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Middle-earth plants

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

This is a list of plants, both fictional and real, that appear in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth writings.

In Tolkien's legendarium the Vala Yavanna, one of the spiritual powers of the world, is the creator and protector of plants. "She is the lover of all things that grow in the earth ... from the trees like towers in forests ... to the moss upon stones".[1] Yavanna created plants in a primeval epoch known as the Spring of Arda.[2] She also created the Ents, a race of beings dedicated to plants, and she played a key role in the creation of the Two Trees of Valinor, which hold a central place in the mythology of the world of Middle-earth.

Tolkien's writings frequently contain detailed and sympathetic descriptions of plants, especially trees and flowers, and their habitats. Indeed, an appreciation of plants as living things is a mark of 'good' characters in Tolkien's stories. Gandalf is "the only wizard that really cares about trees". Bilbo Baggins is "very fond of flowers." Frodo Baggins becomes "keenly aware of the feel and texture of a tree's skin and the life within it." And Sam Gamgee, a gardener, emerges as one of the heroes of The Lord of the Rings.

In Quenya, an Elven tongue devised by Tolkien, the general term for plants, as distinct from animals (kelvar), is olvar.[3]

Fictional species[edit]

Fictional tree-species found in Middle-earth[edit]

Culumalda[edit]

A tree that grew at the Field of Cormallen in North Ithilien of Gondor. The name translates from Quenya as 'golden-red tree', referring to the colour of the tree's flowers.[4] The name culumalda was not mentioned by J. R. R. Tolkien himself in published writings, it only appears in Christopher Tolkien's Appendix to the published Silmarillion.[4] In The Lord of the Rings the species is described as "stately dark-leaved trees laden with scarlet blossom."[5]

Lebethron[edit]

A species of tree that grew in Gondor. The casket in which the Crown of Gondor was kept after the death of Eärnur and before the coming of Elessar was made of lebethron,[6] as well as the walking-staves presented by Faramir to Frodo and Sam in Ithilien.[7]

Mallorn[edit]

A huge tree that grew in Tol Eressëa, Númenor and in Lothlórien; the species is especially associated with Elves. Mallorn (pl. mellyrn) is the Sindarin name of the plant, its Quenya equivalent being malinornë; both mean 'golden tree' and refer to the leaves' colour in autumn and winter.[8][9][10] The tree is most fully described in Unfinished Tales:

Its bark was silver and smooth, and its boughs somewhat upswept after the manner of the beech; but it never grew save with a single trunk. Its leaves, like those of the beech but greater, were pale green above and beneath were silver, glistering in the sun; in the autumn they did not fall, but turned to pale gold. In the spring it bore golden blossom in clusters like a cherry, which bloomed on during the summer; and as soon as the flowers opened the leaves fell, so that through spring and summer a grove of malinorni was carpeted and roofed with gold, but its pillars were of grey silver. Its fruit was a nut with a silver shale.[8]

According to the same text, mellyrn originally grew upon the isle of Tol Eressëa (and likely in Valinor also), where they were accounted to be exceptionally tall. Early in the Second Age seeds were brought by the Elves to Númenor; there the trees grew only in the westward province Nísimaldar, "reaching after five centuries a height scarce less than in Eressëa itself". Later King Tar-Aldarion presented some seeds to Gil-galad, the Elf-king of Lindon, the westernmost realm of Middle-earth; but these did not take root in his kingdom, so Gil-galad gave them instead to Galadriel. "Under her power" the mellyrn had sprouted in the land of Lothlórien, but "they did not reach the height or girth of the groves of Númenor."[8]

Tolkien stated that the original name of Lothlórien, Lórinand or the "Valley of Gold", was chosen by Galadriel with a reference to the mallorn trees;[11] The Lord of the Rings adds that the trees became the most famous property of the realm among other peoples of Middle-earth, and the land was often known as the "Golden Wood". The Elves of Lothlórien after some time began to build their houses high upon these trees, constructing around the trunk a "flet", supported by the branches. Their main city Caras Galadhon was entirely built upon the mellyrn.[12] They were also accustomed to wrap lembas in mallorn-leaves.

The only mallorn in Middle-earth outside Lothlórien was the Party Tree in the Shire which replaced the previous one cut down during Saruman's occupation of the Shire. It sprouted out of the seed that Galadriel presented to Samwise Gamgee. Tolkien seems to imply that it did sprout only because of Galadriel's "magic" soil that Sam had added at that spot.[13]

In his drafts for Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin, Tolkien proposed that mallorn-trees grew in the city of Gondolin in the First Age; however, Christopher Tolkien noted that later writings "do not suggest, though they do not deny, that mellyrn flourished in Gondolin in the Elder Days."[14]

Mallorn is the name of the journal of the Tolkien Society.

