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Academic research about UFOs and related phenomena

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


An allegedly peculiar UFO photographed by Italian military pilot marshal Giancarlo Cecconi in June 1979;
It was claimed to have moved rapidly up and down, to have various further peculiarities and to have various confirmations including radar.
The Italian Ministry of Defense suggested it to be a cylindrical balloon, made with black plastic bags.[1]

UFOs or unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) have been the subject of studies in academia. Of particular interest are the apparently peculiar UFOs, sometimes called anomalous aerial vehicles (AAV) by researchers who consider them to be real physical flying objects.

In the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), the topic is considered by some scientists to be a pseudoscience or a topic not worth of scientific effort, while other scientists consider such to be a potential technosignature to actively look for or investigate. Beyond SETI, the topic is also considered by many others to be a pseudoscience or a topic not worth of scientific effort.

Governmental and private studies as well as reports intended to be self-published by research groups may not be considered part of academic work and literature or academia or science and are not the topic of this article.

Status as a field[edit]

See also: § Research about potential measurement or gathering of evidence
"FLIR1" is one of three US military videos of unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP). It was not taken with a common camera, but with a specific type of military sensors – a infrared AN/ASQ-228 ATFLIR. It shows official (confirmed) footage captured by a US navy F/A-18 Super Hornet present at the 2004 Nimitz incident off the coast of San Diego.[2][3][4][5][6]

The status of the field or research topic is controversial, with some sources describing the field or the largest share of the field or research works by academics about these topics as "pseudoscience" or long "the domain of pseudoscience and hucksters" or "sensationalist, ill-motivated science"[7][8][9][10] or as being a topic of some "academic interest" with tangible progress rather "in the social sciences and humanities",[11] while some sources describe it (or segments of such) as "academic studies of UFOs",[12][13][14] or "academic inquiry" and "serious academic study of UFOs" and an "intriguing science problem",[14] or "serious academic study",[15] a topic "of profound scientific, social scientific and humanistic interest to this day",[16] "efforts to investigate UAPs" that include academic research laboratories.[17] Moreover, specific academic research projects have been described as "a scientific attack on a problem that is frustratingly fuzzy"[7] or "a systematic scientific search for evidence of extraterrestrial technological artifacts".[18] Some have also suggested there to be a need for investigations "by scientists" or the "scientific community" or a "scientific study of UAP" and that the subject was long taboo and stigmatized.[9][19]

According to a report, "scientists are fighting to bring academic rigor to UFO research" as "the evidence becomes harder and harder to ignore".[10] According to Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's associate administrator for science missions, "dedicated UAP-research" effort poses a "reputational risk" for NASA, which since 2022 also investigates UAP,[20][21][22][23][24][25] with it being "clear that in a traditional type of science environment, talking about some of these issues may be considered selling out or talking about things that are not actual science".[21]

Academic projects[edit]

In 2021, astronomer Avi Loeb launched The Galileo Project[26] which intends to collect and report scientific evidence of extraterrestrials or extraterrestrial technology on or near Earth via telescopic observations.[27][28][29][30]

Beyond the Galileo Project, non-profit[31][32] groups of academic researchers like the Scientific Coalition for UAP Studies (SCU) and UAPx[19][33][10][31][34][35][36][37] are attempting to develop and coordinate the use of standardized equipment to collect potential data,[38][39][40] are looking into using satellites,[41] are conducting expeditions[41] and are planning to publish peer-reviewed scientific papers.[42]

In Germany, the University of Würzburg is developing intelligent sensors that can help detect and analyze aerial objects in hopes of applying such technology to UAP, with the program being lead professor for spaceflight technology, Hakan Kayal.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] New Jersey, United States may create a scholarship program for the study of UAP.[51][52][53][additional citation(s) needed]

