North Kyrgyz Confederation
North Kyrgyz Confederation Kyrgyz: Түндүк-Кыргыз Конфедерациясы | |||||||||||
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 Atake Biy's seal
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.png) North Kyrgyz Confederation during the reign of Atake Biy | |||||||||||
| Status | Confederation | ||||||||||
| Capital |
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| Common languages | Kyrgyz language, Oirat language | ||||||||||
| Religion | Islam (Sunni) | ||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Kyrgyz | ||||||||||
| Government | Confederal, Unitary (in 1774-1780) | ||||||||||
| Supreme biy, khan | |||||||||||
• 1684-1758 | Mamatkul Biy | ||||||||||
• 1758-1760 | Cherikchi Biy | ||||||||||
• 1760-1770 | Jaiyl Biy | ||||||||||
• 1770-1780 | Sadyr Khan | ||||||||||
• 1780-1787 | Atake Biy | ||||||||||
• 1787-1810 | Esengul Biy | ||||||||||
• 1810-1830 | Bürgo Khan | ||||||||||
• 1830-1832 | Tailak Biy | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Uzbekistan | ||||||||||
The North Kyrgyz Confederation (Kyrgyz: Түндүк-Кыргыз Конфедерациясы) also known by the unofficial name Tagai Kyrgyz Confederation (Kyrgyz: Тагай-Кыргыз Конфедерациясы) or Burut Kyrgyz Confederation (Kyrgyz: Бурут-Кыргыз Конфедерациясы)[1][2] was a north Kyrgyz confederated state that was formed after the collapse of the Kyrgyz Confederation in 1684 and became part of the Khanate of Kokand in 1832.[3][4][5]
The confederation during its existence survived wars against the Dzungars, Chinese, Kazakhs and Kokand.[6] Changed its state structure from confederate to unitary and led the first contacts with Russia.[7]
History[edit]
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In 1684, after the collapse of the Kyrgyz Confederation, the Kyrgyz of the north created their own tribal union, headed by the "Supreme Biy". At that time, the Dzungars attacked the Kyrgyz, for this reason, they had to migrate to the Ferghana Valley. Together with the Kazakh efforts, they pushed the Dzungars out of their lands and the northern Kyrgyz could again migrate to their homeland.[9]
Reign of Mamatkul Biy[edit]
In 1683, when the Dzungar Khanate attacked the Kyrgyz tribes and drove them to the Ferghana Valley, the Kyrgyz were ruled by Kudayan Khan. Being a close relative of the khan, Mamatkul competed with him for power, and later acted as one of the candidates for the main role in the Horde. After After the death of Kudayan Khan, the northern tribes began to be ruled by the batyr Mamatkul, who took the title of "Supreme Biy". Under his leadership, the Kyrgyz, together with the Kazakhs, began a war against the Dzungars and after the death of the Dzungarian Khuntaiji Galdan Tseren, as a result of internal strife, one of the representatives was the noyon of Amursana, called for help the troops of the Qing Empire, the Dzungar Khanate fell.[10]
After the victory, the Kyrgyz, led by Mamatkul Biy, returned to their former territories.
Mamatkul Biy supported the theory that one tribe should rule the country, so he gave Issyk-Kul to his grandson Cherikchi, Chüy Valley to his relative Atake, and wanted to make his grandson Esengul his successor as the leader of all the Kyrgyz. However, after his death, Cherikchi Biy, a veteran of the war, was chosen as the Supreme Biy as an elder.[11]
Reign of Cherikchi Biy[edit]
During the reign of Mamatkul Biy, Cherikchi Biy led the first delegation to China and was received by Emperor Qianlong. The first delegation included: Nyshaa Batyr, Tülkü Biy, Sherbek Batyr and Cherikchi himself. Cherikchi Biy did not approve of the aggressive policy of China and in 1860, after the second embassy mission to China, dealt a crushing blow to the Chinese troops that invaded the territory of Issyk-Kul under the pretext of capturing the Dzungarian leaders. He expelled them from the Kyrgyz land.