Fictional tree-species found only in Aman and Númenor[edit]

Lairelossë[edit]

An evergreen and fragrant tree that grew in the province of Nísimaldar in Númenor, where it was brought from Tol Eressëa by Elves.[8] The name can be translated from Quenya as 'summer white-blossom'.[15][16]

Laurinquë[edit]

A tree with "long-hanging clusters of yellow flowers" that grew in the peninsula-province of Hyarrostar in Númenor, where it was brought from Tol Eressëa by Elves.[8] The name is derived from Quenya laurë 'golden'.[17]

Lavaralda[edit]

A tree with long green leaves, golden on the undersides that bears pale flowers, with a yellow flush, which "laid thickly on the branches like a sunlit snow". The tree was brought to Númenor by Eldar from Tol Eressëa. It is said by mariners that the scent could "be felt on the air long ere the land of Eressëa could be seen, and that it brought a desire of rest and great content."[18] This tree is not mentioned among the trees brought by the Eldar from Tol Eressëa in "A Description of Númenor" in Unfinished Tales.

Nessamelda[edit]

An evergreen and fragrant tree that grew in the province of Nísimaldar in Númenor, where it was brought from Tol Eressëa by Elves.[8] The name apparently means 'beloved of Nessa' in Quenya.[19]

Oiolairë[edit]

A tree that grew in Númenor, where it was brought from Tol Eressëa by Elves.[8] It had "ever-green, glossy and fragrant" leaves and throve upon sea-air; its bough was believed not to wither "so long as it was washed with the [sea]-spray", which is the source of its name ('ever-summer' in Quenya).[15][20][21] The Elves of Eressëa used to set a branch of oiolairë upon their ships "in token of friendship with Ossë and Uinen", and they passed this tradition to the Númenóreans. When a ship of the latter departed into a long journey to Middle-earth, a woman of captain's kin was accustomed to "set upon the vessel's prow the Green Bough of Return" cut from an oiolairë tree.[20]

This bough forms an important plot detail of the story Aldarion and Erendis. According to the narrative, King Tar-Meneldur at one point refused to bless his son Aldarion's sailing to Middle-earth and forbade his kin to set oiolairë upon the ship; and Erendis won Aldarion's love by doing this instead. She set it several times later, though her love for Aldarion gradually lessened; but after a bough became frozen during one journey, Erendis disapproved completely of Aldarion's journeys. Another woman used to bless his ships for some time, until Aldarion forsook the tradition and instead placed upon the prow an image of an eagle presented to him by Círdan; by that time he had finally separated from Erendis.[20]

Taniquelassë[edit]

An evergreen and fragrant tree that grew in the province of Nísimaldar in Númenor, where it was brought from Tol Eressëa by Elves.[8] The name means 'leaf of Taniquetil' in Quenya.[22]

Vardarianna[edit]

An evergreen and fragrant tree that grew in the province of Nísimaldar in Númenor, where it was brought from Tol Eressëa by Elves.[8] The plant's designation is derived from the name of Varda, one of the Valier, and Quenya rianna 'crown-gift'.[23]

Yavannamírë[edit]

An evergreen and fragrant tree with globed and scarlet fruits that grew in the province of Nísimaldar in Númenor, where it was brought from Tol Eressëa by the Elves.[8] The name can be translated from Quenya as 'jewel of Yavanna'.[24]

Fictional flowers[edit]

Alfirin[edit]

The name alfirin, apparently meaning 'immortal' in Sindarin,[25] was used by Tolkien twice. In The Lord of the Rings, Legolas sang about "the golden bells ... of mallos and alfirin" that grew in the land of Lebennin in Gondor;[26] while in the story of Cirion and Eorl it is stated that "the white flowers of alfirin" bloomed upon the mound of Elendil on Amon Anwar.[27] Christopher Tolkien surmised that in the second case the flower should be equated with the simbelmynë, which was also white-coloured and never-fading, and that in Legolas's song the reference is to a different plant.[27]

Elanor[edit]

A small star-shaped yellow flower, whose name means 'sun-star' in Sindarin.[28] It grew abundantly on the Cerin Amroth mound in Lothlórien together with niphredil,[12] and also in Tol Eressëa.[20] On Frodo Baggins's suggestion, Samwise Gamgee named his daughter, Elanor the Fair, after this flower.

