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List of discoveries in anthropology

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

List of discoveries in anthropology consists of discoveries in the field of anthropology, with entries to each sub-heading existing in chronology.

Anthropology has four aspects: Archaeological, Biological, Linguistic, Sociocultural,[1] a discretion made by Boas during the commencement of the 20th century [2]

Archaeological[edit]

19th century[edit]

20th[edit]

21st[edit]

  • published 2011, February, only evidence existing within the British Isles, and the oldest directly dated examples known, of activity of alteration of human skulls, dated to approximately 14,700 BP, 14,450 BCE, to make drinking cups (from Gough's Cave, Somerset) — Bello, Parfitt, Stringer[10]
  • 2015, July, identification of four bodies discovered 2010 in a 1608 church of Jamestown as, Reverend Robert Hunt, Captain Gabriel Archer, Sir Ferdinando Wainman, and Captain William West — Douglas Owsley et al.[11]
  • 2018, January 26, a find at Mislya cave within Israel, suggests the homo sapiens species moved from Africa at the minimum time of approximately 175,000 years B.C., previous evidence from archaeology suggested a time of emigration from Africa of 88,000 to 118,000 years B.C[12] — Israel Hershkovitz, of the Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, et al[13]
  • 2019, August, stone tools (projectile points formally similar to upper Paleolithic period within Japan), charcoal remains and animal remains dated to between 14, 500 and 13,300 B.C.E. found within the precinct of Idaho at the Cooper’s Ferry site, near a tributary of the Columbia River — Loren Davis (Oregon State University in Corvallis) Davis, Madsen, Becerra-Valdivia, Higham,Sisson, Skinner, Stueber, Nyers, Keen-Zebert, Neudorf, Cheyney, Izuho, Iizuka, Burns, Epps, Willis, Buvit[14]

Biological[edit]

The subjects of biological anthropology are the evolution and ecology of humans and non-human primates,[15] Trinil Java (1891 and 1892), made by Marie Eugène François Thomas Dubois were the first discoveries of hominid fossils to accepted as evidence of evolution of the human species[16]

19th century[edit]

20th century[edit]

21st century[edit]

  • 2003, homo sapiens (Bouri Formation) dated to within approximately 160,000 and 154,000 years ago — Clark, Beyene, WoldeGabriel, Hart, Renne, Gilbert, Defleur, Suwa, Katoh, Ludwig, Boisserie, Asfaw, White (Afar Rift, Ethiopia)[33]
  • 2005, method-argon re-dating for Omo 1, Omo 2 (40Ar/39Ar; of feldspar crystals, from pumice clasts within tuffs below and above the level where the fossils were found indicate the age of the fossils is closer to the median within the range 184,000 to 202,000 years of age (for crystals below the fossils)), is dated to an age of 190,000 to 200, 000 years of age, indicating the two finds are the most old (for finds dated by reliable methods) yet discovered for homo sapiens — McDougall, Brown, Fleagle[34]
  • 2008,[35] method-radiocarbon-dating techniques[35][36] dating of Buckland 1823 generates an age of approximately 31,000 to 32,000 B.C.[3] (the Mid-Upper Paleolithic[35][3])
  • 2015, homo naledi — Lee R Berger[37]
  • 2017, June (published), a crania of a homo sapiens of sometime within the range of 281,000 to 349,000 years of age (ageing was achieved by method-thermoluminescence), of an individual alive during the Middle Stone Age of Africa, places the origination of the evolution of the homo variation sapiens to sometime within an approximate range of 81,000 to 149,000 thousand years prior to the previously determined time of evolution — Hublin, Ben-Ncer, Bailey, Freidline, Neubauer, Skinner, Bergmann, Le Cabec, Benazzi, Harvati, Gunz (Jebel Irhoud, Morocco)[38]
  • 2018, January 26 (published), a hemimaxilla[12] containing dentes, of a homo sapiens alive between approximately 175,000 to 192,000 years B.C, Misliya Cave, Israel, at the time the most anciently existing homo sapiens externally to Africa — Hershkovitz, Weber, Quam, Duval, Grün, Kinsley, Ayalon, Bar-Matthews, Valladas, Mercier, Arsuaga, Martinón-Torres, Bermúdez de Castro, Fornai, Martín-Francés, Sarig, May, Krenn, Slon, Rodríguez, García, Lorenzo, Carretero, Frumkin, Shahack-Gross, Bar-Yosef Mayer, Cui, Wu, Peled, Groman-Yaroslavski, Weissbrod, Yeshurun, Tsatskin, Zaidner, Weinstein-Evron[13]
  • 2019, June 5, (published),[39] DNA of individuals genetically close to Native Americans,[40] from within remains dated to about 28,980 B.C., from within Siberia, — Eske Willerslev et al.[39]
  • 2019, June, two milk teeth, at the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site (2001), Siberia — Willerslev[41]
  • 2019, July 25, U-series radiometric dating of homo sapiens crania Apidema-1, discovered within Greece (1978), finds the crania is from a time of approximately 208,000 B.C.[42] belonging to the more recent era of the Middle Pleistocene period[42][43] — Harvati, Röding, Bosman, Karakostis, Grün, Stringer, Karkanas, Thompson, Koutoulidis, Moulopoulos, Gorgoulis, Kouloukoussa[42]

