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Genocide of Ukrainians

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Genocide of Ukrainians
Part of Russo-Ukrainian War
File:Bucha civilians massacred by Russian soldiers, c. April 2022 - 01.jpg
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DateLua error in Module:WikidataIB at line 665: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Victims Ukraine
Perpetrators Russia

Genocide of Ukrainians, as well as the Ethnocide of Ukrainians,[1] is a purposeful campaign of total or partial destruction of the Ukrainian people, organized and carried out by the tsarist Russia, the Soviet communists and the Russian neo-Nazi[2] totalitarian regimes. The genocide includes war crimes committed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Its key components were mass atrocities, killings and deportations of Ukrainians,[3][4][5][6] movement of Ukrainian children-migrants to the education system of the Russian Federation, seizure and deliberate destruction of economic infrastructure, systematic actions of the Russian Federation designed for the gradual destruction of the Ukrainian people and the Russification of Ukraine.[7][8][9]

During the large-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, when the victims of mass atrocities in Kyiv Oblast became known,[10][11] an article "What should Russia do with Ukraine?" was published on the website of the Russian state news agency RIA Novosti with justification of the genocide of Ukrainians, which contains calls for repression, de-Ukrainization, de-Europeanization and ethnocide of the Ukrainian people.[12][13][14][15][16][17] The President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated that this article will be one of the proofs for the future tribunal.[18]

In April 2022, horrific images of deoccupied settlements in Kyiv Oblast with signs of genocide appeared.[19] On April 14, 2022, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Resolution on the Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "On the Russian Federation's Genocide in Ukraine," recognizing the actions committed by the Russian Federation during the last phase of the Russian aggression against Ukraine, as genocide against Ukrainian people.[20] It is pointed out that acts of genocide in Russia's actions are manifested, in particular, in the commission of mass atrocities in the cities of Bucha, Borodyanka, Hostomel, Irpin and others.[21]

The genocide perpetrated by Russian troops in Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War is likely to be the largest in Europe since World War II.[22] US Deputy Secretary of State for Political Affairs Victoria Nuland said[23] that the evidence gathered is likely to support US President Joseph Biden's statement that the Russian Federation's actions in Ukraine are genocide[24] and the US is likely to officially recognize it as genocide.[25] The Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau considers it right that more and more politicians use the word "genocide" when talking about Russia's war against Ukraine, despite the fact that there is a formal process for defining genocide.[26]

Term[edit]

Main article: Genocide

The ideologue and author of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide is Raphael Lemkin, an American lawyer of Jewish descent who studied law at University of Lviv. Regarding the Holodomor of 1932–1933, Lemkin said:[27]

"It's not just a case of mass murder. It is a matter of genocide, the destruction not only of individuals but also of culture and nation. Even if it were possible to achieve (the destruction of cultures and nations) without suffering, we would still be forced to condemn it, because everything that shapes a nation - the kinship of minds, unity of ideas, language and customs - is one of our most important means of civilization and progress."

- Rafael Lemkin, Soviet Genocide in Ukraine

"Deliberate creation of conditions for the complete (or partial) destruction of a racial, religious, national or ethnic group as such" is the definition of genocide under the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide."[28]

Article II of the Convention defines five acts that meet the definition of "genocide." All of them were committed by the Russian military in Ukraine, experts say:

(a) murder of members of a group (national, ethnic, racial or religious)

(b) causing grievous bodily or mental harm to members of the group

(c) the deliberate creation, for a group, of living conditions designed to destroy it in whole or in part

(d) taking measures to prevent intra-group births

(e) forcible transfer of children from one group to another

To date, the term "genocide" has been used infrequently: the Holocaust, the Romani and Armenian genocides, Rwandan genocide, Cambodian genocide, and the Bosnian genocide, which international military and criminal tribunals have recognized as international crimes.

History[edit]

See also: Baturyn tragedy, Holodomor in Ukraine, Soviet occupation of Ukraine, War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Bucha massacre, and the massacres in Mariupol.

At the beginning of April 2022, eerie pictures from deoccupied settlements in the Kyiv region appeared on the pages of world publications. For example, after the withdrawal of Russian troops from Bucha in late March, there was evidence of numerous atrocities committed by the invaders during the occupation of the region. 18 mutilated bodies of murdered men, women and children were found in a basement. Examination of the bodies revealed traces of torture, cut off ears and torn teeth. The bodies of other killed civilians were left on the road, and some of them probably died from Russian explosives as bait before the war criminals retreated.[29]

Bucha Mayor Anatoliy Fedoruk announced the discovery of a mass grave where 280 people were buried and dozens of corpses remained lying in the streets, some with their hands tied. [30]

Photo evidence of what journalists saw after the liberation of Bucha, Hostomel, Irpin, Borodyanka, and Motyzhyn by the Ukrainian army was accompanied on social media by the hashtags #BuchaMassacre and #PutinGenocide. Some photos of Meta Platforms and Twitter have been blocked for viewing allegedly for "violating community norms" and having "sensitive" content.[31]

The Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Dmytro Kuleba called on the mission of the International Criminal Court to come to Bucha. As a diplomat and lawyer in international law, Kuleba expects that the evidence gathered will continue to be used in international courts to bring to justice those responsible for the atrocities:[32]

According to Kuleba, "the Bucha massacre was intentional, the Russians are trying to destroy as many Ukrainians as possible, which in itself is one of the signs of genocide."