According to reports, the partly-public 2022 United States Congress hearings on UFOs after the 2021 UFO report 'Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena' by U.S. intelligence agencies (or the ODNI)[54][22][55][56] and the 2021 authentication of the Pentagon UFO videos[57] may result in the UAP issue being approached more seriously, such as for a scientific public pursuit for answers and an increased interest from scientists. Known ongoing scientific research is conducted by non-profit groups of researchers that use or develop expensive equipment for new high-quality data.[18][9][19] The UFO report called for a systematic, scientific study of UAP, by civilians as well as the military.[48] The Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) is systematically aggregating, verifying and evaluating some UFO incidents to some extent in various ways.[58][59][60] Further videos confirmed by the U.S. Navy may be unlikely as they stated that releasing any additional UFO videos would "harm national security".[61] In 2022, NASA announced a nine-month study starting in fall to help establish a road map for investigating UAP – or for reconnaissance of the publicly available data it might use for such research.[23][24][25]

Research[edit]

Research about the status of the field[edit]

Allegations of pseudoscience or unworthiness as a topic of academic research[edit]

The topic has been tabooed and ridiculed in the media for 75 years.[62][63] UFOs are or were widely dismissed as fantasy.[64] Astrobiologist Caleb Scharf stated that the Galileo Project has "intermingled legitimate scientists with" what he called "fringe" people.[7] Some are worried that astronomy and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) are getting "undermined" by projects like it.[7] Astronomer at the SETI Institute, Seth Shostak has made the argument that searching for aliens in Earth's atmosphere has compared his organization's and broader UFO-unrelated SETI efforts with the Galileo Project saying describing his prefered approach as "studying unknown fauna in the rainforest" and the latter as "hoping to find mermaids or unicorns", with these being very different.[7] Some, such as Seth Shostak, have criticized multi-PhD scientist Travis Taylor's involvement with government-mandated UFO research as they find multiple of his claims, some of which were made in TV shows that featured him, unbelievable.[65] Adam Frank suggest that findings are "sensational" and harm other types of SETI efforts.[66] Retired video game programmer and administrator of skeptics website Metabunk.org, Mick West has suggested potential mundane explanations for a number of purported UFO sightings.[67][68][69]

Research about characteristics of flights and effects[edit]

Scientists have attempted to explain UAP' flight performances described in reports or shown in data. A 2019 study led by Kevin Knuth[31][70] suggests that "these craft exhibit technology far more advanced than any known craft on Earth"[71][72] and that their observed flight characteristics and would enable them to "easily reach relativistic speeds within a matter of minutes to hours and cover interstellar distances in a matter of days to weeks, proper time".[73] The estimated accelerations would range from almost 100 g to thousands of gs with "no observed air disturbance, no sonic booms, and no evidence of excessive heat commensurate with even the minimal estimated energies".[74] A second study led by him investigated only the 2004 USS Nimitz encounter in specific,[66] concluding that "the number and quality of witnesses, the variety of roles they played in the encounters, and the equipment used to track and record the craft favor the latter hypothesis that these are technologically advanced craft".[75] An analysis by SCU examines the publicly available subset of the data about the event, deriving velocity, acceleration and estimated power demonstrated by the anomalous aerial vehicles' (AAV) maneuvers, showing capabilities are beyond any known technology.[76][77][78] The officially declassified "Gimbal" video is "considered by many to show a real anomalous craft, with flight characteristics that are beyond our current human technology".[79]

In 2022, scientists in Ukraine reported in a preprint various data and conclusions about UFOs, made using meteorite observation stations in Kyiv and Vinarivka, that they categorize into "Cosmics" and "Phantoms" and appear to show speeds of up to 15 kilometers per second (the speed of light is ~300,000 km/s).[80][81][82][83]

A mechanical engineer created the 'UFO Velocity Calculator' as a help to calculate the velocity of UFOs and notes that with our current technology, it is impossible to replicate all the characteristics of UFOs.[84]

There also is at least one new U.S. government office that developed a science plan to investigate striking physical characteristics of UAP.[85][86][87][88] The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office is lead by Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, former chief scientist at the Defense Intelligence Agency's Missile and Space Intelligence Center, and has "science and technology" as one of its primary lines of efforts.[89][87]

Proposed characteristic observables[edit]

