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List of Syntopicon topics

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

The syntopicon is a two-volume work which is part of the The Great Books of the Western World book series, published by Encyclopædia Britannica. It contains 102 ideas that the authors regarded as central to the Western literary canon. Associated with each idea is a list of topics, which topics might be regarded as "topics for discussion" on the idea, or subject in question. Each topic has an associated list of references into the works included in the book series, as well as a cross-reference to related topics. The references together form a discussion of the topic at hand.

The following is a list of topics included in the original 1952 edition of the series.

Angel[edit]

Topics

  1. Inferior deities or demi-gods in polytheistic religion
  2. The philosophical consideration of pure intelligences, spiritual substances, supra- human persons n
    1. The celestial motors or secondary prime movers: the intelligences attached to the celestial bodies
    2. Our knowledge of immaterial beings
  3. The conception of angels in Judaeo-Christian doctrine
    1. The first creatures of God: their place in the order of creation
    2. The angelic nature
    3. The aeviternity and incorruptibility of angels
    4. The angelic intellect and angelic knowledge
    5. The angelic will and angelic love
    6. Angelic action: its characteristics in general
  4. The angelic hierarchy: the inequality, order, and number of the angels and their relation to one another
  5. Comparison of angels with men and with disembodied souls: their relation to the blessed in the heavenly choir
  6. The distinction and comparison of the good and the bad angels
    1. The origin of the division between angels and demons: the sin of Lucifer or Satan
    2. The society of the demons: the rule of Satan over the powers of darkness
  7. The role of the angels in the government of the universe
    1. The ministry of the good angels in the affairs of men: guardianship
    2. The intervention of the demons in the affairs of men: temptation, possession
  8. God and Satan
    1. Warfare between the powers of light and darkness: their struggle for dominion over man
    2. Lucifer in the service of God
  9. Criticism and satire with respect to the belief in angels and demons

Animal[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. General theories about the animal nature
    1. Characteristics of animal life: the animal soul
      1. Animal sensitivity: its degrees and differentiations
      2. Animal memory, imagination, and intelligence
      3. Animal appetite: desire and emotion in animals
      4. Locomotion: degrees of animal motihty
      5. Sleeping and waking in animals
    2. The distinction between plants and animals in faculty and function: cases difficult to classify
    3. The distinction between animal and human nature
      1. Comparison of brutes and men as animals
      2. Comparison of animal with human intelligence
    4. The habits or instincts of animals: types of animal habit or instinct; the habits or instincts of different classes of animals
    5. The conception of the animal as a machine or automaton
  2. The classification of animals
    1. General schemes of classification: their principles and major divisions
    2. Analogies of structure and function among different classes of animals
    3. Continuity and discontinuity in the scale of animal life: gradation from lower to higher forms
  3. The anatomy of animals
    1. Physical elements of the animal body: kinds of tissue
    2. The skeletal structure
    3. The visceral organs
    4. The utility or adaptation of bodily structures
  4. Animal movement
    1. Comparison of animal movement with other kinds of local motion
    2. The cause of animal movement: voluntary and involuntary movements
    3. The organs, mechanisms, and characteristics of locomotion
  5. Local motion within the animal body
    1. The ducts, channels, and conduits involved in interior bodily motions
    2. The circulatory system: the motions of the heart, blood, and lymph
    3. The glandular system: the glands of internal and external secretion
    4. The respiratory system: breathing, lungs, gills
    5. The alimentary system : the motions of the digestive organs in the nutritive process
    6. The excretory system: the motions of elimination
    7. The brain and nervous system: the excitation and conduction of nervous impulses
  6. Animal nutrition
    1. The nature of the nutriment
    2. The process of nutrition: ingestion, digestion, assimilation
  7. Animal growth or augmentation: its nature, causes, and limits
  8. The generation of animals
    1. The origin of animals: creation or evolution
    2. Diverse theories of animal generation: procreation and spontaneous generation
    3. Modes of animal reproduction: sexual and asexual
      1. Sexual differentiation: its origins and determinations; primary and secondary characteristics
      2. The reproductive organs: their differences in different classes of animals
      3. The reproductive cells and secretions: semen and catamenia, sperm and egg
      4. The mating of animals: pairing and copulation
      5. Factors affecting fertility and sterility
    4. Comparison of human with animal reproduction
  9. The development of the embryo: birth and infancy
    1. Oviparous and viviparous development
    2. The nourishment of the embryo or foetus
    3. The process of embryogeny : the stages of foetal growth
    4. Multiple pregnancy: superfoetation
    5. The period of gestation: parturition, delivery, birth
    6. The care and feeding of infant offspring: lactation
    7. Characteristics of the offspring at birth
  10. Heredity and environment: the genetic determination of individual differences and similarities
    1. The habitat of animals
    2. The geographical distribution of animals: their natural habitats
  11. The relation between animals and their environments
  12. The treatment of animals by men
    1. The taming of animals
    2. The use and abuse of animals
    3. Friendship or love between animals and men
  13. The attribution of human qualities or virtues to animals: personification in allegory " and satire '

Aristocracy[edit]

Topics

  1. The general theory and evaluation of aristocracy
    1. Aristocracy as a good form of government
    2. Criticisms of aristocracy as unrealizable or unjust
  2. The relation of aristocracy to other forms of government
    1. Aristocracy and monarchy
    2. Aristocracy and constitutional government: the polity or mixed constitution
    3. Aristocracy and democracy
    4. Aristocracy and oligarchy
    5. Aristocracy and tyranny
  3. The causes of degeneration or instability in aristocracies: aristocracy and revolution
  4. Aristocracy and the issue of rule by men as opposed to rule by law
  5. The training of those fitted for rule: aristocratic theories of education
  6. The selection of the best men for public office: the aristocratic theory of representation in modern constitutional government
  7. Historic and poetic exemplifications of aristocracy

Art[edit]

Topics:

  1. The generic notion of art - skill of mind in making
  2. art and nature
    1. causation in art and nature - artistic production compared with natural generation
    2. the role of matter and form in artistic and natural production
    3. the natural and the artificial as repsecively the work of god and man
  3. art as imitation
  4. diverse classifications of the arts - useful and fine, liberal and servile
  5. the sources of art in experience, imagination, and inspiration
  6. art and science
    1. the comparision and distinction of art and science
    2. the liberal arts as productive of science - means and methods of achieving knowledge
    3. art as the application of science - the productive powers of knowledge
  7. the enjoyment of the fine arts
    1. art as a source of pleasure and delight (the great ideas)|art as a source of pleasure and delight
    2. the judgement of excellence in art
  8. art and emotion - expression, purgation, sublimation
  9. the useful arts
    1. the use of nature by art - agriculture, medicine, teaching
    2. the produciton of wealth, the industrial arts
    3. the arts of war
    4. the arts of government
  10. the moral and political significance of the arts
    1. the influence of the arts on character and citizenship - the role of the arts in the training of youth
    2. the political regulation of the arts for the common good - the problem of censorship
  11. myths and theories concerning the origin of the arts
  12. the history of the arts - progress in art as measuring stages of civilization

Astronomy[edit]

Topics

  1. The end, dignity, and utility of astronomy
  2. The method of astronomy
    1. Observation and measurement: instruments and tables
    2. The use of hypotheses: the heliocentric and geocentric theories
    3. The relation of astronomy to mathematics: the use of mathematics by astronomy
  3. Causes in astronomy
    1. Formal archetypal causes: the number and the music of the spheres
    2. Physical efficient causes: gravitation and action-at-a-distance
  4. The relation of astronomy to the other liberal arts and sciences: the place of astronomy in the educational curriculum
  5. Astronomy and cosmology: the theory of the world or universe as reflecting astronomi- cal conceptions
  6. Astronomy and theology: astronomy as affecting views of God, creation, the divine plan, and the moral hierarchy
  7. Astronomy and the measurement of time: calendars and clocks; days and seasons
  8. The heavenly bodies in general
    1. The special character of matter in the supra-lunar spheres
    2. Soul and intellect in the heavenly bodies
    3. Celestial motion: periodicity and the great year
      1. The eternity of celestial motion
      2. The form of celestial motion: circles, the equant, ellipses
      3. The laws of celestial motion: celestial mechanics
    4. The creation of the heavens
  9. The particular heavenly bodies
    1. The sun: its position, distance, size, and mass
    2. The moon: its irregularities
    3. The planets: their eccentricities, retrogradations, and stations
    4. The earth: its origin, position, shape, and motions
    5. The fixed stars: the precession of the equinoxes
    6. The comets and meteors
  10. The influence of the heavenly bodies upon terrestrial phenomena
    1. The influence of the heavenly bodies on living matter: generation and corrup- tion
    2. The influence of the heavenly bodies on the tides
  11. The influence of the stars and planets upon the character and actions of men
  12. The worship of the earth, sun, moon, and stars
  13. The history of astronomy

Beauty[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The general theory of the beautiful
    1. The beautiful and the good: beauty as a kind of fitness or order
    2. Beauty and truth: the beautiful as an object of contemplation
    3. The elements of beauty: unity, proportion, clarity
    4. The distinction between the beautiful and the sublime
  2. Beauty in nature and in art
  3. Beauty in relation to desire and love, as object or cause
  4. Beauty and ugliness in relation to pleasure and pain
  5. Judgments of beauty: the objective and the subjective in aesthetic judgments or judgments of taste
  6. The role of the beautiful in education
  7. Intelligible beauty
    1. The beauty of God
    2. The beauty of the universe
    3. Beauty in the order of ideas
    4. Beauty in the moral order

Being[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. Diverse conceptions of being and non-being: being as a term or concept; the meanings of wand is not
  2. Being and the one and the many
    1. Infinite being and the plurality of finite beings
    2. The unity of a being
  3. Being and good
    1. The hierarchy of being: grades of reality, degrees of intelligibility
    2. Being as the object of love and desire
  4. Being and truth
    1. Being as the pervasive object of mind, and the formal object of the first philoso- phy, metaphysics, or dialectic
    2. Being as the measure of truth in judgments of the mind: clarity and distinctness as criteria of the reality of an idea
  5. Being and becoming: the reality of change; the nature of mutable being
  6. The cause of existence
  7. The divisions or modes of being
    1. The distinction between essence and existence: existence as the act of being
    2. The distinction between substance and attribute, accident or modification: independent and dependent being
      1. The conceptions of substance
      2. Corporeal and spiritual substances, composite and simple substances: the kinds of substance in relation to matter and form
      3. Corruptible and incorruptible substances
      4. Extension and thought as dependent substances or as attributes of infinite substance
      5. Substance as subject to change and to different kinds of change: the role of accidents or modifications
      6. The nature and kinds of accidents or modifications
    3. The distinction between potentiality and actuality: possible and actual being
      1. The order of potentiality and actuality
      2. Types of potency and degrees of actuality
      3. Potentiality and actuality in relation to matter and form
    4. The distinction between real and ideal being, or between natural being and being in mind
      1. The being of the possible
      2. The being of ideas, universals, rights
      3. The being of mathematical objects
      4. The being of relations
      5. The being of fictions and negations
    5. The distinction between appearance and reality, between the sensible and supra- sensible, between the phenomenal and noumenal orders
  8. Being and knowledge
    1. Being and becoming in relation to sense: perception and imagination
    2. Being and becoming in relation to intellect: abstraction and intuition
    3. Essence or substance as the object of definition: real and nominal essences
    4. The role of essence in demonstration: the use of essence, property, and accident in inference
    5. The accidental in relation to science and definition
    6. Judgments and demonstrations of existence: their sources and validity

Cause[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The general theory of causation
    1. The kinds of causes: their distinction and enumeration
    2. The order of causes: the relation of cause and effect
  2. Comparison of causes in animate and inanimate nature
  3. Causality and freedom
  4. The analysis of means and ends in the practical order
  5. Cause in relation to knowledge
    1. Cause as the object of our inquiries
    2. Cause in philosophical and scientific method: the role of causes in definition, demonstration, experiment, hypothesis
    3. The nature and sources of our knowledge of causes
    4. The limits of our knowledge of causes
  6. The existence and operation of final causes
  7. The causality of God or the gods
    1. Divine causality in the origin and existence of the world: creation and conserva- tion
    2. Divine causality in the order of nature or change: the first cause in relation to all other causes
    3. Divine causality in the government of the universe: providence and free will
    4. Divine causality in the supernatural order: grace, miracles
  8. The operation of causes in the process of history

Chance[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The conception of chance
    1. Chance as the coincidence of causes
    2. Chance as the absolutely fortuitous, the spontaneous or uncaused
  2. The issue concerning the existence of chance or fortune
    1. The relation of chance to causality: philosophical or scientific determinism
    2. The relation of chance to fate, providence, and predestination
  3. Chance, necessity, and design or purpose in the origin and structure of the world
  4. Cause and chance in relation to knowledge and opinion: the theory of probability
  5. The control of chance or contingency by art
  6. Chance and fortune in human affairs: the mythology of Fortune
    1. Chance and fortune in the life of the individual
    2. Chance and fortune in politics and history

Change[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The nature and reality of change or motion
  2. The unchanging principles of change
    1. The constituents of the changing thing
    2. The factor of opposites or contraries in change
  3. Cause and effect in motion: the relation of mover and moved, or action and passion
  4. Motion and rest: contrary motions
  5. The measure of motion
    1. Time or duration as the measure of motion
    2. The divisibility and continuity of motion
  6. The kinds of change
    1. The reducibility of all modes of motion to one kind of change
    2. The primacy of local motion
    3. Comparison of change in living and non-living things
    4. Comparison of the motions of matter with changes in the Older of mind

Citizen[edit]

Topics

  1. The individual in relation to the state
  2. The conception of citizenship
    1. The status or office of citizenship in relation to the principle of constitutional government
    2. The distinction between citizen and subject: the distinction between the sub- jects of a constitutional monarchy and of a despotism
    3. The character and extent of citizenship under different types of constitutions
  3. The qualifications for citizenship: extent of suffrage
  4. The rights, duties, privileges, and immunities of citizenship
  5. The virtues of the citizen and the virtues of the good man
  6. Education for citizenship
  7. Political citizenship and membership in the city of God
  8. Hie idea of world citizenship: the political brotherhood of man
  9. Historical episodes and stages in the struggle for citizenship

Constitution[edit]

Topics

  1. The difference between government by law and government by men: the nature of constitutional government
  2. The notion of a constitution
    1. The constitution as the form or organization of a political community: arrange- ment of offices; division of functions
    2. The constitution as the fundamental law: its relation to other laws, as a source or measure of legality or justice
  3. The relation of constitutional government to other forms of government
    1. The combination of constitutional with absolute government: the mixed regime; constitutional or limited monarchy
    2. The merits of constitutional government compared with royal government and the mixed regime
  4. The constitutional conception of political office: the qualifications and duties of public officials
  5. The diversity of constitutions among the forms of government
    1. The justice of different constitutions: the extent and character of citizenship under each
    2. The mixed constitution: its advantages
  6. The origin of constitutions: the lawgiver, the social contract, the constituent assembly
  7. The preservation of constitutions: factors tending toward their dissolution
    1. The relative stability of different types of constitutions
    2. The safeguards of constitutional government: bills of rights; separation of powers; impeachment
  8. The change of constitutions
    1. Methods of changing a constitution: revolution, amendment
    2. The violation and overthrow of constitutional government
  9. The theory of representation
    1. The functions and duties of representatives: their relation to their constituent!
    2. Types of representation: diverse methods of selecting representatives
    3. The origin, growth, and vicissitudes of constitutional government

Courage[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature of courage
  2. The vices opposed to courage: cowardice, foolhardiness
  3. The passions in the sphere of courage: fear, daring, anger, hope, despair
  4. The relation and comparison of courage with other virtues
  5. The motivations of courage: fame or honor, happiness, love, duty, religious faith
  6. The formation or training of the courageous man
  7. The political or civic significance of courage
    1. The courage required of citizens and statesmen: the political recognition of courage
    2. Courage in relation to law and liberty
    3. Courage in war

Custom and Convention[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The distinction between nature and convention: its application to the origin of the state and of language
  2. The origin, development, and transmission of customs
  3. The conflict of customs: their variation from place to place
  4. The change of customs: their variation from time to time
  5. Custom and convention in the moral order
    1. The conventional determination of moral judgments: the moral evaluation of conventions
    2. The effect of custom on the training and character of men
  6. Custom" in relation to law
    1. Constitutions, social contracts, positive laws, and manners as conventions
    2. The force of custom with respect to law
  7. Custom in social life
    1. Custom as unifying a community
    2. Custom as a barrier between communities
    3. Custom as determining economic needs or standards
    4. The influence of custom on the liberty of the individual
  8. Custom in relation to order and progress: the factors of tradition and invention
  9. The bearing of custom on thought
    1. Custom as a source of opinion and belief: its influence on judgments of beauty
    2. The conventionality of truth: postulation, choice among hypotheses

Definition[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The theory of definition
    1. The object of definition: definitions as arbitrary and nominal or real and con- cerned with essence
    2. The purpose of definition: the clarification of ideas
    3. , The limits of definition: the definable and the indefinable
    4. The unity of a definition in relation to the unity of the thing defined
    5. The truth and falsity of definitions
  2. The various methods of definition or classification
    1. The use of division or dichotomy in definition
    2. Definition by genus and differentia: properties
    3. Definition by accidental or extrinsic signs or by component parts
    4. The appeal to genesis, origin, cause, or end in definition
    5. Definition by reference to purpose or interest
  3. The grammatical or verbal aspects of definition
  4. The search for definitions and the methods of defending them
  5. Definition and demonstration; definitions as principles and as conclusions
  6. The character of definitions in diverse disciplines
    1. The formulation of definitions in physics, mathematics, and metaphysics
    2. The use of definition in speculative philosophy and empirical science
    3. The role of definitions in practical or moral philosophy and the social sciences

Democracy[edit]

Topics

  1. Conceptions of democracy: the comparison of democracy with other forms of govern- ment
  2. The derogation of democracy: the anarchic tendency of freedom and equality
    1. Lawless mob-rule: the tyranny of the majority
    2. The incompetence of the people and the need for leadership: the superiority of monarchy and aristocracy
  3. The acceptance of democracy as one of several good forms of government
    1. Comparison of democratic and oligarchic justice: the mixed constitution as a compromise between the interests of the poor and rich
    2. Comparison of the political wisdom of the many and the few: the mixed regime as including both
    3. Comparison of democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy with respect to efficiency
  4. The praise of democracy: the ideal state
    1. Liberty and equality for all under law
      1. Universal suffrage: the abolition of privileged classes
      2. The problem of economic j ustice : the choice between capitalism and socialism
    2. The democratic realization of popular sovereignty: the safeguarding of natural rights
    3. The infirmities of democracy in practice and the reforms or remedies for these defects
    4. The suitability of democratic constitutions to all men under all circumstances: conditions favorable to democracy; progress toward democracy
  5. Democracy and representative government
    1. The distinction between direct democracy and representative, or republican, government: the territorial limits of democracy
    2. The theory of representation
      1. Majority rule and minority or proportional representation
      2. Ultimate limitations on the franchise
      3. Methods of election and voting
      4. The role of political parties: factions
    3. The distribution of functions and powers: checks and balances in representative democracy
  6. The educational task of democracy: the training of all citizens
  7. The growth and vicissitudes of democracy
    1. Demagoguery and the danger of revolution
    2. The dangers of imperialism: the treatment of dependencies
    3. The challenge of war and peace: the citizen army

Desire[edit]

See also

Topics

  1. Desire and the order of change: cros and tclos
  2. The analysis of desire or appetite
    1. The roots of desire in need, privation, or potency: the instinctual sources of the libido
    2. The objects of desire: the good and the pleasant
    3. Desire as a cause of action: motivation or purpose; voluntariness
    4. The satisfaction of desire: possession and enjoyment
  3. The modes of desire or appetite
    1. Natural appetite: desires determined by nature or instinct
    2. Desires determined by knowledge or judgment
      1. The distinction between sensitive and rational desire: emotional tendencies and acts of the will
      2. Conscious and unconscious desires: habitual desire
    3. Desire and love: their distinction and connection
    4. Desire and aversion as emotional opposites
  4. The economy of desire in human life
    1. The conflict of desires with one another
    2. The attachment of desires: fixations, projections, identifications, transferences
    3. The focusing of desires: emotional complexes
    4. The discharge of desires: catharsis and sublimation
  5. Desire as ruler
    1. Desire ruling imagination: daydreaming and fantasy
    2. Desire ruling thought: rationalization and wishful thinking
    3. Desire ruling action: the unchecked expression of desires; incontinence
  6. Desire as subject to rule
    1. The regulation of desire by reason: the discipline of moral virtue or duty
    2. The restraint or renunciation of desire: abstention, inhibition, repression
    3. The results of repression: dreaming, symbolic over-reactions, neuroses
  7. Desire and infinity
    1. The infinite tendency of desires
      1. The pursuit of pleasure
      2. The lust for power
      3. The accumulation of wealth
    2. The restless search for the infinite: the desire for the vision of God