On April 4, 2022, the article "What should Russia do with Ukraine?" was published on the website of the Russian state news agency RIA Novosti substantiating the genocide of Ukrainians, which calls for repression, de-Ukrainization, de-Europeanization, genocide, and ethnocide of the Ukrainian people.[12][14][16][17] The President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy states that the article on the website of the Russian state agency RIA Novosti, which substantiating the genocide of Ukrainians, will be one of the proofs for the future tribunal.[18]

On April 14, 2022, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Resolution on the Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "On the Russian Federation's Genocide in Ukraine," recognizing the actions committed by the Russian Federation during the last phase of Russian aggression against Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, the genocide of the Ukrainian people.[20] It is pointed out that acts of genocide in Russia's actions are manifested, in particular, in the commission of mass atrocities in the cities of Bucha, Borodyanka, Hostomel, Irpin and others.[21]

On April 21, 2022, the Estonian and Latvian parliaments adopted a statement recognizing the actions of the Russian armed forces and the military-political leadership as genocide against the Ukrainian people and are calling for support for the investigation of these crimes.[33]

Trial[edit]

Bucha after Russian occupation

In Bucha, after the Russian occupation of the city, bags of killed civilians are currently being collected as evidence of the genocide of Ukrainians perpetrated by the Russian Federation.[34]

In early March 2022, the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Karim Ahmad Khan, in response to appeals from 39 countries, launched an investigation into allegations of war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide in Ukraine "by any person" in November 2013. Preliminary investigations have established "sufficient grounds to believe that crimes within the jurisdiction of the court have been committed" and "have identified potential cases that may be admissible".[35]

On March 4, 2022, the United Nations Human Rights Council established an independent international commission to investigate the genocide of Ukrainians. Other investigations, initiated by independent states, were conducted separately.[36]

According to experts, the trial will take years, and the involvement of the top Russian authorities in court is unlikely. But there is enough evidence that Vladimir Putin and his entourage deny the very existence of the Ukrainian people, according to jurists.[37] Daniel Rothenberg, a professor and co-director of the Center for Future Wars, believes that Vladimir Putin himself created a narrative that justifies Russian aggression, which includes refusing to recognize that there are Ukrainian people who have the right to exist and to have self-determination.[38]

Proof of intent can also be statements made by the state media. For example, an article in the pro-Kremlin news agency RIA Novosti entitled "What should Russia do with Ukraine?":[13][15]

"I read this article translated into English, and it relays the idea of ​​genocide. I have no doubt. As a researcher, I look at it and understand that it says precisely that Ukrainians do not have the right to exist as a nation."

- Ernesto Verdey from the Institute for the Study of Genocide (USA), Lawyers need to collect evidence of Putin's genocide against Ukrainians

International reaction[edit]

The recognition of Russia's genocide in Ukraine is stated in a joint statement of the foreign ministers of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Romania and the Czech Republic, the Polish Sejm, etc., said Oleksandr Merezhko, Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on Foreign Policy and Interparliamentary Cooperation.

On April 3, 2022, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy accused Russian troops of committing genocide in the city of Bucha and told Kremlin leaders they should come to Bucha to see what their military had done.[39] The Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine Andriy Yermak stated that what Russia has done in Bucha, Irpen, Hostomel, Borodyanka, in Mariupol and on Ukrainian territory - is a real genocide of the Ukrainian people.[40]

Former President of the USA Donald Trump has joined current POTUS Biden in calling Russia's war in Ukraine genocide.[41]

Pavlo Klimkin is convinced that the so-called "denazification" proclaimed by the Russian Federation in Ukraine actually means a total purging of everything Ukrainian. From now on, Klimkin believes, "talks with the West should begin with a photo demonstration from Bucha."[42]

Diplomat and lawyer in international law, Ambassador of Ukraine to Germany Andriy Melnyk addressed the German federal government: “Russia is committing genocide in the middle of Europe. And Germany is honestly financing these massacres."[43]

Oleksiy Haran, scientific director of the Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation, said that the genocide of the Ukrainian people by Russian soldiers would be a verdict for the entire Russian Federation. Haran added that the Kremlin state media company RIA Novosti purposefully called for the de-Ukrainization of Ukraine and repression against Ukrainians.[44]