Linguistic[edit]

18th century[edit]

prior to [44] 1786,[45] February 2,[44] similarity of languages — William Jones[45]

20th century[edit]

1969,[46] typological patterns existing to names of colours within different languages [47] — Berlin and Kay [46]

Sociocultural[edit]

6th century B.C.E.[edit]

c.592,[48] nibbhāna[49] (including;[50] bodhi[51][52] (enlightenment[52]), cattari ariya saccani[53][54] (the four noble truths[54]), anitya, &, pratītyasamutpāda[55]) — Siddharth Gautama[56] (consequently known within Buddhism as the Buddha)

15th century A.D.[edit]

sometime after the 1st and before the 6th of November, 1492, the use of[57][58] tobacco by Native Americans[59][60][61] — Rodrigo de Jerez and Luis de Torres[57][62][58]

19th century[edit]

sometime before December 28[63] during the year 1896, the birthplace of[64] Prince Gautama[65] (the Lumbini garden[63]) — Alois Anton Führer[64][66][67][68][69] and General[64] Khadga Shamsher[67] Rana,[64][70] Governor of Palpa[64]

20th century[edit]

  • 1945, May, the corpses of two individuals within a bomb crater outside a bunker in Berlin (an examination of March and July 2017 (Charlier, Weila, Rainsarda, Poupona, Brisard[71])[72] confirm teeth of one of the corpses, previously kept in Russian Archives, are the teeth of Adolf Hitler,[73] the fuhrer of Nazi-era Germany[74]) — a soldier or soldiers of the Soviet army[72]

21st century[edit]

  • 2001, October, a tree[75] (Pyrus calleryana[76] – Callery pear) afterwards known as the Survivor Tree, is discovered at the site of the World Trade Center attack,[75] the last living organism recovered[77] (the last living person discovered was during September 12, 2001[78] sometime after 09:00 hours[79])
  • 2006, James Fallon[80] (a neuroscientist), while studying people who had committed murder, those diagnosed with schizophrenia, and the genetics of those with Alzheimer's, discovers his brain is psychopathic — James Fallon[81]
  • 2016, sometime after August, Yoshida Shoin's (1830–59) tanto, a member of the closing generation of the samurai class, is discovered within the United States — Timothy Arai (after meeting with Akira Kurosawa)[82]
  • 2017, 7 June,[83] deaths of approximately 80% of the population of Aztecs,[84] during the early contact period, occurring within Mexico, during 1545–1550 CE, caused by enteric fever — Vågene, Herbig, Campana, et al[83]
  • 2018, October 29, the identification of a biomolecular history of Nicotiana use amongst northwestern North America indigenous hunter-gatherer populations prior to the post-1790's introduction of Nicotiana tabacum by European first contact settlers and traders — Tushingham, Snyder, Brownstein, Damitio, Gang[85]