Dialectic[edit]

Topics

  1. Definitions of dialectic
  2. Diverse theories of dialectic
    1. Dialectic as the pursuit of truth and the contemplation of being
      1. The ascent from appearance to reality, or from opinion to knowledge: the upward and downward paths of dialectic
      2. Definition, division, hypothesis, and myth in the service of dialectic
    2. Dialectic as the method of inquiry, argument, and criticism in the sphere of opinion
      1. Divisions of dialectic: the theory of the predicables
      2. The technique of question and answer
    3. Dialectic as the logic of semblance and as the critique of the illusory employment of reason beyond experience
      1. The division of logic into analytic and dialectic: the distinction between general and transcendental dialectic
      2. The natural dialectic of human reason
    4. Dialectic as the evolution of spirit or matter
      1. The distinction between subjective and objective dialectic: the realization of the moral will
      2. The dialectic of nature and of history: the actualization of freedom
  3. Types of dialectical opposition
    1. The opposition between being and becoming, the one and the many, the same and the other
    2. The opposed premises of dialectical argument: dialectical problems and theses; the conflict of probabilities
    3. The opposed conclusions of dialectical reasoning: the antinomies and paralogisms of a transcendental dialectic
    4. Thesis and antithesis as moments in the advance toward a dialectical synthesis
  4. Dialectic in relation to philosophy and science
  5. The spheres of dialectic and rhetoric: proof and persuasion
  6. The evaluation of dialectic: the line between dialectic and sophistry

Duty[edit]

Topics

  1. The concept of duty or obligation: its moral significance
  2. Comparison of the ethics of duty with the ethics of happiness, pleasure, or utility
  3. The divisions of duty : internal and external duty ; the realms of ethics and j unsprudence
  4. The sense of duty
    1. The moral and social development of conscience : its dictates
    2. The emotional development of conscience : its morbid manifestations
  5. The derivation of duty from divine, natural, and civil law, and from the categorical imperative of reason
  6. Conflicts between duties of diverse origins
  7. The relation of duty to justice and to rights: oaths and promises
  8. The tension between duty and instinct, desire, or love
  9. The duties of command and obedience in family life
  10. Political obligation: cares, functions, loyalties
  11. Duty to God: piety and worship

Education[edit]

Topics

  1. The ends of education
    1. The ideal of the educated man
    2. The disadvantages of being educated
  2. The kinds of education: physical, moral, liberal, professional, religious
  3. The training of the body and the cultivation of bodily skills: gymnastics, manual work
  4. The formation of a good character, virtue, a right will
    1. The possibility and limits of moral education: knowledge and virtue
    2. The influence of the family in moral training
    3. The role of the state in moral education : law, custom, public opinion
    4. The effect upon character of poetry, music, and other arts: the role of history and examples
  5. The improvement of the mind by teaching and learning
    1. The profession of teaching: the relation of teacher and student
    2. The means and methods of teaching
    3. The nature of learning: its several modes
    4. The order of learning: the organization of the curriculum
    5. The emotional aspect of learning: pleasure, desire, interest
    6. Learning apart from teachers and books: the role of experience
  6. The acquisition of techniques: preparation for the vocations, arts, and professions
  7. Religious education
    1. God as teacher: divine revelation and inspiration
    2. The teaching function of the church, of priests and prophets
  8. Education and the state
    1. The educational responsibility of the family and the state
    2. The economic support of educational institutions
    3. The political regulation and censorship of education
    4. The training of the prince, the statesman, the citizen: aristocratic and demo- cratic theories of education
  9. Historical and biographical observations concerning the institutions and practices of education

Element[edit]

Topics

  1. The concept of element
  2. The comparison of element, principle, and cause
  3. The theory of the elements in natural philosophy, physics, and chemistry
    1. Element and atom: qualitative and quantitative indivisibility
    2. The enumeration of the elements: their properties and order
    3. The mutability of the elements: their transmutation
    4. Combinations of the elements: compounds and mixtures
  4. The discovery of elements in other arts and sciences
  5. The theory of atomism: critiques of atomism
    1. The conception of atomic bodies: imperceptible, indestructible, and indivisible
    2. Arguments for and against the existence of atoms: the issue concerning the infinite divisibility of matter
    3. Atoms and the void as the ultimate constituents of reality
    4. The number, variety, and properties of atoms: the production of sensible things by their collocation
    5. The atomistic account of sensation and thought: the idola
    6. The atomic constitution of mind and soul: its bearing on immortality
  6. The explanation of natural phenomena by reference to the properties and mo- tions of atoms
    1. The atomistic account of the origin and decay of the world, its evolution and order

Emotion[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature and causes of the emotions or passions
    1. Emotion in relation to feelings of pleasure and pain
    2. Bodily changes during emotional excitement
    3. Instinctive emotional reactions in animals and men
  2. The classification and enumeration of the emotions
    1. Definitions of particular passions
    2. The order and connection of the passions
    3. The opposition of particular emotions to one another
  3. The disorder or pathology of the passions
    1. Madness or frenzy due to emotional excess: excessively emotional or emotionally over-determined behavior
    2. Rationalization or the emotional determination of thought
    3. Particular emotional disorders: psychoneuroses due to repression
      1. Hysterias
      2. Obsessions and compulsions
      3. Phobias and anxieties
      4. Traumas and traumatic neuroses
    4. The alleviation and cure of emotional disorders
  4. The moral consideration of the passions
    1. The conflict between reason and emotion
      1. The force of the passions
      2. The strength of reason or will
    2. The treatment of the emotions by or for the sake of reason
      1. Moderation of the passions by reason: virtue, continence, avoidance of sin
      2. Attenuation and atrophy of the passions: the liberation of reason
    3. The moral significance of temperamental type or emotional disposition
  5. The political consideration of the passions
    1. The causes of political association: fear or need
    2. The acquisition and retention of power: love or fear
    3. The coercive force of law: fear of punishment
    4. The devices of oratory: emotional persuasion
    5. The regulation of art for the sake of training the passions

Eternity[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. Eternity as timelessness and immutability or as endless and infinite time: the distinc- tion between eternity and time
    1. The priority of eternity to time
    2. Aevitcrnity as intermediate between eternity and time
  2. The issue concerning the infinity of time and the eternity of the world or of motion
  3. The eternity of God
  4. The things which partake of eternity
    1. The imperishability of angels, spiritual substances, souls
    2. The imperishable in the physical order: matter, atoms, celestial bodies
    3. , The immutability of truth and ideas
    4. The eternity of Heaven and Hell: everlasting life and death
  5. The knowledge and imagery of eternity

Evolution[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The classification of animals
    1. Comparison of genealogical classification with other types of taxonomy: the phylogenetic series
    2. The criteria for distinguishing races or varieties, species, genera, and all higher taxonomic groupings
  2. Genetic variation in the course of generations
    1. Comparison of variation under conditions of natural and artificial breeding
    2. Characteristics which are more and less variable genetically: their bearing on the distinction of races, species, and genera
  3. The process of heredity
    1. The inheritance of acquired characteristics: the use and disuse of parts

Experience[edit]

Topics

  1. Various conceptions of experience
  2. Experience in relation to the acts of the mind
    1. Memory and imagination as factors in or products of experience
    2. The empirical sources of induction, abstraction, generalization
    3. The transcendental or innate structure of the mind as a condition of experience
    4. The a priori and a posteriori in judgment and reasoning
  3. Experience in relation to organized knowledge: art and science
    1. Particular experiences and general rules as conditions of expertness or skill: the contrast between the empiric and the artist
    2. The issue concerning the role of experience in science
  4. Experience as measuring the scope of human knowledge
    1. The knowability of that which is outside experience: the supra-sensible, the noumenal or transcendent
    2. Verification by experience: experience as the ultimate test of truth
  5. The theory of experimentation in scientific method
    1. Experimental exploration and discovery: the formulation of hypotheses
    2. Experimental verification: the testing of hypotheses
    3. Experimental measurement: the application of mathematics
  6. The man of experience in practical affairs
    1. Experience as indispensable to sound judgment and prudence
    2. The role of experience in politics: the lessons of history
  7. Mystical or religious experience: experience of the supernatural
  8. Variety of experience as an ideal of human life

Family[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature and necessity of the family
  2. The family and the state
    1. Comparison of the domestic and political community in origin, structure, and function
    2. Comparison of the domestic and political community in manner of government
    3. The place and rights of the family in the state: the control and education of children
  3. The economics of the family
    1. The wealth of families: the maintenance of the domestic economy
    2. The effects of political economy: the family in the industrial system
  4. The institution of marriage: its nature and purpose
    1. Monogamy and polygamy
    2. The religious view of marriage: the sacrament of matrimony
    3. Matrimony and celibacy
    4. The laws and customs regulating marriage: adultery, incest
    5. Divorce
  5. The position of women
    1. The role of women in the family: the relation of husband and wife in domestic government
    2. The status of women in the state: the right to citizenship, property, education
    3. Women in relation to war
  6. Parents and children: fatherhood, motherhood
    1. The desire for offspring
    2. Eugenics: control of breeding; birth control
    3. The condition of immaturity
    4. The care and government of children: the rights and duties of the child; parental despotism and tyranny
    5. The initiation of children into adult life
  7. The life of the family
    1. Marriage and love: romantic, conjugal, and illicit love
    2. The continuity of the family: the veneration of ancestors; family pride, feuds, curses
    3. Patterns of friendship in the family : man and wife; parents and children; brothers and sisters
    4. The emotional impact of family life upon the child: the domestic triangle; the symbolic roles of father and mother
  8. Historical observations on the institution of marriage and the family

Fate[edit]

  1. The decrees of fate and the decisions of the gods
  2. The fated or inevitable in human life
  3. The antitheses of fate: fortune, freedom, natural necessity, chance or contingency
  4. Fatalism in relation to the will of God : the doctrine of predestination
  5. The secularization of fate : scientific or philosophical determinism
  6. The historian's recognition of fate: the destiny of cities, nations, empires

Form[edit]

Topics

  1. Form in relation to becoming or change
    1. Forms as immutable models or archetypes: the exemplar ideas
    2. Forms as indwelling causes or principles
    3. The transcendental or a priori forms as constitutive of order in experience
    4. The realization of forms in the sensible order
      1. Imitation or participation: the role of the receptacle
      2. Creation, generation, production: embodiment in matter or substratum
  2. The being of forms
    1. The existence of forms: separately, in matter, in mind
    2. The eternity of forms, the perpetuity of species: the divine ideas
    3. Form in the composite being of the individual thing
      1. The union of matter and form: potentiality and actuality
      2. The distinction between substantial and accidental forms
      3. The unity of substantial form: prime matter in relation to substantial form
    4. Angels and human souls as self-subsistent forms: the substantiality of thought or mind in separation from extension or body
  3. Form in relation to knowledge
    1. Sensible forms, intelligible, forms: the forms of intuition and understanding
    2. The problem of the universal: knowledge of the individual
    3. Form and definition: the formulable essence; the problem of matter in relation to definition
  4. The denial of form as a principle of being, becoming, or knowledge

God[edit]

Topics

  1. The polytheistic conception of the supernatural order
    1. The nature and existence of the gods
    2. The hierarchy of the gods; their relation to one another
    3. The intervention of the gods in the affairs of men: their judgment of the deserts of men
  2. The existence of one God
    1. The rcvektion of one God
    2. The evidences and proofs of God's existence
    3. Criticisms of the proofs of God's existence: agnosticism
    4. The postulation of God: practical grounds for belief
  3. Man's relation to God or the gods
    1. The fear of God or the gods
    2. The reproach or defiance of God or the gods
    3. The love of God or the gods
    4. Obedience to God or the gods x
    5. The worship of God or the gods: prayer, propitiation, sacrifice
    6. The imitation of God or the gods: the divine element in human nature; the deification of men ; man as the image of God
  4. The divine nature in itself: the divine attributes
    1. The identity of essence and existence in God: the necessity of a being whose essence involves its existence
    2. The unity and simplicity of the divine nature
    3. The immateriality of God
    4. The eternity and immutability of God
    5. The infinity of God: the freedom of an infinite being
    6. The perfection or goodness of God
    7. The intellect of God
    8. The happiness and glory of God
  5. The divine nature in relation to the world or creatures
    1. God as first and as exemplar cause: the relation of divine to natural causation
    2. God as final cause: the motion of all things toward God ,
    3. The power of God : the divine omnipotence
    4. The immanence of God: the divine omnipresence
    5. The transcendence of God: the divine aseity
    6. God's knowledge: the divine omniscience; the divine ideas
    7. God's will: divine choice
    8. God's love: the diffusion of the divine goodness
    9. Divine justice and mercy: divine rewards and punishments
  6. Man's knowledge of God
    1. The names of God: the metaphorical and symbolic representations of God; the anthropomorphic conception of God
    2. Natural knowledge : the use of analogies; the evidences of nature; the light of reason
    3. Supernatural knowledge
      1. God as teacher: inspiration and revelation
      2. The light of faith
      3. Mystical experience
      4. The beatific vision
  7. Doctrines common to the Jewish, Mohammedan, and Christian conceptions of God and His relation to the world and man
    1. Creation
    2. Providence
    3. Divine government and law
    4. Grace
    5. Miracles
    6. The Book of Life
    7. The resurrection of the body
    8. The Last Judgment and the end of the world
  8. Specifically Jewish doctrines concerning God and His people
    1. The Chosen People: few and gentile
    2. God's Covenant with Israel: circumcision as sign of the Covenant
    3. The Law: its observance as a condition of righteousness and blessedness
    4. The Temple: the Ark of the Torah
    5. The messianic hope ^^
  9. Specifically Christian dogmas concerning the divine nature and human destiny
    1. The Trinity
    2. The Incarnation: the God-man ##
      1. The divinity of Christ
      2. The humanity of Christ ^
      3. Mary, the Mother of God
    3. Christ the Saviour and Redeemer: the doctrines of original sin and salvation
    4. The Church: the mystical body of Christ; the Apostolate
    5. The sacraments ^
    6. The second coming of Christ
  10. The denial of God or the gods, or of a supernatural order: the position of the atheist
  11. The denial of God as completely transcending the world or nature: the position of the pantheist
  12. The denial of a revealed and providential God: the position of the deist
  13. God as a conception invented by man: its emotional basis
  14. The worship of false gods: deification and idolatry

Good and Evil[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The general theory of good and evil
    1. The idea of the good: the notion of finality
    2. Goodness in proportion to being: the grades of perfection and the goodness of order
    3. The good, the true, and the beautiful
    4. The origin, nature, and existence of evil
  2. The goodness or perfection of God: the plenitude of the divine being
    1. God's goodness as diffusive, causing the goodness of things: God's love
    2. The divine goodness and the problem of evil
  3. The moral theory of the good: the distinction between the moral and the metaphysical good
    1. Human nature and the determination of the good for man: the real and the apparent good; particular goods and the good in general
    2. Goodness in the order of freedom and will
      1. The prescriptions of duty
      2. The good will: its conditions and consequences
    3. The good and desire: goodness causing movements of desire and desire causing estimations of goodness
    4. Pleasure as the good, a good, or feeling good
    5. Right and wrong: the social incidence of the good; doing or suffering good and evil
    6. The sources of evil in human life
  4. Divisions of the human good
    1. Sensible and intelligible goods
    2. Useful and enjoyable goods: good for an end and good in itself
    3. Goods of the body and goods of the soul
    4. Intrinsic and external goods: intrinsic worth and extrinsic value
    5. Individual and common goods
  5. The order of human goods
    1. The supreme good or summwn bonum: its existence and nature
    2. The judgment of diverse types of good: their subordination to one another
    3. The dialectic of means and ends: mere means and ultimate ends
    4. The supremacy of the individual or the common good: the relation of the good of the individual person to the good of other persons and to the good of the state
  6. Knowledge and the good
    1. Knowledge, wisdom, and virtue: the relation of being good and knowing what is good
    2. The need for experience of evil
    3. The goodness of knowledge or wisdom: the use of knowledge
    4. The possibility of moral knowledge: the subjectivity or conventionality of judgments of good and evil

Government[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The general theory of government
    1. The origin and necessity of government: the issue concerning anarchy
    2. Comparison of political or civil government with ecclesiastical government and with paternal or despotic rule
    3. The ends and limits of government: the criteria of legitimacy and justice
    4. The elements of government: authority and power, or coercive force; the dis- tinction between dejure and dc facto government
    5. The attributes of good government
    6. The abuses and corruptions to which government is subject
    7. The sovereignty of government : the unity and disposition of sovereignty
      1. The sovereign person: sovereignty vested in the individual ruler
      2. The sovereign office: the partition of sovereignty among the offices created by a constitution
      3. The sovereign people: the community as the source of governmental sovereignty
    8. Self-government: expressions of the popular will; elections; voting
  2. The forms of government: their evaluation and order
    1. The distinction and comparison of good and bad forms of government
    2. The combination of different forms of government: the mixed constitution, the mixed regime
    3. The absolute and relative evaluation of forms of government: by reference to the nature of man or to historic circumstances
    4. The influence of different forms of government on the formation of human character
    5. The ideal form of government: the distinction between practicable and Utopian ideals
  3. The powers, branches, or departments of government: enumerations, definitions, and ordenngs of these several powers
    1. The separation and coordination of the several powers: usurpations and infringe- ments by one branch of government upon another
    2. The relation of the civil to the military power
    3. The legislative department of government: the making of law
      1. The powers and duties of the legislature
      2. Legislative institutions and procedures
    4. The judicial department of government: the application of law
      1. The powers and duties of the judiciary
      2. Judicial institutions and procedures
    5. The executive department of government: the enforcement of law; administrative decrees
      1. The powers and duties of the executive
      2. Administrative institutions and procedures
  4. The support and the expenditures of government: taxation and budget
  5. The relation of governments to one another: sovereign princes or states as in a condition of anarchy
    1. Foreign policy: the making of treaties; the conduct of war and peace
    2. The government of dependencies: colonial government; the government of conquered peoples
    3. The relation of local to national government: the centralization and decentraliza- tion of governmental functions
    4. Confederation and federal union: the division of jurisdiction between state and federal governments
  6. Historical developments in government: revolution and progress

Habit[edit]

Topics

  1. Diverse conceptions of habit: as second nature, perfection of power, retained modifica- tion of matter
    1. Habit in relation to potency and act
    2. Habit in relation to the plasticity of matter
  2. The kinds of habit: the distinction of habit from disposition and other qualities
    1. Differentiation of habits according to origin and function: innate and acquired, entitative and operative habits
    2. Differentiation of habits according to the capacity habituated or to the object of the habit's activity
  3. The instincts or innate habits of animals and men
    1. Instinctual needs or drives
    2. The innate sense of the beneficial and harmful: the estimative power
    3. Instinct in relation to reason
    4. The instinctive basis of habit-formation: the modification of instincts and re- flexes through experience or learning
    5. The genesis, transmission, and modification of instincts in the course of genera- tions
  4. Habit formation
    1. The causes of habit: practice, repetition, teaching, and the law
    2. The growth and decay of habits: ways of strengthening and breaking habits
  5. The analysis of specifically human habits
    1. Habits of body: manual arts and the skills of play
    2. Habits of appetite and will: the moral virtues as good habits
    3. The natural habits of reason: innate predispositions of the mind
    4. The acquired habits of mind: the intellectual virtues
    5. Supernatural habits
      1. Grace as an entitative habit of the person
      2. The infused virtues and the supernatural gifts
      3. The theological virtues
  6. The force of habit in human life
    1. The automatic or unconscious functioning of habits
    2. The contribution of habit to the perfection of character and mind
    3. Habit and freedom
  7. The social significance of habit: habit in relation to law

Happiness[edit]

Topics

  1. The desire for happiness: its naturalness and universality
  2. The understanding of happiness: definitions and myths
    1. The marks of a happy man, the quality of a happy life
    2. The content of a happy life: the parts or constituents of happiness
      1. The contribution of the goods of fortune to happiness: wealth, health, longevity
      2. Pleasure and happiness
      3. Virtue in relation to happiness
      4. The role of honor in happiness
      5. The importance of friendship and love for happiness
      6. The effect of political power or status on happiness
      7. The function of knowledge and wisdom in the happy life: the place of speculative activity and contemplation
  3. The argument concerning happiness as a first principle of morality: the conflicting claims of duty and happiness
  4. The pursuit of happiness
    1. Man's capacity for happiness: differences in human nature with respect to happiness
    2. The attainability of happiness: the fear of death and the tragic view of human life
  5. The social aspects of happiness: the doctrine of the common good
    1. The happiness of the individual in relation to the happiness or good of other men
    2. The happiness of the individual in relation to the welfare of the state: happiness in relation to government and diverse forms of government
  6. The happiness of men in relation to the gods or the after-life
  7. The distinction between temporal and eternal happiness
    1. The effects of original sin: the indispensabihty of divine grace for the attainment of natural happiness
    2. The imperfection of temporal happiness: its failure to satisfy natural desire
    3. Eternal beatitude: the perfection of human happiness
      1. The beatific vision
      2. The joy of the blessed: the communion of saints
      3. The misery of the damned
    4. The beatitude of God