Swedish top model and former "angel," Victoria's Secret Elsa Hosk reacted to the brutal atrocities committed by the Russian military in Bucha and Irpin. The model posted on her Instagram account stories in support of Ukraine and called for an end to the genocide of the Ukrainian people.[45]

States[edit]

  • Estonia - The analogy of the Ukrainian Bucha in 2022 and the Bosnian town of Srebrenica in 1995 was resorted to by the Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Estonian Parliament Marko Mikhelson: “The Bucha massacre is the Ukrainian Srebrenica. This is what "denazification" means for Russia."[46]
  • Spain - Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez has said that Russian troops may have gone so far as to commit genocide in Bucha.[47]
  • Canada - Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau believes that more and more politicians are using the word "genocide" to refer to Russia's war against Ukraine, despite the formal process of defining genocide.[48][49]
  • Colombia - President of Colombia Iván Duque called what is happening in Ukraine - genocide. [50] [51]
  • Kosovo - Prime Minister of Kosovo Albin Kurti called for justice, writing on Twitter: "Mass graves, people brutally killed with missing bodies, burned houses and cities turned into ruins - these are all familiar scenes from the genocide regimes. The perpetrators of the Bucha massacre must be brought to justice, and Russia must be brought to justice."
  • Latvia - Prime Minister of Latvia Krišjānis Kariņš believes that Russia's actions in Ukraine correspond to the concept of genocide, "by all indications, Russia is trying to destroy the Ukrainian people. In my opinion, this is genocide," said Kariņš.[52]
  • Lithuania - The Foreign Affairs Committee of the Lithuanian Parliament has called on the international community to condemn the war crimes committed by Russia and to classify them as genocide. [53]
  • Poland - President of Poland Andrzej Duda said that after the footage from Bucha near Kyiv, it is difficult to deny that the Russian military is committing genocide in Ukraine.[54] The Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki called for an immediate EU summit on Russian military crimes in Ukraine: “The crime of genocide must be punished, properly described, documented and condemned. We propose the establishment of an international commission to investigate this crime."[55]
  • Russia - Russia denies involvement in crimes against civilians in Bucha, calling them a "provocation" of Ukraine.
  • United Kingdom - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson, has stated that the evidence of crimes against civilians in Bucha does not look "far from genocide."[19] Polish President Andrzej Duda considers the actions of the Russian Federation genocide.[56]
  • United States - US Deputy Secretary of State for Political Affairs Victoria Nuland said [57] that the United States is likely to formally recognize the Russian Federation's actions as genocide following a speech by President of the United States Joe Biden in which he called the invasion genocide.[58]

Recognition[edit]

Read more: Recognition of the genocide of Ukrainians (2022)

On March 23, 2022, the Polish Sejm passed a resolution on Russia's commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity and human rights violations on the territory of Ukraine. According to the resolution, Poland condemned acts of genocide and other violations of international law committed by Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine. The ruling said the crimes were committed "by order of President Vladimir Putin Commander-in-chief."[59]

On April 14, 2022, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted a resolution "On the Russian Federation's Genocide in Ukraine," recognizing the actions of Russian troops and the Russian leadership in Ukraine as genocide of the Ukrainian people.[60][61][62] According to the council's statement on the resolution, acts of genocide by Russia include:[60]

  • mass atrocities committed by Russian troops in the temporarily occupied territories
  • systematic cases of premeditated killings of civilians
  • mass deportations of civilians
  • relocation of Ukrainian migrant children to the education system of the Russian Federation
  • seizure and deliberate destruction of economic infrastructure
  • systematic actions of the Russian Federation, designed to gradually destroy the Ukrainian people

List of countries that recognize Russian war crimes in Ukraine as genocide:

  • Ukraine Ukraine [63]
  • Poland Poland (indirect recognition) [59]
  • Estonia Estonia [64]
  • Latvia Latvia [65] [66]
  • Canada Canada [67]

Honoring the memory of the victims[edit]

Main article: Holodomor Remembrance Day

President of Moldova Maia Sandu called the Bucha massacre "crimes against humanity" and declared April 4, 2022, a day of national mourning in the Republic of Moldova in memory of all Ukrainians killed in the Russo-Ukrainian war.[68][69][70]

The Saeima of Latvia has established May 9, 2022 as the Day of Remembrance for the victims of the Russian aggression against Ukraine - civilians and defenders of Ukraine. On Remembrance Day, a mourning Latvian state flag should be placed on the buildings, and the Ukrainian flag should be displayed next to the Latvian national flag on the Holy Spirit Tower of Riga Castle, the President's residence, the main buildings of the Saeima and the Cabinet.[71]

Linguicide[edit]

