Timeline of governance and policy studies 2020–present
From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki
Timeline of significant events in policy studies, international relations studies, security studies and governance studies related to policy internationally and globally.
Studies or events relating to policies only within a single country are not included.
| 2024 in science |
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| 2025 |
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| Technology |
| Social sciences |
| Paleontology |
| Extraterrestrial environment |
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Environmental policy[edit]
- 2020
- February – A study reviews the literature on climate change mitigation (CCM) co-benefits, concluding that these benefits are commonly overlooked in policy-making. Such benefits include physical activity, soil and water quality, energy security and air quality. The share of studies "quantifying or monetizing co-benefits" is found to be limited, despite often equaling or exceeding CCM benefits values.[2][better source needed][3]
- March – A study reviews and assesses climate change mitigation polices for global industry (alongside technologies).[4][5]
- March – A study with over 3,600 signatories assesses the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, broadly describing 10 "action points for delivering sustainable food production, biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation".[6][7]
- April – A review shows that and how economic (GDP) growth contributes to biodiversity loss, despite the majority of international biodiversity and sustainability policies advocating for economic growth and outlines broad policy proposals to move beyond the growth paradigm while enhancing overall prosperity.[8][9]
- 2021
- February – A study concludes that the rates of emissions reductions need to increase by 80% beyond NDCs to meet the 2 °C upper target range of the Paris Agreement, that the probabilities of major emitters meeting their NDCs without such an increase is very low, estimating that with current trends the probability of staying below 2 °C of warming is 5% and if NDCs were met and continued post-2030 by all signatory systems 26%.[10][11]
- August – A study suggests that the global policy Montreal Protocol intended to control the production of ozone-depleting substances has also substantially mitigated climate change.[12][13]
- September – A study reports that transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy systems reduces risks from mining, trade and political dependence because renewable energy systems don't need fuel – they depend on trade only for the acquisition of materials and components during construction.[14][15]
- November – A study contributes to a disentangling of the current geopolitical and economic implications of and incentives for a swift renewable energy transition, suggesting i.a. that how fast fossil energy markets decline is primarily decided by the major energy importers China, India, Japan and the EU and that transition dynamics may reverse the free-rider problem in the case of energy sectors, specifically from strategic national standpoints which are not short-term.[16][17]
2 and global temperature change – climate policies
- 2022
- June – An analysis of city planning policies of 25 cities suggest that, "despite common policy rhetoric endorsing healthy and sustainable cities, there was a paucity of measurable policy targets in place to achieve these aspirations".[18][19]
- June – A systematic review aggregates 530 policy proposals from the degrowth literature, divided into 13 policy themes, and assesses their overall precision, frequency, quality, and diversity.[20][additional citation(s) needed][21]
Policies in society[edit]
- 2021
- April – A study proposes "redistributing the national carbon pricing revenues domestically as an equal-per-capita climate dividend".[22][23]
- June – Academics argue that climate policy models need to reflect social realities and possibilities as they are built on "an oversimplified logic: that people are rational optimizers of scarce resources".[24][25]
- October – A multilevel approach to examining climate policy support concludes anticipated policy impacts predicted policy support more strongly than perceived climate risks.[26][27]
- 2022
- February – A study models the coupled feedback processes (including potential mitigation tipping points) that may shape the trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions over the century in the contemporary socioeconomic system if it stays as is. Broad factor-domains of the "coupled climate–social system" include public perceptions of climate change, future mitigation technologies' characteristics, and the responsiveness of political institutions.[28][29]
- August – Researchers introduce the concept of 'false social reality' and substantiate it by showing that (a sample of) Americans[globalize] widely underestimate general public support for climate change mitigation policies by a large margin.[30][31]
Space policy[edit]
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- 2021
- November – A study reports that, as plans for space exploration and commercial use expand rapidly, planetary biosecurity protocols should be substantially enhanced with sophisticated protocols – beyond goals and recommendations – being "required to prevent biological contamination of extraterrestrial environments from Earth and vice versa".[32][33]
- 2022
- April – Scientists suggest in a study that space governance of satellites/space debris should regulate the current free externalization of true costs and risks, with orbital space around the Earth being an "additional ecosystem" which should be subject to regulations as e.g. oceans on Earth.[34][35]
Security studies[edit]
Studies from the fields of security studies about policies.
- Early 2020s – Studies investigate potential pandemic prevention policies,[36][37] with experts also discussing potential policies concerned with biosafety.[38][39][40]
Health policy[edit]
Health policy studies not substantially related to environmental or conflict issues.