History[edit]

Topics

  1. History as knowledge and as literature: Us kinds and divisions; its distinction from poetry, myth, philosophy, and science
  2. The light and lesson of history : its role in the education of the mind and in the guidance of human conduct
  3. The writing of history: research and narration
    1. The determination and choice of fact: the classification of historical data
    2. The explanation or interpretation of historic fact: the historian's treatment of causes
  4. The philosophy of history
    1. Theories of causation in the historical process
      1. The alternatives of fate or freedom, necessity or chance
      2. Material forces in history: economic, physical, and geographic factors
      3. World history as the development of Spirit: the stages of the dialectic of history
      4. The role of the individual in history: the great man, hero, or leader
    2. The laws and patterns of historical change: cycles, progress, evolution
    3. The spirit of the time as conditioning the politics and culture of a period
  5. The theology of history
    1. The relation of the gods or God to human history: the dispensations of providence
    2. The city of God and the city of man; church and state

Honor[edit]

Topics

  1. The relation of honor and fame: praise and reputation
  2. Honor and fame in the life of the individual
    1. The sense of honor and of shame: loyalty to the good
    2. Honor as an object of desire and as a factor in virtue and happiness
    3. Honor as due self-esteem: magnanimity or proper pride
    4. Honor or fame as a mode of immortality
    5. Honor as the pledge of friendship: the codes of honor among social equals
  3. The social realization of honor and fame
    1. The reaction of the community to its good or great men
    2. The conditions of honor or fame and the causes of dishonor or infamy
  4. Honor in the political community and in government
    1. Honor as a principle in the organization of the state: timocracy and monarchy
    2. The scale of honor in the organization of the state: the just distribution of honors
    3. Honor as a political technique: the uses of praise, prestige, public opinion
  5. Honor, fame, and the heroic
    1. Honor as a motivation of heroism
    2. Hero-worship: the exaltation of leaders
    3. The occasions of heroism in war and peace
    4. The estimation of the role of the hero in history
  6. The idea of glory: its distinction from honor and fame
    1. The glory of God: the signs and the praise of the divine glory
    2. The reflected glory of the angels and saints

Hypothesis[edit]

Topics

  1. The use of hypotheses in the process of dialectic
  2. Hypothetical reasoning and hypothetical constructions in philosophy
  3. The foundations of mathematics: postulates, assumptions
  4. The role of hypotheses in science
    1. Theories, provisional assumptions, fictions, reifications
    2. The purpose of hypotheses: saving the appearances; the formulation of predic- tions
    3. Consistency, simplicity, and beauty as standards in the construction of hy- potheses
    4. The task of verification: the plurality of hypotheses
  5. Hypothetical propositions and syllogisms: the distinction between the hypothetical and the categorical

Idea[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. Doctrines of idea
    1. Ideas, or relations between ideas, as objects of thought or knowledge: the ideas as eternal forms
    2. Ideas or conceptions as that by which the mind thinks or knows
    3. Ideas as the data of sense-experience or their residues
    4. Ideas as the pure concepts of reason: regulative principles
    5. Ideas in the order of supra-human intelligence or spirit: the eternal exemplars and archetypes; the modes of the divine mind
    6. Idea as the unity of determinate existence and concept: the Absolute Idea
  2. The origin or derivation of ideas in the human mind
    1. The infusion of ideas: divine illumination
    2. The innate endowment or retention of ideas: the activation of the mind's native content or structure by sense, by memory, or by experience
    3. The acquirement of ideas by perception or intuition: simple ideas or forms as di- rect objects of the understanding
    4. Reflection as a source of ideas: the mind's consideration of its own acts or content
    5. The genesis of ideas by the recollection of sense-impressions: the images of sense
    6. The production of ideas by the reworking of the materials of sense: the imagina- tive construction of concepts or the formation of complex from simple ideas
    7. The abstraction of ideas from sense-experience: the concept as the first act of the mind; the grades of abstraction
    8. The derivation of transcendental ideas from the three syllogisms of reason
  3. The division of ideas according to their objective reference
    1. Ideas about things distinguished from ideas about ideas: the distinction between first and second intentions
    2. Adequate and inadequate ideas: clear and distinct ideas as compared with obscure and confused ideas
    3. Real and fantastic or fictional ideas: negations and chimeras
  4. The logic of ideas
    1. The verbal expression of ideas or concepts: terms
    2. The classification of terms: problems in the use of different kinds of terms
      1. Concrete and abstract terms
      2. Particular and universal terms
      3. Specific and generic terms: tnfimae species and summa genera
      4. Univocal and analogical terms
    3. The correlation, opposition, and order of terms
  5. Ideas or concepts in the process of thought
    1. Concept and judgment: the division of terms as subjects and predicates; kinds of subjects and predicates
    2. The position and sequence of terms in reasoning
    3. The dialectical employment of the ideas of reason
    4. The order of concepts in the stages of learning: the more and the less general
    5. The association, comparison, and discrimination of ideas: the stream of thought or consciousness
  6. The being and truth of ideas
    1. The distinction between real and intentional existence, between thing and idea: ideas as symbols, or intentions of the mind
    2. The nature and being of ideas in relation to the nature and being of the mind
    3. The agreement between an idea and its object: the criterion of adequacy in correspondence
    4. Clarity and distinctness in ideas as criteria of their truth
    5. The criterion of genesis: the test of an idea's truth or meaning by reference to its origin
    6. The truth and falsity of simple apprehensions, sensations, or conceptions: con- trasted with the truth and falsity of judgments or assertions

Immortality[edit]

Topics

  1. The desire for immortality : the fear of death
  2. The knowledge of immortality: arguments for and against personal survival
  3. Belief in immortality
    1. The postulation of immortality: practical grounds for belief in immortality
    2. The revelation of immortality: immortality as an article of religious faith
  4. The moral significance of immortality: rewards and sanctions
  5. Conceptions of the after-life
    1. The transmigration of souls: reincarnation
    2. The state of the soul apart from the body
    3. The judgment of souls
    4. The process of purification: the state of Purgatory
    5. The state of the damned: Hell
    6. The state of the blessed: Heaven
    7. The resurrection of the body
  6. Doctrines of impersonal survival
    1. Immortality through offspring: the perpetuation of the species
    2. Enduring fame: survival in the memory
    3. Participation in the eternity of truth, ideas, or love

Induction[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The theory of induction: generalization from particulars
    1. Induction and intuition: their relation to reasoning or demonstration
    2. Inductive reasoning: the issue concerning inductive and deductive proof
  2. The conditions or sources of induction: memory, experience, experiment
  3. The products of induction: definitions, axioms, principles, laws
  4. The use of induction in argument
    1. Dialectical induction: securing assumptions for disputation
    2. Rhetorical induction: inference from example in the process of persuasion
  5. The role of induction in the development of science: the methods of experimental and enumerative induction

Infinity[edit]

Topics

  1. The general theory of infinity
    1. The definite and indefinite: the measured and the indeterminate
    2. The infinite in being and quantity: the actual and potential infinite; the formal and the material infinite
  2. Infinity in the logical order
    1. The infinity of negative and indefinite terms
    2. The distinction between negative and infinite judgments
    3. Infinite regression in analysis and reasoning
  3. The infinite in quantity
    1. Number: the infinite of division and addition
    2. The infinite divisibility of continuous quantities: the infinitesimal; the method of exhaustion and the theory of limits
    3. The infinity of asymptotes and parallels
    4. The infinite extent of space
    5. The infinite duration of time and motion
  4. The infinity of matter
    1. The infinite quantity or extent of matter: the problem of an actually infinite body
    2. The infinite divisibility of matter: the issue concerning atoms
    3. The infinite potentiality of matter: the conception of prime or formless matter
  5. Infinity in the world
    1. The infinite number of things and the infinite number of kinds
    2. The number of causes
  6. The finite and the infinite in the nature of man
    1. The infinity of desire and will: the limits of human capacity
    2. The infinity of the intellect: man's knowledge of the infinite
  7. The infinity of God
    1. The infinite being or essence of God
    2. The infinite power of God
    3. God's infinite goodness and love
    4. God's infinite knowledge

Judgement[edit]

Topics

  1. Judgment as an act or faculty of the mind: its contrast with the act of conception or with the faculties of understanding and reason
  2. The division of judgments in terms of the distinction between the theoretic and the practical
  3. The analysis of practical or moral judgments: judgments of good and evil, means and ends; categorical and hypothetical imperatives
  4. The distinction between the aesthetic and the teleological judgment
  5. The nature of theoretic judgments
    1. The linguistic expression of judgments: sentences and propositions
    2. The judgment as a predication: the classification of subjects and predicates
    3. The judgment as relational: types of relation
  6. The division of theoretic judgments according to formal criteria
    1. The division of judgments according to quantity: universal, particular, singular, and indefinite propositions
    2. The division of judgments according to quality: positive, negative, and infinite propositions
    3. The division of judgments according to modality: necessary and contingent propositions; problematic, assertonc, and apodictic judgments
    4. The classification of judgments by reference to relation: simple and composite propositions; categorical, hypothetical, and disjunctive judgments
  7. The order and connection of judgments
    1. The formal opposition of judgments: the square of opposition
    2. The conversion of propositions: the problem of immediate inference
    3. Reasoning as a sequence of judgments: the chain of reasoning
  8. The differentiation of judgments according to origin, ground, or import
    1. Self-evident and demonstrable propositions: immediate and mediated, intuitive and reasoned judgments
    2. Analytic and synthetic judgments: trifling and instructive propositions
    3. A priori and a posteriori^ non-existential and existential judgments; the problem of a priori synthetic judgments
    4. The division of judgments into the determinant and the reflective: judgments as constitutive or as regulative
  9. Degrees of assent: certainty and probability
  10. The truth and falsity of judgments

Justice[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. Diverse conceptions of justice
    1. Justice as the interest of the stronger or conformity to the will of the sovereign
    2. Justice as harmony or right order in the soul: original justice
    3. Justice as a moral virtue directing activity in relation to others and to the com- munity: the distinction between the just man and the just act
    4. Justice as the whole of virtue and as a particular virtue: the distinction between the lawful and the fair
    5. Justice as an act of will or duty fulfilling obligations to the common good: the harmonious action of individual wills under a universal law of freedom
    6. Justice as a custom or moral sentiment based on considerations of utility
  2. The precepts of justice: doing good, harming no one, rendering to each his own, treating equals equally
  3. The duties of justice compared with the generosity of love and friendship
  4. The comparison of justice and expediency: the choice between doing and suffering injustice; the relation of justice to happiness
  5. Justice and equality: the kinds of justice in relation to the measure and modes of equality and inequality
  6. Justice and liberty: the theory of human rights
    1. The relation of natural rights to natural law and natural justice
    2. The relation between natural and positive rights, innate and acquired rights, pri- vate and public rights: their correlative duties
    3. The inalienability of natural rights: their violation by tyranny and despotism
    4. Justice as the basis for the distinction between liberty and license
    5. Justice and natural rights as the source of civil liberty
  7. Domestic justice: the problems of right and duty in the family
  8. Economic justice: justice in production, distribution, and exchange
    1. Private and public property: the just distribution of economic goods
    2. Fair wages and prices: the just exchange of goods and services
    3. Justice in the organization of production
      1. Economic exploitation: chattel slavery and wage slavery
      2. Profit and unearned increment
    4. Justice and the use of money: usury and interest rates
  9. Political justice: justice in government
    1. The natural and the conventional in political justice: natural law and the general will
    2. Justice as the moral principle of political organization: the bond of men in states
    3. The criteria of justice in various forms of government and diverse constitutions
    4. The relation of ruler and ruled: the justice of the prince or statesman and of the subject or citizen
    5. The just distribution of honors, ranks, offices, suffrage
    6. Justice between states: the problem of right and might in the making of war and peace
    7. The tempering of political justice by clemency: amnesty, asylum, and pardon
  10. Justice and law
    1. The measure of justice in laws made by the state: natural and constitutional standards
    2. The legality of unjust laws: the extent of obedience required of the just man in the unjust society
    3. The justice of punishment for unjust acts: the distinction between retribution and vengeance
    4. The correction of legal justice: equity in the application of human law
  11. Divine justice: the relation of God or the gods to man
    1. The divine government of man: the justice and mercy of God or the gods
    2. Man's debt to God or the gods: the religious acts of piety and worship

Knowledge[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature of knowledge: the relation between knower and known; the issue concerning the representative or intentional character of knowledge
  2. Man's natural desire and power to know
  3. Principles of knowledge
  4. Knowledge in relation to other states of mind
    1. Knowledge and truth: the differentiation of knowledge, error, and ignorance
    2. Knowledge, belief, and opinion: their relation or distinction
    3. The distinction between knowledge and fancy or imagination
    4. Knowledge and love
  5. The extent or limits of human knowledge
    1. The knowable, the unknowable, and the unknown: the knowability of certain objects
      1. God as an object of knowledge
      2. Matter and the immaterial as objects of knowledge
      3. Cause and substance as objects of knowledge
      4. The infinite and the individual as objects of knowledge
      5. The past and the future as objects of knowledge
      6. The self and the thing in itself as objects of knowledge
    2. The distinction between what is more knowable in itself and what is more knowable to us
    3. Dogmatism, skepticism, and the critical attitude with respect to the extent, certainty, and finality of human knowledge
    4. The method of universal doubt as prerequisite to knowledge: God's goodness as the assurance of the veracity of our faculties
    5. Knowledge about knowledge as the source of criteria for evaluating claims to knowledge
  6. The kinds of knowledge
    1. The classification of knowledge according to diversity of objects
      1. Being and becoming, the intelligible and the sensible, the necessary and the contingent, the eternal and the temporal, the immaterial and the material as objects of knowledge
      2. Knowledge of natures or kinds distinguished from knowledge of individuals
      3. Knowledge of matters of fact or real existence distinguished from knowl- edge of our ideas or of the relations between them
      4. Knowledge in relation to the distinction between the phenomenal and the noumenal, the sensible and supra-sensible
    2. The classification of knowledge according to the faculties involved in knowing
      1. Sensitive knowledge: sense-perception as knowledge; judgments of percep- tion and judgments of experience
      2. Memory as knowledge
      3. Rational or intellectual knowledge
      4. Knowledge in relation to the faculties of understanding, judgment, and reason; and to the work of intuition, imagination, and understanding
    3. The classification of knowledge according to the methods or means of knowing
      1. Vision, contemplation, or intuitive knowledge distinguished from discursive knowledge
      2. The distinction between immediate and mediated judgments: induction and reasoning, principles and conclusions
      3. The doctrine of knowledge as reminiscence: the distinction between innate and acquired knowledge
      4. The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge: the tran- scendental, or speculative, and the empirical
      5. The distinction between natural and supernatural knowledge: knowledge based on sense or reason distinguished from knowledge by faith or through grace and inspiration
    4. The classification of knowledge according to the degrees of assent
      1. The distinction between certain and probable knowledge
      2. The types of certainty and the degrees of probability
      3. The distinction between adequate and inadequate, or perfect and im- perfect knowledge
    5. The classification of knowledge according to the end or aim of the knowing
      1. The distinction between theoretic and practical knowledge: knowing for the sake of knowledge and for the sake of action or production
      2. The types of practical knowledge: the use of knowledge in production and in the direction of conduct; technical and moral knowledge
  7. Comparison of human with other kinds of knowledge
    1. Human and divine knowledge
    2. Human and angelic knowledge
    3. Knowledge in this life compared with knowledge in the state of innocence and knowledge hereafter
    4. The knowledge of men and brutes
  8. The use and value of knowledge
    1. The technical use of knowledge in the sphere of production: the applications of science in art
    2. The moral use of knowledge and the moral value of knowledge
      1. The knowledge of good and evil: the relation of knowledge to virtue and sin
      2. Knowledge as a condition of voluntanness in conduct
      3. Knowledge in relation to prudence and continence
      4. The possession or pursuit of knowledge as a good or satisfaction: its relation to pleasure and pain; its contribution to happiness
    3. The political use of knowledge: the knowledge requisite for the statesman, legislator, or citizen
  9. The communication of knowledge
    1. The means and methods of communicating knowledge
    2. The value of the dissemination of knowledge: freedom of discussion
  10. The growth of human knowledge: the history of man's progress and failures in the pursuit of knowledge

Labor[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. Labor in human life
    1. The curse of labor: myths of a golden age and the decay of the world
    2. Labor, leisure, and happiness: the servile, political, and contemplative life
    3. The pain of labor and the expiation of sin: the disciplinary and penal use of labor
    4. The social necessity of labor and the moral obligation to work
    5. The honorof work and the virtue of productivity: progress through the inven- tion of arts for the conquest of nature
    6. The degradation of labor: the alienation of the laborer's work in chattel slavery, serfdom, and industrial wage slavery
  2. The nature of work
    1. The ends of work: the good of the product and the good of the workman
    2. The process of work: the relations of art, hand, machine, and matter
  3. The kinds of work and the relationship of different types of workers
    1. The differentiation of work according to the human talent or ability required: skilled and unskilled labor; manual and mental work
    2. The differentiation of work according to the social status of the worker; servile and free, menial and honorable work
    3. The classification of occupations by'refcrence to bodily and mental concomitants of the work: healthy and unhealthy occupations; pleasant and unpleasant tasks
    4. Types of work distinguished by reference to the manner in which the work is done: solitary and group work; the relation of master-craftsmen and helpers
    5. Types of work distinguished by reference to their effect on the increase of wealth: productive and non-productive labor
    6. The differentiation of work in terms of its relation to the common welfare: socially useful and wasteful or superfluous work
  4. The division of labor
    1. The economic causes and effects of the division of labor: its relation to the ex- change, production, and distribution of goods and services; its bearing on opulence
    2. , The social consequences of the division of labor: the development of classes
    3. The moral aspects of the division of labor: the acquisition of the virtue of art; the attenuation of art by insignificant tasks
  5. The organization of production: the position of labor m different economics
    1. Domestic or chattel slavery in a slave economy
    2. Serfdom or agrarian peonage in a feudal economy
    3. The wage earner or industrial proletariat in a capitalist economy
    4. The condition of the worker in a socialist economy
  6. The wages of labor: kinds of wage payments
    1. Labor as a commodity: the labor market
    2. The iron law of wages: the subsistence level and the minimum wage
    3. , The distinction between real and nominal wages: variable factors affecting wage level
    4. The natural wages of labor and the labor theory of value
  7. Economic and political justice to the laborer
    1. Fair wages, hours, and working conditions: labor legislation
    2. The right to property: the ownership of the means of production
    3. The consequences of economic inequality or oppression: the class war
      1. The economic determination of antagonistic social classes: slaves vs. free- men; laboring vs. leisure classes; propertyless vs. propertied classes
      2. The organisation of workmen and the formation of trade unions to protect labor's, rights and interests
      3. The proletariat as a revolutionary class; its revolutionary aims
    4. The underprivileged condition of workers: the exclusion of* slaves from citizen- ship; the disfranchisement of the laboring, classes ,
    5. The problem of poverty and pauperism : unemployment and the right to work
    6. The relation of economic to political freedom : Economic democracy
  8. Historical observations on the condition of labor

Language[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature and functions of language: the speech of men and brutes
    1. The role of language in thought
    2. The service of language to society
  2. Theories of the origin of language
    1. The hypothesis of one natural language for all men
    2. The genesis of conventional languages: the origin of alphabets
  3. The growth of language
    1. The invention of words and the proliferation of meanings
    2. The spoken and written word in the development of language
    3. Tradition and the life of languages
  4. The art of grammar
    1. Syntax: the parts and units of speech
    2. Standards of correctness in the use of language: grammatical errors
  5. The imperfections of language
    1. The abuse of words: ambiguity, imprecision, obscurity
    2. Insignificant speech: meaninglessness, absurdity
  6. The improvement of speech: the ideal of a perfect language
  7. Grammar and logic: the formulation and statement of knowledge
  8. Grammar and rhetoric: the effective use of language in teaching and persuasion
  9. The language of poetry
  10. The language of things and events: the book of nature; the symbolism of dreams; prophetic signs
  11. Immediate communication: the speech of angels and the gift of tongues
  12. The language of God or the gods: the deliverances of the oracles; the inspiration, revelation, and interpretation of Sacred Scripture

Cross references and additional reading

Law[edit]