The "five observables", as put forward by UFO researcher Luis Elizondo, refers to five characteristics of UFOs, which appear to show "signs of intelligent control", identified so far:[90][91][92][93][94][95][96][64]

  • Seemingly gravity-defying positive lift/capabilities (including no apparent signs of propulsion or long-duration stationary persistence against the wind[97][98] or no aircraft-typical noise)
  • Sudden/instantaneous acceleration (including to beyond physiological limitations of any known biological system as embedded in any known system)
  • Hypersonic velocities without signatures (including acoustic, heat, and electromagnetic signatures like a sonic boom)
  • Trans-medium travel (through air, and space and/or water)[39][99][100]
  • Low observability or potentially cloaking (apparently including associated radar jamming and deception[101][96][102])

Furthermore:

Phenomena associated with UFOs[edit]

See also: § Phenomena linked to ufology, Crowdsourced psychological science, and Xenology § In science

Claims about potential related phenomena by ufologists[edit]

See also: Stargate Project

Materials and potential technologies[edit]

A 2021 study reviewed modern analytic procedures, including mass spectrometry techniques, for characterization, analysis, and identification of unknown materials and how such were applied to study materials that, according to witnesses, dropped from hovering UFOs. It suggests that the full range of current capabilities of materials analysis have not been applied so far and, after reviewing a range of proposed explanations, that these materials' purposes and characteristics, such as their isotope ratios,[114][115][116][117][118] are very odd and remain unexplained.[119] The company To the Stars "did secure a partnership with the army to research 'novel materials'" and technologies[64][120] and launched the 'ADAM Research Project' for research and development of an "extraterrestrial" metal for commercial and military applications.[121][122][123][124] There are further companies around or including research and development of potential UFO-related technology, e.g. via reverse engineering.[125]

Skinwalker Ranch[edit]

Some scientists like Dr. Travis S. Taylor are investigating phenomena associated with UAP such as peculiar phenomena observed on Skinwalker Ranch, sometimes collaborating with groups like UAPx.[126][127]

Physiological effects[edit]

According to released AATIP documents, UFOs may have had physical effects on nearby people, such as leaving 'radiation burns', and there are reports of 'unaccounted for pregnancies.[109][110] UFO researchers often leave abductions out of their brief for the subject in order to appear more legitimate as UFOs are taboo enough.[128]

An investigation of MRI brain scans of around 100 patients, mostly "defense or governmental personnel or people working in the aerospace industry", of which a subset claimed to have seen UAP and the majority had symptoms that were "basically identical to what's now called Havana syndrome", found that some of the brains were horribly damaged and that "what we thought was the damage across multiple individuals" turned out to be a "over-connection of neurons between the head of the caudate and the putamen" which Stanford scientist Garry Nolan claims was disproportionate in this cohort compared to the general population[clarification needed]. Others have independently (and even earlier) verified the role of the caudate in intelligence and planning.[129][130] For at least multiple individuals of this subset, this brain characteristic was something that the people were born with.[131]

Research on potential associated operators or beings[edit]

See also: Fermi paradox and Xenology

In some cases, people who saw UFOs also saw beings coming out of these objects. One study reports that in the 1994 Ariel School UFO incident "virtually every single one of the 62 children iterated the exact same story with same details and none of them had gone against his/her story". It concluded that, while many dismissed the incident as mass hysteria, the children were later found to not have much prior knowledge of cultural UFO perceptions, with many believing their story, which the children also corroboratively drew afterwards.[132] Harvard University professor of psychiatry John E. Mack interviewed dozens of experiencers of the event, reporting the event to the world,[133][134][135] which indicated that the event cannot be dismissed as mass hysteria,[136] after going on television with alien abductees during the spring of 1994[137] and concluding that people who claimed they had been abducted by aliens weren't crazy in 1990.[138][139]