Sources[edit]

  1. ↑ about Anthropology, University of Florida - accessed 2019-07-30
  2. ↑ A Duranti (2003) - Linguistic Anthropology, pp 8899, 8906; published (online) by UCLA - accessed 2020-1-22
    • from ("Sapirs classification in linguistic anthropology" →) "Sapirs discovery of classification in linguistic anthropology" using p17 of: Dell H. Hymes (1983) Essays in the History of Linguistic Anthropology, John Benjamins Publishing 1983, ISBN 902724507X Search this book on ., ISBN 9789027245076 Search this book on .
    Bibliographical: American Dictionary discretion noun, published (online) by Cambridge University - accessed 2020-1-22
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The 'Red Lady' of Paviland, Museum of Natural History of the University of Oxford, "Buckland...led him to conclude that the bones were of a woman...from the Roman period, around 2,000 years ago..." - accessed 2019-07-17
  4. ↑ Robin Turner (17 April 2015) – News > Wales News > Gower, Wales Online - accessed 2019-07-17
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 (references Arthur Evans) 7 discoveries that changed the archaeological world, published by Current World Archaeology - accessed 2020-02-05
  6. ↑ John Chadwick (2014) — The Decipherment of Linear B, p.8, published May 15, 2014 by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 1107691761 Search this book on ., ISBN 9781107691766 Search this book on . Canto Classics - accessed 2020-02-05
  7. ↑ Andrew Robinson (2012) — The Man Who Deciphered Linear B: The Story of Michael Ventris, p.4th of Introduction, published January 2, 2012 (reprint) by Thames & Hudson, ISBN 050077076X Search this book on ., ISBN 9780500770764 Search this book on . - accessed 2020-02-05
  8. ↑ Finley Hooper (1978) — Greek Realities: Life and Thought in Ancient Greece, p.34 (image p.33), published 1978 (reprint) by Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0814315976 Search this book on ., ISBN 9780814315972 Search this book on . Volume 44 of Wayne books - accessed 2020-02-05
  9. ↑ Dawn Fuller — Researchers mine through a ‘treasure trove’ of resources in Cincinnati and Greece to reveal the character, patriotism and unconventional lifestyle of famed American archaeologist Carl William Blegen, published by University of Cincinnati in UC magazine - accessed 2020-02-05 (this source used to source "Carl" only)
  10. ↑ Bello, Silvia M.; Parfitt, Simon A.; Stringer, Chris B. (2011). "Earliest Directly-Dated Human Skull-Cups". PLOS One. 6 (2): e17026. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617026B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017026. PMC 3040189. PMID 21359211. ...cut-marked and broken human bones are widespread in the Magdalenian (∼15 to 12,000 years BP) and skull-cup preparation is an element of this tradition...
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  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hershkovitz I et al — The earliest modern humans outside Africa, AAAS 26 Jan 2018: Volume 359, Issue 6374, pp. 456–459 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8369, Retrieved 2019-09-10
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    • Callaway, Ewen (2019). "Ancient stone tools hint at settlers' epic trek to North America". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02589-2.
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  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 John de Vos – The Dubois collection: a new look at an old collection pp.1,5,6 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Winkler Prins & Donovan. Proc. VII International Symposium 'Cultural Heritage in Geosciences, Scripta Geologica, Spec. Issue 4 (2004), p.1 (267): "..Pithecanthropus (now Homo) erectus...", p.6 (272) ".."Pithecanthropus erectus, eine menschenaehnliche Uebergangsform aus Java"..., - accessed 2019-12-26
  17. ↑ Dean Falk — The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution, p.188, University of California Press 3 October 2011, ISBN 0520266706 Search this book on ., ISBN 9780520266704 Search this book on . accessed 2019-12-26