Topics

  1. The definition of law
    1. The end of law: peace, order, and the common good
    2. Law in relation to reason or will
    3. The authority and power needed for making law
    4. The promulgation of law: the need and the manner of its declaration
  2. The major kinds of law: comparison of human, natural, and divine law; comparison of natural and positive, innate and acquired, private and public, abstract and civil rights
  3. The divine law
    1. The eternal law in the divine government of the universe: the law in the nature of all creatures
      1. The natural moral law as the eternal law in human nature
      2. The distinction between the eternal law and the positive commandments of God
    2. The divine positive law: the difference between the law revealed in the Old and the New Testament
      1. Law in the Old Testament: the moral, the judicial, and the ceremonial precepts of the Old Law
      2. Law in the New Testament: the law of love and grace; ceremonial precepts of the New Law
  4. The natural law
    1. The law of reason or the moral law: the order and habit of its principles
    2. The law of men living in a state of nature
    3. The a priori principles of innate or abstract right: universal law in the order of freedom; the objectification of the will
    4. The natural law as underlying the precepts of virtue: its relation to the moral precepts of divine law
    5. The relation of natural law to natural rights and natural justice
    6. The relation of natural law to civil or municipal law: the state of nature and the regulations of the civil state
    7. The relation of natural law to the law of nations and to international law: sov- ereign states and the state of nature <
    8. The precepts of the natural law and the condition of the state of nature with respect to slavery and property
  5. The human or positive law: the sanction of coercive force
    1. The difference between laws and decrees
    2. The kinds or divisions of positive law
    3. The justice of positive law: the standards of natural law and constitutionality
    4. The origins of positive law in the legislative process: the function of the legislator
    5. The mutability or variability of positive law: the maintenance or change of laws
    6. The relation of positive law to custom
    7. The application of positive law to cases: the casuistry of the judicial process; the conduct of a trial; the administration of justice
    8. The defect of positive law: its need for correction or dispensation by equity
  6. Law and the individual
    1. Obedience to the authority and force of law: the sanctions of conscience and fear; the objective and subjective sanctions of law; law, duty, and right
    2. The exemption of the sovereign person from the coercive force of law
    3. The force of tyrannical, unjust, or bad laws: the right of rebellion or disobedience
    4. The educative function of law in relation to virtue and vice: the efficacy of law as limited by virtue in the individual citizen
    5. The breach of law: crime and punishment
      1. The nature and causes of crime
      2. The prevention of crime
      3. The punishment of crime
  7. Law and the state
    1. The distinction between government by men and government by laws: th<nature of constitutional or political law
    2. The supremacy of law as the principle of political freedom
    3. The priority of natural to civil law: the inviolability or inalienability of natural rights
    4. Tyranny and treason or sedition as illegal acts: the use of force without authority
    5. The need for administrative discretion in matters undetermined by law: the royal prerogative
    6. The juridical conception of the person: the legal personality of the state and other corporations
  8. Historical observations on the development of law and on the diversity of legal systems or institutions
  9. The legal profession and the study of law: praise and dispraise of lawyers and judges

Liberty[edit]

Topics

  1. Natural freedom and political liberty
    1. The birthright of freedom
    2. The independence of men and the autonomy of sovereigns in a state of nature or anarchy
    3. The relation of liberty to free will: the conceptions of liberty as freedom from interference and freedom for personal development
    4. The supremacy of law as a condition of political liberty
    5. The restriction of freedom by justice: the distinction between liberty and license
    6. The freedom of equals under government : the equality of citizenship
    7. The juridical protection of liberties: bills of rights; the separation of powers
    8. Civil liberty under diverse forms of government
  2. The issues of civil liberty
    1. Freedom of thought and expression: the problem of censorship
    2. Liberty of conscience and religious freedom
    3. Freedom in the sphere of economic enterprise: free trade; freedom from govern- mental restrictions
    4. Economic dependence as a limitation of civil liberty: economic slavery or sub- jection
  3. Moral or spiritual freedom
    1. Human bondage, or the dominance of the passions
    2. Human freedom or the rule of reason: freedom through knowledge of the truth
    3. Virtue as the discipline of free choice: freedom as the determination of the will by the moral law of practical reason
    4. Freedom from conflict and freedom for individuality as conditions of happiness
  4. The metaphysics of freedom
    1. The relation of human liberty to chance and contingency
    2. The opposites of freedom: causality or necessity, nature, and law
  5. The theology of freedom
    1. Man's freedom in relation to fate or to the will of God
    2. Man's freedom and God's knowledge
    3. Man's freedom and God's grace: the freedom of the children of God
    4. The divine freedom: the independence or autonomy of infinite being; divine choice
  6. Liberty in history
    1. The historical significance of freedom: stages in the realization of freedom; the beginning and end of the historical process
    2. The struggle for civil liberty and economic freedom: the overthrow of tyrants, despots, and oppressors
    3. The struggle for sovereign independence against the yoke of imperialism or colonial subjugation ion

Life and Death[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The nature and cause of life: the soul as the principle of life in organic bodies
  2. Continuity or discontinuity between living and non-living things: comparison of vital powers and activities with the potentialities and motions of inert bodies
  3. The modes or grades of corporeal life: the classification and order of the various vital powers or functions
    1. Continuity or discontinuity between plants and animals: comparison of plant and animal nutrition, respiration, growth, and reproduction
    2. The grades of animal life: types and degrees of mobility and sensitivity; analogies of structure and function
  4. The biological economy: the environment of the organism; the interdependence of plants and animals'
  5. Normal vitality and US' impairment by disease, degeneration, and enfeeblement with age
    1. The nature and causes of health
    2. The restorative function of rest or sleep
    3. The nature and causes <of disease
  6. The- life span and the life cycle
    1. The life span of plants and animals, and of different species of plants and animals
    2. The human life span
    3. The biological characteristics of the stages of life
  7. The causes and occurrence of 4 Wh: the transition .from life to death ,
  8. The concern of the living with life and death
    1. The love of life: the instinct of self '-preservation; the life instinct
    2. The desire fdr death: the death instinct; the problem of sufcidfc
    3. The contemplation and fear of dcajth: U>e attitude o the he.ro, the philosopher, the martyr
    4. The ceremonials of death: the rites of burial m .war and peace

Logic[edit]

Topics

  1. Logic as a science: its scope and subject matter compared with psychology and meta- physics
    1. The axioms of logic: the laws of thought; the principles of reasoning
    2. Divisions of logic: deductive and inductive; formal and material; analytic and dialectic; general and transcendental
  2. Transcendental logic: the propaedeutic to all a priori cognition; the transcendental doctrine of method
  3. Logic as an art: its place in education
    1. The relation of logic and grammar
    2. The relation of logic and rhetoric
  4. Methodology: rules for the conduct of the mind in the processes of thinking, learning, inquiring, knowing
    1. Mathematical analysis and reasoning: the search for a universal method
    2. The heuristic principles of research in experimental and empirical science
    3. The criteria of evidence and inference in historical inquiry
    4. The diverse methods of speculative philosophy: the role of intuition, analysis, dialectic, genetic or transcendental criticism
    5. The logic of practical thinking: the methods of ethics, politics, and jurisprudence
    6. Theological argument: the roles of faith, reason, and authority
  5. Logic as an object of satire and criticism: sophistry and Icgic-chpppin,g

Love[edit]

Topics link

  1. The intensity and power of love: its increase or decrease; its constructive or destructive force
    1. The power of hate
  2. The kinds of love
    1. Lustful, sexual, or selfish love: concupiscent love
      1. The sexual instinct: its relation to other instincts
      2. Infantile sexuality: polymorphous perversity
      3. Object-fixations, identifications, and transferences: sublimation
      4. The perversion, degradation, or pathology of love: infantile and adult love
    2. Friendly, tender, or altruistic love: fraternal love
      1. The relation between love and friendship
      2. Self-love in relation to the love of others
      3. The types of friendship: friendships based on utility, pleasure, or virtue
      4. Patterns of love and friendship in the family
    3. Romantic, chivalnc, and courtly love: the idealization and supremacy of the beloved
    4. Conjugal love: its sexual, fraternal, and romantic components
  3. The morality of love
    1. Friendship and love in relation to virtue and happiness
    2. The demands of love and the restraints of virtue: moderation in love; the order of loves
    3. The conflict of love and duty: the difference between the loyalties of love and the obligations of justice
    4. The heroism of friendship and the sacrifices of love
  4. The social or political force of love, sympathy, or friendship
    1. Love between equals and unequals, like and unlike: the fraternity of citizenship
    2. The dependence of the state on friendship and patriotism: comparison of love and justice in relation to the common good
    3. The brotherhood of man and the world community
  5. Divine love
    1. God as the primary object of love
      1. Man's love of God in this life; respect for the moral law
      2. Beatitude as the fruition of love
    2. Chanty, or supernatural love, compared with natural love
      1. The precepts of charity: the law of love
      2. The theological virtue of charity: its relation to the other virtues
  6. God's love of Himself and of creatures
  7. The evolution of love and hate*

Man[edit]

Topics

  1. Definitions of man: conceptions of the properties and qualities of human nature
    1. The conception of man as essentially distinct, or differing in kind, from brute animals: man's specific rationality and freedom
    2. The conception of man as distinguished from brutes by such powers or properties as abstraction or relational thought, language and law, art and science
    3. The conception of man as an animal, differing only in degree of intelligence and of other qualities possessed by other animals
  2. Man's knowledge of man
    1. Immediate self-consciousness: man's intimate or introspective knowledge of himself
    2. The sciences of human nature: anthropology and psychology; rational and empirical psychology; experimental and clinical psychology
      1. The subject matter and scope of the science of man
      2. The methods and validity of psychology
      3. The relation of psychology to physiology: the study of organic factors in human behavior
      4. The place of psychology in the order of sciences: the study of man as pre- requisite for other studies
  3. The constitution of man
    1. Man as a unity or conjunction of matter and spirit, body and soul, extension and thought
      1. Man as a pure spirit: a soul or mind using a body
      2. Man's spirituality as limited to his immaterial powers or functions, such as reason and will
    2. Comparisons of man with God or the gods, or with angels or spiritual substances 20 y. Man as an organization of matter or as a collocation of atoms
  4. The analysis of human nature into its faculties, powers, or functions: the id, ego, and super-ego in the structure of the psyche
    1. Man's vegetative powers: comparison with similar functions in plants and animals
    2. Man's sensitive and appetitive powers: comparison with similar functions in other animals
    3. Man's rational powers: the problem of similar powers in other animals
    4. The general theory of faculties: the critique of faculty psychology
  5. The order and harmony of man's powers and functions: contradictions in human nature; the higher and lower nature of man
    1. Cooperation or conflict among man's powers
    2. Abnormalities due to defect or conflict of powers: feeble-mindedness l neuroses, insanity, madness
  6. Individual differences among men
    1. The cause and range of human inequalities: differences in ability, inclination, temperament, habit
    2. The differences between men and women: their equality or inequality
    3. The ages of man: infancy, youth, maturity, senescence
  7. Group variations in human type: racial differences
    1. Biological aspects of racial type
    2. The influence of environmental factors on human characteristics: climate and geography as determinants of racial or national differences
    3. Cultural differences among men: Greek and barbarian, Jew and gentile, European and Asiatic
  8. The origin or genealogy of man
    1. The race of men as descendants or products of the gods
    2. God's special creation of man
    3. Man as a natural variation from other forms of animal life
  9. The two conditions of man
    1. The myth of a golden age: the age of Kronos and the age of Zeus
    2. The Christian doctrine of Eden and of the history of man in the world
      1. The condition of man in Eden: the preternatural powers of Adam
      2. The condition of man in the world: fallen man; corrupted or wounded human nature
      3. The Christian view of the stages of human life in the world: law and grace
    3. Secular conceptions of the stages of human life: man in a state of nature and in society; prehistoric and historic man; primitive and civilized man
  10. Man's conception of himself and his place in the world
    1. Man's understanding of his relation to the gods or God
    2. Man as the measure of all things
    3. Man as an integral part of the universe: his station in the cosmos
    4. The finiteness and insufficiency of man: his sense of being dependent and ordered to something beyond himself
    5. Man's comparison of himself with other creatures and with the universe as a whole
  11. The theological conception of man
    1. Man as made in the image of God
    2. The fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man
    3. God incarnate in human form: the human nature of Christ
  12. Man as an object of laughter and ridicule: comedy and satire
  13. The grandeur and misery of man

Mathematics[edit]

Topics

  1. The science of mathematics: its branches or divisions; the origin and development of mathematics
    1. The distinction of mathematics from physics and metaphysics: its relation to logic
    2. The service of mathematics to dialectic and philosophy: its place in liberal education
    3. The certainty and exactitude of mathematical knowledge: the a priori founda- tions of arithmetic and geometry
    4. The ideal of a universal ma thesis: the unification of arithmetic and geometry
  2. The objects of mathematics: number, figure, extension, relation, order
    1. The apprehension of mathematical objects: by intuition, abstraction, imagina- tion, construction; the forms of lime and space
    2. The being of mathematical objects: their real, ideal, or mental existence
    3. Kinds of quantity: continuous and discrete quantities; the problem of the irrational
  3. Method in mathematics: the model of mathematical thought
    1. The conditions and character of demonstration in mathematics: the use of definitions, postulates, axioms, hypotheses
    2. The role of construction: its bearing on proof, mathematical existence, and the scope of mathematical inquiry
    3. Analysis and synthesis: function and variable
    4. Symbols and formulae: the attainment of generality
  4. Mathematical techniques
    1. The arithmetic and algebraic processes
    2. The operations of geometry
    3. The use of proportions and equations
    4. The method of exhaustion: the theory of limits and the calculus
  5. The applications of mathematics to physical phenomena: the utility of mathematics
    1. The art of measurement
    2. Mathematical physics: the mathematical structure of nature

Matter[edit]

Topics

  1. The conception of matter as a principle of change and as one constituent of the being of changing things: the receptacle or substratum
    1. Matter and the analysis of change: prime and secondary matter; privation and form; participation and the receptacle
    2. Matter in relation to the kinds of change: substantial and accidental change; terrestrial and celestial motion
    3. Matter and the distinction between individual and universal: signate and com- mon matter; sensible and intelligible matter
  2. The conception of matter as extension, as a bodily substance, or as a mode of substance: atoms and compound bodies
    1. The properties of matter: hypotheses concerning its constitution
    2. The motions of matter or bodies
    3. Matter as the support of sensible qualities
    4. The diremption of body and mind, or matter and spirit
  3. The existence of matter
    1. Matter as the sole existent: materialism, atomism
    2. Matter as the most imperfect grade of being or reality
    3. Matter as a fiction of the mind
    4. The relation of God to matter: the creation of matter and its motions
  4. Matter as an object or condition of knowledge
    1. The knowability of matter: by sense, by reason
    2. The role of matter in the concepts and definitions of the several sciences: the grades of abstraction in physics, mathematics, and metaphysics
    3. The material conditions of sensation, imagination, and memory
    4. The material conditions of thought: the relation of matter to the existence and acts of the mind
  5. Matter in relation to good and evil
  6. Criticisms of materialism and its consequences

Mechanics[edit]

Topics

  1. The foundations of mechanics
    1. Matter, mass, and atoms: the primary qualities of bodies
    2. The laws of motion: inertia; the measure offeree; action and reaction
    3. Space and time in the analysis of motion
  2. The logic and method of mechanics
    1. The role of experience, experiment, and induction in mechanics
    2. The use of hypotheses in mechanics
    3. Theories of causality in mechanics
  3. The use of mathematics in mechanics: the dependence of progress in mechanics on mathematical discovery
  4. Number and the continuum: the theory of measurement
    1. The geometry of conies: the motion of planets and projectiles
    2. Algebra and analytic geometry: the symbolic formulation of mechanical problems
    3. Calculus: the measurement of irregular areas and variable motions
  5. The place, scope, and ideal of the science of mechanics: its relation to the philosophy of nature and other sciences
    1. Terrestrial and celestial mechanics: the mechanics of finite bodies and of parti- cles or atoms
    2. The explanation of qualities and qualitative change in terms of quantity and motion
    3. The mechanistic account of the phenomena of life
  6. The basic phenomena and problems of mechanics: statics and dynamics
    1. Simple machines: the balance and the lever
    2. The equilibrium and motion of fluids: buoyancy, the weight and pressure of air, the effects of a vacuum
    3. Stress, strain, and elasticity: the strength of materials
    4. Motion, void, and medium: resistance and friction
    5. Rectilinear motion
      1. Uniform motion: its causes and laws
      2. Accelerated motion: free fall
    6. Motion about a center: planets, projectiles, pendulum
      1. Determination of orbit, force, speed, time, and period
      2. Perturbation of motion: the two and three body problems
  7. Basic concepts of mechanics
    1. Center of gravity: its determination for one or several bodies
    2. Weight and specific gravity: the relation of mass and weight
    3. Velocity, acceleration, and momentum: angular or rectilinear, average or instantaneous
    4. Force: its kinds and its effects
      1. The relation of mass and force: the law of universal gravitation
      2. Action-at-a-distance: the field and medium offeree
      3. The parallelogram law: the composition of forces and the composition of velocities
    5. Work and energy: their conservation; perpetual motion
  8. The extension of mechanical principles to other phenomena: optics, acoustics, the theory of heat, magnetism, and electricity
    1. Light: the corpuscular and the wave theory
      1. The laws of reflection and refraction
      2. The production of colors
      3. The speed of light
      4. The medium of light: the ether
    2. Sound: the mechanical explanation of acoustic phenomena
    3. The theory of heat
      1. The description and explanation of the phenomena of heat: the hypothesis of caloric
      2. The measurement and the mathematical analysis of the quantities of heat
    4. Magnetism: the great magnet of the earth
      1. Magnetic phenomena: coition, verticity, variation, dip
      2. Magnetic force and magnetic fields
    5. Electricity: electrostatics and electrodynamics no
      1. The source of electricity: the relation of the kinds of electricity
      2. Electricity and matter: conduction, insulation, induction, electrochemical decomposition
      3. The relation of electricity and magnetism: the electromagnetic field
      4. The relation of electricity to heat and light: thermoelectricity
      5. The measurement of electric quantities

Medicine[edit]

Topics

  1. The profession of medicine, its aims and obligations: the relation of physician to pa- tient; the place of the physician in society
  2. The art of medicine
    1. The scientific foundations of the art of medicine: the contrast between the empiric and the artist in medicine
    2. The relation of art to nature in healing: imitation and cooperation
    3. The comparison of medicine with other arts and professions
  3. The practice of medicine
    1. The application of rules of art to particular cases in medical practice
    2. General and specialized practice: treating the whole man or the isolated part
    3. Diagnosis and prognosis: the interpretation of symptoms; case histories
    4. The factors in prevention and therapy
      1. Control of regimen: climate, diet, exercise, occupation, daily routine
      2. Medication: drugs, specifics
      3. Surgery
  4. The concept of health: normal balance or harmony
  5. The theory of disease
    1. The nature of disease
    2. The classification of diseases
    3. The disease process: onset, crisis, after-effects
    4. The causes of disease: internal and external factors
      1. The humoural hypothesis: temperamental dispositions
      2. The psychogenesis of bodily disorders
    5. The moral and political analogues of disease
  6. Mental disease or disorder: its causes and cure
    1. The distinction between sanity and insanity: the concept of mental health and the nature of madness
    2. The classification of mental diseases
    3. The process and causes of mental disorder
      1. Somatic origins of mental disease
      2. Functional origins of mental disease
    4. The treatment of functional disorders: psychotherapy as a branch of medicine
  7. The historical record on disease and its treatment: epidemics, plagues, pestilences

Memory and Imagination[edit]

Topics

  1. The faculties of memory and imagination in brutes and men
    1. The relation of memory and imagination to sense: the a priori grounds of possible experience in the synthesis of intuition, reproduction, and recognition
    2. The physiology of memory and imagination: their bodily organs
    3. The distinction and connection of memory and imagination: their interdepend- ence
    4. The influence of memory and imagination on the emotions and will: voluntary movement
  2. The activity of memory
    1. Retention: factors influencing its strength
    2. Recollection: factors influencing ease and adequacy of recall
    3. The association of ideas: controlled and free association; reminiscence and reverie
    4. Recognition with or without recall
    5. The scope and range of normal memory: failure or defect of memory and its causes
      1. Forgetting as a function of the time elapsed
      2. The obliviscence of the disagreeable: conflict and repression
      3. Organic lesions: amnesia and the aphasias
      4. False memories: illusions of memory; deja vu
  3. Remembering as an act of knowledge and as a source of knowledge
    1. Reminiscence as the process of all learning: innate ideas or seminal reasons
    2. Sensitive and intellectual memory: knowledge of the past and the habit of knowledge
    3. The scientist's use of memory: collated memories as the source of generalized experience "
    4. Memory as the muse of poetry and history: the dependence of history on the memory of men
  4. The contribution of memory: the binding of time
    1. Memory in the life of the individual: personal identity and continuity
    2. Memory in the life of the group or race: instinct, legend, and tradition
  5. The activity of imagination, fancy, or fantasy: the nature and variety of images
    1. The distinction between reproductive and creative imagination: the representa- tive image and the imaginative construct
    2. The image distinguished from the idea or concept: the concrete and particular as contrasted with the abstract and universal
    3. The pathology of imagination: hallucinations, persistent imagery
  6. The role of imagination in thinking and knowing
    1. Imagination as knowledge: its relation to possible and actual experience
    2. The effect of intellect on human imagination: the imaginative thinking of animals
    3. The dependence of rational thought and knowledge on imagination
      1. The abstraction of ideas from images: the image as a condition of thought
      2. The schema of the imagination as mediating between concepts of the understanding and the sensory manifold of intuition: the transcendental unity of apperception
    4. The limits of imagination: imageless thought; the necessity of going beyond imagination in the speculative sciences
  7. Imagination and the fine arts
    1. The use of imagination in the production and appreciation of works of art
    2. The fantastic and the realistic in poetry: the probable and the possible in poetry and history
  8. The nature and causes of dreaming
    1. Dreams as divinely inspired: their prophetic portent; divination through the medium of dreams
    2. The role of sensation and memory in the dreams of sleep
    3. The expression of desire in daydreaming or fantasy
    4. The symbolism of dreams
      1. The manifest and latent content of dreams: the dream-work
      2. The recurrent use of specific symbols in dreams: the dream-language
    5. Dream-analysis as uncovering the repressed unconscious