Lissuin[edit]

A sweet-smelling flower from Tol Eressëa, "whose fragrance brings heart's ease." Some of these were brought by Elves to Númenor for the adornment of a feast following Aldarion and Erendis's wedding.[20] The first part of the name apparently derives from Quenya lis 'honey',[29] being a reference to the tree's odour.

Mallos[edit]

This flower appears only once in Tolkien's writings. In The Lord of the Rings Legolas sang of it thus:

And the golden bells are shaken of mallos and alfirin
In the green fields of Lebennin.[26]

Its name can be interpreted in Sindarin as 'gold-snow'.[30]

Morgul-flower[edit]

A pale white flower which grew in large numbers in the wide meads bordering the Morgulduin river in Morgul Vale, the valley of black magic. They are further described as "Luminous ... beautiful and yet horrible of shape, like the demented forms in an uneasy dream; and they gave forth a faint sickening charnel-smell; an odour of rottenness filled the air."

Niphredil[edit]

A pale Winter flower, whose name means 'snowdrop' in Sindarin.[31] It first bloomed in the forest of Neldoreth in Doriath at the birth of Lúthien. Together with elanor, it also grew in Lothlórien upon Cerin Amroth.[12]

Simbelmynë[edit]

In The Lord of the Rings, simbelmynë was a white flower that grew in Rohan primarily on the burial mounds of the Kings,[32] and most thickly on the grave of Helm Hammerhand.[33] The name, also translated from Old English as Evermind, is a reference to the plant's blossoming during the whole of the year.

Tolkien introduced flowers with similar characteristics into his later writings. In Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin it is stated that star-shaped white flowers of uilos, "the Evermind that knows no season and withers not", grew before the Gate of Silver in Gondolin in the First Age;[14] and in Cirion and Eorl white alfirin bloomed upon the mound of Elendil on Amon Anwar in Gondor.[27] Their names are also reminiscent of Evermind: uilos means 'everlasting snow' in Sindarin,[21] and alfirin is 'immortal'.[25] Christopher Tolkien expressly equated them with the simbelmynë.[14][27]

Unfortunately, the simbelmynë in the Lord of the Rings film series is not a real flower but was created by a Weta Workshops Team. Peter Jackson said in the DVD Extended Edition of "The Two Towers" that the flowers were simply for special effect. The flowers that bear the most resemblance in colour, form and shape to simbelmynë are Hesperochiron californicus and Ornithogalum umbellatum (Star of Bethlehem).

Uilos[edit]

See simbelmynë.

Other fictional plant-species[edit]

Aeglos[edit]

A kind of shrub that grew around the hill of Amon Rûdh in Beleriand, described in the Narn i Hîn Húrin as "long-legged", sweet-smelling and creating gloomy "aisles" beneath the roof of branches.[34] Christopher Tolkien stated that aeglos was "like furze (gorse), but larger, and with white flowers";[34] he also compared it with the yellow-flowered gorse bushes said in The Lord of the Rings to have grown in Ithilien.[35] The name, shared by the spear of Gil-galad, means 'snow-thorn' in Sindarin.[36]

Athelas[edit]

For the typeface, see Athelas (typeface).

A healing herb, called asëa aranion in Quenya and athelas in Sindarin, translated to Westron (represented by English) as kingsfoil.

According to The Lord of the Rings, athelas was first brought to Middle-earth by Númenóreans, but by the end of the Third Age the knowledge of its healing properties had been forgotten by all except the Rangers of the North. In the folklore of Gondor, it was supposed to be especially powerful in the hands of the King. Aragorn used athelas three times in the narrative: first, to treat the wound inflicted on Frodo by the Witch-king with a Morgul-blade,[37] second to tend the wounds of Sam and Frodo after the Fellowship's escape from Moria, and third to heal Éowyn, Faramir, and Merry of the effects of the Black Breath after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. The last, in light of the folklore of Gondor, generated rumours that a King had returned to Gondor.

In the Lay of Leithian the hound Huan finds athelas to heal Beren in Beleriand in the First Age.[38] Perhaps Tolkien forgot his statement in The Lord of the Rings that athelas was brought to Middle-earth by the Númenóreans, or perhaps the herb previously grew only in Beleriand and was reintroduced to Middle-earth by the Númenóreans in the Second Age after the sinking of Beleriand.

Ursula K. Le Guin includes in A Wizard of Earthsea an allusion to Kingsfoil, as one of the herbs in the hut of the witch of Gont.

