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List of largest stars

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Relative sizes of the planets in the Solar System and several well-known stars:

Below is a list of the largest stars currently known, ordered by radius. The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun (approximately 695,700 km; 432,300 mi).[1]

The angular diameters of stars can be measured directly using stellar interferometry. Other methods can use lunar occultations or from eclipsing binaries, which can be used to test indirect methods of finding stellar radii. Only a few useful supergiant stars can be occulted by the Moon, including Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A). Examples of eclipsing binaries are Epsilon Aurigae (Almaaz), VV Cephei, and V766 Centauri (HR 5171). Angular diameter measurements can be inconsistent because the boundary of the very tenuous atmosphere (opacity) differs depending on the wavelength of light in which the star is observed.

Uncertainties remain with the membership and order of the lists, especially when deriving various parameters used in calculations, such as stellar luminosity and effective temperature. Often stellar radii can only be expressed as an average or be within a large range of values. Values for stellar radii vary significantly in different sources and for different observation methods.

All the sizes stated in these lists have inaccuracies and may be disputed. The lists are still a work in progress and parameters are prone to change.

Caveats[edit]

Various issues exist in determining accurate radii of the largest stars, which in many cases do display significant errors. The following list is generally based on various considerations or assumptions; these include:

  • Stellar radii or diameters are usually derived only approximately using Stefan–Boltzmann law for the deduced stellar luminosity and effective surface temperature.
  • Stellar distances, and their errors, for most stars, remain uncertain or poorly determined.
  • Many supergiant stars have extended atmospheres, and many are within opaque dust shells, making their true effective temperatures and surfaces highly uncertain.[citation needed]
  • Many extended supergiant atmospheres also significantly change in size over time, regularly or irregularly pulsating over several months or years as variable stars. This makes adopted luminosities poorly known and may significantly change the quoted radii.
  • Other direct methods for determining stellar radii rely on lunar occultations or from eclipses in binary systems. This is only possible for a very small number of stars.
  • Most distance estimates for red supergiants come from stellar cluster or association membership, because it is difficult to calculate accurate distances for red supergiants that are not part of any cluster or association.
  • In this list are a few examples of extremely distant extragalactic stars, which may have slightly different properties and natures than the currently largest known stars in the Milky Way. For example, some red supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds are suspected to have slightly different limiting temperatures and luminosities. Such stars may exceed accepted limits by undergoing large eruptions or changing their spectral types over just a few months (or potentially years).[2][3]

List[edit]

