List of Afroasiatic languages

Below is a list of Afroasiatic languages.

List

Code	Language	Classification	Country	Distribution	Population	Status	Alternate names	Autonym	Dialects
auj	Awjilah	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Eastern, Awjila-Sokna	Libya	Al Wahat district: east, Cyrenaica	2,470 (2016)	8a (Moribund)	Aoudjila, Augila, Aujila, Awjila, Awjili
swn	Sawknah	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Eastern, Awjila-Sokna	Libya	Al Jufrah district	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1950s (Basset 1969)	10 (Extinct)	Sokna, Sokni, Sukna, Tasuknit
siz	Siwi	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Eastern, Siwa	Egypt	Matruh governorate: northwest desert, Siwa oasis; several isolated villages in Gara oasis	20,000 in Egypt (2013)	6a* (Vigorous)	Oasis Berber, Sioua, Siwa, Zenati, ijlaan n siwaan		None known. Not closely related to other Berber languages.
siz	Siwi	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Eastern, Siwa	Libya	Al Butnan district: Jaghbub town		6a* (Vigorous)
cnu	Chenoua	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern	Algeria	Aïn Defla province: north of Khemis; Chlef province: Mount Bissa area; Tipasa province: generally Mount Chenoua area; Mount Chenoua area (Chenoui dialect), south and west (Beni Menacer dialect); Tacheta forest area, and Beni Haoua village (Djebel Bissa dialect)	76,300 (2004 J. Leclerc). Beni Menacer: 61,000; Chenoui: 15,300 (2004 J. Leclerc)	7 (Shifting)	Chenoui		Beni Menacer (Chleuh, Tachelhit, Tamenracit), Chenoui, Djebel Bissa, Tamazight de l’Atlas blidéen (Beni-Salah). Lexical similarity: 77% with Tachawit [shy], 76% with Kabyle [kab].
jbe	Judeo-Berber	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Atlas	Israel	HaMerkaz district: between Hadera and Haifa	2,000 (1992 B. Podolsky)	8a (Moribund)
shi	Tachelhit	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Atlas	Algeria	Béchar province: Tabelbala area sourth near the border	6,000 in Algeria (2014)	5* (Developing)	Shilha, Southern Shilha, Tachilhit, Tashelhait, Tashelhayt, Tashelhit, Tasoussit		Susiua (Sousse, Sus).
shi	Tachelhit	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Atlas	Morocco	Guelmim-Es Semara, Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz, Souss-Massa-Drâa, and Tadla-Azilal regions: coast south to Ifni, north to near Agadir, northeast to Marrakech outskirts, east to Drâa, including Sous valley, and south near the border	7,060,000 in Morocco (2016). Total users in all countries: 7,066,000	5* (Developing)	Shilha, Soussiya, Southern Shilha, Susiya, Tachelheit, Tachilhit, Tashelheit, Tashelheyt, Tashelhit, Tashilheet, Tashlhiyt, Tasoussit	Tachelhit
tzm	Tamazight, Central Atlas	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Atlas	Morocco	Widespread, especially Middle and east High Atlas Mountains, adjacent valleys to Taza, Rabat area	4,590,000 in Morocco (2016). 936,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 4,740,000	6b (Threatened)	Central Shilha, Middle Atlas Berber, Moroccan Amazigh, Shilha, Tachelhit, Tamazight, Tmazight	Tmaziɣt, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ‎ (Tamazight)	Much dialect variety. May be more than 1 language.
zgh	Tamazight, Standard Moroccan	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Atlas	Morocco	Widespread		1 (National). Statutory national language (2011, Constitution, Article 5)	Amazighe standard marocain	ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ‎ (tamaziɣt), ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ‎ (tamaziɣt tanawayt)
kab	Kabyle	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Kabyle	Algeria	Bouira, Béjaïa, Tizi Ouzou, Bordj Bou Arréridj, Sétif, M’Sila, Jijel, Boumerdès, Mila, and Médéa provinces; Mediterranean coast east of Algiers; from Thenia to Béjaïa (Grande Kabylie dialect); coast and inland between Tichy and Ziama Mansouria, Aokas and Tizi n Berber (Lesser Kabyle dialect)	5,000,000 in Algeria (2012). Total users in all countries: 5,599,200	5 (Developing). Statutory language of national identity (2002, Constitutional Revision, Law No. 02-03)	Amazigh, Kabyl, Kabylia, Tamazight	Taqbaylit	Greater Kabyle, Lesser Kabyle (Tasahlit). Lesser Kabyle (Tasahlit) may be a separate language.
gha	Ghadamès	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, East	Libya	Nalut district: Ghadamès, a small oasis near Algeria-Tunisia border	12,400 in Libya (2016). Total users in all countries: 15,500	6b (Threatened)			Ayt Waziten (Ait Wazitan), Ayt Welid.
jbn	Nafusi	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, East	Libya	Al Jabal al Gharbi and Nalut districts: Jabal Nafusah, Nalut, Tripolitania, and Yafran areas, isolated on Zuara Coast west of Tripoli	228,000 in Libya (2016). Preschool children are monolingual in Nafusi. Total users in all countries: 278,000	6a (Vigorous)	Djerbi, Jabal Nafusi, Jbel Nafusi, Jebel Nefusi, Nefusi		Zuara (Zouara, Zuraa, Zuwara, Zuwarah, Zwara), Tamezret (Duwinna), Jerbi (Jerba). Zuara dialect well known in Jebel Nafusa area and in Jerba Tunisia. Some visit Zuara, but not vice versa. Matmata and Tatawine area less well understood by speakers in Jerba or Zuara. Speakers in Zuara and Jebel areas understand Jerba dialect stories well.
sds	Sened	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, East	Tunisia	Qafsah governorate: Sened and Tmagourt villages, northwest of Gabès	No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably survived into the 1970s	10 (Extinct)			Tmagourt (Tmagurt), Sened.
jbn	Shilha	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, East	Tunisia	Madanin governorate: Ajim, Djerba island, Guellala, and Sedouikech; Qabis governorate: Matmata, Tamezret, Taoujjout, and Zraoua; Qibili governorate: Douiret, Chenini, and Tataouine; Tunis city	50,000 in Tunisia (2004 S. Chaker)	6b* (Threatened)	Djerbi, Jabal Nafusi, Nafusi, Tunisian Berber		Jbali-Tamezret (Duwinna), Jerba (Djerbi, Guelili).
gho	Ghomara	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Ghomara	Morocco	Tangier-Tetouan region: Chechaouen province, along Rif Mountains coast	10,000 (2008 J. Hannouche)	6a (Vigorous)	Shilha, Taghumarit, Tamazight
oua	Tagargrent	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Mzab-Wargla	Algeria	Ouargla province: N’Goussa and Ouargla are main centers, near Mzab	20,000 (2014)	6b* (Threatened)	Ouargla, Ouargli, Wargla		Ouedghir (Wadi), Temacin, Tariyit. Only moderate comprehension of Tumzabt. Tariyit dialect is spoken by the Haratine (former slaves of the Ouargli people).
tjo	Tamazight, Temacine	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Mzab-Wargla	Algeria	Ouargla province: Bledit Amor; also Ghomra, Meggarin, Temacine, and Tamelhat areas	6,000 (1995)	7 (Shifting)	Touggourt, Tougourt, Tugurt		Possibly a dialect of Tagargrent.
grr	Taznatit	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Mzab-Wargla	Algeria	Adrar, Béchar, El Bayadh, and Naama provinces; Gourara area; Beni Ounif, Boussemghoun, Igli, Ouakda, Taghit	11,000 in Algeria (2014 L. Souag)	6b (Threatened)	Zenatiyya		Gourara (Gurara), Touat (Tuat, Tuwat), South Oran. Reportedly similar to Tumzabt [mzb], Tagargrent [oua], and Temacine Tamazight [tjo], but not as similar as they are to each other. Low intelligibility of other Tamazight speech forms, including Tumzabt and Tagargrent.