- 2020
- 2021
- January – A study reviews tobacco control policies worldwide.[44][45]
- April – A study reviews policies – such as targeted taxes or subsidies for truly healthy foods – to reduce ultra-processed food consumption and promote healthier eating.[46][better source needed][47]
- May – Psychiatrists report that in drug liberalization "more genuine and sounder reform concepts are needed" to "genuinely move 'drug use' from a crime to a public health issue" and that such would "require consideration of legalization and regulation frameworks".[48][49]
- June – Influence of "vested corporate interests on the activities of the World Health Organization and UN bodies" is investigated, with a study exploring "how ultra-processed food industry actors have attempted to influence [non-communicable disease] policy at WHO".[50][51]
- November – An analysis of 194 countries concludes that aggregate policy score mean implementation of WHO-recommended population-level policies against non-communicable diseases had increased only slowly – from 39% in 2015 to 47% in 2020 – and had reversed for a third of all policies, with implementation lowest for policies relating to alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy foods.[52][53]
- November – Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a meta-analysis investigates and compares the efficacy of public health COVID-19 mitigation policies.[54][55]
- 2022
- August – An expert survey study indicates there may be substantial difference in drug policy and "professional beliefs about psychoactive drugs among psychiatrists".[56][57]
General and other[edit]
- 2020
- May – A study presents a new approach to innovation policy "in which the state is not only fixing markets but actively co-creating them", concluding i.a. that policies "that explicitly take into consideration the risk-taking entrepreneurial role of the state, can positively affect reward distributions and favor more equitable public–private partnerships".[58][59]
- 2021
- June – A study introduces a typology of identified strategies used by industries to maximise the volume, credibility, reach, and use of industry-favourable science.[60][better source needed][61]
- August – A study illustrates "how the fossil fuel industry has funded biased economic analyses to oppose climate policy".[62][63]
- October – Researchers release a "policy sequencing" framework, in particular for policies of polycentric governance for completely halting and preventing deforestation based on data about already implemented government-designed policies, UN-decided REDD+ initiatives and voluntary private sector initiatives of recent deforestation interventions.[64][65]
- 2022
- 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: Scientists warn that policy-makers should not abandon sustainable farming practices to increase grain production in response to resulting food insecurity, but change "the demand side which can lead to both a more resilient and more sustainable global food system"[66] – such as limiting the import of animal feed[67] – and e.g. expanding wheat production in high-productivity areas (March).[68] A researcher outlined a number of possible major policy-based actions that could mitigate the energy and resource crises caused or exacerbated by the war (June).[69] In a study, researchers argue that "expansion of the natural gas infrastructure [in Europe in response to the Russian invasion] hinders a renewable energy future and is no bridge technology".[70][71][72]
- March – Wicked Problems in Public Policy is published. In the book, a researcher provides analysis and reflection about solving complex and wicked problems in terms of solution-contributions of research and analysis and approaches to solving them have developed along/within society in recent years.[73][additional citation(s) needed][74] One chapter highlights a problem of evidence-based policy approaches that "Evidence and expertise are mobilised selectively by policy actors to influence the perceived credibility of their own favoured policy options".[75]
- August – A meta-analysis of policy studies concludes that international treaties that aim to foster global cooperation have mostly failed to produce their intended effects in addressing global challenges, with the exception of international trade and finance regulations. The study suggests enforcement mechanisms are the "only modifiable treaty design choice" with the potential to improve the effectiveness.[76][77]
Digital policy[edit]
![[icon]](/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2022) |
Financial policies[edit]
Policies relating to anti-money laundering, tax-evasion/tax havens, sourcing of finances for policies and similar topics or fields.
- 2020
- February – A study concludes that "anti-money laundering policy intervention has less than 0.1 percent impact on criminal finances, compliance costs exceed recovered criminal funds more than a hundred times over, and banks, taxpayers and ordinary citizens are penalized more than criminal enterprises". It suggests "The 'success rate' of Europe's anti-money laundering effort is puny. Likewise, globally."[78][79]
Research and development, organization and coordination[edit]
Research and development relating to policy-making or policy analysis as well as associated organizations or coordination.