After the death of Mamatkul Biy in 1858, the Aqsaqals proclaimed Cherikchi the Supreme Biy, but he did not last long and in 1860 transferred power to the next ruler.[12]
Reign of Jaiyl Biy[edit]
Jaiyl Biy was an experienced warrior, a competent commander and bore the honorary military title "Batyr". He had a well-deserved reputation as a wise and enterprising ruler, authoritative among other North Kyrgyz tribes. In addition, he was an excellent scout, knew all the Kalmak (Dzhungar) ayyls in the Chui valley and even the relationship of the Kalmaks (Dzhungars) with each other, which helped him a lot in the fight against the enemy.
In 1751, in the Suusamyr Valley, he created an army of 5 thousand soldiers and in the spring of the same year, three thousand soldiers of this military unit attacked the Kalmaks (Dzhungars) in Merki and dealt them such a blow that they could not withstand this onslaught and fled to the Issyk-Kul region. Since that time, the process of weakening and disintegration of the Dzungar Khanate began.
The young years of Jaiyl Biy coincided with the Dzungarian invasion, because of which he had to spend a lot of time in a foreign land. When he was in the Fergana Valley, Jaiyl Biy knew well the life of the settled population and farming methods. Upon returning to his native places, he passed this knowledge on to his relatives, urging them not to be limited to animal husbandry, but to join in arable farming, trade and settled life. He made sure that talented young people were sent to study in the large madrasahs of Bukhara and Tashkent. He organized a school where the teachers were mullahs from Andijan, Namangan and Kokand.
But the wars for statehood did not stop, and from 1759 border clashes with the Kazakhs began (1759, 1760, 1764, 1765, 1770, 1774 and 1779), as they claimed land, pastures and camps abandoned by the Dzungars.
In 1760, Cherikchi Biy voluntarily renounced power and the Aqsaqals chose Jaiyl as the next Supreme Biy.
During the reign of Jaiyl Biy, the border problem became a state problem. The Kyrgyz-Kazakh military coalition, which fought for more than 200 years against the Dzungars, was disbanded after fulfilling its duty, the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs began to quarrel over disputed border territories. The opposition (Atake Biy and Esengul Biy) proposed to resolve this issue through diplomacy, but the authorities preferred to punish those who attacked the border.
After long wars with the Kazakhs, Ablai Khan (the Kazakh ruler) invites Jaiyl Biy to Merki to sign a peace treaty. Arriving with three children, Ablai takes them prisoner and before his death, Jaiyl asks that they be buried together. In 1770, on a high hill, all four were carved up and buried together.[13]
Reign and reforms of Sadyr Khan[edit]
Sadyr Batyr was a fighter for the liberation of the Kyrgyz people, a military leader. For his brave and courageous deeds, already in his youth he received the rank of "Batyr". Sadyr Batyr took an active part in the Kyrgyz-Dzungarian wars and in the Kyrgyz-Kazakh wars. Together with Jaiyl Biy, he liberates the Chüy Valley from the Dzhungars and pursues them to the borders with China.
During the reign of Jaiyl Biy, Sadyr Biy, who was a relative of Jaiyl Biy and supported his rule, commanded troops in the Talas Valley and defeated the Kazakh Batyrs Japek, Abak and Kokzhal-Abak. He was a far-sighted military leader and foresaw the threat that hung over the Talas Valley, soon received the rank of "Er Sadyr".
After the death of Jaiyl Biy, Sadyr Batyr, who received the most votes, is elected the new Supreme Biy and continues the policy of Jaiyl Biy and tries to carry out some reforms. At first he wanted to radically change the state structure and declared himself a "Khan" in order to replace the confederal structure with a unitary one. He built a fortress called "Sadyr-Korgon" in the Talas valley and made it the capital of the state. He was motivated by the fact that the three Kazakh zhuzes at that time united around Ablai, and the beks of the cities of Ferghana united around Kokon Khan and they were getting stronger. However, this policy of Sadyr Khan was not supported by the Senior Biys of the valleys, except for Talas and Ketmen-Töbö, because their unlimited power in their valleys would be limited.
