Ysty
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Kazakh: Ысты | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| about 50 thousands | |
| Languages | |
| Kazakh | |
| Religion | |
| Islam |
Ysty (kaz. ысты, also obsolete усут, исут) is one of the tribes of the Senior Zhuz, part of the modern Kazakh people.
History[edit]
The first mention of it is given in the "History" of Fakhr-i Mudabbir (XIII century). The next message about the Ysty tribe refers to 1748 (in the list of clans of the Senior Zhuz), where it is noted among 10 clans as "сты ойсун" (sty oisun). The Ysty tribe also appears in the first list of sultans, biys and honorary Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz in 1845, where for the first time its two main divisions are also indicated: ойық (oiyq) and тілік (tilik). The antiquity of the tribe is convincingly evidenced by oral folk genealogical legends, according to which the ancestor of the tribe named Ysty was the grandson of Baidibek, who himself was the great-grandson of the legendary Uysun, the progenitor of the entire Elder Zhuz. It contains a clear indication that the ancestors of the Ysty were part of the confederation of the ancient Usuns, known from Chinese sources of the 3rd century BC.
Therefore, Ysty is one of the clans in large Uysun tribal association.
Shezire (tree)[edit]
According to G. N. Potanin's shezhire, Uysun had two sons - Abak and Tarak. Zhalairs came from Tarak, from Abak - Dulat, Alban, Suan (according to other sources, Sary Uysun was also added), from Tokal (second wife) - Shapyrashty, Oshakty, Ysty, Sirgeli, but Kanly and Shanyshkyly are newcomers (kirme)[1]
According to Z. Sadibekov's shezhire: Maiky-biy had a son Bakhtiyar, he had two sons - Oisyl and Uisil. Oisyl had three sons: Zhalmambet (Oshakty's father), Zharymbet (Shapyrashty's father), Zharas (Ysty's father). Uisil had a son Abak (Aksakal), who had a son Karash-bi. He had sons Baidibek and Baiduyl. Baiduyl had a son Shaksham, Baidibek had a son Sary Uysun (from Baibishe, the eldest wife) and Dulat.
Haplogroup[edit]
Ysty for two-thirds[2] or even three-quarters[3] belong to the haplogroup J1-M267.
The Uysuns are characterized by the haplogroup C2-M217. Moreover, the clans of the Suan, Alban, Saryuisun, Shapyrashty are characterized by the accumulation of only the C2*-M217(xM48,xM407) variant. Whereas for clans shakty, sirgeli, ysty is the marker C2b1a2-M48.[4]
Description[edit]
The Ysty tribe is divided into 2 main clans: oiyq and tіlik. The names of these clans, according to researchers, come from the marks (kaz. ен) that were placed on the ears of horses.
In turn, these main clans are divided into subclans:
Oiyq: — Qyzylqurt, Kokshekoz, Satek.
Tilik: Tazsha, Tazdar, Asankaragan, Seksen, Baikaragan, Konyr, Zhyrymsyz, Sulgetai and Akmolda.
Timeline of history[edit]
Uysuns in the 3rd century BCE lived in the lands west of the Ordos, where they were defeated by the Yuezhi people. After that, they migrated to the Zhetysu and mixed with the local Saka tribes.
In the 1st century BCE the tribes of the Huns migrate to the territory of present-day Southern Kazakhstan to the allied state of Kanly (Kangyu) and together they begin to fight with the Uysuns. The Uysuns in response to this conclude an alliance with China. Soon the Uysuns and the Chinese defeat the Huns and Kanly. The Chinese are increasingly influencing the internal affairs of the Uysun and the union of the Uysun clans is divided into two political camps - supporters of the Xiongnu and supporters of China. The Senior Kunbi, the leader of the Uysuns, was appointed by the Chinese, the junior was elected by the people.
The further history of the Uysuns represents an internecine struggle between older and younger Kunbis, until in 17 BCE. when the brother of the younger Kunbi, Uishinzhan, gathered 80 thousand people and migrated to Kanly. Later, the Uysuns finally separated from the Chinese.
In the 5th century there is the last mention of the Uysuns. Later, the entire Great Steppe was subject to the Turks, including the Uysuns. The Uysuns now - the collective name of all the clans of the Senior Zhuz - still live in Zhetysu. In the 13th century, the Uysuns became part of the empire of Genghis Khan. According to Kazakh legends, one of those who raised Genghis Khan on a white felt mat was Maiky bi from the Uysun clan, who is considered the patron of wisdom and justice among the Kazakhs.
During the collapse of the Golden Horde and the separation of the Turkic peoples from each other, the Uysun clan also fell apart. All current clans of the Senior Zhuz, including Ysty, are separated from it. They are all part of the state of Moghulistan, where the main role is played by the Uysun clan Dulat. Later, Ysty became part of the Kazakh Khanate. They participated in the Kazakh-Dzungarian war, where they are led by Yesei bi, a batyr. He was a close friend of Tole bi, together with Kanzhygaly Bogenbay batyr liberated Zhetysu from the invaders.
Personalities[edit]
- Dinmukhamed Kunaev
- Boltirik Almenuly
- Dosai Baigeuly
- Esei bi
- Janseit Tuimebayev
- Elzhan Birtanov
- Dosbai Esalyuly
References[edit]
- ↑ Сабитов, Ж.М (2012). О происхождении казахских родов сары-уйсун, дулат, албан, суан, ысты, шапрашты, ошакты, сргелы (in Russian) (4th ed.). The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. pp. 94–98. ISSN 1920-2997.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- ↑ "Молекулярно-генетический анализ популяционной структуры казахского племенного объединения старший жуз на основе полиморфизма y-хромосомы". Молекулярная генетика, микробиология и вирусология. 2: 72–75. ISSN 0208-0613.
- ↑ (PDF) Zhabagin, M., Sabitov, Z., Tarlykov, P. et al. The medieval Mongolian roots of Y-chromosomal lineages from South Kazakhstan. BMC Genet 21, 87 (2020). https://doi.org/10....
- ↑ Zhabagin, M.K (2017). Анализ связи полиморфизма Y-хромосомы и родоплеменной структуры в казахской популяции (in Russian). Moscow. pp. 49–50.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
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