Main article: Chronology of Ukrainian language suppression

A report by UN Secretary-General António Guterres on human rights abuses in Crimea confirmed the catastrophic situation of the Ukrainian language on the peninsula. The number of those who have the opportunity to study in Ukrainian or study Ukrainian as a regular subject, optional course or in extracurricular activities continues to decline. Moreover, the report states a discrepancy between the official language status of a school or classroom with teaching in Ukrainian or Crimean Tatar and their actual use in the curriculum. The possibility of teaching Crimean Tatar and Ukrainian and studying these languages ​​as subjects does not meet the current demand.[72]

In the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts, which were occupied by Russian troops in 2022, the enemies continue the policy of de-Ukrainization of educational institutions, i.e. not teaching the Ukrainian language, Ukrainian literature and history of Ukraine.[73] Russian troops confiscated and destroyed Ukrainian literature and textbooks on Ukrainian history in the temporarily occupied territories.[74]

According to the mayor of Melitopol, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ivan Fedor, the Russian occupiers are forcing the city's teachers to teach in Russian in schools.[75] The deputy of the Zaporizhzhia regional council Elena Bodasiuk declared that the Russian forces put pressure on educators and in temporarily occupied Berdyansk, but, according to the deputy, to no avail.

"There are persistent talks about the resumption of the educational process, it is unclear under what program, but in Russian. It is clear that no one agrees, but the pressure is on school leadership. The problem is that children sit in isolation at home, under parental supervision. And the children have been indoors for a month, and this is, so to speak, a problem," Bodasiuk said.[75]

In the occupied Crimea, in the spring of 2022, the self-proclaimed "authorities" set up so-called retraining camps for teachers from the Kherson, Kharkiv, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts to translate them into "Russian teaching standards."[76] The so-called "Russian standards of education" also applied to Ukrainian children abducted from the occupied territories. They were forced to learn Russian because, according to the occupiers, children from Ukraine did not speak it well enough.[77][78]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Денісова, Людмила (4 April 2022). "Росія через державні ЗМІ виправдовує етноцид українців – Денісова". Факти.
  2. ↑ "Рада визнала режим РФ нацистським та заборонила символіку агресора". Українська правда (in українська). Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  3. ↑ "Депортація українців: жорстокість, військовий конвой, втрата рідної домівки". www.golos.com.ua (in українська). Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  4. ↑ "Росія розпочала депортації". nv.ua (in українська). Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  5. ↑ "Примусова депортація мешканців Маріуполя до рф є воєнним злочином". www.ukrinform.ua (in українська). Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  6. ↑ "Депортованих у росію українців переселяють до Сибіру та за Полярне коло – ЗМІ". 12 April 2022.
  7. ↑ "Як кримчан замінили на росіян. Росіяни обживають український Крим?". Радіо Свобода (in українська). Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  8. ↑ Автором терміну є український науковець-історик, публіцист, дослідник історії визвольного руху, громадський діяч Володимир В'ятрович
  9. ↑ "Це не просто війна – це геноцид". LB.ua. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Бучанська різанина: російська армія звірствувала в передмісті Києва, кадри жаху сколихнули увесь світ". ТСН.ua (in українська). April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  11. ↑ "Бучанська різанина - це злочин проти людяності, який не матиме терміну давності, - дипломат". espreso.tv (in українська). Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  12. ↑ "У кремлівському ЗМІ вийшла стаття, де відкрито обґрунтовується необхідність геноциду в Україні". 24 Канал (in українська). Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  13. ↑ ""Це заклики до геноциду": омбудсмен пояснила, що означає стаття в РІА "Новости"". www.ukrinform.ua (in українська). Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  14. ↑ "Росія через державні ЗМІ виправдовує етноцид українців – Денісова".
  15. ↑ "Російське державне агентство відкрито закликало до геноциду українців". LIGA (in українська). April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  16. ↑ ""Ми разом маємо зупинити тих, хто хоче геноциду в Європі": Зеленський звернувся до парламенту Румунії". ТСН.ua (in українська). April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  17. ↑ ONLINE.UA. "В ОП відреагували на статтю кремлівського ЗМІ з планами по знищенню України". www.online.ua. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  18. ↑ "Зеленський про статтю РИА Новости: Один з доказів для майбутнього трибуналу". Українська правда (in українська). Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  19. ↑ "Russian Actions In Bucha 'Not Far Short Of Genocide', Says Boris Johnson". HuffPost UK. 2022-04-06. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  20. ↑ "Верховна Рада прийняла Постанову про "Заяву Верховної Ради України «Про вчинення Російською Федерацією геноциду в Україні"". www.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  21. ↑ "Рада визнала дії військ Росії в Україні геноцидом українського народу". Радіо Свобода (in українська). Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  22. ↑ Facebook | Центр стратегічних комунікацій та інформаційної безпеки.
  23. ↑ "Нуланд: США можуть визнати дії Росії в Україні геноцидом". VOA (in українська). Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  24. ↑ "Байден вперше назвав геноцидом дії Путіна в Україні". Українська правда (in українська). Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  25. ↑ "США з високою вірогідністю офіційно визнає дії РФ геноцидом - Нуланд". www.eurointegration.com.ua (in українська). Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  26. ↑ Лютий, Кирило (April 14, 2022). "Трюдо заявив, що називати війну Путіна проти України геноцидом – правильно". OBOZREVATEL (in українська). Retrieved April 13, 2022.