grr	Taznatit	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Mzab-Wargla	Morocco	Oriental region. Ain Chair, Figuig, and Ich (South Oran dialect)		6b* (Threatened)			South Oran.
mzb	Tumzabt	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Mzab-Wargla	Algeria	Ghardaïa province: Mzab region south of Algiers; 7 oases, Ghardaïa is principal one	150,000 (2010 UNESCO). Women are monolingual	6b* (Threatened)	Ghardaia, Mozabite, Mzab, Mzabi		Only minor dialect variations.
sjs	Senhaja Berber	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Riff	Morocco	Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate region: Ketama area west of Tarifit	50,000 (2013)	6b (Threatened)	Senhaja de Srair, Senhajiya, Shilha, Shilha Barbarya, Shilha n Jbala, Tajeblit, Tamazight, Tamazight n Jbala, Tasenhajit		Beni Ahmed, Beni Bechir, Beni Buensar, Beni Jennus, Beni Mesdui, Beni Seddat, Quetama (Ketama), Sarcat, Tagsut. A separate language from Tarifit [rif].
rif	Tarifit	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Riff	Algeria	Oran and Tlemcen provinces	No known L1 speakers in Algeria (2010 L. Souag)	9 (Dormant)	Fifia, Northern Shilha, Rif, Riff, Rifi, Ruafa, Shilha, Tirifie		Arzeu, Igzennaian, Iznacen (Beni Iznassen).
rif	Tarifit	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Riff	Morocco	Oriental and Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate regions. Dialects from all areas of the Rif	4,240,000 in Morocco (2016). Total users in all countries: 4,366,000	5 (Developing)	Arrif, Northern Shilha, Rif, Rif Berber, Rifeño, Riff, Rifia, Rifiya, Ruafa, Shilha, Tamazight, Tamazight n Arrif, Tarifiyt, Tarifyt Berber, Tmaziɣt, Tmazight	Tarifit, تاريفيت‎ (Tarifit), ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ‎ (Tarifit)	Iznasen (Beni Snassen), Ayt Waryaghar, Ayt Ittef, Ayt Mezduy, Ayt Aamart, Ibeqquyen, Ayt Tamsaman, Ayt Tuzin, Igzennayen, Ayt Saaid, Ayt Urishesh, Ayt Tfarsit, Iqeraayen, Ayt Buyahyi, Ayt Settut, Icebdanen.
shy	Tachawit	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Shawiya	Algeria	Batna, Biskra, Guelma, Khenchela, Oum el-Bouaghi, Souk Ahras, and Tébessa provinces: Aurès mountains, south and southeast of Grand Kabylie	2,130,000 in Algeria (2016). Total users in all countries: 2,178,100	6a* (Vigorous)	Aurès, Awras, Chaouia, Chawi, Shawia, Shawiya, Tacawit
shy	Tachawit	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Shawiya	Tunisia		48,100 in Tunisia (2016)	6a* (Vigorous)	Chaouia
tia	Tamazight, Tidikelt	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Tidikelt	Algeria	Tamanrasset province: Salah area, Tidikelt, and Tit south	1,000 (2011), decreasing	8a (Moribund)			Tidikelt, Tit.
thv	Tamahaq, Tahaggart	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Northern	Algeria	Adrar and Illizi provinces; Tamanrasset province: south to Niger border in south Hoggar mountains. Southeast, Ganet area and west (Hoggar Ghat dialect)	40,000 in Algeria. Total users in all countries: 81,000	6b* (Threatened)	Tamachek, Tamachek’, Tamahaq, Tamashekin, Tamasheq, Tomachek, Touareg, Tourage, Tuareg		Hoggar (Ahaggaren, Ajjer, Tahaggart), Ghat (Djanet, Ganet). A member of macrolanguage Tamashek [tmh].
thv	Tamahaq, Tahaggart	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Northern	Libya	Ghat and Murzuq districts; south Hoggar mountains, Tamanrasset and south (Hoggar dialect); Ganet and west Libya oases, Ghat area (Ghat dialect)	21,000 in Libya (2016)	6b* (Threatened)	Tamachek, Tamachek’, Tamahaq, Tamashekin, Tamasheq, Tomachek, Tourage, Toureg, Tuareg		Hoggar (Ahaggaren, Ajjer, Tahaggart), Ghat (Djanet, Ganet).
thv	Tamahaq, Tahaggart	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Northern	Niger	Agadez region: north border area	20,000 in Niger (1998)	6b* (Threatened)	Tamachek, Tamachek’, Tamahaq, Tamashekin, Tamasheq, Tomachek, Touareg, Tourage, Tuareg		Hoggar (Ahaggaren, Ajjer, Tahaggart), Ghat (Djanet, Ganet).
ttq	Tamajaq	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern	Mali	Gao region: Menaka circle	351,000 in Mali (2013 J. Leclerc)	6a (Vigorous)	Tahoua, Tajag, Tamajeq, Tamashekin, Tamasheq, Tomacheck, “Tourage” (pej.), “Tuareg” (pej.)		Tawallammet Tan Dannag (Ioullemmeden), Tawallammat Tan Ataram.
ttq	Tamajaq, Tawallammat	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern	Niger	Agadez region: Tchirozerine department; Dosso region: Dogondoutchi department; northwest Maradi region; Tahoua and Tillabéri regions. Central Tahoua from Ingal to Mali border (eastern dialect); west, north and northwest of Niamey (western dialect)	450,000 in Niger (1998). Total users in all countries: 801,000	6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (1999, Constitution, Article 3)	Amazigh, Tahoua, Tahoua Tamajeq, Tamachek, Tamashekin, Tamasheq, Tewellemet, Tomacheck, Touareg, Tourage, Tuareg	Tamajaq	Tawallammat Tan Dannag (Ioullemmeden), Tawallammat Tan Ataram. A member of macrolanguage Tamashek [tmh].
ttq	Tamajaq, Tawallammat	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern	Nigeria	Sokoto state	Few in Nigeria	5* (Developing)	Azbinawa, Buzu, Tahoua Tamajeq, Tamajaq, Tamasheq, Tomacheck, Tuareg		Ioullemmeden.
thz	Tamajeq, Tayart	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern	Niger	Agadez region: Arlit and Tchirozerine departments; northwest Zinder and east, southeast Tahoua regions; Maradi region: Dakoro and Mayahi departments	250,000 (1998)	4 (Educational)	Amazigh, Tamachek, Tomacheck, Touareg, Tuareg	Tamajeq	Air (Agadez, Tamestayert, Tayart, Tayert), Tanassfarwat (Tamagarast). A member of macrolanguage Tamashek [tmh].
taq	Tamasheq	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern	Mali	Widespread northeast: Gao, Kidal, and Tombouctou regions; Mopti region: Youvarou circle	378,000 in Mali (2014 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 500,000	5 (Developing). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1)	Tamachen, Tamashek, Tamashekin, Tomacheck, tamachèque, tamasagt, “Tuareg” (pej.)	Tǝmajǝq	Timbuktu (Tanaslamt, Tombouctou), Tadhaq (Kidal, Kidal Tamasheq). May be 2 separate languages. A member of macrolanguage Tamashek [tmh].
taq	Tamasheq, Kidal	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern	Burkina Faso	Nord region: Loroum province, into Yatenga province; Sahel region: Oudalan province	122,000 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD)	5* (Developing)	Tamashekin, Timbuktu, Tomacheck, Tuareg		Timbuktu (Tanaslamt, Tombouctou), Tadghaq (Kidal).