- 2021
- March – The Decarbonisation Policy Evaluation Tool,[80] an online interface that systematically synthesizes "in an easily searchable manner what is known – and what is not known – about the impact of different policies used to accelerate low-carbon energy transitions on a set of seven performance indicators", is introduced in a study. The study summarizes findings about outcomes and trade-offs of ten types of decarbonization policy instruments, suggesting that policies "can be designed and balanced to benefit local firms and lower-income families".[81][82]
- August – A study concludes that personal carbon allowances (PCAs) could be a component of climate change mitigation adn suggest that that the economic recovery from COVID-19 and novel digital technology capacities open a window of opportunity for first trial implementations in climate-conscious technologically advanced countries. PCAs would consist of – e.g. monetary – credit-feedbacks and decreasing default levels – aligned with calculated regional maximum emissions for emission-target achievement – of per capita emissions allowances.[83][84][85]
Science–policy interface[edit]
- 2021
- February – Scientists argue that there is a need for a "global science-policy body on chemicals and waste".[86][87]
- June – A study identifies 14 strategies to building trust at the interface of environmental science and policy and suggest that such is a "critical pre-condition for achieving evidence-informed policy".[88][89]
- 2022
- May – A review concludes that, like in 2015, pollution (¾ from air pollution) was responsible for 9 million premature deaths in 2019 (one in six deaths). It concludes that little real progress against pollution can be identified and outlines needs for attention and action such as a "formal science–policy interface" (SPI).[90][91]
See also[edit]
- 2020s in political history
- 2022 in politics and government
- Timeline of geopolitical changes (2000–present)
- Fields and concepts
- Good governance
- Evidence-based policy
- Management science
- Disaster risk reduction#Disaster research
- Science of science policy
- Differential technological development
- Methods
- Operationalization
- Standardization
- Progress#Measuring progress
- Impact assessment
- Product analysis#Technology analysis
- Project Drawdown
- Big data#Government
- Topics
Topics not (yet) included
- Global issue
- Problem solving
- Regulation of chemicals#Issues
- E-governance
- Group decision-making
- Renewable energy#Policy
- Climate justice
- Climate security
- Fossil fuel subsidies
- Sustainable transport
- Deforestation#International, national and subnational policies
- Global commons
- Regulation of biotechnologies
- Governance failure
- Technological sovereignty
- Neo-feudalism
- Immigration policy
- Public sector ethics
- Effective altruism
- Life extension#Societal strategies
- Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
References[edit]
- ↑ Overland, Indra; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (1 April 2020). "The misallocation of climate research funding". Energy Research & Social Science. 62: 101349. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101349. ISSN 2214-6296.
- ↑ "Why corporate climate pledges of 'net-zero' emissions should trigger a healthy dose of skepticism". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Karlsson, Mikael; Alfredsson, Eva; Westling, Nils (15 March 2020). "Climate policy co-benefits: a review". Climate Policy. 20 (3): 292–316. doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1724070. ISSN 1469-3062. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Major new study charts course to net zero industrial emissions". Resources for the Future via techxplore.com. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Rissman, Jeffrey; Bataille, Chris; Masanet, Eric; Aden, Nate; Morrow, William R.; Zhou, Nan; Elliott, Neal; Dell, Rebecca; Heeren, Niko; Huckestein, Brigitta; Cresko, Joe; Miller, Sabbie A.; Roy, Joyashree; Fennell, Paul; Cremmins, Betty; Koch Blank, Thomas; Hone, David; Williams, Ellen D.; de la Rue du Can, Stephane; Sisson, Bill; Williams, Mike; Katzenberger, John; Burtraw, Dallas; Sethi, Girish; Ping, He; Danielson, David; Lu, Hongyou; Lorber, Tom; Dinkel, Jens; Helseth, Jonas (15 May 2020). "Technologies and policies to decarbonize global industry: Review and assessment of mitigation drivers through 2070". Applied Energy. 266: 114848. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114848. ISSN 0306-2619.