Gallows-weed[edit]

A plant mentioned in The Mewlips. Scull & Hammond suggest it is "a variation on gallow-grass, or hemp".[39]

Pipe-weed[edit]

The word pipe-weed first appears in the Prologue to The Lord of the Rings in the section called "Concerning Pipe-weed". Tolkien says the Hobbits of old "imbibed or inhaled through pipes of clay or wood, the smoke of the burning leaves of a herb, which they called pipe-weed or leaf, a variety probably of Nicotiana".[40] In the same paragraph, Tolkien as narrator refers to "the tobacco of the Southfarthing" (a province of the Shire, the main land of Hobbits). Throughout The Lord of the Rings none of the characters ever uses the word tobacco. The word tobacco is only used in the narrative voice of the books.

For example; in The Two Towers, tobacco is used once. In the chapter "Flotsam and Jetsam" Tolkien as narrator says "He produced a small leather bag full of tobacco." Merry Brandybuck is then quoted saying "we found they were filled with this: as fine a pipe-weed as you could wish for, and quite unspoilt".[41] Pipe-weed is used four times in The Two Towers.[42]

Author T. A. Shippey speculates that Tolkien may have preferred the Old World sound of pipe-weed, because tobacco, an Arawakan name for a New World plant, would be an anachronism, and have a "foreign feel" in the world of elves and trolls.[43]

The Hobbit, which was written before The Lord of the Rings, uses tobacco exclusively. Pipe-weed does not occur at all.[44]

Pipe-weed is described as an herb with sweet-scented flowers, and Merry speculates in the Prologue that it was brought to Middle-earth by the Númenóreans during the Second Age[40] as suggested by its common name in Gondor: westmansweed.[45] It was known among the Dúnedain as sweet galenas for its fragrance.[40] As the Hobbits' custom of smoking it became more widely known, the habit spread to Dwarves and the Rangers of the North, and the plant became known as Halflings' Leaf.[46]

The first Hobbit to cultivate pipe-weed was Tobold Hornblower. In about T.A. 2670 (S.R. 1070) he planted it in Longbottom, a location in the Southfarthing of the Shire. Despite its foreign origins, the Hobbits (possibly those in Bree) were the first to use it for smoking. (As Merry points out, not even the Wizards had thought of that.)[40] Popular Hobbit-grown varieties include Longbottom Leaf, Old Toby, and Southern Star; its cultivation became an established industry in the Southfarthing.

The Wizard Gandalf learned to smoke pipe-weed from the Hobbits. On occasions he applied his magic powers to animate his smoke-rings and turn them into different colours.[47] Gandalf's coloured smoke-rings were portrayed in the 1978 animated film of The Lord of the Rings; other works of its director Ralph Bakshi feature both tobacco and cannabis smoke turning different colours.

One palpable description of the weed's effects is given by Gandalf to fellow wizard Saruman upon a meeting of the White Council: "You might find that smoke blown out cleared your mind of shadows within. Anyway, it gives patience, to listen to error without anger."[46] Although Saruman initially derided Gandalf for smoking, at some point he took up the habit himself. After the destruction of Saruman's fortress of Isengard, pipe-weed is found among its stores, but the Hobbits Merry and Pippin fail to realise the sinister implications of the discovery that Saruman has had commerce with the Shire.

Seregon[edit]

A plant with deep red flowers that grew upon the summit of the hill of Amon Rûdh in Beleriand, with the result that the hill looked as if dripped with blood.[34] The name can be translated from Sindarin as 'blood of stone'.[48] Christopher Tolkien also stated that it resembled the real-world plant stonecrop.[34]

Notable plants[edit]

Some individual trees or plants (or a small group) are notable in their own right in Tolkien's writings.

Hírilorn[edit]

The greatest of all the trees in the Forest of Neldoreth, the beech-wood which was the northern half of Doriath. It stood not far from Menegroth (the capital of the kingdom), which was located across the river Esgalduin and accessed by a bridge. Hírilorn had three trunks, equal in girth, smooth in rind, and exceedingly tall; no branches grew from them for a great height above the ground.

Here the elven princess Lúthien was imprisoned to prevent her leaving Doriath, after she had decided to search for her beloved Beren. A wooden house from which she should not escape was built far aloft between the shafts of Hírilorn, and there Lúthien was made to dwell. She eventually escaped by putting forth her arts of enchantment and putting the guards to sleep.