The following list shows the largest known stars.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
List of the largest known stars in the Milky Way[lower-alpha 1]
Star name Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Method[lower-alpha 2] Notes
Orbit of Saturn 2,047–2,049.9[4][lower-alpha 3] Reported for reference
NML Cygni 1,075 to 2,796[5]
UY Scuti 1,708±192[6] AD The radius of UY Sct is more extreme than what current stellar evolution models predict. Two papers mention this extremity, and the reason for it is not yet clear.[7][5]
The above radii are larger than what stellar evolution theory predicts, and are thus potentially unreliable
WOH G64 1,540±77 Possibly the largest star known.[8]
Theoretical limit of star size (Milky Way) ~1,500[9] This value comes from the rough average radii of the three largest stars studied in the paper. It is consistent with the largest possible stellar radii predicted from the current evolutionary theory, and it is believed that stars above this radius would be too unstable and simply do not form.[9]
Reported for reference
VY Canis Majoris 1,420±120[10] AD The largest star in the Milky Way.[11]
S Persei 1,364[12]
VX Sagittarii 1,335±215[13] L/Teff
μ Cephei (Herschel's Garnet Star) 1,259–1,420[14]
IRC -10414 ~1,200[15] L/Teff
Orbit of Jupiter 1,114.5–1,115.8[4][lower-alpha 3] Reported for reference
V766 Centauri Aa 1,110±50[16] ? V766 Centauri Aa is a rare variable yellow supergiant.
VV Cephei A 1,000[17]
Rho Cassiopeiae 636–981[18]
Betelgeuse (α Orionis) 764+116
−62[19] 		? Tenth brightest star in the night sky.[20]
The following well-known stars are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Antares A (α Scorpii) 680[21] AD Fourteenth brightest star in the night sky.[20]
6 Geminorum (BU Geminorum) 670±134[9] L/Teff
TV Geminorum ~620–710[22] L/Teff
119 Tauri (CE Tauri) 587±85–593±86[23] AD
Mira A (ο Ceti) 541[24] L/Teff
V838 Monocerotis 464[25]–730[26] ? & AD
IK Tauri (NML Tauri) 451[24] L/Teff
Pistol Star (V4647 Sagittarii) 420[27] ?
Unurgunite (σ Canis Majoris) 420±84[9] L/Teff
Orbit of Mars 322–323.1[4][lower-alpha 3] Reported for reference
Rasalgethi A (α Herculis) 284±60 (264–303)[28] L/Teff
HR Carinae A 220±60[29] AD Blue supergiant with a red supergiant companion.
Wezen (δ Canis Majoris) 215±66[30] AD Thirty-sixth brightest star in the night sky.[20]
Orbit of Earth (~1 AU) 214[4][lower-alpha 3] Reported for reference
Deneb (α Cygni) 203±17[31] ? Eighteenth brightest star in the night sky.[20]
Orbit of Venus 158.6[4][lower-alpha 3] Reported for reference
Epsilon Aurigae (Almaaz) 143–358[32] Once thought to be the largest star. Reported for reference
Orbit of Mercury 82.9–84.6[4][lower-alpha 3] Reported for reference
Rigel (Beta Orionis) 78.9[33] Brightest star in the Orion constellation. Reported for reference
Canopus (Alpha Carinae) 73.3[34] 2nd brightest star in the night sky. Reported for reference
Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri) 45.1[35] Brightest star in the constellation Taurus. Reported for reference
R136a1 42.7[36] Most luminous star known. Reported for reference
Polaris Aa (Alpha Ursae Minoris Aa) 37.5[37] Current North Pole star. Reported for reference
Theta Scorpii (Sargas) 26[38] An oblate yellow-white supergiant star in the constellation Scorpius.[39] Reported for reference
Arcturus (Alpha Boötis) 25.4[40] Third brightest star, and brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere. Reported for reference
VV Cephei B 25[41] Companion star of the red supergiant VV Cephei A. Reported for reference
HDE 226868 20[42] Companion star of the black hole Cygnus X-1. Reported for reference
Beta Ursae Majoris (Merak) 3.021±0.038[43] One of the "pointer stars" in Ursa Major. Reported for reference
Vega (α Lyrae) 2.726±0.006 × 2.418±0.012[44] Fifth brightest star in the night sky.[20]Reported for reference
Sun 1 The largest object in the Solar System. Reported for reference

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ Currently only contains radii that are stated in the cited papers
  2. ↑ Methods for calculating the radius:
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 At the J2000 epoch