tez	Tetserret	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Zenaga	Niger	Tahoua region: Abalak department, Azawagh valley between Abalak, Shadwanka and Akoubounou south of the Aîr massif	2,000 (2017 I. Maddieson)	6b (Threatened)	Chinsart, Tin Sert		None known. Most closely related to Zenaga [zen].
zen	Zenaga	Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Zenaga	Mauritania	Trarza region: Atlantic coast to Mederdra	200 in Mauritania (2014 J. Leclerc), decreasing. Total users in all countries: 2,700	8a (Moribund)	Mauritania Berber, Mauritanian Berber		None known. Related to other Berber languages in basic structure though specific features are quite different.
bvw	Boga	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Hong LGA	10,000 (Blench and Zeitlyn 1990)	6a* (Vigorous)	Boka
gqa	Ga’anda	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Gombi LGA; Guyuk, Mubi, and Song LGAs; Borno state: Biu LGA	43,000 (1992)	4 (Educational)	Ga’ana, Ga’andu, Ganda, Kaandecha, Makwar, Mokar	Kaandata	Ga’anda, Gabin.
hwo	Hwana	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Girei, Shelleng, and Song LGAs, some in Gombi LGA; Borno state: Hawul LGA	32,000 (1992)	6a* (Vigorous)	Fiterya, Hona, Hwona	Tuftera
jaf	Jara	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Western	Nigeria	Borno state: Biu and Kwaya-Kusar LGAs; Gombe state: Akko and Yamaltu-Deba LGAs	46,300 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Jera
ttr	Tera	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Western	Nigeria	Borno state: Kwayakusar LGA; Gombe state: Yamaltu-Deba LGA	101,000 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)			Nyimatli (Nimalto, Nyemathi, Nyimatali, Yamaltu), Pidlimdi (Ghena, Ghuna, Hina, Hinna), Bura Kokura. Dialect cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992).
ngx	Nggwahyi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Hong LGA; Borno state: Askira-Uba LGA	2,000 (1995)	6b* (Threatened)	Ngwaxi, Ngwohi
bwr	Bura-Pabir	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Gombi LGA; Borno state: Askira-Uba and Biu LGAs; Yobe state: south	250,000 (1987 UBS). 200,000 Pabir (1993). 32,000 in Adamawa state (1992)	6b (Threatened)	Babir, Babur, Barburr, Bourrah, Bura, Burra, Huve, Huviya, Kwojeffa, Mya Bura, Pabir		Pela (Bura Pela, Hill Bura), Hyil Hawul (Bura Hyilhawul, Plain Bura). Kofa [kso] may be a related language.
ckl	Kibaku	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1	Nigeria	Borno state: Askira-Uba, Chibok, and Damboa LGAs	200,000 (2014 NBTT)	6a (Vigorous)	Chibbak, Chibbuk, Chibok, Chibuk, Cibak, Cibuk, Kibbaku, Kikuk, Kyibaku
kso	Kofa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Song LGA, north of Belul road, north of Yola	1,100 (2003)	6b* (Threatened)	Kota		None known. Reportedly a separate language from Bura-Pabir [bwr].
mfl	Putai	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Madagali and Michika LGAs; Borno state: Akira-Uba, Biu, Chibok, Damboa, Hawul, Kaga, and Konduga LGAs	50	8b (Nearly extinct)	Marghi West
mfm	Marghi South	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Michika and Mubi LGAs; Borno state: Askira-Uba LGA	Ethnic population: 166,000 (2006 J. Leclerc). 135,000 in Marghi Central, Marghi South, and Putai languages (1999)	6a* (Vigorous)		Margi	Wamdiu, Hildi. Marghi South, Marghi Central [mrt], and Putai [mfl] form a language subgroup. Hoffman (1963) relates Marghi South to Huba [hbb] rather than to Margi.
mrt	Marghi Central	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Mubi and Michika LGAs; Borno state: Askira-Uba and Damboa LGAs	Ethnic population: 158,000 (2006 J. Leclerc). 135,000 in Marghi Central, Marghi South, and Putai languages (1999). Madube: 4,000, Mulgwe: 6,000 (2014 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)		Marghi, Margi	Lassa (Babal), Gulak (Dzerngu), Madube (Gwara), Mulgwe (Malgwa), Wurga.
hbb	Nya Huba	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Gombi, Hong, Maiha, and Mubi LGAs; Borno state: Askira-Uba LGA	306,000 (2006 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Chobba, Huba, Kilba		Nya Hong, Nya Gaya, Nya Mugwahi, Nya Garaha, Nya Kopre, Nya Ya Dil.
hig	Kamwe	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Michika LGA, Mandara mountains	300,000 (1992)	5* (Developing)	Hiji, Vacamwe, “Higgi” (pej.), “Higi” (pej.)	Kamwǝ	Nkafa, Dakwa (Bazza), Sina, Futu, Tili Pte, Modi, Humsi. Reportedly similar to Psikye [kvj] and Hya [hya] of Cameroon.
kvj	Psikye	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, southwest Mokolo subdivision	40,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). Total users in all countries: 52,500	5* (Developing)	Kamsiki, Kapsiki, Ptsake		Psikye (Kamu, Kapsiki), Zlenge. Reportedly similar to Hya [hya] and Kamwe [hig] of Nigeria.
fkk	Kirya-Konzel	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Mubi LGA	5,800 (2011 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Fali of Kiria, Fali of Kiriya, Fali of Kirya, Fali of Mijilu, Karya, Kirya, Konzal	myá Kákíryà, myá Kónzə̀l	None known. Reportedly similar to Hya [hya] and Kamwe [hig].
bcw	Bana	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Bourrah subdivision on Nigeria border	23,000 (2007 SIL). 14,000 Gamboura and 9,000 Guili	5 (Developing)	Baza, Ka-Bana, Koma, Mizeran, Parole des Bana	kwəmà ká bàná	Gamboura, Gili (Guili). Reportedly similar to Psikye [kvj], Hya [hya], and Kamwe [hig].
hya	Hya	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, Amsa	940 in Cameroon (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 2,940	8a (Moribund)	Ghye, Za		None known. Reportedly similar to Kamwe [hig]. Lexical similarity: 62% with Psikye [kvj].
hya	Hya	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Michika and Mubi North LGAs; Boppa, Gameta, Ligwe, Mukta, Shike, Tukwri, and Vi villages	2,000 in Nigeria (2008 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Ghye, Hwate, Manta, Mukta, Munta, Za		Manta.
kvj	Psikye	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3	Nigeria	Adamawa state: northeast of Michika, south of Madagali, in Mandara mountains	12,000 in Nigeria (1992)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kamsiki, Kapsiki, Ptsake		Psikye (Kamu, Kapsiki), Zlenge, Wula (Lying, Oula, Ula-Xangku).
xed	Hdi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, Nigeria border northwest of Mokolo. 15 villages	25,000 in Cameroon (2001 SIL). Total users in all countries: 29,000	5 (Developing)	Hedi, Hide, Hǝdi, Tur, Turu-Hide, Xədi, Xadi, Xdi, Xedi	Hdi	Tur (Ftour, Tourou, Turu). 51% intelligibility of Vemgo-Mabas [vem], 48% of Lamang [hia], 35% of Gvoko [ngs]. Lexical similarity: 78% with Vemgo-Mabas [vem], 64% with Lamang [hia], 56% with Gvoko [ngs] (Hamm 2004).
xed	Hide	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Michika LGA, on Cameroon border, 1 village area; Borno state: Gwoza LGA	4,000 in Nigeria (2001 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Ftour, Hdi, Hedi, Tourou, Tur, Turu, Turu-Hide, Xedi		None known. Lexical similarity: 82% with Vemgo-Mabas [vem], 76% with Lamang [hia], 68% with Gvoko [ngs], 50% with Dghwede [dgh], 47%–48% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 45% with Cineni [cie], and 44% with Glavda [glw] (Hamm 2004).