Sadyr Khan chose the path of punishment and war in the border issue and in 1777 captured the Kazakh city of Shymkent. In response, Ablai Khan gathers a large army and in the middle of 1779 there was a bloody fight. In this war, Ablai Khan managed to exert psychological pressure on the Kyrgyz through false information. He wrote a letter to the Russian Empire and asked for help from the Russians under the pretext of rescuing a Russian captain from Kyrgyz captivity. However, when he was not given permission, he found a Russian soldier who was on the run, added him to the Kazakh ambassadors with Russian clothes and weapons, sent him to the Kyrgyz and threatened that Russian troops would also come on the campaign. At this time, 500 Chinese soldiers who went on patrol to check the border of the Qing Empire were deceived by Ablai Khan that they were "going to the aid of the Kazakhs" and deceived the Kyrgyz. Believing this, the Kyrgyz Biys, without checking the information, decided to advance on the border with China. Therefore, when Esengul Batyr took part of his soldiers to Kashgar, and Atake Biy took his troops to the banks of the Ili River to block the Chinese army, the troops of Ablai Khan attacked the remaining troops of Sadyr Khan and the Kyrgyz were defeated. In 1880, Ablai takes Sadyr Khan and his son Doskula prisoner. An attempt to escape was unsuccessful and a battle ensued, where Sadyr and his sons died.[14]
Reign of Atake Biy and the first diplomatic relations with Russia[edit]
Atake Biy was at the head of the liberation of the Kyrgyz lands from the Dzungarian invasion in order to achieve the speedy return of the people to their native lands. Continuing the traditions of his ancestors, he united the northern Kyrgyz tribes, taught young men military affairs, thereby personally setting an example of military service to the Motherland, as a result of which he received the rank of "Batyr".
Atake Biy, together with other Batyrs, liberated the Kyrgyz lands from the Dzungarian invasion, took an active part in the Kyrgyz-Kazakh clashes. Together with Esengul Batyr remained in opposition when Sadyr Batyr declared himself khan and changed the structure of power.
After the death of Sadyr Khan, having received the most votes among the aqsaqals and senior biys, he becomes the Supreme Biy. Atake Biy immediately cancels all the reforms of the past ruler and, together with Esengul Biy, negotiates peace with the Kazakhs. In 1786, Atake Biy and Esengul Biy reached an agreement on reconciliation with the Kazakhs.
In 1785, Atake Biy, in connection with the threat of the disappearance of the Kyrgyz as an independent people, convenes a Kurultai, where it was decided to become a protectorate of Russia. Kurultai decided to send an ambassador to the White Tsar.
As ambassadors, they chose Abdrakhman Kuchak uulu and Shergazy, close to Atake Biy person.
In the spring of 1785, the ambassadors left the village of Atake Biy, and in the autumn of the same year they arrived in Siberia, which was part of Russia, and met in Omsk with the Governor-General. Having received permission to enter Saint Petersburg, the ambassadors set off on a long journey.
The ambassadors arrived at the royal palace on December 29, 1785. On March 15, 1786, they received an appointment with Empress Catherine II and on behalf of the Supreme Biy presented her with a gift - two horses, three leopard and five lynx dressed skins, one black-haired slave, and also handed over a letter. Catherine accepted the gifts, got acquainted with Biy's letter and granted him 600 silver rubles, Abdrakhman received 100 rubles and Shergazy 25 silver rubles. The envoys were handed a reply message written on behalf of the Empress. It reported that she was accepting Ataka Biy's offers of friendship.[15][16][17][18]
Reign of Esengul Biy[edit]
Esengul Biy, like previous rulers, took an active part in the liberation of northern Kyrgyzstan from the Dzungarian invaders, for which he received the military rank of "Batyr".
During the raids of Ablai Khan, in 1771, the sultan of the Kazakh Middle Zhuz, Kok-Zhal Barak, raided the Kyrgyz. Having penetrated into the Chui valley, he entered Kochkor through Shamshy. Esengul Batyr with his retinue defeated the 17,000-strong Kazakh army, and the Sultan himself was executed near Kochkor-Ata. To protect the border from the Kazakhs and save the khan, Esengul Batyr relocates Sadyr Khan from Ketmen-Töbö to Talas. In 1785-86, the Kazakh sultan Berdikozho attacked the Kyrgyz and again under the command of Esengul Batyr, the Kyrgyz army defeated the Kazakh army and Berdikozho died.
During the reign of Atake Biy, in 1786, an agreement on reconciliation was reached between the Kazakh sultan Kankozho and Esengul Batyr.