References (in English)[edit]

1. Denisova, Lyudmila (April 4, 2022). Russia justifies the ethnocide of Ukrainians - Denisov - through the state media. Facts.

2.The Council recognized the Russian regime as Nazi and banned the symbols of the aggressor. Ukrainian Truth (Ukrainian). Cited April 14, 2022.

3. Deportation of Ukrainians: cruelty, military convoy, loss of home. www.golos.com.ua (ukr.). Cited April 17, 2022.

4.Russia has begun deportations. nv.ua (ukr.). Cited April 5, 2022.

5. Forced deportation of Mariupol residents to Russia is a war crime. www.ukrinform.ua (ukr.). Cited April 17, 2022.

6. Ukrainians deported to Russia are being relocated to Siberia and beyond the Arctic Circle - the media. April 12, 2022.

7. As the Crimean people were replaced by Russians. Do Russians live in Ukrainian Crimea? Radio Svoboda (Ukrainian). Cited April 17, 2022.

8. The author of the term is a Ukrainian scholar-historian, publicist, researcher of the history of the liberation movement, public figure Volodymyr Vyatrovych

9. This is not just a war - this is genocide. LB.ua. Cited April 17, 2022.

10. Bucha massacre: the Russian army committed atrocities in the suburbs of Kiev, horror footage shocked the whole world. TSN.ua (Ukr.). April 4, 2022. Cited April 4, 2022.

11. The Bucha massacre is a crime against humanity that will not have a statute of limitations - a diplomat. espreso.tv (Ukr.). Cited April 4, 2022.

12. An article was published in the Kremlin media, which openly substantiates the need for genocide in Ukraine. Channel 24 (Ukrainian). Cited April 4, 2022.

13. "These are calls for genocide": the ombudsman explained what an article in RIA Novosti meant. www.ukrinform.ua (ukr.). Cited April 4, 2022.

14. Russia justifies the ethnocide of Ukrainians - Denisov - through the state media.

15. Russia's state agency has openly called for the genocide of Ukrainians. LEAGUE (Ukr.). April 4, 2022. Cited April 4, 2022.

16. "Together we must stop those who want genocide in Europe": Zelensky addressed the Romanian parliament. TSN.ua (Ukr.). April 4, 2022. Cited April 4, 2022.

17. ONLINE.UA. The OP reacted to an article by the Kremlin media with plans to destroy Ukraine. www.online.ua (English). Cited April 4, 2022.

18. Zelensky on the article RIA Novosti: One of the proofs for the future tribunal. Ukrainian Truth (Ukrainian). Cited April 4, 2022.

19. Russian Actions In Bucha 'Not Far Short Of Genocide,' Says Boris Johnson. HuffPost UK. April 6, 2022. Cited April 14, 2022.

20. The Verkhovna Rada adopted the Resolution on the "Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine" On the Commitment of Genocide in Ukraine by the Russian Federation ". www.rada.gov.ua. Cited April 17, 2022.

21. The Council recognized the actions of Russian troops in Ukraine as genocide of the Ukrainian people. Radio Svoboda (Ukrainian). Cited April 14, 2022.

22. Facebook | Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security.

23. Nuland: The United States may recognize Russia's actions in Ukraine as genocide. VOA (Ukr.). Cited April 17, 2022.

24. Biden was the first to call Putin's actions in Ukraine a genocide. Ukrainian Truth (Ukrainian). Cited April 13, 2022.

25. The United States with a high probability officially recognizes the actions of Russia as genocide - Nuland. www.eurointegration.com.ua (ukr.). Cited April 13, 2022.

26. February, Cyril (April 14, 2022). Trudeau said it was right to call Putin's war against Ukraine genocide. OBOZREVATEL (Ukr.). Cited April 13, 2022.

27. Myths about the Holodomor • Ukraїner. Ukrainian. October 16, 2020. Cited April 4, 2022.

28. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Official web portal of the Parliament of Ukraine (Ukrainian). Cited April 4, 2022.

29. Ukraine, Louise Callaghan, Zabuchchya. Bodies of mutilated children among horrors the Russians left behind. ISSN 0140-0460. Cited April 6, 2022.

30. In Bucha, almost 300 people were buried in "mass graves", dozens of corpses were buried in the streets. Ukrainian Truth (Ukrainian). Cited April 6, 2022.