- ↑ Widarni, Eny Lestari; Drean, Benjamin (27 July 2021). Human Capital in Agribusiness and Agriculture: Human Capital Studies in Agribusiness and Agriculture in Asia, Europe, Australia, Africa and America. BookRix. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-7487-8994-9. Retrieved 26 September 2022. Search this book on
- ↑ Pe'er, Guy; Bonn, Aletta; Bruelheide, Helge; Dieker, Petra; Eisenhauer, Nico; Feindt, Peter H.; Hagedorn, Gregor; Hansjürgens, Bernd; Herzon, Irina; Lomba, Ângela; Marquard, Elisabeth; Moreira, Francisco; Nitsch, Heike; Oppermann, Rainer; Perino, Andrea; Röder, Norbert; Schleyer, Christian; Schindler, Stefan; Wolf, Christine; Zinngrebe, Yves; Lakner, Sebastian (June 2020). "Action needed for the EU Common Agricultural Policy to address sustainability challenges". People and Nature. 2 (2): 305–316. doi:10.1002/pan3.10080. ISSN 2575-8314. PMC 7334041 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32626843 Check|pmid=value (help).- Lay summary: Nicholas, Kimberly; Brady, Mark; Scown, Murray. "EU subsidies benefit big farms while underfunding greener and poorer plots – new research". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Dickie, Gloria. "Global Biodiversity Is in Free Fall". Scientific American. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Otero, Iago; Farrell, Katharine N.; Pueyo, Salvador; Kallis, Giorgos; Kehoe, Laura; Haberl, Helmut; Plutzar, Christoph; Hobson, Peter; García‐Márquez, Jaime; Rodríguez‐Labajos, Beatriz; Martin, Jean‐Louis; Erb, Karl‐Heinz; Schindler, Stefan; Nielsen, Jonas; Skorin, Teuta; Settele, Josef; Essl, Franz; Gómez‐Baggethun, Erik; Brotons, Lluís; Rabitsch, Wolfgang; Schneider, François; Pe'er, Guy (July 2020). "Biodiversity policy beyond economic growth". Conservation Letters. 13 (4): e12713. doi:10.1111/conl.12713. ISSN 1755-263X. PMC 7507775 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32999687 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "Limiting warming to 2 C requires emissions reductions 80% above Paris Agreement targets". phys.org. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Liu, Peiran R.; Raftery, Adrian E. (9 February 2021). "Country-based rate of emissions reductions should increase by 80% beyond nationally determined contributions to meet the 2 °C target". Communications Earth & Environment. 2 (1): 29. Bibcode:2021ComEE...2...29L. doi:10.1038/s43247-021-00097-8. ISSN 2662-4435. PMC 8064561 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33899003 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "Saving ozone layer has given humans a chance in climate crisis – study". The Guardian. 19 August 2021.
- ↑ Young, Paul J.; Harper, Anna B.; Huntingford, Chris; Paul, Nigel D.; Morgenstern, Olaf; Newman, Paul A.; Oman, Luke D.; Madronich, Sasha; Garcia, Rolando R. (August 2021). "The Montreal Protocol protects the terrestrial carbon sink" (PDF). Nature. 596 (7872): 384–388. Bibcode:2021Natur.596..384Y. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03737-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34408332 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Renewable energy will increase security and lower geopolitical risk, study shows". Rice University via techxplore.com. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Krane, Jim; Idel, Robert (1 December 2021). "More transitions, less risk: How renewable energy reduces risks from mining, trade and political dependence". Energy Research & Social Science. 82: 102311. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102311. ISSN 2214-6296. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Watts, Jonathan; Kirk, Ashley; McIntyre, Niamh; Gutiérrez, Pablo; Kommenda, Niko. "Half world's fossil fuel assets could become worthless by 2036 in net zero transition". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- ↑ Mercure, J.-F.; Salas, P.; Vercoulen, P.; Semieniuk, G.; Lam, A.; Pollitt, H.; Holden, P. B.; Vakilifard, N.; Chewpreecha, U.; Edwards, N. R.; Vinuales, J. E. (4 November 2021). "Reframing incentives for climate policy action". Nature Energy. 6 (12): 1133–1143. Bibcode:2021NatEn...6.1133M. doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00934-2. ISSN 2058-7546. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Lowe, Melanie (13 July 2022). "Australian cities failing on walkability". The Mandarin. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Lowe, Melanie; Adlakha, Deepti; Sallis, James F.; Salvo, Deborah; Cerin, Ester; Moudon, Anne Vernez; Higgs, Carl; Hinckson, Erica; Arundel, Jonathan; Boeing, Geoff; Liu, Shiqin; Mansour, Perla; Gebel, Klaus; Puig-Ribera, Anna; Mishra, Pinki Bhasin; Bozovic, Tamara; Carson, Jacob; Dygrýn, Jan; Florindo, Alex A.; Ho, Thanh Phuong; Hook, Hannah; Hunter, Ruth F.; Lai, Poh-Chin; Molina-García, Javier; Nitvimol, Kornsupha; Oyeyemi, Adewale L.; Ramos, Carolina D. G.; Resendiz, Eugen; Troelsen, Jens; Witlox, Frank; Giles-Corti, Billie (1 June 2022). "City planning policies to support health and sustainability: an international comparison of policy indicators for 25 cities". The Lancet Global Health. 10 (6): e882–e894. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00069-9. ISSN 2214-109X. PMID 35561723 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "New paper explores degrowth policy proposals – ESEE". Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- ↑ Fitzpatrick, Nick; Parrique, Timothée; Cosme, Inês (10 September 2022). "Exploring degrowth policy proposals: A systematic mapping with thematic synthesis". Journal of Cleaner Production. 365: 132764. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132764. ISSN 0959-6526. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Galey, Patrick. "Progressive climate policy can reduce extreme poverty: study". phys.org. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Soergel, Bjoern; Kriegler, Elmar; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Bauer, Nico; Leimbach, Marian; Popp, Alexander (27 April 2021). "Combining ambitious climate policies with efforts to eradicate poverty". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 2342. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.2342S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22315-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8079366 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33907192 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "Perspective | Better climate models would build in political and personal decisions". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Peng, Wei; Iyer, Gokul; Bosetti, Valentina; Chaturvedi, Vaibhav; Edmonds, James; Fawcett, Allen A.; Hallegatte, Stéphane; Victor, David G.; van Vuuren, Detlef; Weyant, John (June 2021). "Climate policy models need to get real about people — here's how". Nature. 594 (7862): 174–176. Bibcode:2021Natur.594..174P. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01500-2. PMID 34103720 Check
|pmid=value (help). Retrieved 25 September 2022. Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ DeWeerdt, Sarah (16 November 2021). "The public prefers climate carrots to climate sticks". Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- ↑ Geiger, Nathaniel; Swim, Janet K.; Benson, Lizbeth (1 December 2021). "Using the three-pillar model of sustainability to understand lay reactions to climate policy: A multilevel approach". Environmental Science & Policy. 126: 132–141. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2021.09.023. ISSN 1462-9011. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help)- Lay summary: Swim, Janet K.; Geiger, Nathaniel. "Americans support climate change policies, especially those that give them incentives and clean up the energy supply". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ "How politics, society, and tech shape the path of climate change". U.C. Davis. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ↑ Moore, Frances C.; Lacasse, Katherine; Mach, Katharine J.; Shin, Yoon Ah; Gross, Louis J.; Beckage, Brian (March 2022). "Determinants of emissions pathways in the coupled climate–social system". Nature. 603 (7899): 103–111. Bibcode:2022Natur.603..103M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04423-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35173331 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Clifford, Catherine. "Americans don't think other Americans care about climate change as much as they do". CNBC. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ↑ Sparkman, Gregg; Geiger, Nathan; Weber, Elke U. (23 August 2022). "Americans experience a false social reality by underestimating popular climate policy support by nearly half". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 4779. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32412-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9399177 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35999211 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "We Need To Protect Earth (And Space) From Interplanetary Invaders". IFLScience. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Ricciardi, Anthony; Cassey, Phillip; Leuko, Stefan; Woolnough, Andrew P (17 November 2021). "Planetary Biosecurity: Applying Invasion Science to Prevent Biological Contamination from Space Travel". BioScience. 72 (3): 247–253. doi:10.1093/biosci/biab115.
- ↑ "Orbital space around Earth must be protected amid rise in satellites, say scientists". The Guardian. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ Lawrence, Andy; Rawls, Meredith L.; Jah, Moriba; Boley, Aaron; Di Vruno, Federico; Garrington, Simon; Kramer, Michael; Lawler, Samantha; Lowenthal, James; McDowell, Jonathan; McCaughrean, Mark (April 2022). "The case for space environmentalism". Nature Astronomy. 6 (4): 428–435. arXiv:2204.10025. Bibcode:2022NatAs...6..428L. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6. ISSN 2397-3366. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Bernstein, Aaron S.; Ando, Amy W.; Loch-Temzelides, Ted; Vale, Mariana M.; Li, Binbin V.; Li, Hongying; Busch, Jonah; Chapman, Colin A.; Kinnaird, Margaret; Nowak, Katarzyna; Castro, Marcia C.; Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos; Ahumada, Jorge A.; Xiao, Lingyun; Roehrdanz, Patrick; Kaufman, Les; Hannah, Lee; Daszak, Peter; Pimm, Stuart L.; Dobson, Andrew P. (4 February 2022). "The costs and benefits of primary prevention of zoonotic pandemics". Science Advances. 8 (5): eabl4183. Bibcode:2022SciA....8.4183B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl4183. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 8816336 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35119921 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Aiyar, Anaka; Pingali, Prabhu (1 August 2020). "Pandemics and food systems - towards a proactive food safety approach to disease prevention & management". Food Security. 12 (4): 749–756. doi:10.1007/s12571-020-01074-3. ISSN 1876-4525. PMC 7351553 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32837645 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Shehri, Saud Ali Al; Al-Sulaiman, A. M.; Azmi, Sarfuddin; Alshehri, Sultan S. (January 2022). "Bio-safety and bio-security: A major global concern for ongoing COVID-19 pandemic". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 29 (1): 132–139. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.060. PMC 8404373 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34483699 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Piper, Kelsey (5 April 2022). "Why experts are terrified of a human-made pandemic — and what we can do to stop it". Vox. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ "Biologists rush to re-create the China coronavirus from its genetic code". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Roser M (26 May 2017). "Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier". Our World in Data.