In 1787, after the death of Atake Biy, the Council of Senior Biys decided to appoint Esengul the Supreme Biy. The time of his reign is considered a period of peace and tranquility, agreements were reached with the Kazakhs and with the Khanate of Kokand.[19]
Tribal conflicts, reign of Bürgö Khan[edit]
In 1810, after the death of Esengul Biy, the confederate type of government began to crack. Frequent tribal conflicts began, sometimes turning into real wars. Bürgo Batyr, is proclaimed Khan from the Kushchu tribe, which causes anger among other northern tribes and does not recognize his authority. In fact, the Confederation is disintegrating, but due to the oppression of the Khanate of Kokand, it still exists to unite the tribes.
During the reign of Bürgo Khan, Kyrgyz-Kokand relations began to deteriorate, frequent skirmishes at the borders and cattle theft disturbed the Kyrgyz people. Raids began on the villages of the Chüy Valley. At that time, the tribes living on the border with the Kazakhs began to be at enmity with them. Bürgo Khan, who lived on the territory of the modern Merki District, initiated the laying of an irrigation canal, which was called the "Togondu Bürgo Channel" (Kyrgyz: Бүргөнүн Тогонду сайы).[20]
Kyrgyz-Kazakh campaigns[edit]
In the 1760s and 1770s, relations between the Kyrgyz and the Kazakhs became more complicated. Firstly, after the fall of the Dzungar Khanate, the Kazakhs also claimed the liberated lands of the Dzungars. Secondly, attacks began on the Kyrgyz tribes living on the border with the Kazakhs. Under these conditions, a series of military raids against each other began (1759, 1760, 1764, 1765, 1770, 1774 and 1779). These campaigns are documented, and A.I.Levshin writes about the first of them, referring to the report of the translator Gordeev (archive of the Orenburg Border Commission, 1760):
«In 1760, the Kyrgyz-Cossacks (Kazakhs) of the Middle Zhuz made a strong attack on the Buruts (Kyrgyz) and inflicted great damage on them; then they disturbed part of the newly conquered regions of China and carried away some of the inhabitants from them into captivity».
The first Kyrgyz-Kazakh clashes took place in the summer of 1759, when a 15,000-strong Kazakh army, led by Abulmechit and Khanbaba, undertook a campaign against the Kyrgyz plowmen of the Teyit tribal group living in Chatkal-Alai. How this campaign ended is unknown. But in the Kyrgyz sanjyra it is narrated that in 1760 a campaign against the Kazakhs was made by Sadyr Arzymat uulu (at that time Batyr) from the Sayak tribal group. In the same year, the Kazakhs, in turn, also organized a campaign against the Kyrgyz and inflicted great damage on them.
With the weakening of the danger of a Chinese invasion, the Kyrgyz-Kazakh campaigns resumed again.
In the autumn of 1764, the Kyrgyz made three campaigns against the Kazakhs and captured many Kazakhs of the Senior and Middle Zhuzs, who roamed in the Ili River valley. Sultan Ablai was also captured with 17 other sultans, whom Sadyr Batyr decides to execute, but Jaiyl Biy, as the Supreme Biy, insists on their release. In the same year, the sultans of the Middle Zhuz raided the Kyrgyz possessions in the Talas and Chüy valleys. They were stopped by the Talas Kyrgyz under the leadership of Karaboto Biy.
At the end of 1765, a small detachment of Kyrgyz under the command of Jamanak Batyr from the Sayak tribe made a campaign against the Kazakhs, who roamed in the valley of the Ili River. In response to this, the Kazakh sultans from the Middle Zhuz Barak and Ablai organized a campaign of 4-5 thousand troops against the Kyrgyz of the Chüy valley and Talas and pushed them back to the Kochkor area. But having been defeated, Ablai was captured for the second time. Having sworn an oath of non-aggression, however, having been released, he continued to raid Kyrgyz lands.
In 1770, Ablai, at the head of a 30,000-strong army, attacked the Kyrgyz of Talas and Chüy. In the memory of the people, the battle between the Kyrgyz and the Kazakhs was preserved under the name "battle of Jaiyl". Starting from Talas, Ablai reached Kara-Balta, then Sokuluk, robbing the inhabitants of the villages on the way. By this time, the Chüy tribes united under the leadership of Jaiyl Biy, gathered a large army and went to a decisive battle, which took place on the plain between the Ak-Suu and Kyz-Tuugan rivers, the right tributaries of the Chu river in its middle course. Two formidable armies in the valley converged and the horses rushed towards the enemy. Jaiyl and his sons Yson, Teke and Itike, Atake Biy, Bishkek Batyr, younger brother Momokon Batyr fought against the troops of Ablai Khan. The numerical superiority of the enemies in this battle was much higher and therefore they won. This battle is noted in the sources of academician V.Bartold and S.Walikhanov as "General battle or extermination of Jaiyl Biy".