31. "Destroy because Ukrainians." Lawyers and diplomats emphasize the genocide in Bucha.

32. "Bucha massacre" was intentional, Russia seeks to destroy as many Ukrainians as possible - Kuleba.

33. The Estonian Parliament has recognized Russia's aggression in Ukraine as genocide. www.eurointegration.com.ua (ukr.). Cited April 21, 2022.

34. Evidence will confirm Biden's words about the genocide of the Russian Federation against Ukrainians - Nuland. novynarnia.com (ukr.). April 16, 2022. Cited April 17, 2022.

35. What are war crimes, and is Russia committing them in Ukraine?. Washington Post (American English.). ISSN 0190-8286. Cited April 17, 2022.

36. What are war crimes, and is Russia committing them in Ukraine?. Washington Post (American English). ISSN 0190-8286. Cited April 17, 2022.

37. The genocide against the Ukrainian people can be proven. VOICE OF AMERICA (in Russian). Cited April 17, 2022.

38. Lawyers need to gather evidence of Putin's genocide against Ukrainians. Mirror of the Week Mirror of the week | Mirror Weekly. Cited April 17, 2022.

39. Zelensky invites Merkel and Sarkozy to visit Bucha and "see what a policy of concessions towards Russia has led to." Radio Svoboda (Ukrainian). Cited April 4, 2022.

40. Yermak: What Russia has done in Bucha and other cities is the genocide of the Ukrainian people| News (06239.com.ua).

41. Lonas, Lexi (April 14, 2022). Trump joins Biden in calling Russia's war on Ukraine 'genocide'. The Hill (American English). Cited April 14, 2022.

42. Pavlo Klimkin on Facebook.

43. Andriy Melnyk on Twitter.

44. Genocide of the Ukrainian people will be a guilty sentence for all Russians - Haran (espreso.tv).

45. Vogue.ua. Elsa Gosk called for an end to the genocide of the Ukrainian people. Vogue UA. Cited April 4, 2022.

46. Marko Mihkelson on Twitter.

47. The perpetrators must be punished. The Prime Minister of Spain called the killings of civilians by the occupiers of Bucha genocide. nv.ua (ukr.). Cited April 4, 2022.

48. Berthiaume, Lee (April 14, 2022). Trudeau agrees: it's 'absolutely right' to call Russia's actions in Ukraine genocide. National Post. Cited April 14, 2022.

49. Trudeau says 'absolutely right' to call Russia's actions genocide. www.ukrinform.net. Cited April 14, 2022.

50. President of Colombia calls Russian actions in Ukraine genocide. www.ukrinform.net. Cited April 14, 2022.

51. CNN (April 13, 2022). President Duque: Colombia ready to step up energy supplies to the west to replace Russian imports. CNN. Cited April 14, 2022.

52. LETA (April 14, 2022). "In my opinion, this is genocide." Karinsh commented on the actions of Russian troops in Ukraine. delfi.lv (in Russian). Cited April 14, 2022.

53. Peseckyte, Giedre (April 8, 2022). Lithuania urges states to label Russian war crimes in Ukraine as genocide. www.euractiv.com (en-GB). Cited April 13, 2022.

54. President of Poland on the atrocities of the Russian occupiers in Bucha: It is difficult to deny that Russia is committing genocide in Ukraine. gordonua.com. Cited April 17, 2022.

55. "Genocide needs to be documented and tried": Polish PM proposes to investigate Russian war crimes in Bucha at international level (espreso.tv).

56. CNN, Jeremy Herb. Polish president said it's 'hard to deny' genocide in Ukraine after images of civilians killed emerge. CNN. Cited April 14, 2022.

57. "This is a deliberate decision of Russia": the United States recognizes the atrocities of the Russian occupiers in Ukraine as genocide - Nuland. TSN.ua (in Russian). April 14, 2022. Cited April 14, 2022.

58. CNN, Kevin Liptak. Biden calls atrocities in Ukraine a 'genocide' for the first time. CNN. Cited April 14, 2022.

59. The Sejm has outlined Russia's activities in Ukraine due to insanity and military atrocities. Onet Wiadomości (Polish). March 23, 2022. Cited April 17, 2022.

60. The Rada recognized the actions of the Russian Federation as genocide against Ukrainians. Ukrainian truth (in Russian). Cited April 17, 2022.

61. The Verkhovna Rada recognized the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine as genocide (photo). www.unian.net (in Russian). Cited April 17, 2022.

62. Card of the bill - Legislation. itd.rada.gov.ua. Cited April 17, 2022.

63. Card of the bill - Legislation. itd.rada.gov.ua. Cited April 21, 2022.

64. ERR, ERR | (April 21, 2022). Estonia on Russia's actions in Ukraine: This is genocide. ERR. Cited April 21, 2022.

65. Saeima calls Russia's actions in Ukraine genocide and urges the EU to immediately suspend Russian oil and gas imports | News | SUMMER. www.leta.lv. Cited April 21, 2022.