  18. ↑ Fran Dorey – A timeline of fossil discoveries, published by the Australian Museum 23-12-2019 - accessed 2019-12-26
  19. ↑ Josh Kalich (2017, July 21) — Homo Helmei, Michagen State University - accessed 2019-09-15
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 PS Harper – The discovery of the human chromosome number in Lund, 1955–1956, Institute of Medical Genetics, Cardiff University, Human Genetics 2006 March;119(1–2):226-32 - accessed 2019-09-14
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Tjio & Levan (1955) published in the Journal Heriditas, cited in, Soraya de Chadarevian – Chromosome Photography and the Human Karyotype, Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, Volume 45, No. 1 (February, 2015), pp. 115–146, Retrieved 2019-06-13
  22. ↑ Michael Hopkin — Radioactive dating finds that fossil skulls are 195,000 years old 2005, 16 February (online) Nature doi:10.1038/news050214-10 (photograph: Michael Day), (John Fleagle, Stony Brook University, New York; Ian McDougall of the Australian National University: dating analysis post 1967), (Christopher Stringer Natural History Museum, London), erroneously dated via associated shells of molluscs to an approximate of 130,000 years of age c.f. 2005, - accessed 2019-09-12
  23. ↑ Jeffrey H. Schwartz, Ian Tattersall — The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia), p.117, John Wiley & Sons, 11 March 2005, ISBN 0471326445 Search this book on ., ISBN 9780471326441 Search this book on . - accessed 2019-09-15
  24. ↑ Rachael Larimore (Nov 24, 2015) — "41st anniversary" Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science - accessed 2019-06-16
  25. ↑ Elissa Jobson — 5349, The Africa Report, 10 September 2013, Retrieved 2019-06-16
  26. ↑ The man who found Lucy University of Illinois Retrieved 2019-06-16
  27. ↑ Day MH, Leakey MD, Magori C — A new hominid fossil skull (L.H. 18) from the Ngaloba Beds, Laetoli, northern Tanzania, Nature 1980 March 6;284(5751):55-6, Retrieved 2019-09-15
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  29. ↑ Katerina Harvati, Carolin Röding, Abel M. Bosman, Fotios A. Karakostis, Rainer Grün, Chris Stringer, Panagiotis Karkanas, Nicholas C. Thompson1, Vassilis Koutoulidis, Lia A. Moulopoulos, Vassilis G. Gorgoulis, & Mirsini Kouloukoussa (2019, 25 July) – Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia, Nature Volume 571, sourced using Ashley Strickland (July 10, 2019) — 210,000-year-old human skull in Greece is the oldest found outside Africa, published by CNN 2019 - accessed 2019-07-15
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  38. ↑ Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, Bergmann I, Le Cabec A, Benazzi S, Harvati K, Gunz P (2017, June 7) — New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens, Nature 2017 June 7;546(7657):289–292. doi: 10.1038/nature22336, &, (Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology), in, Ewen Callaway (2017, 07 June; Corrected: 08 June 2017) — Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history, Nature, [Callaway: "......indicates H. sapiens appeared more than 100,000 years earlier than thought: most researchers have placed the origins of our species in East Africa about 200,000 years ago..." c.f. Hublin et al.: "...315 ± 34 thousand years..." ] - accessed 2019-09-10
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Eske Willerslev — DNA from 31,000-year-old milk teeth leads to discovery of new group of ancient Siberians St John's College, University of Cambridge, The Lundbeck Foundation Centre for GeoGenetics June 5, 2019 - accessed 2019-06-17
  40. ↑
  41. ↑ Martin Sikora et al. (05 Jun 2019) — 'The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene.' Nature (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z DNA from 31,000-year-old milk teeth leads to discovery of new group of ancient Siberians - accessed 2019-06-20
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Katerina Harvati, Carolin Röding, Abel M. Bosman, Fotios A. Karakostis, Rainer Grün, Chris Stringer, Panagiotis Karkanas, Nicholas C. Thompson, Vassilis Koutoulidis, Lia A. Moulopoulos, Vassilis G. Gorgoulis, & Mirsini Kouloukoussa (2019, 25 July) — Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia, Nature Volume 571 - accessed 2019-09-07