hia	Lamang	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Michika LGA; Borno state: Gwoza LGA	40,000 (1993)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gbuhwe, Laamang, Waha		North Lamang, Central Lamang, South Lamang. 37% intelligibility of Vemgo-Mabas [vem], 31% of Hide [xed]. North Lamang subdialects: Zaladeva (Alataghwa), Dzuba, Leghva (Luhuva), Gwoza-Wakane; Central Lamang: Hedkala (Hidkala, Xidkala, Hitkala, Hitkalanchi), Waga (Waha, Woga, Wagga), Dlige; South Lamang: Ghudavan. Lexical similarity: 81% with Vemgo-Mabas [vem], 76% with Hdi [xed], 61% with Gvoko [ngs], 50% with Dghwede [dgh], 46%–47% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 43% with Glavda [glw], and 42% with Cineni [cie] (Hamm 2004).
vem	Vemgo-Mabas	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Michika LGA, Madagali district	10,000 in Nigeria (1993). Total users in all countries: 11,000	6a* (Vigorous)			Vemgo, Mabas, Visik (Vizik). 56% intelligibility of Lamang [hia], 36% intelligibility of Hdi [xed]. Possibly intelligible of Mafa [maf]. Lexical similarity: 82% with Hdi [xed], 81% with Lamang [hia], 64% with Gvoko [ngs], 50% with Dghwede [dgh], 47%–48% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 44% with Cineni [cie], and 43% with Glavda [glw] (Hamm 2004).
vem	Vemgo-Mabas	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mabas village on Nigeria border northwest of Mokolo	1,000 in Cameroon (Hamm 2004)	6a (Vigorous)			Vemgo, Mabas.
ngs	Gvoko	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Michika LGA; Borno state: Gwoza LGA	20,000 in Nigeria (1990). Total users in all countries: 21,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Gavoko, Gevoko, Ghboko, Kuvoko, Nggweshe, Ngoshe Sama, Ngoshe-Ndhang, Ngoshi, Ngossi, Ngweshe-Ndaghan		None known. Related to Glavda [glw] and Guduf [gdf]. High level of intelligibility with Hdi [xed] as a result of contact. Lexical similarity: 68% with Hdi [xed], 64% with Dghwede [dgh] and Vemgo-Mabas [vem], 61% with Lamang [hia], 59%–61% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 53% with Cineni [cie], and 51% with Glavda [glw] (Hamm 2004).
glw	Glavda	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda	Nigeria	Borno state: Gwoza LGA, mainly Nggoshe village; Agapalawa, Amuda, Ashigashiya, Kerawa, Pelekwa, and Vale villages	28,500 in Nigeria (2000). Total users in all countries: 31,300	6a* (Vigorous)	Galavda, Galvaxdaxa, Gelebda, Glanda, Guelebda		Bokwa, Ngoshie (Ngweshe), Glavda. Lexical similarity: 85% with Cineni [cie], 70%–72% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 52% with Dghwede [dgh], 51% with Gvoko [ngs], 44% with Hdi [xed], and 43% with Lamang [hia] and Vemgo-Mabas [vem] (Hamm 2004).
gdf	Guduf-Gava	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda	Nigeria	Borno state: Gwoza LGA, mainly Cikide, Gava, and Guduf	55,900 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Afkabiye, Gudupe		Cikide (Chikide), Guduf, Gava (Yaghwatadaxa, Yawotataxa). Lexical similarity: 78%–82% with Cineni [cie], 72% with Glavda [glw], 70% with Dghwede [dgh], 61% with Gvoko [ngs], 48% with Hdi [xed] and Vemgo-Mabas [vem], and 47% with Lamang [hia] (Hamm 2004).
cie	Cineni	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda	Nigeria	Borno state: Gwoza LGA, Cineni village	3,000 (1998)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Glavda [glw], 78%–82% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 60% with Dghwede [dgh], 53% with Gvoko [ngs], 45% with Hdi [xed], 44% with Vemgo-Mabas [vem], and 42% with Lamang [hia] (Hamm 2004).
dgh	Dghwede	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda	Nigeria	Borno state: Gwoza LGA	30,000 (1980 UBS)	6a* (Vigorous)	Azaghvana, Dehoxde, Hude, Johode, Tghuade, Toghwede, Traude, Wa’a, Zaghvana		None known. Lexical similarity: 69%–70% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 64% with Gvoko [ngs]. 60% with Cineni [cie], 52% with Glavda [glw], and 50% with Hdi [xed], Lamang [hia], and Vemgo-Mabas [vem] (Hamm 2004).
glw	Glavda	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Koza subdivision, on Nigeria border, Gelvaxdaxa village area south of Ashigashia	2,800 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Galavda, Galvaxdaxa, Gelvaxdaxa, Guelebda, Vale
ngs	Gvoko	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, north of Tourou, Ngoshi village (different from Nggoshe)	1,000 in Cameroon (2000 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Gavoko, Gevoko, Ghboko, Kuvoko, Ngoshe-Ndhang, Ngoshi, Ngossi
mfi	Wandala	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Mandara	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Sava division, east of Mora, north and northwest in a semicircle, to Nigeria border	23,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). Total users in all countries: 43,500	5 (Developing)	Mandara, Mandara Montagnard, Ndara	Wandala	Kamburwama, Masfeima, Jampalam, Ziogba, Mazagwa, Gwanje, Wandala (Mandara), Mura (Duwe, Kirdi-Mora, Mora Brousse, Mora Massif), Gamargu (Gamergou, Gamergu, Malgo, Malgwa).
mfi	Wandala	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Mandara	Nigeria	Borno state: Bama, Damboa, Gwoza, and Konduga LGAs	20,000 in Nigeria (1993). 10,000 Gamargu, 9,300 Kirawa	5* (Developing)	Mandara, Ndara		Kamburwama, Masfeima, Jampalam, Ziogba, Mazagwa, Gwanje, Gamargu (Gamergu, Malgo, Malgwa), Kirawa.
pbi	Parkwa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Podoko	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Sava division, Mora subdivision, west and southwest of Mora	30,000 (1993 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Gwadi Parekwa, Kudala, Padogo, Padoko, Padokwa, Paduko, Parekwa, Pawdawkwa, Podogo, Podoko, Podokwa, Podokwo	Gwaɗi Parǝkwa
mlr	Vame	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Sava division, Mora and Tokombéré subdivisions, southern Mora massif south of Mora	8,500 (1992 SIL). Few monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Maslava, Pelasla, Pǝlasla	Vamé	Ndreme, Hurzo, Pelasla (Pǝlasla). Pelasla is reportedly more similar to Wuzlam [udl] than the other dialects are.
bdn	Baldemu	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré division, Balda, Bogo, and Guingley east of Maroua; Lara, south of Maroua	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers probably survived into the early 2010s	10 (Extinct)	Baldamu, Baldare, Mbazla
cuv	Cuvok	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, Tchouvok area, Matakam South canton, near Zamay	5,000 (Dieu and Renaud 1983), increasing	5 (Developing)	Tchouvok	Cuvakw
dme	Dugwor	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré division, Meri subdivision, west of Tchere canton between Maroua and Meri, 6 villages	5,000 (2001 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Dougour, Memekere, Mofu-Dugwor, Tchakidjebe		Mikere.
giz	Giziga	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré and Kaélé divisions, Diamare plains, southwest of Maroua	60,000 (1991 UBS)	5 (Developing)	Gisiga, Gisika, Guiziga, Marva, South Giziga	Giziga	Muturami (Giziga de Moutouroua, Loulou, Muturua, Muturwa), Mi Mijivin (Giziga de Midjivin), Rum.