66. ERR, ERR | (April 21, 2022). Latvian Saeima: Russia committing genocide in Ukraine. ERR. Cited April 21, 2022.

67. House votes unanimously to describe Russian military action in Ukraine as genocide. cbc.ca. Cited April 27, 2022.

68. Maia Sandu. www.facebook.com.

69. Maia Sandu [sandumaiamd] (April 3, 2022). Impossible to look at atrocities in #Bucha & other 🇺🇦 cities. Shocked at the brutality against civilians. (Tweet). Quoted April 3, 2022 - via Twitter.

70. Maia Sandu is announcing the national valley in the Republic of Moldova near the Bucha Massacre.

71. Spalvēns, Raivis (April 7, 2022). Častušku nebūs - 9. maijā Latvijā pieminēs Ukrainas kara upurus. delfi.lv (Latin). Cited April 17, 2022.

72. The report of the UN Secretary General testified to the catastrophic situation of the Ukrainian language in Crimea - Kremin. www.ukrinform.ua (ukr.). Cited April 4, 2022.

73. The Russians want to abolish the Ukrainian language, literature and history in schools under occupation. Ukrainian truth _Life. Cited April 4, 2022.

74. The occupiers are destroying Ukrainian literature and history textbooks: what books are "banned." Ukrainian National News Agency (UNN). All online news of the day in Ukraine today - the latest, latest, most important. (Ukr.). Cited April 18, 2022.

75. "Forced to learn Russian." In the south of Ukraine, the Russian military is hunting for educators. Radio Svoboda (Ukrainian). Cited April 4, 2022.

76. In Crimea, they are going to create "retraining camps" for deported teachers - NSDC ᐉ Narodna Pravda. Narodna Pravda (Ukrainian). April 17, 2022. Cited April 18, 2022.

77. The occupiers are introducing forced Russification for deported Ukrainians. UA.NEWS. April 17, 2022. Cited April 18, 2022.

78. In Crimea, "Danilevsky's friends" are reviving aggressive "Russianness." Crimea. Realities (Ukr.). Cited April 18, 2022.

Further reading[edit]

Books[edit]

  • Василенко В. Голодомор 1932—1933 років в Україні як злочин геноциду: правова оцінка. — К. : Вид-во імені Олени Теліги, 2009. — 48 с. — К-2 [9(С2)25/В19.
  • Голодомор 1932—1933 років: Геноцид українського народу: Виставка / Автори виставки: Д. Гетьман, І. Юхновський; Український ін-т національної пам'яті. — К. : Вид-во ім. О. Теліги, 2008. — 48 с. — К-2 [9(С2)25/Г61].
  • Захаров Є. Чи можна кваліфікувати голодомор 1932—1933 років в Україні та на Кубані як геноцид? — Х. : Права людини, 2008. — 48 с. — К-2 [9(С2)25/З-38].
  • Кульчицький С. Голод 1932—1933 рр. в Україні як геноцид: мовою документів, очима свідків. — К. : Наш час, 2008. — 239 с. — К-2 [9(С2)25/К90].Тернопільський енциклопедичний словник : у 4 т. / редкол.: Г. Яворський та ін. — Тернопіль : Видавничо-поліграфічний комбінат «Збруч», 2004. — Т. 1 : А — Й. — С. 384. — ISBN 966-528-197-6.
  • Листи з Харкова. Голод в Україні та на Північному Кавказі в повідомленнях італійських дипломатів. 1932—1933 роки / [упоряд. та вступ. ст. Андреа Ґраціозі ; передмов. Ніколи Франко Баллоні ; наук. ред. укр. вид. Ю. Шаповал ; пер. з іт. Мар'яни Прокопович] ; Італ. ін-т культури в Україні. — Х. : Фоліо, 2007. — 255 с. — Дод. тит. арк. італ. — Текст укр. — Пер. вид. : Lettere da Kharkov. La carestia in Ucraina e nel Caucaso del Nord nei rapporti dei diplomatici italiani, 1932–1933. — Torino, 1991. — 2000 прим. — ISBN 978-966-03-4063-3
  • Марочко B. Голодомор 1932—1933 років в Україні: Хроніка / В. Марочко, О. Мовчан. — К. : Вид. дім «Києво-Могилянська академія», 2008. — 294 с. ISBN 978-966-518-477-5.
  • Мейс Джеймс: «Ваші мертві вибрали мене…» / За заг. ред. Л. Івшиної. — К. : ЗАТ «Українська прес-група», 2008. — 672 с. — К-2 [9(С2)25/Д40].
  • Український голокост. 1932—1933: Свідчення тих, хто вижив. ВД «Києво-Могилянська академія». 2005. с. 296.
  • Пам'ять народу: геноцид в Україні голодом 1932—1933 років. Свідчення. Книга перша. — ВД «КАЛИТА». Упорядники: О. Веселова, О. Нікілєв.
  • Трагедія голодомору в Україні 1932—1933 рр. у пам'яті народній: Матеріали науково-практичної конференції (м. Харків, 22 листопада 2007 р.) / Відп. за вип. П. Є. Минко. — Х.: Вид-во ХарРІ НАДУ, 2008. — 188 с. — К-2 [9(С2)24/Т65].
  • Тридцять три запитання і відповіді про Голодомор-геноцид / Н. В. Лапчинська ; [Н. В. Лапчинська]. — Дрогобич: Коло, 2018. — 88 с. — ISBN 617-642-391-1.
  • Улянич Володимир. Терор голодом і повстанська боротьба проти геноциду українців у 1921—1933 роках. — К. : МАУП, 2004. — 84 с.
  • Хмельковський Л. 136 призвідців Голодомору. — Львів : «Свічадо», 2009. — 136 с. — К-2 [9(С2)25/Х65].
  • Цвілюк С. А. Трагедія нескореної нації: Монографія. — 2-ге вид., доп. — О. : «Астропринт», 2008. — 264 с. — К-2 [9(С2)25/Ц28].
  • Штучні голоди в Україні XX століття: матер. Міжнар. конф.; Київ, 16 травня 2018 р. — Київ; Дрогобич: Коло, 2018. — 368 с.
  • Гроссман В. Все течет. — Повість (перша згадка в художній літературі). (рос.)
  • Таугер М. Голод, голодомор, геноцид: Голод, сельское хозяйство и советская сельскохозяйственная политика. — Пер. с англ. — К.: Еженедельник «2000»: Изд-во «Довіра», 2008. — 427 с. — К-2 [9(С2)25/Т23].
  • Енн Еплбаум «Червоний Голод: Війна Cталіна з Україною» (англ. Anne Applebaum «Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine»[1]
  • «Червоний голод» — війна Сталіна з українцями і українофобія спадкоємців СРСР. Архів оригіналу за 15 березня 2018. Процитовано 15 березня 2018.