The name Hírilorn means "Lady-tree" in Sindarin.[49] Tolkien also suggested that the Sindarin word neldor "beech" was a name of Hírilorn, being derived from neld- "three" and orn "tree".[50]

Old Man Willow[edit]

Main article: Old Man Willow

A sapient willow in the Old Forest, to the east of the Shire. When the company of Frodo Baggins was passing nearby, Old Man Willow cast a spell of sleep upon them, trapping them; the hobbits were saved by Tom Bombadil.

Party Tree[edit]

A tree that grew near Bag End in the Shire. During the renowned party held by Bilbo Baggins in S.R. 1401, a huge tent was erected around it, where the main guests were assembled. This Party Tree was cut down on Lotho Sackville-Baggins's orders in 1419, but Master Samwise Gamgee planted in its place a seed of mallorn that had been presented to him by Galadriel. This new tree sprouted in the spring of 1420, and it soon became the wonder of the land.[13]

The original Party Tree can be seen in Tolkien's watercolour 'The Hill: Hobbiton-across-the-Water', published in various editions of The Hobbit.

Two Trees of Valinor[edit]

Main article: Two Trees of Valinor

The pair of enormous luminiferous trees that grew in the Blessed Realm of Valinor and illuminated that land. After they had been slain by Morgoth and Ungoliant, their light was only preserved in the Silmarils. The elder of the trees, called Telperion, had dark-green leaves and white cherry-like flowers; the younger Laurelin had pale-green leaves and golden blossom reminiscent of that of laburnum.

White Trees[edit]

A lineage of unique trees similar in appearance to Telperion, except that they did not give light. The first of these was Galathilion of Tirion, from which were descended Celeborn of Tol Eressëa, Nimloth of Númenor and the White Trees of Gondor.

Real-world species[edit]

This section provides a list of the diverse range of plant species from the real world that are mentioned or alluded to in Tolkien's fiction. The species and types are plants familiar to Tolkien from the ecology of England and the mythologies of northern Europe. The inclusion of these plants in his legendarium reinforces the notion that Middle-earth is set in the Earth's Old World (albeit in a fictional prehistoric era), although there are a few anachronisms (e.g. potatoes).

This section generally uses traditional names and groupings rather than scientific taxonomy (biology).

Trees[edit]

General trees[edit]

alder, ash, bay, beech, elm, hawthorn, holly, ilex, lime (linden), oak, poplar, rowan, willow

Several places in the land of Beleriand featured regions named after trees. For example, the kingdom of Doriath contained the forests Neldoreth or Taur-na-Neldor, a beech forest; and Nivrim, in the West March, which was an oak forest. Another region at the foot of the River Narog, was Nan-Tathren which means 'Valley of Willows'. Tuor and the survivors of the Fall of Gondolin rested here for a while on their way to the mouths of Sirion.

The land of Eriador included a region called Eregion or 'Land of the Holly Tree'. In another part of Eriador, the Withywindle river was named for the dominance of willows along its banks.

The giant tree-like race called Ents often came to resemble somewhat the specific types of trees that they shepherded. Quickbeam, for example, guarded rowan trees and bore some resemblance to rowans. Some ents, such as Treebeard, were like

beech-trees or oaks. But there were other kinds. Some recalled the chestnut: brown-skinned Ents with large splayfingered hands, and short thick legs. Some recalled the ash: tall straight grey Ents with many-fingered hands and long legs; some the fir (the tallest Ents), and others the birch, ... and the linden.[51]

Conifers[edit]

cypress, fir, juniper, larch, pine, yew

In northern Beleriand in the First Age of Middle-earth, lay the region of Dorthonion, which means 'Land of Pines'.

In The Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins and the rest of the company are forced to climb a grove of fir or pine trees to escape a pack of wolves. Gandalf keeps the wolves at bay by lighting pine cones and firing them at the wolves, but later a group of goblins comes and sets fire to the trees. The company are in danger of being burnt alive until they are rescued by the Great Eagles.

Fruit and nut trees[edit]

apple, cherry, chestnut, filbert, hazel, peach, plum

Exotic trees[edit]

cedar,[52] cork,[53] ebony,[54][55] laburnum,[56] mulberry,[57] myrtle,[58] olive,[59] orange,[60] tamarisk,[58] terebinth[58]

Food, medicine and textile plants[edit]

Berries[edit]

blackberry, raspberry, strawberry, whortleberry (bilberry)

Vegetables and salads[edit]

beans, cabbage, carrots, cress, lettuce, onions, peas, potatoes, tomatoes,[61] turnips

Herbs and spices[edit]

lavender,[62] marigold,[63] marjoram,[64][58][65] mugwort,[66] parsley, sage,[64][67] sorrel,[68] thyme[64][67]