- ↑ "Social policies might not only improve economic well-being, but also health". Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health via phys.org. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Courtin, Emilie; Kim, Sooyoung; Song, Shanshan; Yu, Wenya; Muennig, Peter (June 2020). "Can Social Policies Improve Health? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of 38 Randomized Trials". The Milbank Quarterly. 98 (2): 297–371. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12451. ISSN 0887-378X. PMC 7296440 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32191359 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Mozes, Alan. "New Zealand aims for zero smokers in a generation. Could the plan work elsewhere?". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Flor, Luisa S.; Reitsma, Marissa B.; Gupta, Vinay; Ng, Marie; Gakidou, Emmanuela (February 2021). "The effects of tobacco control policies on global smoking prevalence". Nature Medicine. 27 (2): 239–243. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01210-8. ISSN 1546-170X. PMC 7884287 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33479500 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Mitchell, Courtney (15 April 2021). "For a healthier world, target ultra-processed foods". The Global Food Research Program. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Popkin, Barry M.; Barquera, Simon; Corvalan, Camila; Hofman, Karen J.; Monteiro, Carlos; Ng, Shu Wen; Swart, Elizabeth C.; Taillie, Lindsey Smith (1 July 2021). "Towards unified and impactful policies to reduce ultra-processed food consumption and promote healthier eating". The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 9 (7): 462–470. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00078-4. ISSN 2213-8587. PMC 8217149 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33865500 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Greer, Alissa. "Decriminalizing drug use is necessary, but won't end opioid overdose crisis". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Fischer, Benedikt; Boyd, Neil; Brochu, Serge (January 2022). "Proposals for Decriminalization of Illicit Drug Use: Considering a Combination of déjà-vu , Diversion and Devil-with-many-details for Health-oriented Policy Reform". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 67 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1177/07067437211019656. ISSN 0706-7437. PMC 8807989 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34036818 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Marteau, Theresa M.; Chater, Nick; Garnett, Emma E. (7 October 2021). "Changing behaviour for net zero 2050". BMJ. 375: n2293. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2293. ISSN 1756-1833.
- ↑ Lauber, Kathrin; Rutter, Harry; Gilmore, Anna B. (1 June 2021). "Big food and the World Health Organization: a qualitative study of industry attempts to influence global-level non-communicable disease policy". BMJ Global Health. 6 (6): e005216. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005216. ISSN 2059-7908. PMC 8202098 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34117011 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "Implementation of WHO's recommended public health policies has been slow globally, says study". News-Medical.net. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Allen, Luke N.; Wigley, Simon; Holmer, Hampus (1 November 2021). "Implementation of non-communicable disease policies from 2015 to 2020: a geopolitical analysis of 194 countries". The Lancet Global Health. 9 (11): e1528–e1538. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00359-4. ISSN 2214-109X. PMID 34678197 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing COVID-19 incidence". News-Medical.net. 23 November 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- ↑ Talic, Stella; Shah, Shivangi; Wild, Holly; Gasevic, Danijela; Maharaj, Ashika; Ademi, Zanfina; Li, Xue; Xu, Wei; Mesa-Eguiagaray, Ines; Rostron, Jasmin; Theodoratou, Evropi; Zhang, Xiaomeng; Motee, Ashmika; Liew, Danny; Ilic, Dragan (18 November 2021). "Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 375: e068302. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068302. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 9423125 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34789505 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Caldwell, Emily. "Psychiatrists disagree with US policy on psychoactive drugs". The Ohio State University via medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ↑ Levin, Adam; Nagib, Paul B; Deiparine, Selina; Gao, Thomas; Mitchell, Justin; Davis, Alan K (1 October 2022). "Inconsistencies between national drug policy and professional beliefs about psychoactive drugs among psychiatrists in the United States". International Journal of Drug Policy. 108: 103816. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103816. ISSN 0955-3959. PMID 35964449 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "The risks and rewards of public investments". ANZSOG. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Laplane, Andrea; Mazzucato, Mariana (1 December 2020). "Socializing the risks and rewards of public investments: Economic, policy, and legal issues". Research Policy. 