NASA administrator Bill Nelson stated that UAP could be from a civilization "that is civilised and organised like ours".[55] Theories about operators of observed unknown vehicles and beings include extraterrestrials[55][140] but also time-travelers (e.g. via warp drives), "interdimensional" origins[55][141] and other hypotheses. (See § [[#below|below]], below.) As of 2022, there are no "policies or reporting systems in place for experts to follow if they do make contact with intelligent life not of this world".[142] One study hypothesizes that if Earth is under extraterrestrial surveillance, extraterrestrials may be relying on the "non-habituation anthropological observational model so they do not affect 'natural' human behavior and (A) intend us no harm; or (B) they are monitoring our technological development and if humans become a threat they may destroy our technology and civilization; or (C) as warned by Stephen Hawking, they intend to conquer our planet".[143] (see also: space law of spacefaring machines)

Research with experiencers[edit]

In 2018, the first comprehensive investigation on individuals (N = 3,256) who have claimed various forms of (physical and non-physical) contact experience (CE) with a non-human intelligent being (NHI) associated with or without UAP, used comprehensive quantitative surveys and found that ~70% of participants claimed that their CE changed their life in a "positive way" and that sightings of an UAP is not necessarily associated with a CE.[144] A study suggests that people reporting contact with aliens (or potentially alien-like entities), known as "experiencers", "appear to have a different psychological profile compared to control participants", showing "higher levels of dissociativity, absorption, paranormal belief and experience, and possibly fantasy proneness".[145] A psychologist found it interesting that in the case of alien abduction beliefs, these believed experiences are "extremely bizarre, and yet are formed by individuals reasoning in a perfectly normal".[146] Some have suggested that alien abduction experiences may be caused by sleep paralysis.[147][146]

Table of proposed explanations[edit]
Mystery airship illustrated in the San Francisco Call, November 22, 1896
See also: Epistemology and Axiom

According to Director of Naval Intelligence Scott Bray, UFO sightings are "frequent and continuous" and it is "clear that many of the sightings are physical objects, based on the data that we have".[148] Former U.S. President, Barack Obama stated in a television interview that "there is footage and records of objects in the skies that we don't know exactly what they are".[149][150][151][152][64] The U.S.' Director of national intelligence Avril Haines has stated "There’s always the question of 'is there something else that we simply do not understand, that might come extraterrestrially?'".[153][154]

Hypotheses regarding potential explanations of the purported objects are or include the following:

Origin of AAV / objects Description Notable counterarguments
Extraterrestrial/s Organisms and/or artificial intelligence[155][156][157][158][159] with extraterrestrial origin/s (i.e. that are at least more recent than any major panspermia in humans if such occurred) are hypothesized by some to be the origin/s of UAP.
  • Some scientists "stress that aliens are unlikely to be the culprit",[64][160] including Seth Shostak as of 2021,[113] and/or it is "assumed to be known that none [of the UFOs] are extraterrestrial".[161]
  • A common point may be that it is assumed that as smartphone "cameras have gotten better" it is possible and likely that the UFO pictures should have as well and that they haven't[64][155]
  • One of "cherished assumptions" is that interstellar travel is unlikely[162]
  • Astrophysicist Adam Frank puts forward the theory that all of them "would also know how to turn off their high beams at night" and can and would do so or "land on the White House lawn and announce themselves"[66]
  • UFO researcher Hans-Werner Peiniger stated that "If there really was extraterrestrial intelligence that came to visit us, there should've been some things their UFOs had in common" and that this isn't the case[163]
  • According to Scott Bray, "we have no material, we have detected no emanations, within the UAP task force that would suggest it is anything non-terrestrial in origin."[98]
All proposed AAVs have (relatively) mundane or boring[164] explanations For example various combinations of military pilots lying, videos showing artifacts and/or optical illusions and/or other glitches,[64][165][66] unknown natural environmental phenomena, weather balloons, meteorites and space debris,[159] birds, manipulated data, hallucinations,[166] sleep paralysis or lucid dreaming,[64][167][168][169][170] hoaxes (e.g. using holographic projection technologies), and errors of sensor technologies / instruments[33]
See also: Occam's razor, Hessdalen lights, Restricted airspace, Sensor fusion, Sworn testimony, and Radar
"Interdimensional" being/s[155][55][171][141] Interdimensional[clarification needed] beings that aren't necessarily[clarification needed] extraterrestrial.
Earth-originated non-human civilization/s Civilization/s that originated on Earth (no recent extraterrestrial origins), e.g. in the ocean, that are non-human (Homo sapiens). The Silurian hypothesis raises the question of whether humans would be able to detect the past presence of a civilization on Earth (e.g. in the terrestrial geological record).[172][173][174][175]
See also: Shadow biosphere and Mac Tonnies § Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis
Time traveler/s[176][155][55][177][178][179] Time travelers that aren't necessarily extraterrestrial – for example "our future human descendants, coming back through time to visit and study their own hominin evolutionary past".[180]
See also: Time travel § Time travel in physics
Advanced human technology by (a) foreign nation/s The military and/or intelligence agencies of China and/or Russia in particular.[clarification needed]
  • "Congress does not appear concerned that UFOs are part of a foreign intelligence effort."[181]
  • The U.S. government would "have some idea this kind of tech exists"[64][182] and beyond former President Obama indicating that the U.S. government can't explain the flight patterns of the objects,[149][150][152] multiple officials have ruled out U.S. technology as the explanation[64]
    See also: UFO Report (U.S. Intelligence)
  • Wanting to keep such technology secret conflicts with flying these things over cities[64]
  • "France, China, Russia and Canada are among countries reported to also investigate UFOs"[64] For example, it was reported that the Chinese military is using artificial intelligence to track UFOs, with "The frequent occurrence of unidentified air conditions in recent years" bringing "severe challenges to air defence security" of the country[183][184] and there, according to the country's state media, being a recently publicly announced own version of a UAPTF-type UFO task force.[182][185] There also reports about sightings of UFOs from China[186][additional citation(s) needed] and from Russia or the former Soviet Union.[187][188][189][additional citation(s) needed] The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine "failed to produce evidence of advanced capabilities" according to a report.[190]
  • Available data appears to show "technology that is multigenerational, several generations ahead of what we consider next generation technology"[188][150][191][165] For example, according to Scott Bray the UAPTF is "not aware of any adversary that is capable of flying an aircraft without any discernable means of propulsion".[98] (see above)
  • Journalist Jeff Wise asks "If the Pentagon is essentially stoking the public's belief in UFOs in order to encourage reporting of electronic warfare attacks or sensor glitches, then that raises the question: Why didn't it just tell everyone that what it’s really concerned about is gaps in its electronic warfare capabilities?"[192]
  • According to former analyst with the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation,[193] Marik von Rennenkampff, "there seems to be now a bipartisan and unanimous opinion among members of the Senate Intelligence Committee that some UFOs do have non-human origins".[194][195]
Advanced human technology by domestic secret / black project/s[64] See the row above.
See also: Project Mogul and Hypersonic weapon
Advanced human technology by (a) commercial entity/ies[98]
See also: List of asset management firms, List of richest people in the world, and List of largest companies by revenue
(Multiple of the above)
None of the above[clarification needed]
See also: Simulation hypothesis

Research about potential measurement or gathering of evidence[edit]

See also: Applications of artificial intelligence
Major technosignatures as outlined in a 2021 scientific review.[196]

A 2010 study lists information and instrumentation needed to advance knowledge of spherical UAP.[197] A preprint suggests multistatic radar measurements of UAP by cell and open access radio networks, like GNU radio.[198] Concepts of autonomous detection systems for UAP use machine learning and multiple imaging sensors operating in different wavelength ranges whose recordings are stored (more) permanently in case of detections.[49]

Aggregators of data and documents about UFOs include 'The Black Vault', which consist mostly of government documents obtained by U.S. Freedom of Information Act requests of which many are newly publicly released documents,[199][200][201][202][203] as well as interviews such as an interview with former CIA director R. James Woolsey.[204]

An issue is that the greatest level of UFO activity may be restricted military airspace with respective organizations, e.g. the Defense Department in the U.S., "not going to be real excited about bringing in a lot of instruments to record everything that's going on".[7]