Boundaries were established between the two peoples. Both sides pledged not to attack each other in the future.
Ablai invited Jaiyl together with his sons to a solemn ceremony on the occasion of the signing of peace between the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs, which depended only on the two of them. Jaiyl Biy understood that this was a trap, but he could not admit that because of this act there would be no peace between the two peoples. For this reason, he went, but before that he gave an order to his men in case he did not return. Taking with them three sons - Yson, Teke and young Itike, as well as the younger brother Momokon batyr, they went to Merke.
Jaiyl's meeting with Abylai never took place.
«As soon as the Kyrgyz horsemen arrived at the Merke fortress for negotiations and drove to the khan’s headquarters, all four of them were seized, tied up and put into a special yurt, which was guarded by guards. Ablai Khan communicated with Jaiyl only through his proxies. Otherwise he could not. A face-to-face meeting of two equal high-ranking persons endowed with intelligence, power, even by those moral standards, could not end in anything other than receiving a distinguished guest, and this was not included in the calculation of Ablai Khan».
— N.I.Teplov
In 1770, Ablai executed Jaiyl Biy.[21][22][23]
Political structure[edit]
Head of state[edit]
Supreme Biy[edit]
The elected Supreme Biy, who did not have a significant and permanent military force (except for personal squads), actually had no real power over the Senior Biy tribal groups. Therefore, he was content with the formal recognition of his role as the supreme ruler of the Kyrgyz, who had no right without substantial grounds interfere in the internal life of tribes-communities, clans and their divisions. His duties included coordinating the military forces during military campaigns with the help of the Council of Senior Biys, giving consent to the participation of Kyrgyz troops in coalition actions with neighboring peoples against a common foreign enemy. The ruler carried out the official reception and departure of diplomatic missions to neighboring states. He also monitored the preservation of order and stability in society on the basis of ancient folk traditions and customs. Acted as the main arbiter in various tribal disputes, carried out supervision over observance of the borders of nomadic tribes. For this, annual nationwide kurultai were convened. For these purposes, various social events were sometimes held, when at one numerous masses flocked to the place, such as the Nooruz holiday or various celebrations (Kyrgyz: той) and commemoration (Kyrgyz: аш) in honor of statesmen.
Any obligatory taxes in favor of his supreme Kyrgyz rulers were not paid, such a phenomenon was common and was observed in many nomadic states of the Middle Ages. As a sign of respect and devotion to the power of the ruler, subjects voluntarily brought offerings (Kyrgyz: тартуу) in the form of gifts (usually pacers, military armor, etc.), as well as sogum - a treat for the table of the patron.[24]
List of Supreme Biys:
- Mamatkul Biy (1684-1758)[25]
- Cherikchi Biy (1758-1760)
- Jaiyl Biy (1760-1770)
- Atake Biy (1780-1787)
- Esengul Biy (1787-1810)
- Tailak Biy (1830-1832)[26]
Khan[edit]
In 1774, Sadyr Batyr proclaimed himself Khan and changed the confederate type of government to a unitary one. The power of the Khan is unlimited and, unlike the Supreme Biy, he could lead the elder Biys.
After the death of Sadyr Khan, the title was abolished.
In 1810, internecine conflicts begin within the state and Burgo Batyr is proclaimed Khan from the Kushchu tribe, but most of the tribes do not recognize his authority.
List of Khans:
Council of Senior Biys[edit]
The Council of Senior Biys is an advisory body acting on a voluntary basis, dealing with the most important issues of the domestic and foreign policy of the Confederation. Senior Biys, who are the heads of large tribal associations, were elected to the Council. The Council could appoint the Supreme Biy among the batyrs, aqsaqals and senior biys.[29]
Administrative division[edit]
According to Captain Andreev since 1785, during the time of Atake Biy, there were 10 tribal associations (volosts):[30]
| Name | Senior Biy |
|---|---|
| Sarybagysh tribal association | Atake Biy |
| Sayak tribal association | Kadai Biy |
| Soltoy tribal association | Tashibek Biy |
| Bugu tribal association | Birnazar Biy |
| Kushchu tribal association | Itim Biy |
| Boztumak tribal association | Tashibek Biy |
| Monoldor tribal association | Birnazar Biy |
| Kesek tribal association | Shapak Biy |
| Kytay tribal association | Musa Biy |
| Saruu tribal association | Sary Biy |
Relations with other states[edit]
In the second half of the 18th century, in order to maintain independence and ensure the security of their people, the Kyrgyz built diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty and the Russian Empire.