gis	Giziga, North	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré division, Meri subdivision, Mogazang and Tchere massifs and Dogba plains, north and west of Maroua	20,000 (1982 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dogba, Gisiga, Gisika, Giziga de, Guiziga, Maroua, Marva, Mi Marva, Tchere
mxu	Mada	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Sava division, Tokombéré subdivision, Mada massif at edge of Mandara mountains and neighboring plain	17,000 (1982 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)		Maɗa
maf	Mafa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo town and north	210,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the sub-divisions where the Mafa people are present (2014 C. Hamm). Total users in all countries: 214,910	5 (Developing)	Mofa, Natakan, “Matakam” (pej.)	Mafa	West Mafa (Magoumaz, Mavoumay, Moskota), Central Mafa (Djingliya, Gouzda, Koza, Ldamtsai, Mokola, Mokolo, Ouzal), East Mafa (Bao, Mazam, Midre, Soulede), Roua. The Roua dialect may be a separate language.
maf	Mafa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Nigeria	Borno state: Gwoza LGA	4,910 in Nigeria (2000)	5* (Developing)	Bula, Bulahai, Natakan, “Matakam” (pej.)		Mafa.
mfh	Matal	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Sava division, Mora subdivision, southwest of Mora, east edge of Mandara mountains	18,000 (1982 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Balda, Mouktele, Muktele, Muktile	Matal
mqb	Mbuko	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré division, Meri subdivision, Mbuko massif and neighboring Mayo-Raneo plain east of Meri	15,000 (2008 SIL), increasing	5 (Developing)	Mbokou, Mboku, Mbuku	Mbuko
mfj	Mefele	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, 6 villages south and east of Mokolo	11,000 (2002 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Baitsawara, Boulahay, Bula, Bulahai		Mefele (Mofouele), Serak (Sirak), Muhura (Moughour, Mouhour), Shugule (Chougoule).
meq	Merey	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré division, near Meri massif west of Meri town	10,000 (1982 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Mere, Meri, Mofu de Méri, Méré
mfk	Mofu, North	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré division, massifs south of Meri	27,500 (1982 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Douvangar, Mofu-Douvangar, Mofu-Nord		Douroun (Durum, Mofu de Douroum), Wazan (Wazang).
mif	Mofu-Gudur	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division into Diamare division, Mokolo subdivision, massifs south of Tsanaga river to Mayo-Louti river	90,000 (2008 SIL), increasing	5 (Developing)	Mey ŋga aŋgwa, Mey Mafaw Gudur, Mofou, Mofou de Goudour, Mofu, Mofu South, Mofu-Sud	Mey Mafaw, Mey aŋgwa	Mokong (Mey Məkaŋ), Gudur (Mey Gudal), Zidim (Mey Zədem), Dimeo (Mey Dimew), Massagal (Massakal, Mey Masakal), Njeleng (Mey Njeleŋ).
mlw	Moloko	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Sava division, Tokombéré subdivision, Makalingay canton, Melokwo mountain area	10,000 (Starr 1997)	5 (Developing)	Melokwo, Mokyo, Molko, Molkoa, Molkwo, Molokwo, Mǝlokwo	Ma Mǝloko	Surrounded by 4 related languages, including Muyang [muy], Giziga North [gis], and the Mikiri dialect of Dugwor [dme], plus one other.
muy	Muyang	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Sava division, Gouadagouada, Mougouba, Muyang, and Palbara massifs northeast of Tokombéré	30,000 (2007 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Mouyenge, Mouyengue, Muyenge, Myau, Myenge	ma Muyaŋ
udl	Wuzlam	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Sava division, Tokombéré subdivision, Wuzlam massif south of Mora	10,500 (1982 SIL), increasing. Very few monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Mizlime, Ouldeme, Udlam, Uldeme, Uzam, Uzlam	Wuzlam
gnd	Zulgo-Gemzek	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Sava division, Tokombéré subdivision, 16 villages on east edge of Mandara mountains, north of Maroua; Some parts of Mayo-Tsanaga division	26,000 (2002 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Gemjek, Guemjek, Guemshek, Guemzek, Zoulgo	Gemzek, Zulgo	Gemzek (Gaduwa), Mineo (Minew), Zulgo (Zelgwa, Zoulgo, Zulgwa). Slight dialect differences between villages.
syk	Sukur	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.6	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Madagali LGA, Mandara mountains; Borno state: Gwoza LGA	14,800 (1992)	6a* (Vigorous)	Adikimmu Sukur, Gemasakun, Sakul, Sugur
bhs	Buwal	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.7	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, Gadala area, south of Mokolo	10,000 (2004 SIL), increasing	5 (Developing)	Bual, Gadala, Ma Buwal	Buwal	None known. Distinct phonological, grammatical and sociolinguistic differences with Gavar [gou]. Lexical similarity: 90% with Gavar [gou].
dbq	Daba	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.7	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Bourrah and Hina subdivisions; North region: Mayo-Louti division, Mayo-Oulo and Guider subdivisions northwest of Guider	24,000 in Cameroon (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 25,000	5 (Developing)	Dabba	Daba	Nive, Pologozom, Gamdugun.
dbq	Daba	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.7	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Mubi LGA, 1 village between Bahuli and Mubi	1,000 in Nigeria (Crozier and Blench 1992)	6b* (Threatened)	Dabba
gou	Gavar	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.7	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, Mogode canton, Gawar area, south of Mokolo. Some Gavar Hossere live among Gavar-Fulfulde, and some isolated in Kortchi village mountain area	15,000 (2010 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Gauar, Gawar, Gaware, Gouwar, Kortchi, Rtchi	Ma Gavar	None known. Distinct phonological, grammatical and sociolinguistic differences with Buwal [bhs]. Lexical similarity: 90% with Buwal [bhs].
dkx	Mazagway-Hidi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.7	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré division southwest corner, Ndoukoula district, Dagaï, Kpala; Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, Hina district, Mayo-Ladde, Zouvoul; North region: Bénoué division: Tam Djidde; Mayo-Louti division, Baila, Boula Ibbi, Mazagway	35,000 (2005 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Mazagway	Mazagway-Hidi	Mazagway (Daba-Mousgoy, Musgoi, Musgoy), Kola (Daba-Kola, Kpala), Madama.
xmd	Mbudum	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.7	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, northeast of Hina	6,000 (2001 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Boudoum, Hedi Mbudum, Mbedam, Mboudoum	Ma Mbudum	Mbudum, Membeng. Most closely related to Mina [hna].
hna	Mina	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.7	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Hina subdivision, 20 villages south of Mokolo	11,000 (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	Hina		Bezleri, Jingjing (Dzumdzum), Kefedjevreng.
bta	Bata	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Demsa, Fufore, Girei, Maiha, Song, and Yola North LGAs	150,000 in Nigeria (1992). 3,500,000 Bwaatye (Bata and Bacama [bcy]) (2006 census). Total users in all countries: 152,500	6a (Vigorous)	Batta, Bete, Birsa, Bwaatye, Bwatiye, Demsa Bata, Dunu, Eastern Bwatiye, Gboati, Gbwata, Gbwate		Zumu (Jimo, Zomo), Wadi (Wa’i), Malabu, Kobotachi, Ribaw (Ribow), Njoboliyo, Garoua (Garua), Jirai, Furo, Song Bata. Bacama [bcy] and Central Bwatiye [bcy] 54%–68% of non-riverine dialects (Furo and Song); Njoboliyo [bta] 87% of Furo [bta], Song [bta], and Central Bwatiye [bcy]; Njoboliyo [bta] 73% of Bacama. Upriver dialects have contact with downriver dialects due to fishing practices. Dialect chain: Bacama [bcy] 89% with Central Bwatiye [bcy], 81% with Njoboliyo [bta], 86% with Furo [bta], 84% with Song Bata [bta].
