History of Modern Hindi Poetry
Modern Period From 1850 In this era of Hindi literature the seeds of nationalism were beginning to germinate in India. Freedom Struggle was fought and won. Printing was invented, means of transport became a part of common man's life, various means of mass communication were developed, radio, TV and newspapers became a part of every household and education was a fundamental right of every person. All these circumstances inevitably had an impact on Hindi literature. Hindi verse literature of the modern period passed through several stages of development in the last century. In which many thought streams developed very rapidly. Where in poetry it was known by these names Chhayavadi Era, Progressive Era, Experimental Era, New Kavita Era and Sadotri Poetry, the poetry before Chhayavad Bhartendu Harishchandra era and Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi era was further divided into two yugas. There are special reasons for this as well.
Poems of Bharatendu Harishchandra era (1850-1900)[edit]
Bhartendu Harishchandra has had a profound influence on the poems from 1850 to 1900 AD. He is the father of modern Hindi literature. He tried to give a moving form to the language. The combination of old and new is targeted in your poetry. Devotional, ritualistic traditions can be seen in your poetry, so modern new ideas and expressions are also found in your poems. You have composed devotional-pradhan, makeup-prime, country-love-pradhan and social-problem-oriented poems. You tried to take Hindi poetry from Brajbhasha to Khariboli. There are many other great personalities in your era who enriched Hindi literature in various ways. The main poets of this period are-
- Bhartendu Harishchandra
- Pratap Narayan Mishra
- Badrinarayan Choudhary 'Premghan'
- Radhacharan Goswami
- Ambika Dutt Vyas
Poetry of Pt. Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi era (1900-1920)[edit]
The two decades after 1900 Pt Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi had a full impact. That is why this era is called Dwivedi-yuga. 'Saraswati' As the editor of the magazine, you dominated the entire Hindi literature at that time. Due to your inspiration, Braj-Bhasha moved away from Hindi poetry and Khari Boli took its place. You worked very hard to make the language stable, refined and grammatically correct. From the point of view of poetry, it was a chronicle era. Idealism prevailed. India's bright past, patriotism, social reform, self-language-love etc. were the main themes of the poem. Due to the ethical ideology, the description of makeup became limited. The development of fiction and poetry is the specialty of this era. The language remained rough and simple. The qualities of sweetness and simplicity were yet to come in Khadi-Boli. Sarvashri Maithilisharan Gupta, Ayodhyasinh Upadhyay 'Hariudh', Sridhar Pathak, Ramanresh Tripathi etc. are the famous poets of this era. Jagannathdas 'Ratnakar' In this era, he produced melodious compositions in Braj Bhasha. Major poets of this era
- Ayodhya Singh Upadhyay 'Hariudh'
- Ramcharit Upadhyay
- Jagannath Das Ratnakar
- Gaya Prasad Shukla 'Sanehi'
- Sridhar Pathak
- Ram Naresh Tripathi
- Maithilisharan Gupta
- Lochan Prasad Pandey
- Siyaramsharan Gupta
Poetry of Chhayavadi era (1920-1936)[edit]
Around 1920, there was a flurry of imaginative, spontaneous and sentimental poems in Hindi. It was influenced by the Romanticism of Europe. There was newness in it in all respects, style, verses, ornamentation. This poem, which became popular after India's political independence, was named by critics as Chhayavadi Era. Chhayavadi poets were heavily criticized at that time, but today it is an indisputable fact that the best achievement of modern Hindi poetry was done by the poets of this time. Jaishankar Prasad, Nirala, Sumitranandan Pant, Mahadevi Varma are the main poets of this era.
Post-Chhayavad Era-(1936-1943)[edit]
This period has been a period of great upheaval in Indian politics. Many ideologies and movements, national and international, had an impact on the poetry of this period. The poetry of this period is also influenced to a great extent by the horrific consequences of the Second World War. In conclusion, various types of poems were written in this period like Nationalist, Gandhian, Revolutionary, Progressive, Realist, Halavadi etc. The main poets of this period are-
- Makhan Lal Chaturvedi
- Balkrishna Sharma 'New'
- Subhadra Kumari Chauhan
- Ramdhari Singh Dinkar'
- Harivanshrai Bachchan'
- Bhagwati Charan Verma
- Narendra Sharma
- Rameshwar Shukla 'Zone'
- Shivmangal Singh Suman'
- Nagarjuna
- Kedarnath Agarwal
- trilochan
- Rangeya Raghav
Poetry of Progressive Era (1936)[edit]
Chhayavadi poetry remained among the intellectuals. This could not become the voice of the people. Social and political movements did not have a direct impact on the poetry of this era. Socialist ideology was spreading rapidly in the world. Public opinion began to form against the exploitation of the proletariat. Its reflection also fell on Hindi poetry and the progressive era of Hindi literature was born. Hindi poetry after 1930 is influenced by such progressive ideology. In 1936, the Progressive Movement inspired by Marxist ideology began in Hindi literature with the formation of the "Pragatijiti Writers' Association". Its most far-reaching impact was on Hindi criticism. Marxist critics reevaluated the entire history of Hindi literature from the point of view of class-struggle. Started trying. Along with the progressive poets Nagarjuna, Kedarnath Agrawal and Trilochan, the poets of new poetry Muktibodh and Shamsher are also kept.
Experimentalism - Poetry of the New Poetry Age (1943-1960)[edit]
After the Second World War, a wave of great despair and depression spread throughout the world. It also had an impact on literature. 'Tar Saptak' was published in 1943 under the editing of 'Ajneya'. Since then there is a belief that Experimental era was born in Hindi poetry. The developed form of this is called new poem. Objections of indolence, despair, frustration, individuality, verselessness have also been made on this poem. In fact new poetry is a reflection of new interest. The main poets of this stream are-
- agnostic,
- Girijakumar Mathur,
- Prabhakar Machwe,
- Bharat Bhushan Agarwal,
- Bihari Red Harit,
- liberation[disambiguation needed],
- Shamsher Bahadur Singh,
- Dharmaveer Bharti,
- Naresh Mehta,
- Raghuvir Sahay,
- Jagdish Gupta,
- Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena,
- Kunwar Narayan,
- Kedar Nath Singh.
In this way modern Hindi Khari Boli poetry has also achieved high peaks of achievement in a short time. Kya Prabandha Kavya, Kya Muktak Kavya, both Hindi poetry has got beautiful compositions. Hindi has also got many beautiful compositions in the field of geet-poetry. The variety of sizes and types always attracts our attention. Appreciable work has also been done in the fields of music, metaphor, song and drama etc. In the external and internal forms of poetry, the new experiments which are being done regularly, they are a sign of the vitality and vigor of Hindi poetry.
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