Metaphysics[edit]

Topics

  1. Conceptions of the highest human science: dialectic, first philosophy, metaphysics, natural theology, transcendental philosophy
  2. The analysis of the highest human science: the character of dialectical, metaphysical, or transcendental knowledge
    1. The distinctive objects or problems of the supreme science
    2. The nature of the concepts, abstractions, or principles of the highest science
    3. The method of metaphysics: the distinction between empitical and transcen- dental methods
    4. The distinction between a metaphysic of nature and a metaphysic of morals: the difference between the speculative treatment and the practical resolu- tion of the metaphysical problems of God, freedom, and immortality
  3. Metaphysics in relation to other disciplines
    1. The relation of metaphysics to theology
    2. The relation of metaphysics to mathematics, physics or natural philosophy, psychology, and the empirical sciences
    3. The relation of metaphysics to logic and dialectic
  4. The criticism and reformation of metaphysics
    1. The dismissal or satirization of metaphysics as dogmatism or sophistry
    2. Reconstructions of metaphysics: critical philosophy as a propaedeutic to meta- physics

Mind[edit]

Topics

  1. Diverse conceptions of the human mind
    1. Mind as intellect or reason, a part or power of the soul or human nature, distinct from sense and imagination
      1. The difference between the acts of sensing and understanding, and the ob- jects of sense and reason
      2. The cooperation of intellect and sense: the dependence of thought upon imagination and the direction of imagination by reason
      3. The functioning of intellect: the acts of understanding, judgment, and reasoning
      4. The distinction of the active and the possible intellect in power and function
    2. Mind as identical with thinking substance
      1. The relation of the mind as thinking substance to sense and imagination
      2. Thinking and willing as the acts of the thinking substance
    3. Mind as a particular mode of that attribute of God which is thought
      1. The origin of the human mind as a mode of thought
      2. The properties of the human mind as a mode of thought
    4. Mind as soul or spirit, having the power to perform all cognitive and voluntary functions
      1. The origin of the mind's simple ideas: sensation and reflection
      2. The activity of the understanding in relating ideas: the formation of complex ideas

Monarchy[edit]

Topics

  1. The definition of monarchy and the classification of the types of kingship
    1. The distinction between royal and political government
      1. Absolute or personal rule contrasted with constitutional government or rule by law
      2. The theory of absolute government: the nature of absolute power; the rights and duties of the monarch; the radical inequality between ruler and ruled in absolute government
    2. Modifications of absolute monarchy: other embodiments of the monarchical principle
      1. The combination of monarchy with other forms of government: the mixed regime
      2. Constitutional or limited monarchy
      3. The monarchical principle in the executive branch of republican government
    3. The principle of succession in monarchies
  2. The theory of royalty
    1. The divinity of kings
    2. The analogy between divine government and rule by the best man: the philos- opher king
    3. The divine institution of kings: the theory of the divine right of kings
    4. The myth of the royal personage: the attributes of royalty and the burdens of monarchy
  3. The use and abuse of monarchical power
    1. The good king and the benevolent despot in the service of their subjects: the education of the prince
    2. The exploitation of absolute power for personal aggrandizement: the strategies of princes and tyrants
  4. Comparison of monarchy with other forms of government
    1. The patriarchical character of kingship: absolute rule in the family or tribe, and paternalism in the state
    2. The line which divides monarchy from despotism and tyranny
    3. The differences between kingdoms and republics with respect to unity, wealth, and extent of territory
    4. The defense of monarchy or royal rule
      1. The necessity for absolute government
      2. Monarchy as the best or most efficient of the several good forms of govern- ment
      3. The preference for the mixed regime: defense of royal prerogatives as abso- lute in their sphere
    5. The attack on monarchy or absolute government
      1. The paternalistic or despotic character of monarchy: the rejection of benev- olent despotism; the advantages of constitutional safeguards
      2. The justification of absolute rule or benevolent despotism for peoples in- capable of self-government
      3. The illegitimacy of absolute monarchy: the violation of the principle of popular sovereignty
      4. The illegality of royal usurpations of power in a mixed regime: the limita- tions of royal prerogative in a constitutional monarchy
  5. The absolute government of colonies, dependencies, or conquered peoples
    1. The justification of imperial rule: the rights of the conqueror; the unifying and civilizing achievements of empire
    2. The injustice of imperialism: exploitation and despotism
  6. The history of monarchy: its origin and developments

Nature[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. Conceptions of nature
    1. Nature as the intrinsic source of a thing's properties and behavior
      1. The distinction between essential and individual nature: generic or specific properties, and individual, contingent accidents
      2. Nature or essence in relation to matter and form
    2. Nature as the universe or the totality of things: the identification of God and nature; the distinction between natura naturans and natura naturata
    3. Nature as the complex of the objects of sense: the realm of things existing under the determination of universal laws
  2. The antitheses of nature or the natural
    1. Nature and art: the imitation of nature; cooperation with nature
    2. Nature and convention: the state of nature and the state of society
    3. Nature and nurture: the innate or native and the acquired; habit as second nature
    4. Natural and violent motion
    5. The natural and the unnatural or monstrous: the normal and the abnormal
    6. The order of nature and the order of freedom: the phenomenal and the noumenal worlds; the antithesis of nature and spirit
  3. The order of nature
    1. The rationality of nature: the maxims and laws of nature
    2. Continuity and hierarchy in the order of nature
    3. Nature and causality
      1. The distinction between the regular and the chance event: the uniformity of nature
      2. The determinations of nature distinguished from the voluntary or free
      3. Teleology in nature: the operation of final causes
      4. Divine causality in relation to the course of nature: the preservation of nature; providence; miracles
  4. Knowledge of nature or the natural
    1. Nature or essence as an object of definition
    2. Nature in relation to diverse types of science: the theoretic and the practical sciences; natural philosophy or science, mathematics, and metaphysics
    3. Nature as an object of history
  5. Nature or the natural as the standard of the right and the good
    1. Human nature in relation to the good for man
    2. Natural inclinations and natural needs with respect to property and wealth
    3. The naturalness of the state and political obligation
    4. The natural as providing a canon of beauty for production or judgment
  6. Nature in religion and theology
    1. The personification and worship of nature
    2. Nature and grace in human life

Necessity and Contingency[edit]

Topics

  1. The meaning of necessity and contingency: the possible and the impossible
  2. Necessary and contingent being or existence
    1. The independent or unconditioned as the necessarily existent: the uncaused or self-caused; the identity of essence and existence
    2. The argument for the existence of a necessary being: the problem of logical and ontological necessity
    3. Mutability in relation to necessity in being
    4. The necessary and contingent with respect to properties, accidents, and modes
  3. Necessity and contingency in the realm of change: chance and determinism
    1. The distinction between the essential and the accidental cause: the contingent effect; contingency and chance
    2. The necessity of contingent events: absolute and hypothetical or conditional necessity; necessitation by efficient or material and final or formal causes
    3. The grounds of contingency in the phenomenal order: real indeterminacy or ignorance of causes
  4. Necessity and contingency in the realm of thought
    1. The necessary as the domain of knowledge, the contingent as the object of opinion: certainty, doubt, and probability; necessary truths
    2. Practical necessity as a cause of belief
    3. The truth of judgments concerning future contingents
    4. Mathematical necessity: necessity in the objects of mathematics and in mathematical reasoning
    5. Necessity and contingency in logical analysis
      1. The modality of propositions or judgments: modal opposition
      2. Modality in reasoning: the logical necessity of inference; the necessity and contingency of premises and conclusions
  5. Necessity and contingency in human life and society
    1. Liberty and necessity in human conduct: the voluntary and the compulsory
      1. The necessitation of the will: the range of its freedom
      2. Categorical and hypothetical imperatives as expressing necessary and con- tingent obligations
      3. Human freedom as knowledge or acceptance of necessity
    2. The necessity of family and state: the contingency of their forms and institutions
    3. Necessity and contingency in relation to the natural and conventional in law
    4. The necessity or inevitability of slavery, poverty, war, or crime
    5. Economic necessities or luxuries
    6. Necessity and contingency in history

Oligarchy[edit]

Topics

  1. The oligarchical constitution: the principles and types of oligarchy
  2. The relation of oligarchy to monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy
  3. The instability of oligarchical government
    1. The revolutionary changes to which oligarchy is subject: the change to despotism or democracy
    2. The preservation of oligarchies against revolution
  4. The defense of oligarchy: the political rights and privileges of property
  5. The attack on oligarchy and on the political power of wealth
    1. The objection to property as a basis for privilege with regard to citizenship or public office
    2. The character of the oligarch: the man of property; the capitalist
    3. Economic status and power as a political instrument: oligarchy in relation to the class war
  6. Historical observations of oligarchy: the rise and fall of oligarchies

One and Many[edit]

Topics

  1. The transcendental one: the Absolute; the unity of being, of nature, of the universe
  2. The relation of the one and the many: emanation of the many from the one
    1. The unity or duality of God and the world: the immanence and transcendence of God
    2. The one and the many in relation to the universal and the particular: the abstract and the concrete universal
  3. The modes of unity: comparison of numerical, essential, and divine unity
    1. Numerical unity or identity: the number one
    2. The unity of the indivisible or the simple: the individual thing, the point, the atom, the quality
    3. The complex unity of a whole composed of parts: the distinction between the indivisible and the undivided
  4. Kinds of wholes or complex unities
    1. Quantitative wholes: oneness in matter or motion
      1. The continuity of a quantitative whole
      2. The unity and divisibility of a motion
      3. The unity and divisibility of matter
      4. The unity and divisibility of time and space
    2. Natural or essential wholes: the oneness of a being or a nature
      1. The distinction between essential and accidental unity
      2. The comparison of the unity of natural things with man-made compositions or aggregations: artificial wholes
      3. The unity of a substance and of substantial form
      4. The unity of man as composite of body and soul, matter and spirit, exten- sion and thought
      5. The unity of the human person or the self: the order of man's powers; the split personality
  5. Unity in the realm of mind: unity in thought or knowledge
    1. The unity of mind or intellect, the cognitive faculties, or consciousness
    2. The unity of sense-experience: the unity of attention; the transcendental unity of apperception
    3. Unity in thinking or understanding: the unity of complex ideas and definitions; the unity of the term, the judgment, and the syllogism
    4. The unity of science: the unity of particular sciences
    5. The one and the many, or the simple and the complex, as objects of knowledge: the order of learning with respect to wholes and parts
    6. The unity of knower and known, or of subject and object
  6. Unity in moral and political matters
    1. The unity of virtue and the many virtues
    2. The unity of the last end: the plurality of intermediate ends or means
    3. The unity of subjective will and objective morality in the ethical realm
    4. The unity of the family and the unity of the state: the limits of political or social unification
    5. The unity of sovereignty: its divisibility or indivisibility; the problem of federal union
  7. Unity in the supernatural order
    1. The unity and simplicity of God
    2. The unity of the Trinity
    3. The unity of the Incarnation

Opinion[edit]

Topics

  1. The different objects of knowledge and opinion: being and becoming; universal and particular; the necessary and the contingent
  2. The difference between the acts and sources of knowing and opining
    1. The influence of the emotions on the formation of opinion: wishful thinking, rationalization, prejudice
    2. The will as cause of assent in acts of opinion
    3. Reasoning and argument concerning matters of opinion: comparison of demon- stration and persuasion, principles and assumptions, axioms and postulates
    4. Reason, experience, and authority as sources of opinion
  3. Opinion, knowledge, and truth
    1. The truth of knowledge and of right opinion: their difference with respect to manner of acquisition, stability, and teachability
    2. Certain and probable, adequate and inadequate knowledge: degrees of certitude; modes of assent
    3. The skeptical reduction of human judgments to opinion
  4. Opinion, belief, and faith
    1. Comparison of supernatural or religious faith with science and opinion
    2. Criticism of superstitiouj or dogmatic belief as opinion without foundation or warrant
  5. Freedom in the sphere of opinion
    1. Rights and duties with respect to the expression of opinion
    2. Advantages and disadvantages of freedom of discussion
  6. Opinion in the realm of morals
    1. Good and evil as matters of opinion: moral standards as customs or conventions reflecting prevalent opinion
    2. The inexactitude of moral principles as applied to particular cases
  7. The social and political significance of public opinion
    1. The value of the majority opinion: the distinction between matters to be deter- mined by the expert or by a consensus
    2. Majority rule, its merits and dangers: protections against the false weight of numbers

Opposition[edit]

Topics

  1. Opposition in logic
    1. Kinds of opposition among terms: correlation, contrariety, privation, negation
    2. The analysis of contrariety : the kinds of terms which can be contrary; contrariety with and without intermediates between extremes
    3. The exclusiveness of opposites as a principle of logical division
      1. Dichotomous division: positive and negative terms
      2. Division of a genus by differentia: the contrariety of species
    4. The opposition of propositions or judgments
      1. The square of opposition: contradictories, contraries, subcontraries
      2. Modal opposition: the necessary and the contingent
    5. Opposition in reasoning and proof: the conflict of dialectical arguments; the antinomies of a transcendental dialectic
  2. The metaphysical significance of opposition
    1. Opposition as limiting coexistence: noncontradiction as a principle of being
    2. Opposites in the realm of being, mind, or spirit: the one and the many; the dia- lectical triad of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis
    3. Nonbcing as the opposite of being
    4. The opposition of good and evil in the world and in relation to God
    5. The reconciliation of opposites in the divine nature: the synthesis of all con- traries in the Absolute
  3. Opposition in the realm of physical nature
    1. The contraries as principles of change
    2. Contrariety of quality in the theory of the elements or humours
    3. The opposition of motion and rest, and of contrary motions
    4. The opposition of physical forces and its resolution
    5. The struggle for existence: the competition of species
  4. Opposition or conflict in the psychological and moral order
    1. The conflict of reason and the passions
    2. Conflicting emotions, humours, instincts, or habits
    3. Conflict as the cause of repression and as a factor in neurotic disorders
    4. The conflict of loves and loyalties, desires and duties
    5. Conflict in human life: opposed types of men and modes of life
  5. Conflict in society and history
    1. Competition in commerce and the rivalry of factions in politics
    2. The class war: the opposition of the rich and the poor, the propertied and the propertyless, capital and labor, producers and consumers
    3. The inevitability of civil strife and war between states
    4. Opposition or strife as a productive principle or source of progress

Philosophy[edit]

Topics

  1. The definition and scope of philosophy
    1. The relation of philosophy to theology or religion
    2. The relation of philosophy to mathematics
    3. The relation of philosophy to experimental or empirical science
    4. The relation of philosophy to myth, poetry, and history
  2. The divisions of philosophy
    1. The distinction between theoretic or speculative and practical or moral philosophy: the distinction between natural and civil philosophy
    2. The branches of speculative philosophy: the divisions of natural philosophy
    3. The nature and branches of practical or moral philosophy: economics, ethics, politics, jurisprudence; poetics or the theory of art
  3. The method of philosophy
    1. The foundations of philosophy in experience and common sense
    2. The philosopher's appeal to first principles and to definitions
    3. The processes of philosophical thought: induction, intuition, definition, demonstration, reasoning, analysis, and synthesis
    4. The methodological reformation of philosophy
  4. The uses of philosophy: diverse conceptions of its aim, function, and value
    1. The philosophic mode of life: contemplation and happiness
    2. Philosophy as a moral discipline: the consolation of philosophy
    3. The social role of philosophy: the philosopher and the statesman; the philosopher king
    4. The liveability of philosophy: the practical possibility of adhering to philosophy in a given culture and society
  5. The character and training of the philosopher: the difficulty of being a philosopher
  6. Praise and dispraise of the philosopher and his work
    1. The philosopher as a man of science or wisdom: the love and search for truth
    2. The philosopher and the man of opinion: sophistry and dogmatism, idle disputa- tion, perpetual controversy
    3. The philosopher as a man of reason: the limits of reason; its supplementation by experience or faith
    4. The philosopher as a man of theory or vision: neglect of the practical; with- drawal from the affairs of men and the marketplace
  7. Observations on the history of philosophy: the lives of the philosophers in relation to their thought

Physics[edit]

Topics

  1. Physics as the general theory of becoming and the order of nature or change: philo- sophical physics, the philosophy of nature, pure or rational physics
    1. The relation of the philosophy of nature to metaphysics and dialectic
    2. The relation of the philosophy of nature to mathematics: mathematical method and mathematical principles in natural philosophy
  2. Experimental physics and the empirical natural sciences: the relation of experimental and philosophical physics
    1. The derivation of definitions, distinctions, and principles from the philosophy of nature: the metaphysics of the scientist
    2. The treatment of causes in philosophical and empirical physics: description and explanation, theory and prediction
  3. The role of mathematics in the natural sciences: observation and measurement in relation to mathematical formulations
  4. The experimental method in the study of nature
    1. The distinction between simple observation and experimentation: the art of creating ideal or isolated physical systems
    2. Experimental discovery: inductive generalization from experiment; the role of theory or hypothesis in experimentation
    3. Experimental testing and verification: the crucial experiment
    4. Experimental measurement: the application of mathematical formulae
  5. The utility of physics: the invention of machines; the techniques of engineering; the mastery of nature

Pleasure and Pain[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The nature of pleasure and pain
  2. The causes of pleasure and pain
  3. The effects or concomitants of pleasure and pain
  4. The kinds of pleasure and pain: different qualities of pleasure
    1. The pleasant and unpleasant in the sphere of emotion: joy and sorrow, delight and grief
    2. Sensuous pleasure: the affective quality of sensations
    3. Intellectual pleasure: the pleasures of reflection and contemplation
      1. Pleasure in the beauty of nature or art: disinterested pleasure
      2. The pleasure and pain of learning and knowledge
    4. The pleasures of play and diversion
    5. The kinds of pain: the pain of sense and the pain of loss or deprivation
  5. The quantity of pleasure: the weighing of pleasures; the limits of pleasure
  6. Pleasure and the good
    1. Pleasure as the only good or as the measure of goodness in all other things
    2. Pleasure as one good among many: pleasure as one object of desire
    3. Good and bad pleasures: higher and lower pleasures
    4. Pleasure as the accompaniment of goods possessed: the satisfaction of desire
    5. Pleasure as intrinsically evil or morally indifferent
  7. Pleasure and happiness: their distinction and relation
    1. Pleasure and pain in relation to love and friendship
    2. The life of pleasure contrasted with other modes of life: the ascetic life
  8. The discipline of pleasure
    1. Pleasure and pain in relation to virtue: the restraints of temperance and the endurance of courage
    2. The conflict between pleasure and duty, or the obligations of justice: the pleasure principle and the reality principle
    3. Perversions or degradations in the sphere of pleasure and pain: sadism and masochism
  9. The regulation of pleasures by law
  10. The social utility of pleasure and pain
    1. The employment of pleasure and pain by parent or teacher in moral and mental training
    2. The use of pleasure and pain by orator or statesman in persuasion and government

Poetry[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature of poetry: its distinction from other arts
    1. The theory of poetry as imitation: the enjoyment of imitation
    2. The object, medium, and manner of imitation in poetry and other arts
  2. The origin and development of poetry: the materials of myth and legend
  3. The inspiration or genius of the poet: the influence of the poetic tradition
  4. The major kinds of poetry: their comparative excellence
    1. Epic and dramatic poetry
    2. Tragedy and comedy
  5. Poetry in relation to knowledge
    1. The aim of poetry to instruct as well as to delight: the pretensions or deceptions of the poet as teacher 41 ^
    2. Poetry contrasted with history and philosophy: the dispraise and defense of the poet
  6. Poetry and emotion
    1. The expression of emotion in poetry
    2. The arousal and purgation of the emotions by poetry: the catharsis of pity and fear
  7. The elements of poetic narrative
    1. Plot: its primacy; its construction
    2. The role of character: its relation to plot
    3. Thought and diction as elements of poetry
    4. Spectacle and song in drama
  8. The science of poetics: rules of art and principles of criticism
    1. Critical standards and artistic rules with respect to narrative structure
      1. The poetic unities: comparison of epic and dramatic unity
      2. Poetic truth: verisimilitude or plausibility; the possible, the probable, and the necessary
      3. The significance of recognitions and reversals in the development of plot
    2. Critical standards and artistic rules with respect to the language of poetry: the distinction between prose and verse; the measure of excellence in style
    3. The interpretation of poetry
  9. The moral and political significance of poetry
    1. The influence of poetry on mind and character: its role in education
    2. The issue concerning the censorship of poetry