bcy	Bacama	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Lamurde, Numan, Demsa, Guyuk, Girei, Yola North and Yola South LGAs; Kaduna state: northeast of Kaduna town; Kogi state: confluence of Benue and Niger rivers	150,000 (1992 CAPRO)	5* (Developing)	Abacama, Bachama, Bashama, Bashamma, Besema, Bwaatye, Bwareba, Bwatiye, Gboare		Mulyen (Mulwyin, Mwulyin), Opalo (Opolo), Wa-Duku, Central Bwatiye (Demsa, Demsa Bata). In Bata dialect subgroup. Bacama and Central Bwatiye [bcy] 54%–68% of non-riverine Bata [bta] dialects (Furo and Song); Upriver dialects have contact with downriver dialects due to fishing practices. Lexical similarity: Bacama [bcy] 89% with Central Bwatiye [bcy], 81% with Njoboliyo [bta], 86% with Furo [bta], 84% with Song Bata [bta].
bta	Bata	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Cameroon	North region: Bénoué division along Nigeria border; along Bénoué river, west of Garoua; north Faro division, along Faro river	2,500 in Cameroon	6b* (Threatened)	Batta, Dii, Gbwata, Gwate		Ndeewe (Bata-Ndeewe).
fli	Fali	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Mubi North, Mubi South LGAs	25,000 (2010 Z. Yoder et al.). 5,500 in the language area; 5,000 outside, many of whom return each summer	6a (Vigorous)	Fali of Mubi, Fali of Muchella, Vimtim, Yimtim		Vin (Uroovin, Uvin, Vimtim), Huli (Bahuli, Urahuli), Madzarin (Madzara, Muchella, Ura Madzarin), Bwin (Bagira, Bween, Urambween). Bwin about 92% intelligible of other dialects and 71% of Zizilvakan [ziz], Huli at least 85% of other dialects and 59% of Zizilivakan, Madzara 61% of Huli, Vin 71% of Madzara. Lexical similarity: 61%–82% between the dialects, 47%–59% with Zizilivakan [ziz], 15%–23% with Kirya-Konzal [fkk], 14%–18% with Hya [hya].
gde	Gude	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, south Bourrah subdivision, north and northwest of Dourbeye; North region: Mayo-Louti division, extreme northwest Mayo-Oulo subdivision	20,000 in Cameroon (1992 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Cheke, Goude, Mapodi, Mocigin, Motchekin, Mubi, Mudaye, Shede, Tchade, Tcheke, guɗe
gde	Gude	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Nigeria	Borno state: Askira-Uba LGA; Adamawa state: Mubi LGA	68,000 in Nigeria (1987). Total users in all countries: 88,000	5* (Developing)	Cheke, Goude, Mapodi, Mapuda, Mocigin, Motchekin, Mudaye, Shede, Tchade	Guɗe	Different dialects are spoken in Cameroon and Nigeria.
gdu	Gudu	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Song LGA	5,000 (1993)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gudo, Gutu		Kumbi.
hod	Holma	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Nigeria	Adamawa state: north of Sorau on Cameroon border	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the early 1990s (1987 R. Blench)	10 (Extinct)	Bali Holma, Da Holmaci		None known. Related to Nzanyi [nja].
jim	Jimjimen	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Bourrha area, on Nigeria border	10,000 (2019 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Jimi, "’Um Falin" (pej.)	Jimjimən	Djimi, Zumo (Zame, Zomo, Zumu), Jimo, Wadi (Wa’i), Malabu. Reportedly Jimjimen speakers understand Gude [gde].
ngw	Ngwaba	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Gombi LGA at Fachi and Guduniya, and Hong LGA. 2 villages	10,000 (1993 CAPRO)	8a (Moribund)	Goba, Gombi
nja	Nzanyi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Cameroon	North region: Mayo-Louti division, Mayo-Oulo subdivision, Doumo area, west of Dourbeye near Nigeria border	9,000 in Cameroon	6a* (Vigorous)	Jeng, Kobochi, Kobotshi, Mzangyim, Njai, Njanyi, Njegn, Njei, Njeng, Njeny, Nzangi, Zani, Zany		Holma.
nja	Nzanyi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Maiha LGA	77,000 in Nigeria (1993). Total users in all countries: 86,000	6b (Threatened)	Jeng, Jenge, Kobotshi, Njai, Njanyi, Njei, Njeing, Njeny, Nzangi, Zani, Zany		Paka, Rogede, Nggwoli, Hoode, Maiha, Magara, Dede, Mutidi, Lovi.
swq	Sharwa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, south Bourrah subdivision; North region: Mayo-Louti division	5,100 (2000 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Sarwaye, Sherwin, Tchevi
tsh	Tsuvan	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, southeast Bourrah subdivision, Tchevi village, 5 quartiers found in an area 10 km in diameter northeast of Dourbeye; some in North region: Mayo-Louti division	2,300 (2000 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Matsuvan, Motsuvan, Tchede, Telaki, Teleki, Terki
ziz	Zizilivakan	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Bourrah subdivision, near Nigeria border	200 in Cameroon (2010 Z. Yoder et al.)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Fali of Jilbu, Ziliva, Ziziliveken, Àmzírív
ziz	Zizilivakan	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Mubi North LGA, Jilvu town, near Cameroon border	6,000 in Nigeria (2010 Z. Yoder et al.). Total users in all countries: 6,200	6a (Vigorous)	Fali of Jilbu, Jilvu, Zhilvu, Ziliva, Ziziliveken, Àmzírív		None known. Intelligibility 20% of Fali [fli]. Lexical similarity: 47%–59% with Fali [fli].
jie	Jilbe	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1	Nigeria	Borno state: Jilbe town, Cameroon border area	100 (1999 H. Tourneux)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Zoulbou		None known. Kotoko speakers in Cameroon and Chad consistently report low intelligibility with Jilbe. Distinct from Zizilivakan [ziz].
bdm	Buduma	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Buduma	Cameroon	Far North region: Logone-and-Chari division, islands of Lake Chad	200 in Cameroon	6b* (Threatened)	Boudouma, Yadena, Yedima, Yedina
bdm	Buduma	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Buduma	Chad	Hadjer-Lamis region: Lake Chad islands and north shore; Lac region: Mamdi department, Bol subprefecture	51,600 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 54,800	6a* (Vigorous)	Boudouma, Yedima, Yedina, Yidana, Yidena		Southern Buduma, Northern Buduma. 90% inherent intelligibility between dialects.
bdm	Yedina	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Buduma	Nigeria	Borno state: islands in Lake Chad	3,000 in Nigeria	6b* (Threatened)	Boudouma, Buduma, Yedana, Yedima, Yidana		Buduma, Kuri (Kakaa, Kouri).
jia	Jina	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Jina	Cameroon	Far North region: Logone-and-Chari division, south Logone-Birni subdivision, Zina area and east of Waza town	1,500 (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004)	6b (Threatened)	Zina		Jina (Zine), Sarassara, Tchide (Sede), Muxule (Muxuli, Ngodeni), Mae. People in Zina say they understand Lagwan [kot] and Musgu [mug] better than Jina.
xmj	Majera	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Jina	Cameroon	Far North region: Logone-and-Chari division, extreme south Logone-Birni subdivision, Majera area	500 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004)	6b (Threatened)	Mazera		Majera (Mazra), Kajire-’dulo, Hwalem (Holom).
xmj	Majera	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Jina	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region; Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo Lemie department, Dogwea village on Logone river east bank		6a* (Vigorous)	Da’a, Mazera, Mida’a, Midah		Majera (Mazra), Kajire-’dulo, Hwalem (Holom).
aal	Afade	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North	Cameroon	Far North region: Logone-and-Chari division, south Makari subdivision, Afade area	5,000 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004)	6b* (Threatened)	Afadeh, Affade, Mandagué		None known. Related to Mpade [mpi], Maslam [msv], Malgbe [mxf], Mser [kqx], and Lagwan [kot].