49: 100008. doi:10.1016/j.repolx.2020.100008. ISSN 0048-7333. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Rising authoritarianism and worsening climate change share a fossil-fueled secret". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- ↑ Legg, Tess; Hatchard, Jenny; Gilmore, Anna B. (23 June 2021). "The Science for Profit Model—How and why corporations influence science and the use of science in policy and practice". PLOS ONE. 16 (6): e0253272. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1653272L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253272. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8221522 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34161371 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "How a 50-year-old PR strategy influenced the Supreme Court's EPA decision". Grist. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Franta, Benjamin (7 June 2022). "Weaponizing economics: Big Oil, economic consultants, and climate policy delay". Environmental Politics. 31 (4): 555–575. doi:10.1080/09644016.2021.1947636. ISSN 0964-4016. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Timing is everything: Researchers reveal why the right sequence of policies is essential to slow deforestation". Stanford University. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ↑ Furumo, Paul R.; Lambin, Eric F. (27 October 2021). "Policy sequencing to reduce tropical deforestation". Global Sustainability. 4. doi:10.1017/sus.2021.21. ISSN 2059-4798. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Food crisis due to Ukraine war calls for demand-side action: less animal products, less waste, and greening EU agricultural policy — Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research". Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ↑ "Auswirkungen des Ukraine-Kriegs auf Ernährungssicherheit". Science Media Centre Germany. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ↑ Bentley, Alison (22 March 2022). "Broken bread — avert global wheat crisis caused by invasion of Ukraine". Nature. 603 (7902): 551. Bibcode:2022Natur.603..551B. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00789-x. PMID 35318475 Check
|pmid=value (help). Retrieved 18 April 2022. Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Creutzig, Felix (June 2022). "Fuel crisis: slash demand in three sectors to protect economies and climate". Nature. 606 (7914): 460–462. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-01616-z. PMID 35764814 Check
|pmid=value (help). Retrieved 22 July 2022. Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Energiewende: Effizientere Solarmodule könnten Gasimporte ersetzen – und der Landwirtschaft helfen". National Geographic (in Deutsch). 27 July 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- ↑ "Why natural gas is not a bridge technology". techxplore.com. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- ↑ Kemfert, Claudia; Präger, Fabian; Braunger, Isabell; Hoffart, Franziska M.; Brauers, Hanna (July 2022). "The expansion of natural gas infrastructure puts energy transitions at risk". Nature Energy. 7 (7): 582–587. Bibcode:2022NatEn...7..582K. doi:10.1038/s41560-022-01060-3. ISSN 2058-7546. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "After half a century of 'wicked' policy problems, are we any better at managing them?". Impact of Social Sciences. 7 April 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ↑ Head, Brian W. (2022). Wicked Problems in Public Policy: Understanding and Responding to Complex Challenges. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94580-0. ISBN 978-3-030-94579-4. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) Search this book on
- ↑ Head, Brian W. (2022). "Debates in Public Policy—Problem Framing, Knowledge and Interests". Wicked Problems in Public Policy: Understanding and Responding to Complex Challenges. Springer International Publishing. pp. 7–19. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94580-0_1. ISBN 978-3-030-94580-0. Search this book on
- ↑ "Most international treaties are ineffective, Canadian study finds". CTVNews. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ↑ Hoffman, Steven J.; Baral, Prativa; Rogers Van Katwyk, Susan; Sritharan, Lathika; Hughsam, Matthew; Randhawa, Harkanwal; Lin, Gigi; Campbell, Sophie; Campus, Brooke; Dantas, Maria; Foroughian, Neda; Groux, Gaëlle; Gunn, Elliot; Guyatt, Gordon; Habibi, Roojin; Karabit, Mina; Karir, Aneesh; Kruja, Krista; Lavis, John N.; Lee, Olivia; Li, Binxi; Nagi, Ranjana; Naicker, Kiyuri; Røttingen, John-Arne; Sahar, Nicola; Srivastava, Archita; Tejpar, Ali; Tran, Maxwell; Zhang, Yu-qing; Zhou, Qi; Poirier, Mathieu J. P. (9 August 2022). "International treaties have mostly failed to produce their intended effects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (32): e2122854119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2122854119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9372541 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35914153 Check|pmid=value (help).- University press release: "Do international treaties actually work? Study says they mostly don't". York University. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ↑ "The war against money-laundering is being lost". The Economist.
