Islam and masturbation
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There are varying scholarly views of masturbation (Arabic: استمناء, romanized: istimnā’) in Islam. Islamic scripture does not specifically mention masturbation. There are a few Hadiths mentioning it, but these are classified as unreliable.[1]
Traditional viewpoints[edit]
Sunni[edit]
The Sunni schools of jurisprudence (known as madhhahib – the Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanbali, and Zahiri schools of Fiqh) have differing stances on the issue. Most see it as forbidden generally, with some giving an exception for when they see it as a lesser evil to illicit sex. It is generally prohibited according to the Hanafi and Hanbali madhaahib, unless one fears adultery or fornication, or (only in the case of the Hanbali Madhhab) is under extreme desire, in which case, it is permissible to seek a relief through masturbation. However, it is prohibited all the time according to the Maliki and Shafi`i madhaahib.[2] Zahiri Imam Ibn Hazm regards masturbation as permissible.[3]
Hanafi[edit]
It is forbidden ("Haram") or prohibitively disliked ("Makruh Tahrimi") according to Hanafi jurisprudence of Sunni Islam.[lower-alpha 1] The Hanafi scholars have stated that it is prohibited to masturbate via any means other than the hand of one's spouse unless the person will otherwise commit fornication.[6][7] A wife masturbating her husband is not prohibited, although some Hanafi jurists considered it disliked ("Makruh Tanzihi"), meaning it would be preferable not to do so but doing so will not incur sin.[8][9]
However, a few in the school took a more nuanced position, arguing that masturbating oneself is Makruh:
Hanafi scholar, Ibn Nujaym wrote, "It is mentioned in the collection of fatawa Al-Walwaljiya that there is no harm [in masturbating] if one only seeks to relieve sexual desire (i.e. excessive sexual desire that distracts a person from religious and worldly matters). Also if one is spouseless or has a spouse, yet it is difficult to reach her/him due to certain circumstances. This opinion is also stated in Al-Siraj Al-Wahaj."[10] However, some point out this view as weak and not relied upon.[11]
Shafi'i[edit]
It is forbidden ("haram") all the time according to the Shafi`i madhhab.[2][12][13] Imam Al-Shafi’i stated that masturbation is forbidden based on the following verses from the Qur'an (interpretation of the meaning):
"And those who guard their chastity (i.e. private parts, from illegal sexual acts). Except from their wives or that their right hands possess, – for them, they are free from blame. But whoever seeks beyond that, then those are the transgressors."[14]
According to his interpretation, the verses are clear in forbidding all illegal sexual acts (including masturbation) except for the wives or that their right hand possess, and whoever seeks beyond that is the transgressor.
Maliki[edit]
It is considered as prohibited ("haram") according to the Sunni Imam Malik ibn Anas.[12][13] It is prohibited all the time according to the Maliki madhhab.[2]
At the same, there is a minority opinion within the Maliki school that allows masturbation if done in private and without the use of illicit materials such as pornography and drugs.[15][16]
Hanbali[edit]
It is forbidden ("Haram") according to the Hanbali madhhab, unless one fears adultery (fornication) or for some medical reason.[17][18] Some jurists add that those under the desire pressure from not being married. According to Ahmad ibn Hanbal himself, it is permissible for prisoners, travellers and for men and women who have difficulty in finding a lawful spouse.[13][19]
Shi'i[edit]
Ithna'Ash'ari[edit]
Usuli[edit]
Ja'far as-Sadiq was asked regarding masturbation, whereupon he recited, "And they who guard their private parts, except from their wives or those their right hands possess, for indeed, they will not be blamed; but whoever seeks beyond that [in sexual gratification], then those are the transgressors." He also labelled it as an indecent act.[20]
Due to this, masturbation is classed as forbidden ("Haram") by Usuli Twelver Shi'a scholarship, although some jurists make an exception when the masturbation is done by one's slave-woman or spouse. Masturbation by a spouse or slave-woman is permissible, according to some Usuli jurists; otherwise, it is prohibited. Other Usuli jurists, on the other hand, believe it is prohibited even if committed by a spouse or slave-woman.[21]
Punishment of masturbation is ta'zir (discretionary punishment), the amount and manner of which is determined by the Sharia ruler.[22] In case of repeating it, a stronger punishment will be determined for it.[23]
Whilst emphasising that it is Haram in all other circumstances, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani has allowed for masturbation in the case of a medical necessity, provided there was no lawful means to achieve ejaculation.[24]
Akhbari[edit]
It has been considered among the great sins.[25]
Modern discourse[edit]
Some contemporary scholars have stated that masturbation would not be necessary if one realizes the flexible approach Islam takes to marriage. For example, according to Madinah graduate Sheikh Ahmad Kutty, 'against the clear teachings of Islam, marriage has been rendered another difficult process today due to warped customs and conventions and undue expectations. When we approach marriage from the point of view of pristine Islam, we shall find less and fewer people being forced to exercise the above type of exceptional rulings'.[26] Yet if one's desire is so overwhelming one might perform masturbation but in that case it will be like eating the flesh of a pig to survive from major hunger or starvation when no other food is available.[26]
He states that it is considered permissible for spouses to masturbate each other, with the only sexual acts forbidden in Islam being anal intercourse and vaginal sex during menstruation.[27]
Argument for permissibility[edit]
The majority of classical Muslim scholarship forbade masturbation stating that it is an immoral act, evidencing this using the verse in the Quran, "And those who guard their private parts save from their wives which their right-hands own – so there is no blame upon them. Then whoever seeks beyond that (which is lawful), they are the transgressors." (23: 5–6)[citation needed]
Modern Muslims have begun to question and argue against this view. For instance, in the conservative kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a group of Saudi Arabians launched a Twitter campaign titled "masturbation is halal" and it went viral.[28] Some Saudi psychologists even went further by stating that masturbation was a human need just like defecating or to eat or drink.[29][30] Additionally, British cleric Mufti Abu Layth is known to permit masturbation.
