Erina language

Erina
Native to	Pakistan
Region	Gilgit-Baltistan, Dardistan
Era	14th to 18th century BC
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Dardic Erina; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-1	er
ISO 639-2	ern
ISO 639-3	ern
Glottolog	erina1242

Erina (Persian:عريني‎) is a Indo-European language of Pakistan was spoken by Erina peoples in Baltistan.

History[edit]

The Ancient language was spoken by 3,000 peoples in Dardikistan region about 300 years ago the language have many loanwords from Indo-European languages specially from Slavic language.

Consonants[edit]

		Labial	Coronal	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	Plain	p	t	ʈ		k
	Aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ		kʰ
	Voiced	b	d	ɖ		ɡ
Affricate	Plain		ts	tʂ	tʃ
	Aspirated		tsʰ	tʂʰ	tʃʰ
	Voiced		dz^{[lower-alpha 1]}		dʒ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
Fricative	Plain	(f)	s	ʂ	ʃ	x^{[lower-alpha 1]}	h
Fricative	Voiced		z	ʐ	ʒ^{[lower-alpha 1]}	ɣ^{[lower-alpha 1]}	ɦ^{[lower-alpha 1]}
Nasal		m	n	ɳ		ŋ
Lateral			l
Rhotic			r	ɽ^{[lower-alpha 2]}
Semivowel		ʋ~w			j

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 According to Rajapurohit (2012, p. 33–34)
↑ Degener (2008, p. 14) lists it as a phoneme

Diphthongs[edit]

In Erina there are the following diphthongs:^[3]

falling: ae̯, ao̯, eə̯, ɛi̯, ɛːi̯, ue̯, ui̯, oi̯, oə̯;
falling nasalized: ãi̯, ẽi̯, ũi̯, ĩũ̯, ʌĩ̯;
raising: u̯i, u̯e, a̯a, u̯u.

Grammar[edit]

In 1982 the first Erina Grammar was published.^[4]

Phonology[edit]

Erina has a variety of dialects which may vary phonemically The following tables lay out the basic phonology of erina.

Tone[edit]

Erina, like many Slavic languages has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions.^[5]

The Erina principal vowel sounds

	Front	Mid	Back
	Front	Mid	unrounded	rounded
High	i			u
Lower high	e			o
Higher low	ɛ	ə	ʌ	ɔ
Low		a

All vowels but /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found.^[6]

Writing system[edit]

Erina was written in the Latin script and later Persian script during eighteenth century Because of Persian was official language of the state at this time.

Sample[edit]

Sample of Erina language with English translations.

English words	Erina translation
I am	[Aäs asum] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
Where are you	[Kur a asus] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
My name is adam	[Ma nam adam] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
There is our home	[Eispa dür hera shyr] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
Where are you from ?	[Eisa kur ar asumi] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
I am from ........	[Aas/Ego ........ ar asum] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
I am	[Aäs/Ego, asum] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
You	[Tu, Eisa] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)
How are you?	[Kicha asus?] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language code: er (help)

Phonological changes[edit]

Initial and intervocalic *s has become /h/.
Voiced aspirates have been devoiced.
Syllabic liquids have become /ar,al/ or /or,ol/; syllabic nasals have become /a/ or /o/.
*kj and *tj have become /s/ before a vowel.
Initial *j has become /h/ or replaced by Z (exact value unknown, possibly [dz]).
*gj and *dj have become Z.

Morphological changes[edit]

The use of -eus to produce agent nouns
The third person singular ending -ei
The infinitive ending -ein (contracted from -e-en)

Tone[edit]

Erina has three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones.

Example: 1.the............2.thee.........3.thee 1. The first example "the" has a level tone and is translated by the imperative "Do". 2. When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling. Thus the second example means "Will you do?". 3. When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising. Thus the third example means "After having done". There are many minimal pairs in erina to prove that it contains three tones.

References[edit]

↑ Erina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Erina". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Search this book on
↑ Rajapurohit 2012, p. 32–33.
↑ https://books.google.com/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6
↑ Rajapurohit 2012, p. 28–31.

External links[edit]

1992 Sociolinguistic Survey of Erina

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[Rajapurohit-3] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 According to Rajapurohit (2012, p. 33–34)

[Degener-4] Degener (2008, p. 14) lists it as a phoneme

[e18-1] Erina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Erina". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Search this book on

[FOOTNOTERajapurohit201232–33-5] Rajapurohit 2012, p. 32–33.

[6] ttps://books.google.com/. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[Baart-7] Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6

[FOOTNOTERajapurohit201228–31-8] Rajapurohit 2012, p. 28–31.

[1]

[2]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Erina language

Contents

History[edit]

Consonants[edit]

Diphthongs[edit]

Grammar[edit]

Phonology[edit]

Tone[edit]

Writing system[edit]

Sample[edit]

Phonological changes[edit]

Morphological changes[edit]

Tone[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

📰 Article(s) of the same category(ies)[edit]