَابِيٌّ (ṣaḥābiyy), feminine صَحَابِيَّةٌ (ṣaḥābiyyah).

Later scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and other various important matters of Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators (isnads), was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition. From the traditions (hadith) of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (sunnah), the code of conduct (sharia) it requires, and the jurisprudence (fiqh) by which Muslim communities should be regulated.

The two largest Islamic denominations, the Sunni and Shia, take different approaches in weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different hadith collections and, as a result, have different views about the ṣaḥābah.[2]

The second generation of Muslims after the ṣaḥābah, born after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who knew at least one ṣaḥābah, are called Tābi‘ūn (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after the Tābi‘ūn, who knew at least one Tābi‘, are called tābi‘ al-tābi‘īn.[3] The three generations make up the salaf of Islam.

Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas leads the armies of the Rashidun Caliphate during the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah from a manuscript of the Shahnameh.

Types

In Islām, companions of Muḥammad are classified into categories including the Muhajirūn[lower-alpha 1] who accompanied Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, the Ansar who lived in Medina, and the Badriyyūn who fought at the Battle of Badr.[2][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]

Two important groups among the Companions are the Muhajirūn "migrants", those who had faith in Muhammad when he began to preach in Mecca and who departed with him when he was persecuted there, and the Ansar, the people of Medina who welcomed Muhammad and his companions and stood as their protectors.[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]

Lists of prominent companions usually run to 50 or 60 names, the people most closely associated with Muhammad. However, there were clearly many others who had some contact with Muhammad and their names and biographies were recorded in religious reference texts such as ibn Sa'd's early Book of the Major Classes. Al-Qurtubi's Istīʻāb fī maʻrifat al-Aṣhāb, who died in 1071, consists of 2770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female ṣaḥābah.

According to an observation in al-Qastallani's Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah, an untold number of persons had already converted to Islam by the time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time of the Conquest of Mecca and 70,000 during the Expedition of Tabuk in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number: it is believed that 124,000 witnessed the Farewell Sermon Muhammad delivered after making Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca.

Definitions

Sunni

The most widespread definition of a companion is one who met Muhammad, believed in him, and died a Muslim. The Sunni scholar ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d.852 H) said,

The most correct of what I have come across is that a Sahâbî (Companion) is one who met the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ whilst believing in him, and died as a Muslim. So, that includes the one who remained with him for a long or a short time, and those who narrated from him and those who did not, and those who saw him but did not sit with him and those who could not see him due to blindness.[4]

Anyone who died after rejecting Islam and becoming an apostate is not considered as a companion. Those who saw him but held off believing in him until after his passing are not considered ṣaḥābah but tābi‘ūn.

Shia

The Shia[5][6] as well as some Sunni scholars like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi and Amin Ahsan Islahi state that not every individual who met or had accidentally seen Muhammad can be considered a Companion. In their view, the Qurʻan has outlined a high level of faith as one of the distinctive qualities of the ṣaḥābah. Hence, they admit to this list only those individuals who had substantial contact with Muhammad, lived with him, and took part in his campaigns and efforts at proselytizing.[7] In other words, Companion is used to refer to sahaba of the prophet who were in a long-term relationship with him and support him in an essential event up to their death.[8]

Shia Muslims believe that some companions are accountable for the loss of the caliphate by the Ali's family.[1]

Baháʼí Faith

The Baháʼí Faith recognises the companions of Muhammad. They are mentioned in the Kitáb-i-Íqán, the primary theological work of the Baháʼí religion.[9]

Hadith

Sunni views

According to the History of the Prophets and Kings, after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah and the Anṣār of Medina held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf and Uthman, companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of the Banu Umayyah, selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abū Bakr and the other Anṣar and Muhajirun accepted him.[10][11]

Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7] shows ranks of ṣaḥābah, tābi‘īn, and tābi‘ al-tābi‘īn. Al-Suyuti recognized eleven levels of companionship.

Shia views

Following the consultation of companions about the successor of Muhammad, Shi'i scholars, therefore, deprecate hadith believed to have been transmitted from alleged unjust companions and place much more reliance on hadith believed to have been related by Muhammad's family members and companions who supported Ali. The Shia claim that Muhammad announced his successor during his lifetime at Dawat Zul Asheera[12] then many times during his prophethood and finally at the event of Ghadir Khumm.[13]

Shi'as consider that any hadith where Muhammad is claimed to have absolved all ṣaḥābah from sin is a false report by those who opposed the Ahl al-Bayt.[8]

Baháʼí Faith

The Baháʼí Faith recognises the companions of Muhammad. They are mentioned in the Kitáb-i-Íqán, the primary theological work of the Baháʼí religion.[14]

See also

Hadith

Sunni views

According to the History of the Prophets and Kings, after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah and the Anṣār of Medina held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf and Uthman, companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of the Banu Umayyah, selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abū Bakr and the other Anṣar and Muhajirun accepted him.[10][11]

Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above[lower-alpha 8][lower-alpha 9] shows ranks of ṣaḥābah, tābi‘īn, and tābi‘ al-tābi‘īn. Al-Suyuti recognized eleven levels of companionship.

Shia views

Following the consultation of companions about the successor of Muhammad, Shi'i scholars, therefore, deprecate hadith believed to have been transmitted from alleged unjust companions and place much more reliance on hadith believed to have been related by Muhammad's family members and companions who supported Ali. The Shia claim that Muhammad announced his successor during his lifetime at Dawat Zul Asheera[15] then many times during his prophethood and finally at the event of Ghadir Khumm.[16]

Shi'as consider that any hadith where Muhammad is claimed to have absolved all ṣaḥābah from sin is a false report by those who opposed the Ahl al-Bayt.[8]

Further reading

External links

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Encyclopaedia Britannica (2008). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. p. 441. ISBN 978-1-59339-492-9. Search this book on
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Companions of the Prophet". britannica.
  3. ↑ Esposito, John L. (2008). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 441. ISBN 978-1-59339-492-9. Search this book on
  4. ↑ [Source: Al-Isâbah (1/4-5) of al-Hâfidh lbn Hajar]
  5. ↑ Jabali, Fu'ad. "A STUDY OF THE COMPANIONS OF THE PROPHET: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRlBUTION AND POLITICAL ALIGNMENTS (1999)" (PDF). nlc-bnc.ca.
  6. ↑ Taqi poor, Hussain. "reviewing of the article "Companions of the Prophet" authored by linda L. Kim". noormags.
  7. ↑ Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation by Amin Ahsan Islahi
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Hadi, Muhammad. "Companions of the Prophet in view of Quran and Imams". noormags.
  9. ↑ Bahá'u'lláh (189x). The Kitáb-i-Íqán (1989 pocket-size ed.). US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2014-12-29 – via Bahá’í Reference Library. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 566. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9. Search this book on
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Afsaruddin, Asma. "Companions of the Prophet (2008)". oxford islamic studies. Archived from the original on 2019-09-19. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
  12. ↑ Bahá'u'lláh (189x). The Kitáb-i-Íqán (1989 pocket-size ed.). US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2014-12-29 – via Bahá’í Reference Library. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  13. ↑ Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims. p. 276. Search this book on
  14. ↑ Bahá'u'lláh (189x). The Kitáb-i-Íqán (1989 pocket-size ed.). US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2014-12-29 – via Bahá’í Reference Library. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  15. ↑ Bahá'u'lláh (189x). The Kitáb-i-Íqán (1989 pocket-size ed.). US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2014-12-29 – via Bahá’í Reference Library. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help) Search this book on
  16. ↑ Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims. p. 276. Search this book on


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