See also[edit]
Other articles of the topic Islam : Rūḥ, God in Islam, Al-Baqara, Nasheed, Islamic philosophy, Alhamdulillah, Umar II
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Notes[edit]
- ↑ The Hanafi jurists have two words for the ruling that the other Sunni schools and Islamic denominations would refer to as simply "Haram" (forbidden) - 1) "Makruh Tahrimi", 2) "Haram". The difference is that what is "Haram" in their terminology is that which is established definitively, whilst the evidence for something labelled "Makruh Tahrimi" is not definitive (e.g. it is based on a Hadith that is Khabar Ahad.) "Makruh Tahrimi" should not be confused with what other schools generally refer to as Makruh - which in the Hanafi school is known as "Makruh Tanzihi" (Categorically Disliked). The Hanafi scholars view the sin of committing a "Makruh Tahrimi" act as lesser than the sin of committing what they call a "Haram" act, though both are forbidden and so incur sin.[4][5]
References[edit]
- ↑ Omar, Sara. "[Sexuality and Law]". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Marriage in Islam – Part 1 Archived 27 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine by Hussein Khalid Al-Hussein, PhD Refer to: Section Al-`Alaqat Al-Mubahah (Allowed Relationships)
- ↑ "Hifz al-Furūj (Guarding the Private Parts)". Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Moosa, Ismail; Desai, Ebrahim (23 January 2008). "Fatwa #16088". Askimam. Darul Iftaa Mahmudiyya. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Çakmak, S., 2010. Hanefî mezhebinde mekruh kavramı, gelişimi ve tenzîhî-tahrîmî mekruh ayrımı (Master's thesis, Uludağ Üniversitesi).
- ↑ "Fatawa - Is masturbation prohibited in Islam as some people claim that it is normal and even healthy?". Dar al-Ifta al Misriyyah. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-04. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Khan, Waseem (26 October 2015). "Masturbation if excited, but away from one's spouse". DarulUloomTT. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Rabbani, Faraz (8 May 2014). "Mutual masturbation between spouses". SeekersGuidance. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Zia al-Qadri, Qasim. "IS IT PERMISSIBLE FOR A MAN TO BE MASTURBATED BY HIS WIFE?". SeekersPath. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ IQ (Ilmu Al-qur'an): Jurnal Pendidikan Islam. Fakultas Tarbiyah, Institut PTIQ Jakarta. doi:10.37542/iq. Search this book on
- ↑ Ebrahim, A.F.M., 1990. Islamic Teachings and Surrogate Motherhood. Journal for the Study of Religion, 3(1), p36. "'Abd al-Rahman al-Juzayri states: The author of Subul al-Salam says that some of the Hanbali and Hanafi jurists are of the opinion that masturbation may be permissible in the event that one fears \[that his not engaging in it\] would lead to his commiting adultery or fornication. But he cautions that such a view is weak and is not to be relied on."
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 The Lawful And The Prohibited In Islam, Yusuf Al-Qardawi – 1997
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East, p 168, Marcia C. Inhorn – 2012
- ↑ Quran 23:5–7
- ↑ Abdul-wahid, Ibn Ashir. The Guiding HelperThe Guiding Helper The Guiding Helper Main Text & Explanatory Notes (PDF). The Guiding Helper Foundation. p. 190. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) Search this book on
- ↑ Abu Qanit, Al-Hassani. "Kitab al Fatawa wa'l durus". Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Starling, John (25 May 2018). "My Husband won't stop Masturbating". Hanbali Disciples. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Ibrahim bin Muhammad ibn Dawyan. Manar as-Sabeel. p. 1012. Search this book on
- ↑ Sayfuddin, M. and Muhametov, A.R., 2004. Love & sex in Islam. Booktango. p.44
- ↑ Hoseini, S.S., 2017. Masturbation: Scientific evidence and Islam’s view. Journal of religion and health, 56(6), pp.2078.
- ↑ "Risāla ilā aḥad fuqahāʾ al-muslimīn". Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. doi:10.1163/1877-8054_cmr_com_25094. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
- ↑ "al-MUFĪD". Encyclopédie de l’Islam. October 2010. doi:10.1163/_eifo_sim_5316. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
- ↑ "ḤAMZA b. al-Ḥasan [Ibn] al-Muʾaddib al-IṢFAHĀNĪ". Encyclopédie de l’Islam. October 2010. doi:10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_2697. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
- ↑ Al-Sistani, Ali. "Masturbation". Sistani.org. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Biḥār al-Anwār". Encyclopaedia Islamica. 16 October 2015. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_000000127. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Ask The Scholar". Askthescholar.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Ask The Scholar". Askthescholar.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Nabbout, Mariam (21 February 2018). "'Masturbation is halal' hashtag goes viral in Saudi Arabia, sparks debate". StepFeed. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Nabbout, Mariam (19 January 2018). "Saudi psychologist says masturbation is a human need ... goes viral". StepFeed. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Why Masturbation Is Not Haram: 10 Convincing Proofs". WWW.CJISLAM.COM. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help)
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