Exotic herbs and spices[edit]

cardamom,[69] coffee,[70] pepper,[71] tea,[72][73][74] tobacco

Other harvested plants[edit]

flax, grapes (for wine and possibly vinegar), hemp, hops, madder, woad; see also #Fruit and nut trees (above), #Grains (below)

Flowers[edit]

anemone, asphodel, belladonna, buttercup, camellia, celandine, clematis, cornflower, daffodil, daisy, eglantine, forget-me-not, gladden, hemlock, hyacinth, iris, lily, lobelia, mallow, marigold, mimosa, nasturtium, nenuphar, pansy, pimpernel, poppy, primrose, rockrose, rose, saffron, snapdragon, stonecrop, sunflower, water-lily

Real-world species of flowers feature frequently in Tolkien's writings. For example, a prominent location in the story of Middle-earth are the Gladden Fields, where Isildur met his death. They were marshlands located where the Gladden river joined the Anduin. The name "gladden" refers to the yellow iris or flag, Iris pseudacorus [75] Another flower that features prominently occurs in the tale of Beren and Lúthien, when Beren enters the kingdom of Doriath, and sees the elf maiden Lúthien, princess of the Sindar and daughter of Thingol and Melian, dancing on a green hill surrounded by hemlocks,[76] and fell in love with her instantly.

The tradition among Hobbits was to name female children after flowers. Examples include Lobelia Sackville Baggins, a distant cousin of Bilbo Baggins, who acquires Bag End for a time, and the daughters of Samwise Gamgee called Primrose, Rose and Daisy.

Grasses and grass-like plants[edit]

grass, reeds, rushes, sedge

Grains[edit]

barley, oats, rye, wheat

Other flowering plants[edit]

bindweed, boxwood, brambles, broom, butterbur, clover, fireweed, goatleaf,[77] gorse, heather, ivy, nettles, sloe, thistles, thorn-bush, wood-parsley

The overweight innkeeper of the Inn of the Prancing Pony was called Barliman Butterbur after the butterbur plant (Petasites hybridus), on account of its large and heavy leaves.

Other non-flowering plants[edit]

bracken, ferns, moss, seaweed, sea-wrack

Plant-like lifeforms[edit]

fungus,[78][79] lichen,[80][81] mushrooms,[82] puffballs[83]

Farmer Maggot, a hobbit who lived on a farm called Bamfurlong in the Shire, grew highly prized mushrooms on his land. He had to protect them from being stolen by other Hobbits (including a young Frodo Baggins) by keeping a pack of large, fierce dogs.

Unidentified plant-species[edit]

Tolkien described some plants without naming them. It is not clear whether they are intended to be fictional species or otherwise.

  • "herbs with pale leaves and unpleasant smell" in the undergrowth of Mirkwood[78]
  • deciduous trees with "bark of snowy white … leafless but beautiful" on the mound of Cerin Amroth[84]
  • "tall grey-skinned trees” on the banks of the Anduin[85]
  • "dark evergreen trees … branched out right from the roots, and very densely clad in dark glossy leaves like thornless holly, and they bore many stiff upright flower-spikes with large shiny olive-coloured buds." These trees grew around the Derndingle, where the Ents of Fangorn forest held their meetings.[86]

See also[edit]

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References[edit]