aal	Afade	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North	Nigeria	Borno state: Kala/Balge LGA, 12 villages		6a* (Vigorous)	Afada, Afadeh, Affade, Kotoko, Mogari
mxf	Malgbe	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North	Cameroon	Far North region: Logone-and-Chari division, Goulfey subdivision, Chari river area north of Kousseri	6,000 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004)	6b* (Threatened)	Goulfei, Gulfe, Gulfei, Malbe, Malgwe, Ngwalkwe, Sanbalbe		Malgbe (Goulfei), Mara, Dro, Douguia (Dugiya). Related to Afade [aal], Maslam [msv], Mpade [mpi], Mser [kqx], and Lagwan [kot].
mxf	Malgbe	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North	Chad	Hadjer-Lamis region: N’Djamena subprefecture, Douguia, Malalie, Oulio (Walia) and other villages on Chari river		6b* (Threatened)	Goulfei, Goulfey, Gulfei, Kotoko-Gulfei, Malbe, Malgwe, Ngwalkwe, Sanbalbe		Goulfey, Walia, Mara, Douguia.
msv	Maslam	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North	Cameroon	Far North region: Logone-and-Chari division, Makari subdivision, northwest of Kousséri, Maltam, and Saho	250 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004)	8a (Moribund)			Maslam (Maltam), Sao (Sahu). Related to Afade [aal], Mpade [mpi], Malgbe [mxf], Mser [kqx], and Lagwan [kot]. Speakers may be able to use literature in one of these languages.
msv	Maslam	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North	Chad	Ville de N’Djamena region: Haraze Al Biar department, Mani subprefecture along Chari river. Miskini and Blabli villages (Maslam dialect); Farcha-Milezi and Ngara-Mandju villages (Sao dialect)		7 (Shifting)	Kotoko-Maltam, Maltam		Maslam (Maltam), Sao (Sahu).
mpi	Mpade	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North	Cameroon	Far North region: Logone-and-Chari division, south of Lake Chad, Makari area	16,000 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004)	6b* (Threatened)	Makari, Makary, Makary Kotoko		Shewe (Mani), Mpade (Makari), Bodo, Woulki, Digam.
mpi	Mpade	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North	Chad	Hadjer-Lamis region: Haraze Al Biar department, Mani subprefecture, south of Lake Chad; N’Djamena town; Mani area on Logone river, north of N’Djamena		6b* (Threatened)	Kotoko-Makari, Makari		Makari, Bodo, Woulki, Digam.
kqx	Mser	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South	Cameroon	Far North region: Logone-and-Chari division, Kousséri subdivision	500 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004)	8a (Moribund)	Kotoko-Kuseri, Kouseri, Kousseri, Kuseri		Houlouf (Mani), Gawi (Makari), Mser (Kousseri), Kabe, Kalo (Kalakafra). Comprehension of Lagwan [kot] is marginal. Related to Lagwan, Afade [aal], Malgbe [mxf], Maslam [msv], and Mpade [mpi].
kot	Lagwan	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South	Cameroon	Far North region: Logone-and-Chari division, Logone-Birni subdivision north of Waza National Park, Logone river bank across to Nigeria border	15,000 in Cameroon (Shryock and Brahim 2014). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004)	6b* (Threatened)	Kotoko-Logone, Lagouane, Lagwane, Logone		Logone-Birni, Logone-Gana (Kotoko-Gana).
kot	Lagwan	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region: south N’Djamena, Logone-Gana area along Logone river		6b* (Threatened)	Kotoko-Logone, Lagouane, Lagwane, Logone		Logone-Birni, Logone-Gana (Kotoko-Gana).
kqx	Mser	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi and Ville de N’Djamena regions; to Cameroon border		7 (Shifting)	Klesem, Kotoko-Kuseri, Kousseri, Kuseri		Mser (Kousseri, Msir), Kalo (Kalakafra), Gawi, Houlouf, Kabe.
mpk	Mbara	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.2	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region: Baguirmi department, Massenya subprefecture; Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye department, Bongor subprefecture; Mayo-Lémié department along Chari river, Guélengdeng area	1,000 (Tourneux et al 1986)	8a (Moribund)	G’kelendeg, G’kelendeng, Guelengdeng, Massa de Guelengdeng
mug	Musgu	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.2	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Danay division, Maga subdivision	140,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the sub-divisions where the Musgu people are present, as of the 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm). Total users in all countries: 164,400	5* (Developing)	Mousgou, Mousgoum, Mousgoun, Munjuk, Musgum, Musuk, Muzuk	Mulwi	Mpus (Mousgoum de Pouss, Pouss, Pus), Beege (Jafga), Vulum (Mulwi, Vlum), Ngilemong, Luggoy, Maniling (Mani-Iling), Muzuk (Mousgoum de Guirvidig). Vulum dialect is mainly in Chad.
mug	Musgu	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.2	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region: small area, Chari river east bank; Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye department, Bongor subprefecture; Ville de N’Djamena: between Chari and Logone rivers	24,400 in Chad (1993 census)	5* (Developing)	Mouloui, Mousgou, Mousgoum, Mousgoun, Mulwi, Munjuk, Musgum, Musuk		Mpus (Mousgoum de Pouss, Musgum-Pouss, Pouss, Pus), Beege (Jafga), Vulum (Mulwi-Mogroum, Vlum), Muzuk (Guirvidig, Mousgoum de Guirvidig, Mousgoum de Guirvidik).
mje	Muskum	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.2	Chad	Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye and Mayo-Lemie departments, Bongor subprefecture	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the late 1970s	10 (Extinct)	Muzgum		None known. Lexical similarity: 40% with Musgu [mug].
gid	Gidar	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, C	Cameroon	Far North region: a small section of Diamaré division; North region: Mayo- Louti division, Figuil and Guider subdivisions	54,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). Total users in all countries: 65,700	5* (Developing)	Baynawa, Gidder, Guidar, Guider, Kaɗa, Kada	ma Kaɗa	Zlam.
gid	Gidar	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, C	Chad	Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré department, northwest of Léré. At least 25 villages	11,700 in Chad (1993 census)	5* (Developing)	Gidder, Guidar, Kada, “Baynawa” (pej.)
bso	Buso	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari departement, Bousso subprefecture	40 (Welmers 1971a)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Bousso, Busso, Dam de Bousso		None known. Not in the Bua group, but Chadic (Boyeldieu 1977).
mvh	Mulgi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1	Chad	Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture	5,000 (2011 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Mire		None known. Lexical similarity: 65% with Ndam [ndm], 32% with Kimré [kqp].
ndm	Ndam	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1	Chad	South Chari-Baguirmi, north Mandoul, and northwest Moyen-Chari regions; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture, northeast of Lai, and southeast of Bousso d’Béré	6,500 (1990 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dam, Ndamm		Ndam-Ndam (Southern Ndam), Ndam Dik (Northern Ndam).
sor	Somrai	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1	Chad	Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture northeast of Lai, Domogou is center	7,410 (1993 census)	5* (Developing)	Sibine, Somray, Somre, Somrei, Soumrai, Soumray, Sounrai, Sumrai	Shibne	None known. Not intelligible of any other language. Lexical similarity: 47% with Ndam [ndm], 39% with Sarua [swy], 35% with Gadang [gdk], 33% with Tumak [tmc], 28% with Miltu [mlj].
tmc	Tumak	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1	Chad	Mandoul region: Mandoul Oriental department, Gouindi subprefecture; northwest Moyen-Chari and east Tandjilé regions	25,200 (1993 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dije, Sara Toumak, Toumak, Tumac, Tumag, Tummok		Tumak, Motun (Mawer, Mod, Moden, Modin, Mot, Motin). Lexical similarity: 71% with Motun dialect.