Principle[edit]

Topics

  1. Principles in the order of reality
    1. The differentiation of principle, element, and cause
    2. The being, number, and kinds of principles in the order of reality
    3. The metaphysical significance of the principles of thought
  2. The kinds of principles in the order of knowledge
    1. . The origin of knowledge in simple apprehensions
      1. Sensations or ideas as principles
      2. Definitions as principles
      3. Indefinables as principles of definition
    2. Propositions or judgments as principles
      1. Immediate truths of perception: direct sensitive knowledge of appearances; evident particular facts
      2. Immediate truths of understanding: axioms or self-evident truths; a priori judgments as principles
      3. Constitutive and regulative principles: the maxims of reason
  3. First principles or axioms in philosophy, science, dialectic
    1. Principles and demonstration
      1. The indcmonstrability of axioms: natural habits of the mind
      2. The indirect defense of axioms
      3. The dependence of demonstration on axioms: the critical application of the principles of identity and contradiction
    2. Principles and induction: axioms as intuitive inductions from experience; stages of inductive generalization
    3. Axioms in relation to postulates, hypotheses, or assumptions
      1. The distinction between first principles in general, or common notions, and the principles of a particular subject matter or science
      2. The difference between axioms and assumptions, hypotheses and principles, as a basis for the distinction between knowledge and opinion, or science and dialectic
      3. The distinction and order of the sciences according to the character of their principles
  4. First principles in the practical order: the principles of action or morality; the prin- ciples of the practical reason
    1. Ends as principles, and last ends as first principles: right appetite as a principle in the practical order
    2. The natural moral law and the categorical imperative
  5. The skeptical denial of first principles or axioms: the denial that any propositions elicit the universal assent of mankind

Progress[edit]

Topics

  1. The idea of progress in the philosophy of history
    1. Providence and necessity in the theory of progress: the dialectical development of Spirit or matter; conflict as a source of progress
    2. Optimism or meliorism: the doctrine of human perfectibility
    3. Skeptical or pessimistic denials of progress: the golden age as past; the cyclical motion of history
  2. The idea of progress in the theory of biological evolution
  3. Economic progress
    1. The increase of opulence: the division of labor as a factor in progress
    2. The improvement of the status and conditions of labor: the goals of revolution and reform
    3. Man's progressive conquest of the forces of nature through science and invention
  4. Progress in politics
    1. The invention and improvement of political institutions: the maintenance of political order in relation to progress
    2. The progressive realization of the idea of the state
    3. The growth of political freedom: the achievement of citizenship and civil rights
  5. Forces operating against social progress: emotional opposition to change or novelty; political conservatism
  6. Intellectual or cultural progress: its sources and impediments
    1. Progress in the arts
    2. Progress in philosophy and in the sciences
    3. The use and criticism of the intellectual tradition: the sifting of truth from error; the reaction against the authority of the past
    4. Plans for the advancement of learning and the improvement of method in the arts and sciences
    5. Freedom of expression and discussion as indispensable to the progressive discovery of the truth

Prophecy[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The nature and power of prophecy
    1. Prophecy as the reading of fate, the foretelling of fortune, the beholding of the future
    2. Prophecy as supcrnaturally inspired foresight into the course of providence
    3. Prophecy as the instrument of providence: prophets as moral teachers and political reformers
    4. The religious significance of the fulfillment of prophecy
  2. The vocation of prophecy: the possession of foreknowledge
    1. The foreknowledge possessed by the spirits in the afterworld
    2. The political office of prophecy: priests, soothsayers, oracles
    3. The Hebraic conception of the prophetic vocation: the law and the prophets; Christ as prophet
  3. The varieties of prophecy and the instruments of divination
    1. The institution of oracles: the interpretation of oracular or prophetic utterances
    2. Omens and portents: celestial and terrestrial signs; signs as confirmations of prophecy
    3. Dreams, visions, visitations
    4. Prophecy by the direct word of God
  4. Particular prophecies of hope and doom
    1. The Covenant and the Promised Land
    2. The destruction of Jerusalem and the dispersion of Israel: the restoration of Israel and the rebuilding of the Temple
    3. The coming of a Messiah: Hebraic and Christian readings of messianic prophecy
    4. The second coming of the Lord: the Day of Judgment, the end of the world, and the millcnium
  5. The criticism and rejection of prophecy: the distinction between true and false proph- ecy; the condemnation of astrology and divination as impiety or superstition

Prudence[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The nature of prudence: as practical wisdom, as a virtue or quality of the deliberative mind
  2. The place of prudence among the virtues of the mind
    1. Practical or political wisdom distinguished from speculative or philosophical wisdom
    2. Prudence distinguished from art: action or doing contrasted with production or making
    3. The relation of prudence to intuitive reason or to the understanding of the natural law: the moral perception of particulars
  3. The interdependence of prudence and the moral virtues: the parts played by deliber- ation, will, and emotion in human conduct
    1. Moral virtue as determining the end for which prudence makes a right choice of means: right desire as the standard of practical truth
    2. Prudence as a factor in the formation and maintenance of moral virtue: the de- termination of the relative or subjective mean
    3. Shrewdness or cleverness as the counterfeit of prudence: the abuses of casuistry
    4. Prudence, continence, and temperance
    5. The vices of imprudence: precipitance and undue caution
  4. The sphere of prudence
    1. The confinement of prudence to the things within our power: the relation of prudence to free will, choice, and deliberation
    2. The restriction of prudence to the consideration of means rather than ends
  5. The nature of a prudent judgment
    1. The conditions of prudent choice: counsel, deliberation, judgment
    2. The acts of the practical reason in matters open to choice: decision and command, leading to execution or use
    3. The maxims of prudence
  6. Prudence in relation to the common good of the community
    1. Political prudence: the prudence of the prince or statesman, of the subject or citizen
    2. Jurisprudence: prudence in the determination of laws and the adjudication of cases

Punishment[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The general theory of punishment
    1. The nature of punishment: the pain of sense and the pain of loss
    2. The retributive purpose of punishment: the lex talioni$\ retaliation and revenge; the righting of a wrong
    3. Punishment for the sake of reforming the wrongdoer
    4. The preventive use of punishment: the deterrence of wrongdoing
  2. Personal responsibility as a condition of just punishment: the problem of collective responsibility
    1. Free will in relation to responsibility and punishment: voluntariness in relation to guilt or fault; the accidental, the negligent, and the intentional
    2. Sanity, maturity, and moral competence in relation to responsibility
  3. Punishment in relation to virtue and vice
    1. Rewards and punishments as factors in the formation of moral character
    2. Vice its own punishment
    3. Guilt, repentance, and the moral need for punishment
  4. Crime and punishment: punishment as a political instrument
    1. Punishment for lawbreaking as a necessary sanction of law
    2. The forms of punishment available to the state
      1. The death penalty: its justification
      2. Exile or ostracism: imprisonment or incarceration
      3. Enforced labor or enslavement
      4. Torture: cruel and unusual punishments
    3. The justice of legal punishment: the conventionality of the punishments deter- mined by positive law
    4. Grades of severity in punishment: making the punishment fit the crime
  5. The punishment for sin
    1. The origin and fulfillment of curses
    2. The wages of sin: the punishment of original sin
    3. The pain of remorse and the torment of conscience: the atonement for sin
    4. The modes of divine punishment: here and hereafter, temporal and eternal
    5. The justice of divine punishment
      1. The justification of eternal suffering in Hell or Hades
      2. The necessity of expiation in Purgatory
  6. Pathological motivations with respect to punishment: abnormal sense of sin or guilt; perverse desires to inflict or suffer punishment

Quality[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature and existence of qualities: the relation ofquality to substance or matter; the transcendental categories of quality
  2. The kinds of quality
    1. Sensible and nonsensible qualities: habits, dispositions, powers or capacities, and affective qualities
    2. Primary and secondary qualities: the related distinction of proper and com- mon sensibles
  3. Quality and quantity
    1. The distinction between quality and quantity: its relation to the distinction between secondary and primary qualities
    2. Shape or figure as qualified quantity
    3. The degrees or amounts of a quality: intensity and extensity; the quantitative conditions of variation in quality
    4. The priority of quality or quantity in relation to form, matter, or substance
  4. The relation of qualities to one another
    1. Qualities which imply correlatives
    2. The contrariety of qualities: with or without intermediate degrees
    3. The similarity of things with respect to quality: likeness and unlikeness in quality
  5. Change of quality: the analysis of alteration
  6. Qualities as objects of knowledge
    1. Quality in relation to definition or abstraction
    2. The perception of qualities
    3. The objectivity of sense-qualities: the comparative objectivity of primary and secondary qualities

Quantity[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The nature and existence of quantity: its relation to matter, substance, and body; the transcendental categories of quantity
    1. The relation between quantity and quality: reducibility of quality to quantity
    2. The relation of quantities: equality and proportion
  2. The kinds of quantity: continuous and discontinuous
  3. The magnitudes of geometry: the relations of dimensionality
    1. Straight lines: their length and their relations; angles, perpendiculars, parallels
    2. Curved lines: their kinds, number, and degree
      1. Circles
      2. Ellipses
      3. Parabolas
      4. Hyperbolas
    3. The relations of straight and curved lines: tangents, secants, asymptotes
    4. Surfaces
      1. The measurement and transformation of areas
      2. The relations of surfaces to lines and solids
    5. Solids: regular and irregular
      1. The determination of volume
      2. The relations of solids: inscribed and circumscribed spheres; solids of revolution
  4. Discrete quantities: number and numbering
    1. The kinds of numbers: odd-even, square- triangular, prime-composite
    2. The relations of numbers to one another: multiples and fractions
    3. The number series as a continuum
  5. Physical quantities
    1. Space: the matrix of figures and distances
    2. Time: the number of motion
    3. The quantity of motion: momentum, velocity, acceleration
    4. Mass: its relation to weight
    5. Force: its measure and the measure of its effect
  6. The measurements of quantities: the relation of magnitudes and multitudes; the units of measurement
    1. Commensurable and incommensurable magnitudes
    2. Mathematical procedures in measurement: superposition, congruence; ratio and proportion; parameters and coordinates
    3. Physical procedures in measurement: experiment and observation; clocks, rules, balances
  7. Infinite quantity: the actual infinite and the potentially infinite quantity; the mathe- matical and physical infinite of the great and the small

Reasoning[edit]

Topics

  1. Definitions or descriptions of reasoning: the process of thought
    1. Human reasoning compared with the reasoning of animals
    2. Discursive reasoning contrasted with immediate intuition
    3. The role of sense, memory, and imagination in reasoning: perceptual inference, rational reminiscence, the collation of images
  2. The rules of reasoning: the theory of the syllogism
    1. The structure of a syllogism: its figures and moods
      1. The number of premises and the number of terms: the middle term in rea- soning
      2. Affirmation, negation, and the distribution of the middle term: the quan- tity and the quality of the premises
    2. The kinds of syllogism: categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive, modal
    3. The connection of syllogisms: sorites, pro-syllogisms and epi-syllogisms
  3. The truth and cogency of reasoning
    1. Formal and material truth: logical validity distinguished from factual truth
    2. Lack of cogency in reasoning: invalid syllogisms; formal fallacies
    3. Lack of truth in reasoning: sophistical arguments; material fallacies
    4. Necessity and contingency in reasoning: logical necessity; certainty and prob- ability
  4. The types of reasoning, inference, or argument
    1. Immediate inference: its relation to mediated inference or reasoning
    2. The direction and uses of reasoning: the distinction between proof and infer- ence, and between demonstration and discovery
    3. Inductive and deductive reasoning
    4. Direct and indirect argumentation: proof by reductio ad absurdum\ argument from the impossible or ideal case
    5. Refutation: disproof
    6. Reasoning by analogy: arguments from similarity
  5. Reasoning in relation to knowledge, opinion, and action
    1. The fact and the reasoned fact: mere belief distinguished from belief on rational grounds
    2. Scientific reasoning: the theory of demonstration
      1. The indemonstrable as a basis for demonstration
      2. Definitions used as means in reasoning: definitions as the ends of reasoning
      3. A priori and a posteriori reasoning: from causes or from effects; from princi- ples or from experience; analysis and synthesis
      4. The role of causes in demonstration and scientific reasoning
      5. Demonstration in relation to essence and existence: demonstrations propter quid and quia
    3. Dialectical reasoning: the opposition of rational arguments
    4. Rhetorical reasoning: the rational grounds of persuasion
    5. Practical reasoning
      1. The form of the practical syllogism
      2. Deduction and determination in legal thought
      3. Deliberation: the choice of alternative means; decision
  6. The character of reasoning in the various disciplines
    1. Proof in metaphysics and theology
    2. Demonstration in mathematics: analysis and synthesis
    3. Inductive and deductive inference in the philosophy of nature and the natural sciences
    4. Induction and demonstration in the moral sciences

Relation[edit]

Topics

  1. The general theory of relation
    1. The nature and being of relations: the distinction between real and logical or ideal relations
    2. The effect of relations on the nature and being of things: internal and external relations
    3. The coexistence of correlatives
    4. Relational unity or identity of relation: the notion and use of analogy or proportionality
  2. Order and relation in God : the divine processions and the relations constituting the Trinity of persons
  3. The relation of God to the world: divine immanence and transcendence
  4. Relation in the order of thought or knowledge
    1. The definability or indefinability of relative terms
    2. The proposition or judgment as a statement of relation: relation in reasoning
    3. The transcendental categories of relation
    4. Relations as objects of knowledge: ideas of relation
    5. The relations between ideas
    6. The types of relationship underlying the association of ideas in thought, memory, and dreams
  5. Order as a system of relationships or related things
    1. The nature and typesof order: inclusion and exclusion; succession and coexistence; priority, posteriority, and simultaneity
      1. The order of the causes or of cause and effect
      2. The order of goods or of means and ends: the order of loves
      3. The order of quantities: the types of proportion
      4. The order of kinds: hierarchy; species and genus
    2. The order of the universe or of nature: the hierarchy of beings
    3. Order as a principle of beauty
  6. The absolute and the relative modes of consideration
    1. Absolute and relative with respect to space, time, motion
    2. Absolute and relative with respect to truth
    3. Absolute and relative with respect to goodness or beauty

Religion[edit]

Topics

  1. Faith as the foundation of religion
    1. The nature, cause, and conditions of faith: its specific objects
    2. The sources of religious belief
      1. Revelation: the word of God and divine authority
      2. Miracles and signs as divine confirmation
      3. The testimony of prophets: the anointed of God
  2. The virtue and practice of religion: piety as justice to God
    1. Prayer and supplication: their efficacy
    2. Worship and adoration : the rituals and ceremonials of religion
    3. The nature, institution, and uses of the sacraments
    4. Sacrifices and propitiations
    5. Fasting and almsgiving
    6. Purificatory rites: the remission of sin by baptism and penance
    7. Profanations and sacrileges
  3. The religious life: religious offices and the religious community
    1. The Jewish conception of the religious community: the Torah and the Temple
    2. The Christian conception of the church: the doctrine of the mystical body of Christ
    3. The nature and organization of the religious community
      1. The institution of the priesthood and other ecclesiastical offices
      2. Ecclesiastical government and hierarchy
      3. The support of ecclesiastical institutions: tithes, contributions, state subsidy
    4. The monastic life: the disciplines of asceticism
  4. Church and state: the issue concerning temporal and spiritual power
    1. Religion in relation to forms of government: the theocratic state
    2. The service of religion to the state and the political support of religion by the state
  5. The dissemination of religion
    1. The function of preaching
    2. Religious conversion
    3. Religious education
  6. Truth and falsity in religion
    1. The religious condemnation of idolatry, superstition, and other perversions of worship
    2. Religious apologetics: the defense of faith
    3. The unity and tradition of a religion
      1. Orthodoxy and heresy: the role of dogma in religion; the treatment of heretics
      2. Sects and schisms arising from divergences of belief and practice
    4. The relation of men of diverse faiths: the attitude of the faithful toward infidels
    5. Religious liberty: freedom of conscience; religious toleration
    6. The rejection of supernatural foundations for religion: the criticism of particular beliefs and practices; the psychogenesis of religion
    7. The relation between sacred doctrine and secular learning: the conflict of science and religion
  7. Historical observations concerning religious beliefs, institutions, and controversies

Revolution[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature of revolution
    1. The issue concerning violent and peaceful means for accomplishing social, political, or economic change
    2. The definition of treason or sedition : the revolutionist as a treasonable conspirator
    3. Revolution and counter-revolution: civil strife distinguished from war between states
  2. The nature of political revolutions
    1. Change in the form of government or constitution
    2. Change in the persons holding power: deposition, assassination, usurpation
    3. Change in the extent of the state or empire: dissolution, secession, liberation, federation
  3. The process of political revolution
    1. The aims of political revolution: the seizure of power; the attainment of liberty, justice, equality
    2. Ways of retaining power and combatting revolution
    3. The causes and effects of revolution under different forms of government
      1. Revolution in monarchies
      2. Revolutions in republics: aristocracies, oligarchies, and democracies
      3. Rebellion against tyranny and despotism
  4. The nature of economic revolutions
    1. Change in the condition of the oppressed or exploited: the emancipation of slaves, serfs, proletariat
    2. Change in the economic order: modification or overthrow of a system of produc- tion and distribution
  5. The strategy of economic revolution
    1. Revolution as an expression of the class struggle: rich and poor, nobles and commons, owners and workers
    2. The organization of a revolutionary class: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat as revolutionary classes in relation to different economic systems
    3. The classless society as the goal of economic revolution: the transformation of the state
  6. The justice of revolution
    1. The right of rebellion: the circumstances justifying civil disobedience or violent insurrection
    2. The right to abrogate the social contract or to secede from a federation
  7. Empire and revolution: the justification of colonial rebellion and the defense of imperialism

Rhetoric[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature and scope of rhetoric
    1. The distinction of rhetoric from dialectic and sophistry: the rhetorician and the philosopher
    2. The relation of rhetoric to grammar, logic, and psychology
    3. The relation of rhetoric to the arts of government: the orator and the statesman
  2. The function of rhetoric in expository, speculative, and poetic discourse
    1. The devices of rhetoric: figures of speech; the extension and contraction of dis- course
    2. The canon of excellence in style
    3. Methods of exposition in history, science, philosophy, and theology
    4. Principles of interpretation: the modes of meaning
  3. The role of rhetoric as concerned with persuasion in the sphere of action: the analysis of oratory
    1. The kinds of oratory: deliberative, forensic, epidcictic
    2. The structure of an oration: the order of its parts
    3. The use of language for persuasion: oratorical style
  4. The means of persuasion: the distinction between artistic and inartistic means
    1. The orator's consideration of character and of the types of audience: the signifi- cance of his own character
    2. The orator's treatment of emotion: his display of emotion; the arousal of his audience
    3. Rhetorical argument: the distinction between persuasion and demonstration
      1. Rhetorical induction: the use of examples
      2. Rhetorical proof: the use of enthymcmes
      3. The topics or commonplaces which are the source of premises: the orator's knowledge of various subject matters
  5. The evaluation of oratory and the orator: the justification of rhetorical means by the end of success in persuasion
    1. The purpose of oratory and the exigencies of truth
    2. The orator's concern with justice, law, and the good: the moral virtue of the orator
  6. The education of the orator: the schools of rhetoric
  7. The history of oratory: its importance under various social conditions and in different forms of government
  8. Examples of excellence in oratory

Same and Other[edit]

Topics

  1. The principle of identity: the relation of a thing to itself
    1. Oneness in number or being: numerical diversity or otherness
    2. The identity of the changing yet enduring individual: personal identity, the continuity of self; the denial of identity in the realm of change
  2. The sameness of things numerically diverse
    1. The being of sameness or similitude: the reality of kinds or universals
    2. The relation between sameness and unity : sameness as a participation in the one
    3. The distinction between sameness and similarity and their opposites, diversity and difference: the composition of sameness and diversity; degrees of like- ness and difference
    4. The distinction of things in terms of their diversities and differences: real and logical distinctions
    5. The limits of otherness: the impossibility of utter diversity
  3. The modes of sameness and otherness or diversity
    1. Essential sameness or difference and accidental sameness or difference
      1. Specific and generic sameness: natural and logical genera
      2. The otherness of species in a genus: the diversity of contraries
      3. Generic otherness or heterogeneity
    2. Relational sameness: sameness by analogy or proportional similitude
    3. Sameness in quality, or likeness: variations in degree of the same quality
    4. Sameness in quantity, or equality: kinds of equality
  4. Sameness and diversity in the order of knowledge
    1. Likeness or sameness between knower and known : knowledge as involving imi- tation, intentionality, or representation
    2. The role of differentiation in definition: the diversity of differences
    3. Sameness and diversity in the meaning of words or the significance of terms: the univocal and the equivocal
  5. The principle of likeness in love and friendship
  6. Similitude between God and creatures: the degree and character of the similitude; traces or images of God in creatures