  1. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1977), The Silmarillion, George Allen & Unwin, 'Valaquenta' p. 27; ISBN 0 04 823139 8 04 823139 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823139 8.
  2. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1977), The Silmarillion, George Allen & Unwin, ch. 1 p. 35; ISBN 0 04 823139 8 04 823139 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823139 8.
  3. ↑ The Silmarillion, Ch. 2 "Of Aulë and Yavanna".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 The Silmarillion: Appendix, entry mal-.
  5. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1955), The Return of the King, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 6 ch. IV p. 231; ISBN 0 04 823047 2 04 823047 2 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823047 2.
  6. ↑ The Return of the King, "The Steward and the King".
  7. ↑ The Two Towers, "Journey to the Crossroads".
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Unfinished Tales: "A Description of Númenor".
  9. ↑ The Index to The Return of the King.
  10. ↑ The Etymologies, stems SMAL-, ÓR-NI-.
  11. ↑ Unfinished Tales, note 5 to "History of Galadriel and Celeborn".
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 The Fellowship of the Ring, II 6 "Lothlórien".
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 The Return of the King, VI 9 "The Grey Havens".
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Unfinished Tales: "Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin" and notes 27, 31.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 The Return of the King, Appendix D.
  16. ↑ The Etymologies, stem LOT(H).
  17. ↑ The Etymologies, stem LÁWAR-.
  18. ↑ The Lost Road and Other Writings, "The Lost Road".
  19. ↑ The Etymologies, stem MEL-.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Unfinished Tales: "Aldarion and Erendis".
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 The Etymologies, stems OY-, GOLÓS-.
  22. ↑ The Etymologies, stem LAS1-.
  23. ↑ The Etymologies, stems RIG-, ANA1-.
  24. ↑ The Etymologies, stem MIR-.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 The Etymologies, stems LA- and PHIR-.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 The Return of the King, V 9 "The Last Debate".
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Unfinished Tales: "Cirion and Eorl", (iii) and note 38.
  28. ↑ The Etymologies, stems EL-, ANÁR-.
  29. ↑ The Etymologies, stem LIS-.
  30. ↑ The Etymologies, stems SMAL-, GOLÓS-.
  31. ↑ The Etymologies, stem NIK-W-.
  32. ↑ The Two Towers, III 5 "The King of the Golden Hall".
  33. ↑ The Return of the King, Appendix A, II "The House of Eorl".
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Unfinished Tales, "Narn i Hîn Húrin": "Of Mîm the Dwarf" and notes 14, 15.
  35. ↑ The Two Towers, IV 7 "Journey to the Cross-roads".
  36. ↑ The Etymologies, stems AYAK-, EK-, GOLÓS-.
  37. ↑ The Fellowship of the Ring, I 12 "Flight to the Ford".
  38. ↑ The Lays of Beleriand, p. 266, line 3119, and p. 269, note on line 3119.
  39. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1962) ed. Christina Scull & Wayne G. Hammond (2014), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, HarperCollins, commentary p.214; ISBN 978-0007557271 Search this book on .
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), Prologue, (2) "Concerning Pipe-weed"., ISBN 0-395-08254-4
  41. ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Two Towers, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), "Flotsam and Jetsam", p. 167, ISBN 0-395-08254-4. Google Books search for tobacco (Random House edition, p. 183).
  42. ↑ The Two Towers. Google Books search for pipe-weed (Random House edition, pp. 178, 181, 183, 197).
  43. ↑ T. A. Shippey, The Road to Middle-earth, in the chapter "The Bourgeois Burglar", Houghton Mifflin, 2003, p. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-618-25760-7 Search this book on .. Amazon book search for tobacco.
  44. ↑ "Tobacco" appears three times in The Hobbit, in Chapters 1, 2, and 5 (p. 12, 40, and 80 in the Houghton-Mifflin hardback edition), while "pipe-weed" does not occur at all (Google Books search).
  45. ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), ISBN 0-395-08256-0. Chapter "The Houses of Healing". Google Books search (Random House edition, p. 149).
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980), Christopher Tolkien, ed., Unfinished Tales, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, "The Hunt for the Ring", p. 351, ISBN 0-395-29917-9
  47. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, 4th edition, George Allen & Unwin, ch. IV p. 58; ISBN 0-04-823147-9 Search this book on .
  48. ↑ The Silmarillion: Appendix, entries serech and gon-.
  49. ↑ The Etymologies, stems KHER-, ÓR-NI-.
  50. ↑ The Etymologies, stem NEL-.
  51. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Two Towers, 4th edition (1978), George Allen & Unwin, book 3 ch. 4 pp. 83–84; ISBN 0-04-823156-8 Search this book on .
  52. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Two Towers, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 4 ch. IV, pp. 258-259, 261; ISBN 0 04 823046 4 04 823046 4 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823046 4.
  53. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, 4th edition (1978), George Allen & Unwin, ch. 1 p. 19 ("burn the corks!") & ch. 9 p. 158 ("floated light as a cork".); ISBN 0-04-823147-9 Search this book on .
  54. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 2, ch. 1 p. 246 ("his arrows shorn of ebony"); ISBN 0 04 823045 6 04 823045 6 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823045 6.
  55. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1961), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Unwin Books edition (1975), 'Errantry' ("his spear was hewn of ebony"); ISBN 0 04 823125 8 04 823125 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823125 8.
  56. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, 4th edition (1978), George Allen & Unwin, ch. 1 p. 14 ("laburnums of fire"); ISBN 0-04-823147-9 Search this book on .
  57. ↑ Implied through the existence of silk: silk-worms eat mulberry leaves.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Two Towers, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 4 ch. IV, p. 258; ISBN 0 04 823046 4 04 823046 4 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823046 4.
