Pak-Bangla language
Bangla writing in Arabic script or Bangla's Arabicization or Islamization of Bengali or Pak-Bangla language[1][2] refers to Bangla language writing method through Arabic or Urdu letters perceiving it as "Hurful Quran" [1] or as the letter of the Quran. In Nawabi period Bangla, this method of writing was prevalent in a limited form. After the partition of India, in East Bengal or East Pakistan, this writing system was again discussed politically.[3]
History[edit]
After 1947, during the rule of New Pakistan[edit]
Ever since the formation of Pakistan, the introduction of Arabic script in Bengali language in the new Pakistan had religious sentiments on the one hand and state unity on the other. It was said that apart from Urdu, Pashto, Sindhi, Punjabi language as the Arabic alphabet is being used — Solidarity will be strong. The main initiator was the Union Education Secretary or Education Minister Fazlur Rahman.[4] In this regard, he tried to get the cooperation of the educators of East Bengal. The proposal was made by the Education Secretary at the All Pakistan Education Conference in Karachi in 1948. A meeting of the Central Education Advisory Board in Peshawar in 1949 also strongly recommended that Arabic be the only alphabet in Pakistani languages. Fazlur Rahman, speaking at the second session of the Pakistan Education Advisory Board in Peshawar on 12 February 1949, said that one of the difficulties in developing the same national vision was the problem of different fonts. In this context, he described the usefulness of the Arabic alphabet. Although the language movement of March 1948 came to a standstill, the reaction and resistance in East Pakistan against the introduction of Government of Pakistan continued. In the last week of February 1949, the students of Bangla Department of Dhaka University protested against the attempt to introduce Arabic alphabet in a meeting. It was presided over by Mustafa Nurul Islam. At this meeting a parliament was formed with the students of Bangla department. Md. Nurul Islam was elected president and Ila Dasgupta and Ashraf Siddiqui joint-general secretaries. Besides, alphabet sub-committee was formed with Nazrul Islam, Mumtaz Begum, Rizia Khatun, Khalilur Rahman and others. Meanwhile, on the second day of the budget session on March 12, 1949, a protest march of the student federation was stopped by the police when they tried to march in front of the council building and police arrested Afzal Hossain, Mrinalkanti Barri, Bahauddin Chowdhury, Iqbal Ansari Khan, Abdus Salam and AKM Moniruzzaman Chowdhury. They were held captive without bail. In the first week of April 1949, Naimuddin Ahmed, on behalf of the Language Committee of the East Pakistan Muslim Chhatra League, said in a statement to the press: "The literacy rate in East Pakistan is 12 to 15 per cent. Attempts are being made to turn the educated into illiterate with the stroke of a pen. As a result, the entire education system of East Pakistan will be ruined."[5] In the 1950s, the East Bengal Language Committee was formed under the leadership of Maulana Akram Khan to get a detailed explanation of the language problem from the East Bengal government and was asked to prepare a report on the subject. As part of the project, in 1950 they set up 20 centers for teaching Bengali in Arabic script in different districts of East Bengal.[6] The committee prepared their report by December 6, 1950. However, it was not published before 1958. Here an effective measure is proposed by the government to solve the language problem. Where they recommended writing Bengali in Arabic script.[7] When the proposal to write Bangla in Arabic script was tabled in the Constituent Assembly in 1950, Dhirendranath Datta protested and proposed to give Bengali language equal status with other languages of the Pak-assembly.[8]
In Zia's regime[edit]
In his regime after assassination of Sheikh Mujib, Ziaur Rahman was droved by the anxiety to invoke a 'national personality' free of the cultural association with the neighbouring Bengal towards adopting certain hegemonic measures. To remould the language, history and culture of Bangladesh, particularly so in language, efforts were made to infest the Bengali language with words from Persian and Arabic vocabulary-measures to revive the Do-bhasha (bi-language) or the artificial measures to create "Pak-Bangla" language of post-partition period as described by Abul Mansur Ahmed.[9] Thus, the slogan 'Joy Bangla'- linguistically of Bengali origin was replaced with the more Persianised "Bangladesh Zindabad".[10]
Sample[edit]
Bangla language in Bengali script[edit]
ধারা ১: সমস্ত মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা এবং অধিকার নিয়ে জন্মগ্রহণ করে। তাঁদের বিবেক এবং বুদ্ধি আছে; সুতরাং সকলেরই একে অপরের প্রতি ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ মনোভাব নিয়ে আচরণ করা উচিত।
Romanization of Bengali[edit]
Dhara êk: Sômôstô manush sbadhinbhabe sôman môrzada ebông ôdhikar niye jônmôgrôhôn kôre. Tãder bibek ebông buddhi achhe; sutôrang sôkôleri êke ôpôrer prôti bhratritbôsulôbh mônobhab niye achôrôn kôra uchit.