Qing dynasty[edit]
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In 1758, the Dzungar Khanate suffered a crushing blow from China, where the Manchu Qing dynasty ruled. The Dzungar Khanate was literally wiped off the face of the earth. On the territory of the conquered East Turkestan, the Qing authorities formed a new Chinese province, which was called Xinjiang. Pursuing the remnants of the Dzungars, Chinese troops began to invade Kyrgyz territory. So, in 1757, the detachments of the Qing general Zhao Hui crossed the San-Tash pass and attacked the Kyrgyz of the Sayak tribe. Having met with fierce resistance, Zhao Hui began negotiations with the leader of the Sayaks, Turchi Biy, urging him to recognize the power of China.
At the same time, there was one important step for the Kyrgyz people, which forced them to establish relations with the Qings: the fate of those lands that belonged to the Kyrgyz before the aggression of the Dzungars. This issue was raised at the first meeting with Zhao Hui in 1757 by the leader of the tribe Sarybagysh Cherikchi Biy.
In 1758, the Supreme Biy of the Kyrgyz Mamatkul Biy, in an effort to establish normal political and economic relations with a new neighbor, sent his embassy to Beijing with a request to secure their former nomad camps for them, with proposals to establish trade (meat, skins and wool produced by the Kyrgyz had good demand in China).
The first delegation included four people - Nyshaa Batyr, Tülkü Biy, Sherbek Batyr and Cherikchi Biy (head of the delegation). They raised the issue of recognizing and assigning to them the former nomad camps captured by the Dzungars. Emperor Qianlong promised to sort it out and rewarded the ambassadors with silk robes, satin cuts and money.
The news of the successful embassy spread widely throughout the tribes of the confederation. And now a number of Senior Biys set out to go to Beijing. In 1760, there were already 7 people in the second delegation - Nyshaa Batyr, Tülkü Biy, Sherbek Biy, Akbay Batyr, Notsi Biy, Shükür Biy and Cherikchi Biy, who headed the delegation. So the Chinese authorities had to limit them to the message of their manifestos. They also dealt with territorial issues. However, a few years later, in relation to the Kyrgyz who moved from Xinjiang to the territory of Kyrgyzstan, the authorities demand that they "sort it out and expel it ...".[31]
Despite repeated attempts, the Qing failed to finally subdue the Kyrgyz in the 18th century. Having received a worthy rebuff, the Chinese weakened their pressure on the Kyrgyz, but gradually tried to destroy the unity of the Kyrgyz, kindle strife between them. The Manchu authorities did not give up hope of conquering the Central Tien Shan. In turn, the Kyrgyz did not miss the opportunity to strike at the political ambitions of the Qing court.[32][33]
Russian Empire[edit]
From the last quarter of the 18th century the Kyrgyz establish diplomatic relations with the Russian Empire. At the same time, the goal was to fight together with the Russian Empire against the Qin Empire and take a worthy place in international trade. So in 1785 on the initiative of the Supreme Biy Atake Biy, the Kyrgyz ambassadors Abdrakhman Kuchak uulu and Shergazy attended the reception of Catherine II, the Empress of the Russian Empire, and presented a letter of trust to Atake Biy. Catherine II answers in the affirmative to most of the points in Atake Biy's appeal.
However, this first embassy mission on the way back was detained by Russian border guards, who placed them under house arrest (this misunderstanding happened because the Russian trade caravan was plundered by individual Kazakh robbers, for whom the ambassadors were taken). In 1788, worrying about the fate of the first embassy mission, Atake Biy sent the second ambassador, Satynbay Abdrakhman uulu, on his way, who met his father on the way, having learned about the circumstances of his detention, returned back. Abdrakhman Kuchak uulu, during his “honorary” imprisonment, died in a foreign land.