Articles[edit]

  • «Чи був Голодомор 1933 р. геноцидом?» 20.09.2006 (ч. 1), (ч. 2)
  • Веселова О. «Пам'ятні знаки і пам'ятники жертвам голоду-геноциду 1932—1933 років в Україні» // «Проблеми історії України: факти, судження, пошуки». Міжвідомчий збірник наукових праць. — Вип. 13.
  • Депортація українців: жорстокість, військовий конвой, втрата рідної домівки // Український інститут національної пам’яті
  • Веселова О. «Пам'ять про жертви голоду-геноциду 1932—1933 років в Україні: смертність й ушанування загиблих» // «Проблеми історії України: факти, судження, пошуки». Міжвідомчий збірник наукових праць. — Вип. 10.
  • Бажан О.Г. Депортації в ретроспективі української історії // Енциклопедія історії України : у 10 т. / редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. ; Інститут історії України НАН України. — К. : Наукова думка, 2004. — Т. 2 : Г — Д. — 518 с. : іл. — ISBN 966-00-0405-2.
  • Граціозі А. «Концепція постгеноцидного суспільства Джеймса Мейса встановлює порядок денний на майбутнє» (Діалог з Ігорем Сюндюковим)
  • Голодомор 1932—1933 рр. як етнічний та культурно-духовний геноцид українського народу: історіографія питання / Л. О. Слободян // Вісник Академії праці і соціальних відносин Федерації профспілок України. — 2013. — No. 3. — С. 100–109.
  • Голодомор-геноцид 1932—1933 років в Україні: політичний дискурс / В. І. Марочко // Історична пам'ять. — 2014. — No. 30—31. — С. 53–62.
  • Сергійчук В. Наповнення перших класів українських шкіл у 1933—1940 роках як свідчення катастрофічних втрат дітей під час Голодомору-геноциду // Народна творчість та етнологія, No. 2 (голов ред Г Скрипник); НАН України, ІМФЕ ім. М Рильського. — К., 2020. — С. 68–86.
  • Мусієнко І. Депортації населення з території Північної Буковини та Хотинщини в 1941—1951 рр. // Український альманах 2010. — Warszawa Варшава: Об'єднання українців в Польщі, 2010. — С. 187–201.
  • Мусієнко І. Політичні репресії на Північній Буковині та Хотинщині у 1940—1941 рр. // З архівів ВУЧК-ГПУ-НКВД-КГБ. — Київ, 2000. — No. 2–4. — С. 472–485.


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