Tech millionaire William Sachiti has bought a Cold War AMES Type 84 radar system to search for UFOs, asking what to do with it on a reddit website.[205][206]

Photographic plate surveys from pre-satellite times could and were used in searches for non-terrestrial artifacts with there being candidate discoveries of apparently disappearing stars.[207][208][209][210]

Stigma[edit]

Further information: § Differentiation from amateur science and conspiracy theorists

Some find the "stigma, ridicule and dismissiveness directed at the UAP/UFO phenomenon" to be unfortunate.[55] For example, the stigma appears to discourage military personnel from reporting hardly explainable incidents witnessed during active service.[211] NASA scientist Ravi Kopparapu called for the government to share UAP data with independent groups in academia.[19] According to the 2021 UFO Report, government entities would prefer to more rely on a scientific and data-driven approach instead of anecdotal observations. Hence, a new collection strategy to standardize data reporting on UFOs is planned.[54] A main reason for the apparent lack of interest in UFOs by most scientists may be that the "wrong set of people takes UFOs seriously".[128] According to a psychologist, another issue may be that the "threat of being written off as a kook can loom large for researchers".[162]

Alleged obstruction of progress[edit]

According to Professor Garry Nolan, "who has done secret work for the CIA investigating the effects of UAPs on military and intelligence service personnel", there has been an "active" coverup.[212] In contrast, Alexander Wendt states that "At most, we've covered up the fact that we have no idea what's going on."[213]

Resources and incentives[edit]

Immunologist Garry Nolan stated that, "If there's money in research grants and things to be done, people will start investigating".[113] In the NSF funding database there were over 50 open projects on artificial intelligence that qualify, but zero results for UAPs in 2022.[214] Astronomy professor, Chris Impey stated that "If the Pentagon or the government asks for scientific input and gives them some data and a little resources, people would participate."[165]

Differentiation from amateur science and conspiracy theorists[edit]

A NASA physicist suggests that "Legitimate academic work about extraterrestrial life has to carefully separate itself from the musings of amateur scientists and conspiracy theorists".[162] According to Tarter, it would be important for "differentiating ourselves from the pseudoscience that is so much a part of popular culture with UFO" that researchers do "not to make any conjectural leaps about aliens unless there was 'extraordinary evidence'".[7] There is at least one ongoing research project that aims to meet this requirement of 'extraordinary evidence' by working on this issue.[7] NASA representatives have stated that they hope their study on UAP, which is lead by David Spergel, "contributes to the mainstreaming of rigorous, unbiased UAP research in the scientific community" as they have a high level of public trust[215] and could deepen credibility in this field of study.[216]

Research on potential societal impacts of research, awareness, related phenomena and findings[edit]

Further information: Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
See also: Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, Human nature, Global catastrophe scenarios § Extraterrestrial invasion, Arms race, Alien abduction claimants, Psychological stress, Neuroscience of sleep, and Privacy § Privacy in non-human animals

Some proponents of "disclosure" suggest that this would be the most profound event in human history.[63][213] The Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies has produced a report that investigates potential "geostrategic implications".[217] In 2019, Professor of international politics, Daniel W. Drezner asked what happens "to our understanding of the universe if great powers" would implement the second step of the two-step process: (a) Acknowledge that UFOs exist; and (b) Consider that the UFOs might be ETs, after "the U.S. national security bureaucracy has met the first criterion".[161] Sociologist Ron Westrum notes "What UFOs do now should not be taken as a given; it could too easily change".[218]

Aviation safety[edit]

According to the UFO report by the U.S. ODNI intelligence, safety concerns include aviators contending with an "increasingly cluttered air domain", with there being at least 11 cases in which pilots reported a "near-miss" collision "with these strange objects".[97]

Nuclear technologies[edit]