Atake Biy did not repeat his attempts to establish diplomatic relations with Russia. Mainly at the end of the 18th century. the Kyrgyz maintained relations with the Russian Empire only through ambassadors and through written communications.[34]
References[edit]
- ↑ akipress. "Kyrgyz struggle for independence". www.kghistory.akipress.org (in русский). Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- ↑ akipress. "Ethnonym "Burut"". www.kghistory.akipress.org (in русский). Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- ↑ akipress. "Kyrgyz. State association and its existence. (in Russian)". www.kghistory.akipress.org (in русский). Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Andashev D.B. (2001). Kyrgyzstan. Encyclopedia (in русский). Аль Салам. ISBN 5-89750-129-7. Search this book on
- ↑ "The conquest of Northern Kyrgyzstan by the Kokand Khanate". belovodskoe-muh.ucoz.ru (in русский). Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ↑ "Kyrgyz-Kazakh clashes. (in Russian)". www.fullhistoria.ru. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ "Mission of the first Kyrgyz embassy from the Tien Shan to Russia. (in Russian)". webcache.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ "Iran und Turan : Persien, Afghanistan, Biludschistan, Turkestan : eine geographische Skizze". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
- ↑ akipress. "Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia under the rule of the Oirat Dzungars. (in Russian)". www.kghistory.akipress.org (in русский). Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ "Formation of the Dzungar Khanate. (in Russian)". www.tarih-begalinka.kz. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ akipress. "Reforms of Sadyr Khan. (in Kyrgyz)". www.kghistory.akipress.org (in кыргызча). Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Osmonov O.J. (2008). Personalities in the history of Kyrgyzstan (in Kyrgyz). УДК. ISBN 9967-210-75-3.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- ↑ "Muras. (in Kyrgyz)". muras-turmush-kg.translate.goog (in кыргызча). Retrieved 2022-10-18.
- ↑ "Мурас - Баракелде". muras-turmush-kg.translate.goog (in кыргызча). Retrieved 2022-10-21.
- ↑ Alymbai, Kyzaev (2020). Atake Biy and Jantai Batyr (in кыргызча). Учкун. ISBN 978-9967-17-123-7. Search this book on
- ↑ "Rapprochement of Kyrgyzstan with Russia". Information portal about Kyrgyzstan, news of Kyrgyzstan and tourism (in русский). Retrieved 2022-10-24.
- ↑ "Atake Biy". Information portal about Kyrgyzstan (in русский). Retrieved 2022-10-24.
- ↑ "First Kyrgyz embassy". Russian newspaper (in русский). 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
- ↑ Biinazarov, Tashtanbek (2014). Esengul Batyr (in кыргызча). Kyrgyzstan: Бийиктик плюс. ISBN 978-9967-33-009-2. Search this book on
- ↑ "Biography of Bürgo Batyr". kg.tyup.net. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
- ↑ "Jaiyl Biy, the war with the Kazakhs. (in Russian)". www.literatura.kg. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
- ↑ "Kyrgyz-Kazakh campaigns". www.fullhistoria.ru. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
- ↑ "Kyrgyz-Kazakh relations". bibliotekar.kz. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
- ↑ akipress. "The state structure of the Kyrgyz in the 17th-19th centuries". www.kghistory.akipress.org (in русский). Retrieved 2022-11-14.
- ↑ "On the Spatial Metastructure of the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th-18th Centuries". elbilge.ucoz.ru (in русский). Retrieved 2022-11-27.
- ↑ "Tailak Batyr". tyup.net (in кыргызча). Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- ↑ akipress. "Арзымат уулу Садырдын хандыгындагы чек ара маселеси". www.kghistory.akipress.org (in русский). Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- ↑ "Burgo Batyr". tyup.net (in кыргызча). Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- ↑ Adylov K. (2020). Адыл Баатыр баяны (in кыргызча). ISBN 978-9967-9300-0-1. Search this book on
- ↑ "Kyrgyzstan-Russia, history of relations". drevlit.ru (in русский). Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- ↑ V.Ploskikh and D.Junushaliev (2007). History of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan (in русский). Раритет Инфо. ISBN 978-9967-424-52-4. Search this book on
- ↑ "Mamatkul Biy and his embassy". tyup.net (in русский). Retrieved 2022-11-17.
- ↑ "Kyrgyz and Qing China. Second half of the 18th century". Studwood (in русский). Retrieved 2022-11-17.
- ↑ "Kyrgyz in the 16th-18th centuries". www.welcome.kg (in русский). Retrieved 2022-11-17.
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