Bangla language in Shahmukhi script[edit]
دھارا ۱: سمست مانش سبادھین بھابے سمان مریادا ایبں ادھِکار نِیے جنْم گْرہݨ کرے۔ تاںدیر بِبیک ایبں بُدّھِ آچھے؛ سُتراں سکلیرئ ایکے اپریر پْرتِ بھْراتِْرتب سُلبھ منوبھاب نیے آچرݨ کرا اُچِت۔
Bengali language with abundance of Arabic, Urdu and Persian words[edit]
জুজ ১: তামাম ইনসান/মর্দ আজাদভাবে বরাবর ওকার/কারামাত/ইহতিরাম/তাউজু/ইনতিবাহ আর হক লয়ে পয়দা হয়। তাদের দমীর ও আকল আছে; তো সবারই একে অপরের মোতাবেক বেরাদরি/ইখওয়ানি আখলাকের সাথে রোয়া/সুলুক করা চাই।
Transliteration: Juja 1: Tamama inasana/marda ajadabhabe barabara ökāra/kārāmāta/ihatirāma/tā'uju/ inatibāha āra haka layē payadā haya. Tādēra damīra ō ākala achē; tō sabara'i ēkē aparēra mōtābēka bērādari/ikha'oyani ākhalākēra sāthē röyā/suluka karā cā'i.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hossain, Mokerrom (21 February 2010). From Protest to Freedom: A Book for the New Generation: the Birth of Bangladesh. Mokerrom. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-615-48695-6. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ রহিম, মোঃ আব্দুর (2 February 2020). "রাজনৈতিক ও জাতিগত বিভাজনের ভাষা উর্দু". Samakal. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (28 September 2004). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. Anthem Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-84331-149-2. Retrieved 16 April 2022. Search this book on
- ↑ Alam, S. M. Shamsul (29 April 2016). Governmentality and Counter-Hegemony in Bangladesh. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-52603-8. Retrieved 16 April 2022. Search this book on
- ↑ "আরবি হরফ চালুর মূল উদ্দেশ্য ছিল জাতিকে পঙ্গু করে দেওয়া". The Daily Ittefaq. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ↑ "বাংলা হরফের ওপর শয়তানি আছর". banglanews24.com (in Bengali). 20 February 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ↑ "আরবি হরফে বাংলা লেখার সুপারিশ ভাষা কমিটির". Bhorer Kagoj. 9 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "ভাষা আন্দোলনের সেকাল একাল". jagonews24.com (in Bengali). 2 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ↑ NA, NA (27 September 2016). The Post-Colonial States of South Asia: Democracy, Development and Identity. Springer. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-137-11508-9. Retrieved 15 April 2022. Search this book on
- ↑ Sharma, S. L.; Oommen, T. K. (2000). Nation and National Identity in South Asia. Orient Blackswan. p. 194. ISBN 978-81-250-1924-4. Retrieved 15 April 2022. Search this book on
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