Science[edit]

Topics

  1. Conceptions of science
    1. Science as a philosophical discipline: certain or perfect knowledge
      1. The intellectual virtue of science: its relation to understanding and wisdom
      2. The division and hierarchy of the philosophical sciences
    2. Science as the discipline of experimental inquiry and the organization of experi- mental knowledge: the scientific spirit
      1. The utility of science: the applications of experimental knowledge in the mastery of nature; machinery and inventions
      2. The effects of science on human life: the economic and social implications of technology
    3. The issue concerning science and philosophy: the distinction and relation be- tween experimental and philosophical science, or between empirical and rational science
  2. The relation of science to other kinds of knowledge
    1. The relation between science and religion: the conception of sacred theology as a science
    2. The comparison of science with poetry and history
  3. The relation of science to action and production
    1. The distinction between theoretic and practical science: the character of ethics, politics, economics, and jurisprudence as sciences
    2. The distinction between pure and applied science: the relation of science to the useful arts
  4. The nature of scientific knowledge
    1. The principles of science: facts, definitions, axioms, hypotheses
    2. The objects of science: the essential and necessary; the sensible and measurable
    3. The role of cause in science: explanation and description as aims of scientific inquiry
    4. The generality of scientific formulations: universal laws of nature
    5. The certitude and probability or the finality and tentativeness of scientific con- clusions: the adequacy of scientific theories
  5. Scientific method
    1. The role of experience: observation and experiment
    2. Techniques of exploration and discovery: the ascertainment of fact
    3. The use of mathematics in science: calculation and measurement
    4. Induction and deduction in the philosophy of nature and natural science
    5. The use of hypotheses: prediction and verification
  6. The development of the sciences
    1. The technical conditions of scientific progress: the invention of scientific instru- ments or apparatus
    2. The place of science in society: the social conditions favorable to the advance- ment of science
  7. The evaluation of science
    1. The praise of science by comparison with opinion, superstition, magic
    2. The satirization of science and scientists: the foibles of science

Sense[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature of sense
    1. The power of sense as distinct from the power of understanding or reason
    2. Sense and intellect in relation to becoming and being, particulars and universals
    3. The distinction between perception or intuition and judgment or reasoning: the transcendental forms of intuition
    4. Sense-perception as a primary function of the mind or understanding: sensations as received impressions; the distinction between sensation and reflection, ideas and notions, percepts and concepts
  2. Sensitivity in relation to the grades of life
    1. . The differentiation of animals from plants in terms of sensitivity
    2. The degrees of sensitivity in the animal kingdom: the genetic order of the several senses
    3. Comparisons of human and animal sensitivity
  3. The analysis of the power of sense: its organs and activities
    1. The anatomy and physiology of the senses: the special sense-organs, nerves, brain
    2. The distinction between the exterior and interior senses
      1. Enumeration of the exterior senses: their relation and order
      2. Enumeration of the interior senses: their dependence on the exterior senses
    3. The activity of the exterior senses
      1. The functions of the exterior senses: the nature and origin of sensations
      2. The attributes of sensation: intensity, extensity, affective tone; the psycho- physical law
      3. The classification of sensations or sense-qualities: proper and common sensi- bles; primary and secondary qualities
      4. The distinction between sensation and perception: the accidental sensible; complex ideas of substance
      5. Sensation and attention: pre-perception and apperception; the transcenden- tal unity of apperception
    4. The activity of the interior senses
      1. The functions of the common sense: discrimination, comparison, association, collation or perception
      2. Memory and imagination as interior powers of sense
      3. The estimative or cogitative power: instinctive recognition of the harmful and beneficial
    5. The relation of sense to emotion, will, and movement: the conception of a sensitive appetite
  4. The character of sensitive knowledge
    1. Comparison of sensitive with other forms of knowledge
    2. The object of sense-perception: the evident particular fact; judgments of per- ception and judgments of experience
    3. The relation of sense and the sensible: the subjectivity or objectivity of sense- qualities
    4. The limit, accuracy, and reliability of sensitive knowledge: the fallibility of the senses
      1. The erroneous interpretation of sense-data: the problem of judgments based on sensation
      2. Error in sense-perception: illusions and hallucinations
  5. The contribution of the senses to scientific or philosophical knowledge
    1. Sensation as the source or occasion of ideas: the role of memory or reminiscence; the construction of complex ideas; the abstraction of universal concepts
    2. Sense-experience as the origin of inductions
    3. The dependence of understanding or reason upon sense for knowledge of particu- lars: verification by appeal to the senses
  6. The role of sense in the perception of beauty: the beautiful and the pleasing to sense; sensible and intelligible beauty

Sign and Symbol[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The theory of signs
    1. The distinction between natural and conventional signs
    2. The intentions of the mind: ideas and images as natural signs
    3. The things of nature functioning symbolically: the book of nature
    4. The conventional notations of human language: man's need for words
    5. The invention of non-verbal symbols: money, titles, seals, ceremonies, courtesies
    6. Natural signs as the source of meaning in conventional signs: thought as the medium through which words signify things
  2. The modes of signification
    1. The first and second imposition of words: names signifying things and names signifying names
    2. The first and second intention of names: words signifying things and words signi- fying ideas
    3. Intrinsic and extrinsic denominations: the naming of things according to their natures or by reference to their relations
    4. Proper and common names
    5. Abstract and concrete names
  3. The patterns of meaning in human discourse
    1. Verbal ambiguity: indefiniteness or multiplicity of meaning
    2. The distinction between univocal and equivocal speech
    3. The types of equivocation
      1. The same word used literally and figuratively: metaphors derived from analogies or proportions and from other kinds of similitude
      2. The same word used with varying degrees of generality and specificity: the broad and narrow meaning of a word
      3. The same word used to signify an attribute and its cause or effect
    4. The significance of names predicated of heterogeneous things: the analogical as intermediate between the univocal and the equivocal
  4. The determination of meaning in science and philosophy
    1. The relation between univocal meaning and definition
    2. The dependence of demonstration on univocal terms: formal fallacies due to equivocation
    3. The nature and utility of semantic analysis: the rectification of ambiguity; the clarification and precision of meanings
    4. The use of metaphors and myths in science and philosophy
    5. The use of signs in reasoning: necessary and probable signs; the interpretation of symptoms in medicine
  5. Symbolism in theology and religion
    1. Natural things as signs of divinity
    2. Supernatural signs: omens, portents, visitations, dreams, miracles
    3. The symbolism of the sacraments and of sacramental or ritualistic acts
    4. The symbolism of numbers in theology
    5. The interpretation of the word of God
    6. The names of God: the use of words to signify the divine nature
  6. Symbolism in psychological analysis
    1. The symbolism of dreams: their latent and manifest content
    2. The symbolism of apparently normal acts: forgetting, verbal slips, errors
    3. The symbolism of anxieties, obsessions, and other neurotic manifestations

Sin[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature of sin: violation of divine law; disorder in man's relation to God
  2. The kinds and degrees of sin
    1. The distinction between original and actual sin
    2. The distinction between spiritual and carnal sin
    3. The distinction between mortal and venial sin
      1. The classification and order of mortal sins
      2. The classification and order of venial sins
  3. The doctrine of original sin
    1. The condition of Adam before sin: his supernatural state of grace; his preter- natural gifts
    2. The sin of Adam
    3. The nature of fallen man in consequence of Adam's sin
    4. The need for a mediator between God and man to atone for original sin
    5. The remission of sin: baptism; the state of the unbaptized
  4. Actual or personal sin
    1. The relation of original sin to actual sin
    2. The causes and occasions of actual sin
    3. Pride as the principle of sin: the tragic fault of hybris
    4. The consequences of actual sin: the loss of charity and grace
    5. The prevention and purging of sin: purification by sacrifice; the sacrament of penance; contrition, confession, and absolution
  5. The remorse of conscience and feelings of guilt: the psychogenesis and pathological ex- pression of the sense of sin
  6. Guilt and the punishment of sin
    1. Man's freedom in relation to responsibility and guilt for sin: divine predestina- tion or election
    2. Collective responsibility for sin: the sins of the fathers
    3. The temporal punishment of sin: divine scourges
    4. The eternal punishment of sin: the everlasting perdition of the unrepentant in Hell
    5. The purifying punishments of Purgatory
  7. Grace and good works in relation to salvation from sin

Slavery[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature of enslavement: the relation of master and slave
  2. The theory of natural slavery and the natural slave
    1. Characteristics of the natural slave: individual and racial differences in relation to slavery
    2. The conception of the natural slave as the property or instrument of his master
    3. Slavery in relation to natural or to divine law
    4. Criticisms of the doctrine of natural slavery
  3. Slavery as a social institution: the conventionality of slavery
    1. The acquisition of slaves: conquest, purchase, indenture, forfeiture
    2. Laws regulating slavery: the rights and duties of master and slave
    3. The emancipation or manumission of slaves: the rebellion of slaves
    4. Criticisms of the institution of slavery: the injustice of slavery; its transgression of inalienable human rights
  4. The forms of economic slavery
    1. Chattel slavery: slaves of the household and slaves of the state
    2. Serfdom or peonage
    3. Wage slavery: the exploitation of the laborer
  5. The political aspect of economic slavery
    1. The disfranchisement of chattel slaves and serfs: their exclusion from the body politic or political community
    2. The political deprivations of the laboring classes or wage slaves: the struggle for enfranchisement; the issue between oligarchy and democracy with respect to suffrage
  6. Political enslavement or subjection
    1. Slavery as the condition of men living under tyrannical government
    2. Subjection as the condition of men living under benevolent despotism or paternalistic government
    3. The transition from subjection to citizenship: the conditions fitting men for self-government
    4. The imperialistic subjection or enslavement of conquered peoples or colonial dependencies
  7. The analogy of tyranny and slavery in the relations between passions and reason or will: human bondage

Soul[edit]

Topics

  1. Conceptions of soul
    1. Soul as the ordering principle of the universe: the world soul and its relation to the intellectual principle; the souls of the heavenly bodies
    2. Soul as the principle of self-motion or life in living things: soul as the form of an organic body
    3. Soul as the principle of distinction between thinking and non-thinking beings: the identity or distinction between soul and mind or intellect
    4. Soul as the principle of personal identity: the doctrine of the self; the empirical and the transcendental ego
  2. The analysis of the powers of the soul
    1. The distinction between the soul and its powers or acts
    2. The order, connection, and interdependence of the parts of the soul: the id, ego, and super-ego in the structure of the psyche
    3. The kinds of soul and the modes of life: vegetative, sensitive, and rational souls and their special powers
      1. The vegetative powers: the powers proper to the plant soul
      2. The sensitive powers: the powers proper to the animal soul
      3. The rational powers: the powers proper to the human soul
  3. The immateriality of the soul
    1. The soul as an immaterial principle, form, or substance
    2. The immateriality of the human soul in comparison with the materiality of the plant and animal soul: the intellect as an incorporeal power
    3. The relation of soul and body: the relation of formal and material principles, or of spiritual and corporeal substances
    4. The denial of soul as an immaterial principle, form, or substance: the atomic theory of the soul
    5. The corporeal or phenomenal manifestation of disembodied souls as ghosts, wraiths, or spirits
  4. The being of the soul
    1. The unity of the human soul: the human mode of the vegetative and sensitive powers
    2. The issue concerning the self-subsistence or immortality of the human soul: its existence or capacity for existence in separation from the human body
    3. The origin of the human soul: its separate creation; its emanation or derivation from the world soul
    4. The life of the soul apart from the body
      1. The doctrine of transmigration or perpetual reincarnation
      2. Comparison of separated souls with men and angels
      3. The need of the soul for its body: the dogma of the body's resurrection for the soul's perfection
      4. The contamination of the soul by the body: the purification of the soul by release from the body
  5. Our knowledge of the soul and its powers
    1. The soul's knowledge of itself by reflection on its acts: the soul as a transcenden- tal or noumenal object; the paralogisms of rational psychology
    2. The concept of the soul in empirical psychology: experimental knowledge of the soul

Space[edit]

Topics

  1. Space, place, and matter
    1. Space or extension as the essence or property of bodies: space, the receptacle, and becoming
    2. Place as the envelope or container of bodies: place as a part of space or as relative position in space
    3. The tridimensionality of bodies: the indeterminate dimensions of pure space or prime matter
    4. The exclusiveness of bodily occupation of space: impenetrability
  2. Space, void, and motion
    1. The role of space or place in local motion: the theory of proper places; absolute and relative space
    2. The issue of the void or vacuum
      1. The distinction between empty and filled space
      2. The indispensability of void or vacuum for motion and division: the absence of void in atoms
      3. The denial of void or vacuum in favor of a plenum
    3. Space as a medium of physical action: the ether and action-at-a-distance; the phenomena of gravitation, radiation, and electricity
  3. Space, quantity, and relation
    1. The finitude or infinity of space: the continuity and divisibility of space
    2. The relation of physical and mathematical space: sensible and ideal space
    3. Geometrical space, its kinds and properties: spatial relationships and configura- tions
    4. The measurement of spaces, distances, and sizes: trigonometry; the use of paral- lax
  4. The knowledge of space and figures
    1. Space as the divine sensorium and space as a transcendental form of intuition: the a priori foundations of geometry
    2. The controversy concerning innate and acquired space-perception
    3. The perception of space: differences between visual, auditory, and tactual space; perspective and spatial illusions
  5. The mode of existence of geometrical objects: their character as abstractions; their relation to intelligible matter
  6. The spiritual significance of place, position, and space

State[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The nature of human society
    1. Comparison of human and animal gregariousness: human and animal societies
    2. Comparison of the family and the state in origin, structure, and government
    3. Associations intermediate between the family and the state: the village or tribal community; civil society as the stage between family and state
    4. Social groups other than the family or the state: religious, charitable, educational, and economic organizations; the corporation
  2. The general theory of the state
    1. Definitions of the state or political community: its form and purpose
      1. Comparison of the state and the soul: the conception of the state as a living organism; the body politic
      2. The state as a corporate person
      3. The progressive realization of the state as the process of history: the state as the divine idea as it exists on earth; the national spirit
    2. The state as a part or the whole of society
    3. The source or principle of the state's sovereignty: the sovereignty of the prince; the sovereignty of the people
    4. The economic aspect of the state: differentiation of states according to their economic systems
    5. The political structure of the state: its determination by the form of government
    6. The primacy of the state or the human person: the welfare of the state and the happiness of its members
    7. Church and state: the relation of the city of God to the city of man
  3. The origin, preservation, and dissolution of the state
    1. The development of the state from other communities
    2. The state as natural or conventional or both
      1. Man as by nature a political animal: the human need for civil society
      2. Natural law and the formation of the state
    3. The condition of man in the state of nature and in the state of civil society: the state of war in relation to the state of nature
    4. The social contract as the origin of civil society or the state: universal consent as the basis of the constitution or government of the state
    5. Love and justice as the bond of men in states: friendship and patriotism
    6. Fear and dependence as the cause of social cohesion: protection and security
  4. The identity and continuity of a state: the dissolution of the body politic or civil society
  5. The physical foundations of society: the geographical and biological conditions of the state
    1. The territorial extent of the state: its importance relative to different forms of government
    2. The influence of climate and geography on political institutions and political economy
    3. The size, diversity, and distribution of populations: the causes and effects of their increase or decrease
  6. The social structure or stratification of the state
    1. The political distinction between ruling and subject classes, and between citizens and denizens
    2. The family as a member of the state: its autonomy and its subordination
    3. The classes or sub-groups arising from the division of labor or distinctions of birth: the social hierarchy
    4. The conflict of classes within the state
      1. The opposition of social groups: the treatment of national, racial, and re- ligious minorities
      2. The clash of economic interests and political factions: the class war
    5. The classless society
  7. The ideal or best state: the contrast between the ideal state and the best that is his- torically real or practicable
    1. The political institutions of the ideal state
    2. The social and economic arrangements of the ideal state
  8. Factors affecting the quality of states
    1. Wealth and political welfare
    2. The importance of the arts and sciences in political life
    3. The state's concern with religion and morals: the cultivation of the virtues
    4. The educational task of the state: the trained intelligence of the citizens
  9. The offices of state: the statesman, king, or prince
    1. The duties of publ'c office and the responsibilities of office holders: the relation of the statesman or king to the people he represents or rules
    2. The qualities or virtues necessary for the good statesman or king
    3. The education or training of the statesman or prince
    4. Statecraft: the art or science of governing; political prudence
      1. The employment of the military arts
      2. The occasions and uses of rhetoric
      3. The role or function of experts in the service of the state
    5. The advantages and disadvantages of participation in political life
  10. The relation of states to one another
    1. Commerce and trade between states: commercial rivalries and trade agreements; free trade and tariffs
    2. Social and cultural barriers between states: the antagonism of diverse customs and ideas
    3. Honor and justice among states
    4. The sovereignty of independent states: the distinction between the sovereignty of the state at home and abroad; internal and external sovereignty
    5. War and peace between states
      1. The military problem of the state: preparation for conquest or defense
      2. Treaties between states: alliances, leagues, confederacies, or hegemonies
    6. Colonization and imperialism: the economic and political factors in empire
  11. Historic formations of the state: the rise and decline of different types of states
    1. The city-state
    2. The imperial state
    3. The feudal state
    4. The national state
    5. The federal state: confederacies and federal unions
    6. The ideal of a world state

Temperance[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The nature of temperance
    1. The relation of temperance to virtue generally, and to the virtues of courage and justice
    2. The relation of temperance to knowledge and prudence: the determination of the mean of temperance
    3. Temperance and continence: the counterfeits of temperance
  2. The varieties of intemperance: the related vices of sensuality, abstemiousness, cruelty, curiosity, inordinate desire
  3. Temperance in relation to duty or happiness
  4. The cultivation of temperance: the training of a temperate character
  5. The social aspects of temperance
    1. The temperance of rulers and citizens: intemperate conduct as inimical to the common good
    2. The temperance of a people: luxurious indulgences; the intemperance of the mob
    3. Laws concerning temperance: the extent to which the sphere of temperance can be regulated by law
  6. The extremes of temperance and intemperance
    1. Asceticism: heroic temperance
    2. The dionysiac spirit: the cult of pleasure

Theology[edit]

Topics

  1. The subject matter of theology: the scope of its inquiry; the range of its problems
    1. The distinction between natural and sacred theology: its relation to the distinction be- tween reason and faith
  2. Theology as a philosophical discipline
    1. Natural theology in relation toother parts of philosophy : philosophic* prima, meta- physics, natural philosophy
    2. The distinction between speculative and moral theology: theology as a work of the practical reason
    3. The limitations of speculative theology : the insoluble mysteries or antinomies
  3. Sacred theology: faith seeking understanding
    1. The relation of sacred theology to philosophy: theology as the queen of the sci- ences
    2. The principles of sacred theology: revealed truth; articles of faith; interpretation of Scripture
    3. The roles of reason and authority in the development of sacred doctrine: theologi- cal argument and proof
    4. Sacred theology as a speculative and practical science
    5. The nature and forms of theological heresy
  4. Criticisms of theology: the dogmatic, sophistical, or over-dialectical character of theo- logical controversy

Time[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature of time: time as duration or as the measure of motion; time as a continuous quantity; absolute and relative time
  2. The distinction between time and eternity: the eternity of endless time distinguished from the eternity of timclessness and immutability
    1. Aeviternity as intermediate between time and eternity
    2. Arguments concerning the infinity of time and the eternity of motion or the world
    3. The creation of time: the priority of eternity to time; the immutability of the world after the end of time
  3. The mode of existence of time
    1. The parts of time: its division into past, present, and future
    2. The reality of the past and the future in relation to the existence of the present
    3. The extent of the present moment: instantaneity
  4. The measurement of time: sun, stars, and clocks
  5. Temporal relationships: time as a means of ordering
    1. Simultaneity or coexistence: the simultaneity of cause and effect, action and pas- sion, knowledge and object known
    2. Succession or priority and posteriority: the temporal order of cause and effect, potentiality and actuality
    3. Succession and simultaneity in relation to the association of ideas
    4. Comparison of temporal with non-temporal simultaneity and succession: the prior in thought, by nature, or in origin
  6. The knowledge of time and the experience of duration
    1. The perception of time by the interior senses: the difference between the experi- ence and memory of time intervals
    2. Factors influencing the estimate of time elapsed: empty and filled time; illusions of time perception; the variability of experienced durations
    3. Time as a transcendental form of intuition: the a priori foundations of arithmetic; the issue concerning innate and acquired time perception
    4. The signifying of time: the distinction between noun and verb; the tenses of the verb
    5. Knowledge of the past: the storehouse of memory; the evidences of the past in physical traces or remnants
    6. Knowledge of the future: the truth of propositions about future contingents; the probability of predictions
  7. The temporal course of the passions: emotional attitudes toward time and mutability
  8. Historical time
    1. Prehistoric and historic time: the antiquity of man
    2. The epochs of history: myths of a golden age; the relativity of modernity