- ↑ Pol, Ronald F. (2 January 2020). "Anti-money laundering: The world's least effective policy experiment? Together, we can fix it". Policy Design and Practice. 3 (1): 73–94. doi:10.1080/25741292.2020.1725366. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Innopaths - Decarbonisation Policy Evaluation Tool". dpet.innopaths.eu. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ↑ "Low-carbon policies can be 'balanced' to benefit small firms and average households – study". University of Cambridge. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ↑ Peñasco, Cristina; Anadón, Laura Díaz; Verdolini, Elena (March 2021). "Systematic review of the outcomes and trade-offs of ten types of decarbonization policy instruments". Nature Climate Change. 11 (3): 257–265. Bibcode:2021NatCC..11..257P. doi:10.1038/s41558-020-00971-x. hdl:11379/538678. ISSN 1758-6798. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Analysis | We Need Cap-and-Trade For Individuals As Well As Companies". Washington Post. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ↑ "Pandemic and digitalization set stage for revival of a cast-off idea: Personal carbon allowances". phys.org.
- ↑ Fuso Nerini, Francesco; Fawcett, Tina; Parag, Yael; Ekins, Paul (16 August 2021). "Personal carbon allowances revisited". Nature Sustainability. 4 (12): 1025–1031. doi:10.1038/s41893-021-00756-w. ISSN 2398-9629.
- ↑ Burke, Maria (2021-07-15). "UN accused of inaction on international agency to oversee waste and chemicals". Chemistry World. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Wang, Zhanyun; Altenburger, Rolf; Backhaus, Thomas; Covaci, Adrian; Diamond, Miriam L.; Grimalt, Joan O.; Lohmann, Rainer; Schäffer, Andreas; Scheringer, Martin; Selin, Henrik; Soehl, Anna; Suzuki, Noriyuki (19 February 2021). "We need a global science-policy body on chemicals and waste". Science. 371 (6531): 774–776. Bibcode:2021Sci...371..774W. doi:10.1126/science.abe9090. hdl:10261/237535. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33602839 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "To gain impact through influencing policy, you need to build trust in your research". Nature Index. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ↑ Cvitanovic, C.; Shellock, R. J.; Mackay, M.; van Putten, E. I.; Karcher, D. B.; Dickey-Collas, M.; Ballesteros, M. (1 September 2021). "Strategies for building and managing 'trust' to enable knowledge exchange at the interface of environmental science and policy". Environmental Science & Policy. 123: 179–189. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2021.05.020. ISSN 1462-9011.
- ↑ Dickie, Gloria (18 May 2022). "Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit - study". Reuters. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
- ↑ Fuller, Richard; Landrigan, Philip J; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Bathan, Glynda; Bose-O'Reilly, Stephan; Brauer, Michael; Caravanos, Jack; Chiles, Tom; Cohen, Aaron; Corra, Lilian; Cropper, Maureen; Ferraro, Greg; Hanna, Jill; Hanrahan, David; Hu, Howard; Hunter, David; Janata, Gloria; Kupka, Rachael; Lanphear, Bruce; Lichtveld, Maureen; Martin, Keith; Mustapha, Adetoun; Sanchez-Triana, Ernesto; Sandilya, Karti; Schaefli, Laura; Shaw, Joseph; Seddon, Jessica; Suk, William; Téllez-Rojo, Martha María; Yan, Chonghuai (June 2022). "Pollution and health: a progress update". The Lancet Planetary Health. 6 (6): e535–e547. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0. PMID 35594895 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help)
External links[edit]
- Datasets published during the decade:
- U.S. military interventions (1776–2019): Kushi, Sidita; Toft, Monica Duffy (8 August 2022). "Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A New Dataset on US Military Interventions, 1776–2019". Journal of Conflict Resolution. doi:10.1177/00220027221117546. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - Organized violence (1989–2019): Pettersson, Therése; Öberg, Magnus (July 2020). "Organized violence, 1989–2019". Journal of Peace Research. 57 (4): 597–613. doi:10.1177/0022343320934986. ISSN 0022-3433. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - Conflict events worldwide (1468BC–2022): Miller, Charles; Bakar, K. Shuvo (15 August 2022). "Conflict Events Worldwide Since 1468BC: Introducing the Historical Conflict Event Dataset". Journal of Conflict Resolution. doi:10.1177/00220027221119085. ISSN 0022-0027. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help)
- U.S. military interventions (1776–2019): Kushi, Sidita; Toft, Monica Duffy (8 August 2022). "Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A New Dataset on US Military Interventions, 1776–2019". Journal of Conflict Resolution. doi:10.1177/00220027221117546. Unknown parameter
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