Structural stage theory
Structural stage theories are based on the idea that human individuals or groups can develop through a pattern of distinct stages over time and that these stages can be described based on their distinguishing characteristics.[1] Types of structural stage theories include: in psychology, developmental stage theories such as Piaget's theory of cognitive development and theories of psychotherapy process such as the transtheoretical model of change; in history and social science, stadial history of sociocultural evolution; and in religion, models of spiritual evolution.
In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, and related models of psychological development like those of Jane Loevinger and James W. Fowler, stages have a constant order of succession, later stages integrate the achievements of earlier stages, and each is characterized by a particular type of structure of mental processes which is specific to it. The time of appearance may vary to a certain extent depending upon environmental conditions.[2]
Influenced by western esotericism, Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo regarded spiritual development as a process of involution and evolution, in which the Divine descends into the material world, from which it has to be liberated again in a process of growing awareness over multiple lifetimes.[citation needed] Cultural psychologist Jean Gebser also developed a model of collective human spiritual development, which in turn influenced Ken Wilber, together with Aurobindo and others.[citation needed]
List of books formulating stage theories[edit]
- Giambattista Vico (1725) The New Science
- G.W.F. Hegel (1807) The Phenomenology of Spirit
- Auguste Comte's Law of three stages in Plan de travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société (Plan of scientific studies necessary for the reorganization of society, 1822)
- Karl Marx (1867) Das Kapital
- Sigmund Freud (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams
- Jean Piaget (1950) The psychology of intelligence
- Northrop Frye (1957) Anatomy of Criticism
- Hayden White (1973) Metahistory
- Jane Loevinger (1976) Loevinger's stages of ego development
- Clare W. Graves (1978/2005) The Never Ending Quest (posthumously published in the later year listed, primarily written by the earlier year)
- Kieran Egan (1979) Educational Development[3]
- Ken Wilber (1995) Sex, Ecology, Spirituality
See also[edit]
- Alexander Fraser Tytler
- End-of-history illusion
- History of ideas
- Integrative level
- Recapitulation theory
References[edit]
- ↑ White, Sheldon H. (1983). "The idea of development in developmental psychology". In Lerner, Richard M. Developmental psychology: historical and philosophical perspectives. Child psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 55–77. doi:10.4324/9780367816247-3. ISBN 089859247X. OCLC 9217948.
Romanes's stages of cognitive development, it will be remembered, were versions of the three logics of August Comte. Sechenov took his stages from Herber Spencer. Baldwin's formulation, more complex and original, still is linked backward by him to Spencer's and Romanes's work. ... Comte argued for a law of three stages through which societies, and branches of human knowledge, must pass during the course of their development. ... One hundred years before Comte, Giambattista Vico had argued in his New Science that humans have three natures. ... There is an invariant genetic order in which men can contend with the world around them because they must use one nature and then the next and the next. ... Both Vico and Comte said that the stages of human history resembled the stages of growth of a child's mind. ... Hegel's proposal of a mechanism of history, amended somewhat by Marx and Engels, was to have a very large political influence. ... In the 1860s and 1870s, there begins a kind of explosive culmination of the movement toward developmental histories. The idea that human history is principled, orderly, and developmental ... I have elsewhere argued (White, 1976) that a great deal of what we call "developmental theory" is generic, a form of control systems analysis or organizational theory.
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- ↑ Piaget, J. (1970). Piaget’s theory. In P. H. Mussen, (Ed.), Carmichael’s handbook of child development (pp. 703-732). New York: Wiley.
- ↑ Schueler, Annemarie (1980). An exploratory study of Egan's four stages of educational development and their application to curriculum design in physical education (Thesis). doi:10.14288/1.0055703. hdl:2429/21939.
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