  43. ↑ Notice "O katharismós apolithoménou kraniou palaionthropou apó to Apédema tes Mánes", International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property Retrieved 2019-07-15
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Thomas Paul Bonfiglio (2010) — Mother Tongues and Nations: The Invention of the Native Speaker, publisher: Walter de Gruyter 2010 ISBN 1934078255 Search this book on ., ISBN 9781934078259 Search this book on ., - accessed 2020-1-22
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Bibliographical (using "discovery of Proto-Indo-European"):
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Janet Zhiqun Xing — Semantics and Pragmatics of Color Terms in Chinese, published by Western Washington University, (draft of paper, 2006) — accessed 2020-1-22
  47. ↑ Michael Dowman (2007) — Explaining Color Term Typology With an Evolutionary Model, Cognitive Science Journal Volume 31, Issue 1 February 2007 Pages 99-132, republished by onlinelibrary.wiley.com 10 February 2010 https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210709336986 — accessed 2020-1-22 (sourced using "discovery of Berlin and Kay 1969" (Xing 2006-2008) )
  48. ↑
  49. ↑ "nibbhāna" Har Dayal - The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, p I, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 1999 ISBN 8120812573 Search this book on . ISBN 9788120812574 Search this book on ., accessed 2020-1-8, from, "Nirvana", in, Susunaga Weeraperuma - Nirvana: The Highest Happiness, p.4 (using "nirvana is enlightenment" n.b. this criteria does not represent the reality of the discovery), - accessed 2020-1-8
  50. ↑ the inclusion of the word "including" in this sentence is not a sourced element
  51. ↑ Glossary, published by the Insight Meditation Society of 1230 Pleasant Street, Barre MA 01005, accessed 2020-1-9
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, Kathleen McDonald — Wholesome Fear: Transforming Your Anxiety About Impermanence and Death, p.3, published by Simon and Schuster January 13 2010 ISBN 0861716302 Search this book on ., ISBN 9780861716302 Search this book on . - accessed 2020-1-8
  53. ↑ Four Noble Truths cattari ariya saccani, published by the Barre Center for Buddhist Studies 2005, revised 5 November 2013 - accessed 2020-1-9
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "In the Mūlasarvastivādā-vinaya ... is best understood as a reflection on the discovery of the four noble truths..." Tilmann Vetter — The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, xxxii, Brill Archive 1988 ISBN 9004089594 Search this book on ., ISBN 9789004089594 Search this book on . - accessed 2020-1-8, from "Religions - Buddhism: The Four Noble Truths - BBC" (sic) (only) via "discovery of nirvana by the buddha" (& The World of Buddhism ISBN 0500276285 Search this book on . Heinz Bechert & Richard Gombrich - editors); from "discover": attributed to siddhartha gotama (the buddha), in, Susunaga Weeraperuma - Nirvana: The Highest Happiness, p.181, "..conquered the appetites, will discover Nirvana in this world", published by Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd 2003 ISBN 8179360105 Search this book on . ISBN 9788179360101 Search this book on ., accessed 2020-1-8, using page 2 of search criteria "the buddha discovered nirvana" - accessed 2020-1-8
  55. ↑ AL Herman, in, (R.W. Perrett (Massey University) - editor) — Indian Philosophy of Religion, p 54, Springer Science & Business Media 6 December 2012, ISBN 9400924585 Search this book on . ISBN 9789400924581 Search this book on . - accessed 2020-1-8, using page 9 of "the buddha discovered nirvana" accessed 2020-1-8
  56. ↑ Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkhar — Buddha and His Dhamma — p 25 "..To Suddhodana was born Siddharth Gautama and this was the manner of Gautama's birth..." published online by www.enxarxa.com, originally published by the People's Education Society of Bombay, accessed 2020-1-8 (this source was not used to source this content)