According to Luis Elizondo, as well as former U.S. Air Force personnel[219][220][221][190][222][unreliable source?] "UAPs have interfered and actually brought offline [some of the U.S.'] nuclear capabilities".[188][223][93][224] According to the BBC, a whistleblower claimed that "UAPs had interfered with US nuclear weapons facilities, even forcing some offline".[225] According to Elizondo, they also interfered with other major powers' nuclear weapons systems – such as putting them online.[188][223] According to some, the other major powers that had similar sightings or interference include the former Soviet Union.[221][219] Elizondo as well as a preprint by French space agency unit GEIPAN claim that there appears to be some sort of link "between these UAP or UFO sightings and our nuclear technology with nuclear propulsion, nuclear power generation, or nuclear weapons systems".[188][226][better source needed] In May 2022, it was reported that in the U.S. a passed National Defense Authorization Act, proposed by U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand,[227][228] requested more regular information on UAP incidents "associated with military nuclear assets, including strategic nuclear weapons and nuclear-powered ships and submarines."[229][230] In June 2022, it was reported that Deputy Minister of Natural Resources, John Hannaford declared that the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission" is committed to raising the issue" of UAP "with its United States counterpart and sharing any related information going forward" due to "the shared priority for nuclear safety and security of nuclear facilities".[231][232] Nuclear weapons are a subject of academic research.[233]

Anthropocentrism[edit]

Professor of international relations and cofounder of UFODATA, a project for a crowd-funded global network of automated UFO detection stations,[213][234] Alexander Wendt and Raymond Duvall argue that UFOs pose an existential challenge to the worldview "in which human beings are the most technologically advanced life-forms" (anthropocentrism, which e.g. is present in many mainstream religions).[161] Avi Loeb has suggested that abandoning the prevalent belief that humans are the "smartest kids on the cosmic block" with more "cosmic humility" would support scientific progress.[235][236][237]

Potential public reactions[edit]

Sociologist Robert L. Hall notes that fear of mass panic or overreaction is not grounded in objective research, also suggesting that most would seek more information and engage in lots of discussions.[218] A researcher has set up the International Coalition for Extraterrestrial Research (ICER) "in order to coordinate the global response and 'prepare awareness classes for the public' and suggests that the confirmation of the existence of extraterrestrial life, and its presence on Earth, "is coming and it's going to come as a big shock".[191]

Other[edit]

Michael D. Swords suggests that the "revelation of an alien presence might drive us even closer together into a World Community" and that interrelated problems associated with ET contact include: "(1) the unknown economic impact; (2) the subtle psychological impact of an alien presence whose objectives are unknown; and (3) the stronger psychological impact of alien abductions that contain both apparently negative elements and unknown objectives" which could create very negative social consequences.[218] According to Major John R. King, potential sociological consequences may include (4) Initial shock and consternation (5) Loss or reduction of ego (6) Modification of human values (7) Decrease in status of scientists and (8) Reevaluation of religions.[218]


See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "The UFO Case of Maresciallo Cecconi - June 18, 1979". The Black Vault Case Files. 10 June 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  2. ↑ https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/
  3. ↑ "Yep, those are UFOs, Navy says about 3 videos of strange sightings". NBC News. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  4. ↑ Andrew, Scottie (18 September 2019). "The US Navy just confirmed these UFO videos are the real deal | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  5. ↑ Mizokami, Kyle (16 September 2019). "The Navy Says Those UFO Videos Are Real". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  6. ↑ "Pentagon officially releases three leaked 'UFO' videos - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 "Why is a Harvard astrophysicist working with UFO buffs?". www.science.org. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  8. ↑ "A top Harvard astronomer is studying UFOs, thanks in part to the Pentagon report". NBC News. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "After Congress' first hearing on UFOs in 50 years, some scientists want to be let in on the investigation". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Banias, M. J. (2 July 2020). "Ufology: From Fringe Field to Serious Science". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  11. ↑ Scoles, Sarah. "NASA’s UFO Study Isn’t Really Looking for Space Aliens". Scientific American. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  12. ↑ Impey, Chris (15 July 2021). "Why the military should work with scientists to study the UFO phenomenon". Military Times. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
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