Erina language

Erina
Native to	Pakistan
Region	Gilgit-Baltistan, Dardistan
Era	14th to 18th century BC
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Dardic Erina; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-1	er
ISO 639-2	ern
ISO 639-3	ern
Glottolog	erina1242

Erina (Persian: عريني‎) is an Indo-European language of Pakistan spoken by the Erina people in Baltistan.

History

The Ancient language was spoken by 3,000 people in the Dardikistan region about 300 years ago. The language has many loanwords from Indo-European languages, especially from Slavic languages.

Consonants

		Labial	Coronal	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	Plain	p	t	ʈ		k
	Aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ		kʰ
	Voiced	b	d	ɖ		ɡ
Affricate	Plain		ts	tʂ	tʃ
	Aspirated		tsʰ	tʂʰ	tʃʰ
	Voiced		dz^{[lower-alpha 1]}		dʒ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
Fricative	Plain	(f)	s	ʂ	ʃ	x^{[lower-alpha 1]}	h
Fricative	Voiced		z	ʐ	ʒ^{[lower-alpha 1]}	ɣ^{[lower-alpha 1]}	ɦ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
Nasal		m	n	ɳ		ŋ
Lateral			l
Rhotic			r	ɽ^{[lower-alpha 2]}
Semivowel		ʋ~w			j

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 According to Rajapurohit (2012, p. 33–34)
↑ Degener (2008, p. 14) lists it as a phoneme

Diphthongs

In Erina there are the following diphthongs:^[3]

falling: ae̯, ao̯, eə̯, ɛi̯, ɛːi̯, ue̯, ui̯, oi̯, oə̯;
falling nasalized: ãi̯, ẽi̯, ũi̯, ĩũ̯, ʌĩ̯;
raising: u̯i, u̯e, a̯a, u̯u.

Grammar

In 1982 the first Erina Grammar was published.^[4]

Phonology

Erina has a variety of dialects which may vary phonemically. The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Erina.

Tone

Erina, like many Slavic languages, has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions.^[5]

The Erina principal vowel sounds

	Front	Mid	Back
	Front	Mid	unrounded	rounded
High	i			u
Lower high	e			o
Higher low	ɛ	ə	ʌ	ɔ
Low		a

All vowels but /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found.^[6]

Writing system

Erina was written in the Latin script and later Persian script during the eighteenth century because Persian was the official language of the state at this time.

Sample

Sample of Erina language with English translations.

English words	Erina translation
I am	[Aäs asum] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
Where are you	[Kur a asus] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
My name is adam	[Ma nam adam] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
There is our home	[Eispa dür hera shyr] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
Where are you from?	[Eisa kur ar asumi] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
I am from ........	[Aas/Ego ........ ar asum] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
I am	[Aäs/Ego, asum] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
You	[Tu, Eisa] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
How are you?	[Kicha asus?] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)

Phonological changes

Initial and intervocalic *s has become /h/.
Voiced aspirates have been devoiced.
Syllabic liquids have become /ar,al/ or /or,ol/; syllabic nasals have become /a/ or /o/.
*kj and *tj have become /s/ before a vowel.
Initial *j has become /h/ or replaced by Z (exact value unknown, possibly [dz]).
*gj and *dj have become Z.

Morphological changes

The use of -eus to produce agent nouns
The third person singular ending -ei
The infinitive ending -ein (contracted from -e-en)

Tone

Erina has three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones.

Example: 1.the............2.thee.........3.thee 1. The first example "the" has a level tone and is translated by the imperative "Do". 2. When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling. Thus the second example means "Will you do?". 3. When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising. Thus the third example means "After having done". There are many minimal pairs in Erina to prove that it contains three tones.

References

↑ Erina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Erina". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Search this book on
↑ Rajapurohit 2012, p. 32–33.
↑ https://books.google.com/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6
↑ Rajapurohit 2012, p. 28–31.

External links

1992 Sociolinguistic Survey of Erina

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[Rajapurohit-3] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 According to Rajapurohit (2012, p. 33–34)

[Degener-4] Degener (2008, p. 14) lists it as a phoneme

[e18-1] Erina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Erina". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Search this book on

[FOOTNOTERajapurohit201232–33-5] Rajapurohit 2012, p. 32–33.

[6] ttps://books.google.com/. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[Baart-7] Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6

[FOOTNOTERajapurohit201228–31-8] Rajapurohit 2012, p. 28–31.

[1]

[2]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Erina language

Contents

History

Consonants

Diphthongs

Grammar

Phonology

Tone

Writing system

Sample

Phonological changes

Morphological changes

Tone

See also

References

External links

📰 Article(s) of the same category(ies)[edit]