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Ernst, A. (1889). "On the Etymology of the Word Tobacco". American Anthropologist (2): 133–142. doi:10.1525/aa.1889.2.2.02a00020.
  59. ↑ Keep it sacred, the National Native Network - accessed 2019-06-24
  60. ↑ George Henry Townsend (1867)- The Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records, Volume 2, p.975, Frederick Warne & Company, Retrieved 2019-06-24
  61. ↑ Tushingham, Shannon; Snyder, Charles M.; Brownstein, Korey J.; Damitio, William J.; Gang, David R. (2018). "Biomolecular archaeology reveals ancient origins of indigenous tobacco smoking in North American Plateau". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (46): 11742–11747. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813796115. PMC 6243282. PMID 30373836.
  62. ↑ History of Tobacco Scandinavian Tobacco Group, "the journal of Christopher Columbus ...written following his landing on the Bahamas island of San Salvador on 12 October 1492. Although he initially discarded the tobacco, two of his crew were intrigued to see local people “drinking” its smoke (the term “smoking” was yet to be invented) a month later on Cuba" - accessed 2019-06-24
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 G. Buhler (February 1897) – The Discovery of Buddha's Birthplace, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland February 1897, pp. 429–433 - accessed 2019-07-30
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 Mukherji 1901 (→ location in worldcat), in, Coningham, R.A.E. and Acharya, K.P and Strickland, K.M. and Davis, C.E. and Manuel, M.J and Simpson, I.A. and Gilliland, K. and Tremblay, J. and Kinnaird, T.C. and Sanderson, D.C.W (2013) 'The earliest Buddhist shrine : excavating the birthplace of the Buddha, Lumbini (Nepal).', Working Paper. Durham Research Online (DRO), Durham The earliest Buddhist shrine: excavating the birthplace of the Buddha, Lumbini (Nepal), p.4, (Department of Archaeology, Durham University) - accessed 2019-07-30 (editors note: this source is first identification of "Dr Fuhrer")
  65. ↑ PRINCE GAUTAMA (1) BACKGROUND, The Philosophy Foundation (Peter Worley et al) - accessed 2019-07-30
  66. ↑ Re-Discovery, Restoration, Preservation and Promotion of Lumbini, Lumbini Development Trust - accessed 2019-07-30 (ed. note: 1st source "Alois")
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 MAYADEVI TEMPLE, Lumbini Development Trust - accessed 2019-07-30 (ed. note: 1st source "Anton")
  68. ↑ Klaus Karttunen (2017, February 9) – FÜHRER, Alois Anton, University of Helsinki - accessed 2019-07-30 (ed. note: this source primary identification of order of names "Alois Anton")
  69. ↑ Führer, Alois Anton 1853–1930, World Cat Identities, - accessed 2019-07-30 (ed. note. this source secondary verification of order of names "Alois Anton" because Karttunen does not show university identification in url)
  70. ↑ The Natal Landscape – A History, Durham University - accessed 2019-07-30
  71. ↑ Charlier, P.; Weil, R.; Rainsard, P.; Poupon, J.; Brisard, J.C. (2018). "The remains of Adolf Hitler: A biomedical analysis and definitive identification". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 54: e10–e12. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.014. PMID 29779904.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Philippe Charlier in AFP news agency source — Deutsche Welle — Hitler teeth test dispels myths of Nazi leader's survival, "The teeth are authentic — there is no possible doubt," lead pathologist Philippe Charlier told the AFP news agency. "Our study proves that Hitler died in 1945", from, Jason Daley (May 22, 2018) – The first examination of Hitler's teeth permitted in 70 years shows the complicated dental work matches the Fuhrer's medical records, Smithsonian Magazine, (photograph: Phillipe Charlier) - accessed 2019-09-05
  73. ↑ JP O’Malley (4 September 2018, 06:49) – (Vladimir) Putin grants authors partial access to secret Soviet archives on Hitler's death, Times of Israel, (photograph: Russian State Archives), "...Brisard says.“He confirmed that these teeth are from someone from the same time period in which Hitler died, and that they are similar to dental X-rays of Hitler's teeth that are currently held in archives in Berkeley, California...", Retrieved 2019-09-05