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Mamajek, E. E.; Prsa, A.; Torres, G.; Harmanec, P.; Asplund, M.; Bennett, P. D.; Capitaine, N.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Depagne, E.; Folkner, W. M.; Haberreiter, M. (October 2015). "IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties". arXiv:1510.07674.
  2. ↑ Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Meynet, Georges; Maeder, Andre (July 2006). "The Effective Temperatures and Physical Properties of Magellanic Cloud Red Supergiants: The Effects of Metallicity". The Astrophysical Journal. 645: 1102–1117. arXiv:astro-ph/0603596. Bibcode:2006ApJ...645.1102L. doi:10.1086/504417. ISSN 0004-637X.
  3. ↑ Ren, Yi; Jiang, Bi-Wei (July 2020). "On the Granulation and Irregular Variation of Red Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal. 898: 24. arXiv:2006.06605. Bibcode:2020ApJ...898...24R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9c17. ISSN 0004-637X.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "HORIZONS Web-Interface". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJS..257...42L/abstract
  6. ↑ Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Marcaide, J. M.; Hauschildt, P. H. (June 2013). "The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 554: A76. arXiv:1305.6179. Bibcode:2013A&A...554A..76A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220920. ISSN 0004-6361.
  7. ↑ Wittkowski, M.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J. M.; Abellan, F. J.; Chiavassa, A.; Guirado, J. C. (January 2017). "VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry of the late-type supergiants V766 Cen (=HR 5171 A), σ Oph, BM Sco, and HD 206859". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 597: A9. arXiv:1610.01927. Bibcode:2017A&A...597A...9W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629349. ISSN 0004-6361.
  8. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstx1101
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (August 2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not As Cool As We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal. 628: 973–985. arXiv:astro-ph/0504337. Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..973L. doi:10.1086/430901. ISSN 0004-637X.
  10. ↑ Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P. H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J. M. (April 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY Canis Majoris based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126. ISSN 0004-6361.
  11. ↑ https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.2400
  12. ↑ https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/225164189.pdf
  13. ↑ Xu, Shuangjing; Zhang, Bo; Reid, Mark J.; Menten, Karl M.; Zheng, Xingwu; Wang, Guangli (May 2018). "The Parallax of the Red Hypergiant VX Sgr with Accurate Tropospheric Delay Calibration". The Astrophysical Journal. 859: 14. arXiv:1804.00894. Bibcode:2018ApJ...859...14X. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabba6. ISSN 0004-637X.
  14. ↑ https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.04657
  15. ↑ Gvaramadze, V. V.; Menten, K. M.; Kniazev, A. Y.; Langer, N.; Mackey, J.; Kraus, A.; Meyer, D. M. -A.; Kamiński, T. (January 2014). "IRC -10414: a bow-shock-producing red supergiant star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 437: 843–856. arXiv:1310.2245. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437..843G. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1943. ISSN 0035-8711.
  16. ↑ van Genderen, A. M.; Lobel, A.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Henry, G. W.; De Jager, C.; Blown, E.; Di Scala, G.; Van Ballegoij, E. J. (2019). "Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A48. arXiv:1910.02460. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..48V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834358. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IBVS.6249....1P/abstract
  18. ↑ https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.02460
  19. ↑ Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken'ichi (October 2020). "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: New Mass and Distance Estimates for Betelgeuse through Combined Evolutionary, Asteroseismic, and Hydrodynamic Simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal. 902: 63. arXiv:2006.09837. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902...63J. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db. ISSN 0004-637X.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Hoffleit, D.; Warren, W. H., Jr. (November 1995). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: V/50. Bibcode:1995yCat.5050....0H.
  21. ↑ Ohnaka, K.; Hofmann, K. -H.; Schertl, D.; Weigelt, G.; Baffa, C.; Chelli, A.; Petrov, R.; Robbe-Dubois, S. (July 2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 555: A24. arXiv:1304.4800. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..24O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. ISSN 0004-6361.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named wasatonic
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named montargès-2
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 De Beck, E.; Decin, L.; De Koter, A.; Justtanont, K.; Verhoelst, T.; Kemper, F.; Menten, K. M. (2010). "Probing the mass-loss history of AGB and red supergiant stars from CO rotational line profiles. II. CO line survey of evolved stars: Derivation of mass-loss rate formulae". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 523: A18. arXiv:1008.1083. Bibcode:2010A&A...523A..18D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913771. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named kamiński
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ortiz-león
  27. ↑ Lau, R. M.; Herter, T. L.; Morris, M. R.; Adams, J. D. (2014). "Nature Versus Nurture: Luminous Blue Variable Nebulae in and Near Massive Stellar Clusters at the Galactic Center". The Astrophysical Journal. 785 (2): 120. arXiv:1403.5298. Bibcode:2014ApJ...785..120L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/120. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Khosroshahi, Habib; Wasatonic, Rick (December 2013). "The Age and Mass of the α Herculis Triple-star System from a MESA Grid of Rotating Stars with 1.3". The Astronomical Journal. 146: 148. arXiv:1308.1632. Bibcode:2013AJ....146..148M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/6/148. ISSN 0004-6256.
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named boffin
  30. ↑ Davis, J.; Booth, A. J.; Ireland, M. J.; Jacob, A. P.; North, J. R.; Owens, S. M.; Robertson, J. G.; Tango, W. J.; Tuthill, P. G. (October 2007). "The Emergent Flux and Effective Temperature of δ Canis Majoris". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 24: 151–158. arXiv:0709.3873. Bibcode:2007PASA...24..151D. doi:10.1071/AS07017. ISSN 1323-3580.
  31. ↑ Schiller, F.; Przybilla, N. (March 2008). "Quantitative spectroscopy of Deneb". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 479: 849–858. arXiv:0712.0040. Bibcode:2008A&A...479..849S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078590. ISSN 0004-6361.
  32. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F220%2F1%2F14
  33. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F747%2F2%2F108
  34. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202140478
  35. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201425519
  36. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstaa2801
  37. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstv412
  38. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20000451
  39. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00159-012-0051-2
  40. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F743%2F2%2F135
  41. ↑ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992A&AS...95..589H
  42. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2005.08796.x
  43. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F746%2F1%2F101
  44. ↑ Monnier, J. D.; Che, Xiao; Zhao, Ming; Ekström, S.; Maestro, V.; Aufdenberg, Jason; Baron, F.; Georgy, C.; Kraus, S.; McAlister, H.; Pedretti, E. (December 2012). "Resolving Vega and the Inclination Controversy with CHARA/MIRC". The Astrophysical Journal. 761: L3. arXiv:1211.6055. Bibcode:2012ApJ...761L...3M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/761/1/L3. ISSN 0004-637X.

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