European Union as an emerging superpower
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The European Union (EU) has been called a potential superpower by scholars and academics like T. R. Reid,[1] Andrew Reding,[2] Andrew Moravcsik,[3] Mark Leonard,[4] Jeremy Rifkin,[5] John McCormick[6] and some politicians such as Romano Prodi[7] and Tony Blair.[8] They believe that the EU is a superpower, or will become one, in the 21st century – while noting that the concept of "superpower" has changed to one of soft power rather than the hard (military) superpowers of the 20th century.
Overview[edit]
Mark Leonard cites several factors: the EU's large population, large economy, low inflation rates, and the unpopularity and perceived failure of US foreign policy. He compares this with the high quality of life (especially when measured in terms such as hours worked per week, health care, social services) of certain EU member states.[9]
John McCormick believes that the EU has already achieved superpower status, based on the size and global reach of its economy and on its global political influence. He argues that the nature of power has changed since the Cold War-driven definition of superpower was developed, and that military power is no longer essential to great power; he argues that control of the means of production is more important than control of the means of destruction, and contrasts the threatening hard power of the United States with the opportunities offered by the soft power wielded by the European Union.[10]
Parag Khanna believes that "Europe is overtaking its rivals to become the world's most successful empire."[11][12] Khanna writes that South America, East Asia, and other regions prefer to emulate the "European Dream" rather than the American variant.[13] This could possibly be seen in the African Union and UNASUR. Notably, the EU as a whole has some of the world's largest and most influential languages being official within its borders.[14]
Andrew Reding also takes the future EU enlargement into account. An eventual future accession of the rest of Europe, the whole of Russia, and Turkey, would not only boost the economy of the EU, but it would also increase the EU's population to about 800 million, which he considers almost equal to that of India or China. The EU is qualitatively different from India and China since it is enormously more prosperous and technologically advanced.[2] In 2002, Reding predicted that "Within a couple of decades, the European Union will equal – if not surpass – the United States as the dominant economic force on the world stage."[2] Turkish PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said in 2005: "In 10 or 15 years, the EU will be a place where civilizations meet. It will be a superpower with the inclusion of Turkey."[15]
Robert J. Guttman wrote in 2001 that the very definition of the term superpower has changed and in the 21st century, it does not only refer to states with military power, but also to groups such as the European Union, with strong market economics, young, highly educated workers savvy in high technology, and a global vision.[16] Friis Arne Petersen, the Danish ambassador to the US, has expressed similar views. He conceded that the EU is a "special kind of superpower," one that has yet to establish a unified military force that exerts itself even close to the same level as many of its individual members.[17]
Additionally, it is argued by commentators that full political integration is not required for the European Union to wield international influence: that its apparent weaknesses constitute its real strengths (as of its low profile diplomacy and the emphasis on the rule of law)[10] and that the EU represents a new and potentially more successful type of international actor than traditional ones;[18] however, it is uncertain if the effectiveness of such an influence would be equal to that of a more politically integrated union of states such as the United States.[19]
Barry Buzan notes that the EU's potential superpower status depends on its "stateness". It is unclear though how much state-like quality is needed for the EU to be described as a superpower. Buzan states that the EU is unlikely to remain a potential superpower for a long time because although it has material wealth, its "political weakness and its erratic and difficult course of internal political development, particularly as regards a common foreign and defence policy" constrains it from being a superpower.[20]
Alexander Stubb, the Finnish Minister for Foreign Affairs, has said in 2008 that he thinks the EU is both a superpower and not a superpower. While the EU is a superpower in the sense that it is the largest political union, single market and aid donor in the world, it is not a superpower in the defence or foreign policy spheres. Like Barry Buzan, Alexander Stubb thinks that the most major factor constraining the EU's rise to superpower status is its lack of statehood in the international system, other factors are its lack of internal drive to project power worldwide, and continued preference for the sovereign nation-state among some Europeans. To counterbalance these, he urged the EU leaders to approve and ratify the Lisbon Treaty (which they did in 2009), create an EU foreign ministry (EEAS, established in 2010), develop a common EU defence, hold one collective seat at the UN Security Council and G8, and address what he described as the "sour mood" toward the EU prevalent in some European countries in 2008.[21]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Reid, T. R. (2004) The United States of Europe 305p, Penguin Books ISBN 1-59420-033-5 Search this book on
.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Reding, Andrew (January 6, 2002). "EU in position to be world's next superpower". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
- ↑ Moravcsik, Andrew (2009). "Europe: The quiet superpower". French Politics. 7 (3–4): 403–422. doi:10.1057/fp.2009.29. ISSN 1476-3419. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Leonard, Mark (8 August 2006). Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century. Perseus Books Group. ISBN 1-58648-424-9. Search this book on
- ↑ Rifkin, Jeremy (2004). The European Dream. ISBN 1-58542-345-9. Search this book on
- ↑ McCormick, John (2007). The European Superpower. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403998460. Search this book on [page needed]
- ↑ D.C. Dispatch (February 1, 2005). "Europe Is the Next Rival Superpower. But Then, So Was Japan". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
- ↑ Brogan, Benedict (October 7, 2000). "Blair wants EU to become superpower". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
- ↑ "Europe: the new superpower". CER. February 18, 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 McCormick, John (November 14, 2006). The European Superpower. ISBN 978-1-4039-9846-0. Search this book on
- ↑ Khanna, Parag. "The Empire Strikes Back". ParagKhanna.com. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
- ↑ Parag Khanna. "US scholar Parag Khanna on the rise of the new Rome - Europe | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
- ↑ Khanna, Parag (18 February 2008). "The Empire Strikes Back". Parag Khanna. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
- ↑ "Languages of the world". Nocturne. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
- ↑ "EU will be Super Power with Turkey". Turkish Weekly. June 4, 2005. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2012. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Europe in the New Century: Visions of an Emerging Superpower. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 2001. ISBN 9781555878528. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
Europe emerging superpower.
Search this book on
- ↑ "Danish Envoy: Economic Strength Makes EU a 'Rising Superpower". Globalatlanta. 30 November 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
- ↑ Hyde-Price, Adrian (October 23, 2004). "The EU, Power and Coercion: From 'Civilian' to 'Civilising' Power" (PDF). ARENA Centre for European Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009.
- ↑ Judt, Tony (10 February 2005). "Europe vs. America by Tony Judt | The New York Review of Books". The New York Review of Books. Nybooks.com. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ↑ Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7. Search this book on
- ↑ "Will the EU Ever Become a Superpower?" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment. July 17, 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
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