Truth[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature of truth
    1. The signs or criteria of truth: methods of verification
    2. The relation between truth and being or reality
    3. The relation of truth, goodness, and beauty
  2. The modes of truth and falsity
  3. The distinction between truth and falsity in the mind and in things: logical and ontological truth
    1. The distinction between truth of statement and truth of signification: the distinc- tion between real and verbal truth
    2. The distinction between theoretical and practical truth: conformity to existence and conformity to right desire
    3. The comparison of human and divine truth: finite truths and the infinite truth
    4. The distinction between truth and probability: its relation to the distinction be- tween knowledge and opinion
  4. Truth and error in relation to human knowing and learning
    1. Truth in the apprehensions of the sensitive faculty
      1. The truth of sensations: judgments of perception
      2. Truth in the memory and imagination
    2. Truth in the acts of the mind
      1. The truth of ideas: concepts and definitions
      2. The truth of propositions: the special problem of judgments about future contingencies
      3. Truth in reasoning: the truth of premises in relation to the truth of conclu- sions; logical validity and truth about reality
    3. The principle of contradiction as the foundation of truth in judgment and in reasoning
    4. The nature and causes of error
      1. The infallibility of the senses and the mind: the respects in which they are incapable of error
      2. The nature and sources of error in human perception and thought: the dis- tinction between error and ignorance
      3. Rules for the correction or prevention of error in thought
  5. Comparison of the various disciplines with respect to truth
    1. Truth in science and religion: the truth of reason and the truth of faith
    2. Truth in science and poetry: the truth of fact and the truth of fiction
    3. Truth in metaphysics, mathematics, and the empirical sciences: the truth of prin- ciples, hypotheses, and conclusions in the several speculative disciplines
    4. Truth and probability in rhetoric and dialectic
  6. The eternal verities and the mutability of truth
  7. The accumulation or accretion of truth, and the correction of error, in the progress of human learning
  8. The skeptical denial of truth
    1. The impossibility of knowing the truth: the restriction of all human judgments to degrees of probability; the denial of axioms and of the possibility of demon- stration
    2. The defense of truth against the skeptic
  9. The moral and political aspect of truth
    1. Prevarication and perjury: the injustice of lying or bearing false witness
    2. The expediency of the political lie
    3. Truth in relation to love and friendship: the pleasant and the unpleasant truth
    4. Civil liberty as a condition for discovering the truth: freedom of thought and dis-
    5. The love of truth and the duty to seek it: the moral distinction between the soph- ist and the philosopher; martyrdom to the truth

Tyranny and Despotism[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature and origin of tyranny
    1. The lawlessness of tyrannical rule: might without right
    2. The injustice of tyrannical government: rule for self-interest
    3. Usurpation: the unauthorized seizure of power
    4. The character of the tyrannical man: the friends of the tyrant
  2. Tyranny as the corruption of other forms of government
    1. The perversion of monarchy: the tyrannical king
    2. The degeneration of oligarchy: the tyranny of the wealthy
    3. The corruption of democracy: the tyranny of the masses or of the majority; the rise of the demagogue
  3. The choice between tyranny or despotism and anarchy
  4. The nature and effects of despotism
    1. The relation of despotism to tyranny and monarchy: the benevolence of despots
    2. The comparison of paternal and despotic dominion: the justification of absolute rule by the incapacity of the ruled for self-government
  5. The contrast between despotic and constitutional government: government by men and government by laws
    1. Despotic and constitutional government with respect to political liberty and equality: the rights of the governed
    2. Despotic and constitutional government with respect to juridical defenses against misgovernment, or redress for grievances through due process of law
    3. The location of sovereignty in despotic and constitutional government: the sov- ereign person, the sovereign office, the sovereign people
    4. The analogues of despotic and constitutional rule in the relation of the powers of the soul: the tyranny of the passions
  6. Imperial rule as despotic, and as tyrannical or benevolent: the government of con- quered peoples or colonies
  7. The ways of tyrants or despots to attain and maintain power
  8. The fate of tyrants: revolutions for liberty and justice against tyranny and despotism; tyrannicide

Universal and Particular[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The distinction and relation between universal and particular: essence and individual, whole and part, class and member, one and many, same and other, the common and the unique
  2. The problem of the universal
    1. The reality of universals: their actual existence as separate forms, or their poten- tial existence in the forms of things
    2. Universals as abstractions or concepts in the human mind
    3. The reduction of universals or abstractions to the meaning of general or common names
  3. The problem of the individual: the principle of individuality; the concrete universal
  4. Universals and particulars in the order of knowledge
    1. Universals as objects of knowledge: the intuitive or reflexive apprehension of uni- versals
    2. Universals in relation to the angelic intellect and the divine mind
    3. The abstraction of universal concepts from the particulars of sense
    4. The distinction between particular and universal in relation to the distinction be- tween percept and concept, or between image and idea
    5. The inadequacy of our knowledge of individuals: their indefinability
    6. The generality of science: the universality of its principles
  5. Universal and particular in relation to grammar and logic
    1. The distinction between proper and common names
    2. The classification of universals: their intension and extension; their degrees of generality
    3. Particulars and universals in predications or judgments: the quantity of proposi- tions; the universal, the particular, and the singular judgment
    4. Rules concerning the universality and particularity of premises in reasoning: the quantity of the conclusion in relation to the quantity of the premises
  6. Applications of the distinction between universal and particular
    1. Particular and universal in the analysis of matter and form
    2. Universal and particular causes
    3. The universality of law and particular dispensations of equity
  7. Universality and particularity in relation to the distinction between the objective and the subjective, the absolute and the relative
    1. The issue concerning the universality of truth
    2. The issue concerning the universality of moral principles
    3. The issue concerning the universality of aesthetic standards: the subjective uni- versal

Virtue and Vice[edit]

Topics

  1. Diverse conceptions of virtue
    1. The relation between knowledge and virtue
    2. The unity of virtue and the plurality of virtues
    3. The doctrine of virtue as a mean between the extremes of vice
    4. Virtue as an intrinsic good: its relation to happiness
    5. The distinction between virtue and continence: the consequences of the theory of virtue as habit
  2. The classification of the virtues: the correlative vices
    1. The division of virtues according to the parts or powers of the soul: the distinc- tion between moral and intellectual virtue; the theory of the cardinal virtues
      1. Enumeration and description of the moral virtues
      2. Enumeration and description of the intellectual virtues
    2. The distinction between natural and supernatural virtues
    3. The appearances of virtue: imperfect or conditional virtues; the counterfeits of virtue; natural or temperamental dispositions which simulate virtue
  3. The order and connection of the virtues
    1. The equality and inequality of the virtues: the hierarchy of virtue and the de- grees of vice
    2. The independence or interdependence of the virtues
  4. The natural causes or conditions of virtue
    1. Natural endowments: temperamental dispositions toward virtue or vice; the seeds or nurseries of virtue
    2. The role of teaching in the spheres of moral and intellectual virtue
    3. Training or practice as cause of virtue or vice: the process of habit formation
    4. The role of the family and the state in the development of moral virtue
      1. The influence of parental authority on the formation of character
      2. The moral use of rewards and punishments: the role of precept and counsel, praise and blame
      3. The guidance of laws and customs: the limits of positive law with respect to commanding virtue and prohibiting vice
      4. The influence on moral character of poetry, music, and other arts: the guidance of history and example
    5. The moral quality of human acts
      1. The distinction between human or moral acts and the nonvoluntary or reflex acts of a man
      2. The criteria of goodness and evil in human acts
      3. Circumstances as affecting the morality of human acts
  5. Psychological factors in the formation of moral virtue
    1. The emotions and pleasure and pain as the matter of virtue: the role of desire or appetite
    2. Deliberation and judgment in the formation of virtue: the role of reason
    3. Intention and choice as conditions of virtue: the role of will
  6. Virtue in relation to other moral goods or principles
    1. Duty and virtue
    2. The relation of virtue to pleasure
    3. The relation of virtue to wealth
    4. Virtue and honor
    5. Virtue in relation to friendship and love
  7. The role of virtue in political theory
    1. The cultivation of virtue as an end of government and the state
    2. Civic virtue: the virtue of the good citizen compared with the virtue of the good man
    3. The aristocratic principle: virtue as a condition of citizenship or public office
    4. The virtues which constitute the good or successful ruler: the vices associated with the possession of power
  8. The religious aspects of virtue and vice
    1. The moral consequences of original sin
    2. The influence of religion on moral character: the indispensability of divine grace for the acquisition of natural virtue by fallen man
    3. The divine reward of virtue and punishment of vice: here and hereafter
    4. The theory of the theological virtues
      1. Faith and disbelief
      2. I lope and despair
      3. Charity and the disorder of love
    5. The infused virtues and the moral and intellectual gifts
    6. The qualities which flow from charity: humility, mercy, chastity, obedience
    7. The vows and practices of the monastic life in relation to virtue
  9. The advance or decline of human morality

War and Peace[edit]

Topics

  1. War as the reign offeree: the state of war and the state of nature
  2. The kinds of war
    1. , Civil war and war between states or international war
    2. Religious wars: the defense and propagation of the faith
    3. The class war: the conflict of economic groups
  3. The rights of war
    1. The distinction between just and unjust warfare: wars of defense and wars of conquest
    2. Justice and expediency in relation to the initiation and prosecution of a war: laws governing the conduct of warfare
  4. The causes or occasions of war
    1. The precipitation of war between states: remote and proximate causes; real and apparent causes
    2. The factors responsible for civil strife
  5. The effects of war
    1. The moral consequences of war: its effects on the happiness and virtue of men and on the welfare of women and children
    2. The political consequences of war: its effects on different forms of government
    3. The economic consequences of war: the cost of war and the by-products of war
  6. The conception of war as a political means or instrument
    1. Conquest, empire, political expansion as ends of war
    2. Liberty, justice, honor, peace as ends of war
  7. The inevitability of war: the political necessity of military preparations
  8. The desirability of war: its moral and political benefits
  9. The folly and futility of war
  10. The military arts and the military profession: their role in the state
    1. The formation of military policy: the relation between the military and the statesman or prince
    2. Different types of soldiery: mercenaries, volunteers, conscripts, militia
    3. The military virtues: the qualities of the professional soldier; education for war
    4. The principles of strategy and tactics: the military genius
    5. The rise of naval power and its role in war
    6. The development of weapons: their kinds and uses
    7. The making of truces or alliances as a military device
  11. The nature, causes, and conditions of peace
    1. Law and government as indispensable conditions of civil peace: the political com- munity as the unit of peace
    2. Justice and fraternity as principles of peace among men
    3. International law and international peace: treaties, alliances, and leagues as in- strumentalities of international peace
    4. World government and world peace

Wealth[edit]

See also:

Topics

  1. The elements of wealth: the distinction between natural and artificial wealth; the dis- tinction between the instruments of production and consumable goods
  2. The acquisition and management of wealth in the domestic and tribal community
  3. The production of wealth in the political community
    1. Factors in productivity: natural resources, raw materials, labor, tools and ma- chines, capital investments
    2. The use of land: kinds of land or real estate; the general theory of rent
    3. Agricultural production: the produce of land
    4. Industrial production: domestic, guild, and factory systems of manufacturing
  4. The exchange of wealth or the circulation of commodities: the processes of commerce or trade
    1. The forms of value: the distinction between use-value and exchange-value
    2. Types of exchange: barter economies and money economies
    3. Rent, profit, wages, interest as the elements of price: the distinction between the real and the nominal price and between the natural and the market price of commodities
    4. The source of value: the labor theory of value
    5. Causes of the fluctuation of market price: supply and demand
    6. The consequences of monopoly and competition
    7. Commerce between states: tariffs and bounties; free trade
  5. Money
    1. The nature of money as a medium or instrument of exchange, and as a measure of equivalents in exchange
    2. Monetary standards: the coining or minting of money; good and bad money
    3. The price of money: the exchange rate of money as measured in terms of other commodities
    4. The institution and function of banks: monetary loans, credit, the financing of capitalistic enterprise
    5. The rate of interest on money: the condemnation of usury
  6. Capital
    1. Comparison of capitalist production with other systems of production: the social utility of capital
    2. Theories of the nature, origin, and growth of capital stock: thrift, savings, ex- cesses beyond the needs of consumption, expropriation
    3. Types of capital: fixed and circulating, or constant and variable capital
    4. Capital profits
      1. The distinction of profit from rent, interest, and wages
      2. The source of profit: marginal or surplus value; unearned increment and the exploitation of labor
      3. Factors determining the variable rate of capital profit
      4. The justification of profit: the reward of enterprise and indemnification for risk of losses
    5. The recurrence of crises in the capitalist economy: depressions, unemployment, the diminishing rate of profit
  7. Property
    1. The right of property: the protection of property as the function of government
    2. Kinds of economic property
      1. Chattel slaves as property
      2. Property in land
      3. Property in capital goods and in monetary wealth
    3. The uses of property: for production, consumption, or exchange
    4. The ownership of property: possession or title; the legal regulation of property
      1. Private ownership: partnerships, joint-stock companies
      2. Government ownership: eminent domain
    5. The inheritance of property: laws regulating inheritance
  8. The distribution of wealth : the problem of poverty
    1. The sharing of wealth: goods and lands held in common; public ownership of the means of production
    2. The division of common goods into private property: factors influencing the increase and decrease of private property
    3. The causes of poverty: competition, incompetence, indigence, expropriation, unemployment; the poverty of the proletariat as dispossessed of the instru- ments of production
    4. Laws concerning poverty: the poor laws, the dole
  9. Political economy: the nature of the science of economics
    1. Wealth as an element in the political common good
    2. Factors determining the prosperity or opulence of states: fluctuations in na- tional prosperity
    3. Diverse economic programs for securing the wealth of nations: the physiocratic, the mercantilist, and the laissez-faire systems
    4. Governmental regulation of production, trade, or other aspects of economic life
    5. The economic support of government and the services of government
      1. The charges of government: the cost of maintaining its services; elements in the national budget
      2. Methods of defraying the expenses of government: taxation and other forms of levy or impost; confiscations, seizures, and other abuses of taxation
    6. Wealth or property in relation to different forms of government
    7. Wealth and poverty in relation to crime and to war between states
    8. The struggle of economic classes for political power
  10. The moral aspects of wealth and poverty
    1. The nature of wealth as a good: its place in the order of goods and its relation to happiness
    2. Natural limits to the acquisition of wealth by individuals: the distinction between necessities and luxuries
    3. Temperance and intemperance with respect to wealth: liberality, magnificence, miserliness, avarice
    4. The principles of justice with respect to wealth and property: fair wages and prices
    5. The precepts of charity with respect to wealth
      1. Almsgiving to the needy and the impoverished
      2. The religious vow of poverty: voluntary poverty
      3. The choice between God and Mammon: the love of money as the root of all evil
  11. Economic determinism: the economic interpretation of history
  12. Economic progress: advances with respect to both efficiency and justice

Will[edit]

Topics

  1. The existence and nature of will: its relation to reason or mind and to desire or emotion
  2. The analysis of the power and acts of the will
    1. The objects of the will: the scope of its power
    2. The motivation of the will
      1. The rational determination of the will's acts by judgments concerning good and evil or by the moral law
      2. The sensitive determination of the will's acts by estimations of benefit and harm, or pleasure and pain: the impulsion of the passions
    3. The acts of the will I0 gg
      1. The classification and order of the will's acts: means and ends
      2. The several acts of the will with respect to ends: their antecedents and con- sequences
      3. The several acts of the will with respect to means: their antecedents and consequences
  3. The functioning of will in human conduct and thought
    1. The role of the will in behavior
      1. The distinction between the voluntary and the involuntary: the conditions of voluntariness; comparison of men and animals with respect to volun- tary behavior I0 g
      2. The range of purposive conduct: the relation of habit and instinct to the voluntary
    2. The role of the will in thought
      1. The distinction between knowledge and opinion in relation to the willful in thought: the will to believe and wishful thinking
      2. The will as cause of error
      3. Religious faith as dependent on an act of will or practical reason
  4. The divine will
    1. The relation of the divine will and intellect
    2. The freedom of the divine will: the divine will in relation to the possible and the impossible
  5. The freedom of the will
    1. Interpretations of the meaning of free will
      1. The freedom of the will as consisting in a freely determined choice or a free judgment of the reason
      2. The freedom of the will as consisting in the freedom of a man to act or not to act: freedom from external constraints or coercions
      3. The freedom of the will as consisting in a totally uncaused or spontaneous act
      4. The freedom of the will as the autonomy of the reason legislating for itself: the identity of pure will and free will
    2. Arguments for the freedom of the will
      1. Man's immediate consciousness of his freedom of choice: reason's reflexive knowledge of its autonomy
      2. The freedom of the will as deriving from the indetermination of practical reason judging particular goods
      3. The deduction of free will from the moral law or from the fact of pure practical reason
      4. Free will as a pragmatic option: the postuiation of free will as an indis- pensable condition of moral responsibility and action
    3. Arguments against the freedom of the will : free will as a violation of the course of nature or the reign of causality; the impossibility of proving free will
  6. The analysis of the will's range of freedom
    1. The limitations on the freedom of the will: the distinction between acts of the will which are necessitated and acts of the will which are free
    2. The distinction between the will's freedom of exercise and the will's freedom of choice
    3. The distinction between voluntary behavior and behavior resulting from free choice: comparison of men and animals with respect to freedom
  7. The implications of free will
    1. Free will as a source of human dignity: its relation to slavery and civil liberty
    2. The factors of freedom and necessity in the philosophy of history
    3. Human freedom in relation to the will of God: fate, predestination, and provi- dence
    4. God as the object of the human will: the quiescence of the will in the beatific vision
    5. Free will in relation to sin and salvation
      1. The freedom to sin: Adam's freedom and the freedom of fallen human nature
      2. The relation of freedom to grace
  8. The will as a factor in morality and in society
    1. The inviolability of the will: its freedom from external compulsions or constraints
    2. The goodness or malice of the will
      1. The conditions of the will's rectitude or disorder
      2. A good will as the exclusive or principal human good
    3. The will and virtue: justice and charity as habits of the will
    4. The will and duty: the categorical imperative
    5. The will and right: the harmony of individual wills in external practical relations
  9. Differences among men in the sphere of will
    1. The distinction between men of strong and weak will: cultivation of will power
    2. The pathology of the will: indecision, obsession, compulsion, inhibition
  10. Will as a term in political theory
    1. The sovereign will: the will of the people; the will of the majority
    2. The relation of law to will
    3. The general will, particular wills, the will of each, and the will of all noo

Wisdom[edit]

Topics

  1. The nature, origins, and kinds of wisdom
    1. Diverse conceptions of natural wisdom: the supreme form of human knowledge
    2. The distinction between speculative and practical wisdom, or between philo- sophical and political wisdom
    3. Theological and mystical wisdom: the supernatural wisdom of faith and vision; the gift of wisdom
    4. The wisdom of God: the defect of human wisdom compared with divine wisdom; the folly or vanity of worldly wisdom
  2. Wisdom, virtue, and happiness
    1. Wisdom as an intellectual virtue: its relation to other intellectual virtues, espe- cially science and understanding; the vice or sin of folly
    2. Wisdom and man's knowledge of good and evil: the relation of wisdom to the moral virtues
    3. Wisdom as a good: its role in the happy life; the place of the wise man in society
  3. The love of wisdom and the steps to wisdom: the sophist, the philosopher, and the wise man
  4. The praise of folly: the wisdom of fools and innocents

World[edit]

Topics

  1. Diverse conceptions of the universe
    1. The universe as a living organism: the doctrine of the world soul
    2. The universe as a machine: the system of its moving parts
    3. The universe as an ordered community of beings diverse in kind: eternal law and divine government
  2. The universe and man: macrocosm and microcosm
  3. The universe and God: divine immanence and transcendence
    1. The unity of God and the world: the distinction between natura naturans and natura naturata
    2. The duality of God and the world: the distinction between Creator and creature
  4. The origin of the world: cosmos out of chaos
    1. The denial of ultimate origins: the eternity of the world and its motions without beginning or end
    2. Myths or hypotheses concerning the world's origin by artistic production: the demiurge, the creative ideas, the receptacle
    3. The formation of the world by a fortuitous concourse of atoms
    4. The emanation of the world from the One
    5. The creation of the world ex nihilo
      1. The distinction between creation and motion, generation, and artistic pro- duction
      2. The problem of time and eternity in relation to creation: the conservation of creatures in time
      3. The revelation and dogma of creation: interpretations of Genesis i; the work of the six days
  5. The number of worlds: the uniqueness of this world; the possibility or actuality of other worlds
  6. The structure of the world
    1. The parts and places of the world: the uniformity of the matter of the world
    2. The diversity, inequality, and hierarchy of things
    3. The rationality or intelligibility of the universe
    4. The goodness and beauty of the universe: its evil and imperfections
  7. The space of the world: astronomical theories concerning the size or extent of the universe
  8. The end of the world

References[edit]

External links[edit]

First submit of list of syntopicon topics[edit]


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