  59. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Two Towers, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 4 ch. IV, p. 258, 261; ISBN 0 04 823046 4 04 823046 4 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823046 4.
  60. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1961), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Unwin Books edition (1975), 'Errantry' ("a load of yellow oranges"); ISBN 0 04 823125 8 04 823125 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823125 8.
  61. ↑ Only mentioned in the first edition of The Hobbit. Tolkien came to regard tomatoes as an unacceptable anachronism, and replaced them with "pickles": Tom Shippey (1982), The Road to Middle-earth, 3rd edition (2003) ch. 3 p. 69; ISBN 0-618-25760-8 Search this book on .
  62. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1962), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Unwin Books edition (1975), 'Errantry' ("he perfumed her with ... lavender."); ISBN 0 04 823125 8 04 823125 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823125 8.
  63. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1962), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Unwin Books edition (1975), 'Errantry' ("archipelagoes where yellow grows the marigold"); ISBN 0 04 823125 8 04 823125 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823125 8.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, 4th edition (1978), George Allen & Unwin, ch. VI p. 88; ISBN 0-04-823147-9 Search this book on .
  65. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1962), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Unwin Books edition (1975), 'Errantry' ("he perfumed her with marjoram"); ISBN 0 04 823125 8 04 823125 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823125 8.
  66. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 1, ch. IX, p. 167; ISBN 0 04 823045 6 04 823045 6 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823045 6.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Two Towers, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 4 ch. IV, pp. 258 & 262; ISBN 0 04 823046 4 04 823046 4 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823046 4.
  68. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, 4th edition (1978), George Allen & Unwin, ch. VI p. 87; ISBN 0-04-823147-9 Search this book on .
  69. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1962), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Unwin Books edition (1975), 'Errantry' ("he perfumed her with ... cardamom"); ISBN 0 04 823125 8 04 823125 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823125 8.
  70. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, 4th edition (1978), George Allen & Unwin, ch. 1 pp. 17-18; ISBN 0-04-823147-9 Search this book on .
  71. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1962), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Unwin Books edition (1975), 'The Man in the Moon came down Too Soon' ("of pepper, and punch galore"); ISBN 0 04 823125 8 04 823125 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823125 8.
  72. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, 4th edition (1978), George Allen & Unwin, ch. 1 p. 18 & ch. VI p. 100; ISBN 0-04-823147-9 Search this book on .
  73. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 1, ch. 1, p. 48 ("a belated cup of tea"); ISBN 0 04 823045 6 04 823045 6 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823045 6.
  74. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1962), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Unwin Books edition (1975), 'Perry-the-Winkle' & 'Fastitocolon'; ISBN 0 04 823125 8 04 823125 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823125 8.
  75. ↑ "Flora of Middle Earth:Plants of J.R.R. Tolkien's Legendarium; Walter S. Judd & Graham A. Judd". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  76. ↑ "Beren and Lúthien and the hemlock glade". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  77. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1967), Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings, in Wayne G. Hammond & Christina Scull (2005), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, Harper Collins, p. 758; ISBN 0 00 720308 X 00 720308 X Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 00 720308 X.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, 4th edition (1978), George Allen & Unwin, ch. VIII p. 128; ISBN 0-04-823147-9 Search this book on .
  79. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1955), The Return of the King, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 5, ch. IV p. 95; ISBN 0 04 823047 2 04 823047 2 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823047 2.
  80. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, 4th edition (1978), George Allen & Unwin, ch. VIII p. 123; ISBN 0-04-823147-9 Search this book on .
  81. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Two Towers, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 3, ch. III p. 64 & ch. IV p.64; ISBN 0 04 823046 4 04 823046 4 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823046 4.
  82. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 1, ch. IV 'A Short Cut to Mushrooms', pp. 101-103, 105, 107, & ch. V p. 112; ISBN 0 04 823045 6 04 823045 6 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823045 6.
  83. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1962), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Unwin Books edition (1975), 'The Sea-bell' ("in the mould heaving puffballs loomed about my knees."); ISBN 0 04 823125 8 04 823125 8 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823125 8.
  84. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin book 2 ch. VI p. 364-364; ISBN 0 04 823045 6 04 823045 6 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823045 6.
  85. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 2 ch. IX p. 396; ISBN 0 04 823045 6 04 823045 6 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823045 6.
  86. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Two Towers, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 3 ch. IV p. 83; ISBN 0 04 823046 4 04 823046 4 Search this book on link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=everybodywikien-20&index=books&keywords=0 04 823046 4.
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