  74. ↑ History televisual – August 2 – This day in History Hitler becomes fuhrer, A&E Television Networks February 9 2010, - accessed 2019-09-05
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 The Survivor Tree, 911memorial, Retrieved 2019-07-19
  76. ↑ Invasive Species Compendium – Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide, CAB International - accessed 2019-07-19
  77. ↑ Michel Daly (11 May 2011) – Tree of Life and Survivor Tree at Occupy Wall Street: A History, The Daily Beast - accessed 2019-07-19
  78. ↑ History of the Twin Towers, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Retrieved 2019-07-19
  79. ↑ Joanna Walters (September 10, 2011) 9/11: 'I was the last person pulled alive from the rubble of the Twin Towers' - accessed 2019-07-19
  80. ↑ Jessica Brown (July 12, 2018) – Featured stories: Everyday, nonviolent psychopaths say they're nothing like the psychopath we see on our movie screens, Medium, (please c.f Fallon in this reference group to "unrelated" in this source) "...Away from our screens, however, psychopathy is not a monolithic disorder with clearly defined behaviors. It's nuanced and widely misunderstood, according to James Fallon, a neuroscientist who incidentally discovered his own psychopathic traits when examining his PET scan as part of an unrelated research project...." - accessed 2019-09-13
  81. ↑ James Fallon (Tuesday 3 Jun 2014 00.01 BST – Wednesday 14 Feb 2018 21.16 GMT) – How I discovered I have the brain of a psychopath, The Guardian, "I first discovered my “hidden” psychopathy in 2006 during a series of scientific and clinical studies of murderers and patients with psychopathy and schizophrenia, as well as a separate imaging genetics study of Alzheimer's disease in which I happened to be a control subject..." - accessed 2019-09-13
  82. ↑ Casey Baseel (March 31, 2017 05:53 am JST) – Sword of one of Japan's last samurai discovered in house in America, Japan Today, - accessed 2019-09-13
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Vågene, Åshild J.; Herbig, Alexander; Campana, Michael G.; Robles García, Nelly M.; Warinner, Christina; Sabin, Susanna; Spyrou, Maria A.; Andrades Valtueña, Aida; Huson, Daniel; Tuross, Noreen; Bos, Kirsten I.; Krause, Johannes (2018). "Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 520–528. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6. PMID 29335577. ...genome-wide data from ten individuals for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi C, a bacterial cause...
  84. ↑ Agence France-Presse (16 Jan 2018, 23 Jan 2018) — 500 years later, scientists discover what probably killed the Aztecs, published by The Guardian, accessed 2019-12-19
  85. ↑ Tushingham, Shannon; Snyder, Charles M.; Brownstein, Korey J.; Damitio, William J.; Gang, David R. (2018). "Biomolecular archaeology reveals ancient origins of indigenous tobacco smoking in North American Plateau". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (46): 11742–11747. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813796115. PMC 6243282. PMID 30373836.. (A note on the use of cal BP "...1200 cal BP..." within the source Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit "...before present' (BP). This figure is directly based on the proportion of radiocarbon found in the sample. It is calculated on the assumption that the atmospheric radiocarbon concentration has always been the same as it was in 1950 and that the half-life of radiocarbon is 5568 years.For this purpose `present' refers to 1950 ...", University of Oxford - accessed 2019-09-25

Bibliography[edit]

linguistic: George William Lemon — English Etymology, or a derivative dictionary of the English language in two alphabets, G. Robinson 1783 (using: "crude etymology") "A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS ... A small d is placed after the Names of those who have died...", (p. 1): "..Nay, even in the Vegetable race,..."


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