bvf	Boor	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug-Chari department, Bousso subprefecture; Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh subprefecture, Dumraw (Bwara) village on Chari river north bank	100 (1999 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Bwara, Damraw		Some have classified it as a dialect of Miltu [mlj]. Lexical similarity: 36% with Miltu [mlj] (most similar).
gdk	Gadang	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari department, Bousso subprefecture, between Mogo and Mbarlé; Somrai area	2,500 (1997 SIL)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Related to Sarua [swy] and Miltu [mlj].
mlj	Miltu	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari department, Bousso subprefecture, Miltou town area; Moyen-Chari region	270 (1993 census)	8a (Moribund)	Miltou		None known. Lexical similarity: 27% with Sarua [swy], Somrai [sor], Gadang [gdk], and Ndam [ndm], 36% with Boor [bvf].
swy	Sarua	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari department, Bousso subprefecture, between Bousso and Miltou along Chari river	2,000 (1997 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Saroua, Sarwa		None known. Lexical similarity: 42% with Gadang [gdk], 27% with Miltu [mlj].
kqp	Kimré	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 1	Chad	Tandjilé region: Tandjile Est department, east of Laï	20,000 (2007 A. Oumounabidji)	5* (Developing)	Gabri-Kimré, Gawra		Kimruwa (Kimré, Kim-Ruwa), Buruwa (Bordo). Popular glossonym: Gabri, but it is not intelligible of Gabri [gab].
lln	Lele	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 1	Chad	Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, south of Kélo	26,000 (1991 UBS)	5* (Developing)		Lele
nnc	Nancere	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 1	Chad	Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, Béré, Delban, and Kélo subprefectures	81,000 (2007 B. Keineng), increasing	5* (Developing)	Nanchere, Nangcere, Nangjere, Nangtchere, Nanjeri, Nantcere		Mire, Bolo, Kwale, Nancere du Centre.
gab	Gabri	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 2	Chad	Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture, Darbé and Dormon villages area northwest of Lai	34,400 (2000)	5* (Developing)	Gabere, Gaberi, Gabri Darbé-Dormon, Gabri Maja, Ngabre, Southern Gabri	Maja	Darbé, Dormon.
kvf	Kabalai	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 2	Chad	Tandjilé region: Lai subprefecture, Lai and south on Logone river east bank	17,900 (1993 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gablai, Kaba-Lai, Kabalay, Kabalaye, Keb-Kaye, Lai, Lay		None known. May be intelligible with Nancere [nnc].
tng	Tobanga	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 2	Chad	Mayo-Kebbi Est region: west; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Deressia subprefecture	30,000 (1999 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gabri, Gabri-Nord, Gabri-North, Northern Gabri		Mande, Tobanga (Deressia).
ker	Kera	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.3	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Danay division, southeast of Doukoula	6,000 in Cameroon	5* (Developing)
ker	Kera	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.3	Chad	Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mont d’Illi department, near Lake Tikem south of Fianga	44,500 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 50,500	5* (Developing)		Keera	None known. Lexical similarity: 42% with Kwang [kvi].
kvi	Kwang	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.3	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi and Mayo-Kebbi Est regions; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department; north of Lai, east of Bongor, southwest of Bousso. Mobou (Mobou dialect); Mogo (Aloa dialect)	16,800 (1993 census). 10,000 or more Kwang, 2,000 Mobou, 250 Aloa	6a* (Vigorous)	Kouang, Kuang, Kwong		Kwang, Mobou (Mobu), Ngam (Gam, Modgel), Tchagin (Tchakin), Aloa, Kawalké, Gaya, Mindéra. Includes Midigil village, sometimes erroneously listed as ‘Modgel’ (Medegel) in some sources. Lexical similarity: 42% with Kera [ker].
bid	Bidiyo	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1	Chad	Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, south of Mongo and west of Abou Telfane	14,000 (Jungraithmayr 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)	’Bidio, ’Bidiyo, Bidio, Bidiya, Bidiyo-Waana, Bidyo		Garawgino (Kafila), Jekkino (Kofilo), Bigawguno (Tounkoul), Nalguno (Niergui), ’Oboyguno (Zerli). The first 2 dialects listed are eastern, the others western. Dambiya is probably a Bidiyo dialect instead of a Migaama [mmy] dialect.
jeu	Jonkor Bourmataguil	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1	Chad	Guéra region border area; Salamat region: Aboudeia department, west of Abou Deia; centered in Ader-Ader	1,500 (1993 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Djongor Bourmataguil, Dougne, Karakir		Dougne, Musunye. Relationship with other Dangla languages needs investigation, especially Toram [trj] and Mogum [mou].
ubi	Ubi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1	Chad	Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, Oubi village area	1,100 (1995 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Oubi		None known. Lexical similarity: 48% with Mawa [mcw] (most similar).
daa	Dangaléat	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1	Chad	Possibly Batha region; Guéra region: Guéra department, Bang-bang subprefecture. Barlo, Koubo Adougoul area (Central dialect); Korlongo area (Eastern dialect); Korbo area (Western dialect)	60,000 (2005 SIL), increasing. 45,000 in Dangaléat Canton	5* (Developing)	Danal, Dangal, Dangla	Daŋla	West Dangaléat (Karbo, Korbo), East Dangaléat, Central Dangaléat. Intelligibility between east and west dialects is low, but central dialect well understood.
muj	Mabire	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1	Chad	Guéra region: Bidiyo canton, Mongo-Rural subprefecture, Oulek village	No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker may have survived into the early 2010s	10 (Extinct)			Reportedly similar to Tounkoul dialect of Bidiyo [bid]. Lexical similarity: 37%–52% with Jegu dialect of Mogum [mou].
mcw	Mawa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1	Chad	Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture, Mahoua village area	6,560 (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	Mahoua, Mahwa		Gura (village of Gurara) and Reupan (village of Roffono) have been called dialects but their speech is very similar to that of Mahoua. Lexical similarity: 8% with Ubi [ubi].
mmy	Migaama	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1	Chad	Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, Abou Telfane canton, Abu Telfan area. Baro (Migaama dialect); Fityari (Doga dialect); Game and Julkulkili (Gamiya dialect); Mala (Dambiya dialect)	20,000 (2000 W. Chesley). 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 23,000 (1991 census)	5* (Developing)	Dionkor, Djonkor, Dyongor, Jongor, Jonkor, Migama, “Djonkor Abou Telfane” (pej.)	Migaama	Migaama, Doga, Gamiya, Dambiya (Ndambiya).
mou	Mogum	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1	Chad	Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture; Guéra department, Bitkine and Mongo subprefectures	7,000 (1997 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Mogoum		Jegu, Kofa (Koffa), Mogum Délé, Mogum Diguimi, Mogum Urmi. Dialect subgroup. Mogum Diguimi may not be a separate dialect. Lexical similarity: more than 96% among dialects.
ckq	Kajakse	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2	Chad	Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, south and southeast of Am Dam	10,000 (Bender 1983a)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kadjakse, Kajeske, Kawa Tadimini, Kujarke, Mini		None known. Partially intelligible with Masmaje [mes] and Mubi [mub].
zrn	Zerenkel	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2	Chad	Guéra region: Mongo subprefecture, Canton Dadjo I, Dambiro, Nikel, and Sirbodom villages	2,240 (1993 census)	6b (Threatened)	Zirenkel		None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Mubi [mub], 34%–36% with Dangaléat [daa] (East, Central, and Western).
btf	Birgit	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2	Chad	Salamat region: Aboudéïa and Barh-Azoum departments; Sila region: Djourf al Ahmar department, centered in Abgué; south Batha region	10,400 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bergit, Berguid, Birgid		Abgue, Eastern Birgit, Duguri, Agrab.
mes	Masmaje	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2	Chad	Batha region: Batha Est department, Oum Hadjer subprefecture, southwest of Oum Hadjer	Ethnic population: 25,700 (1993 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Masmadje, Mesmedje
mub	Mubi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2	Chad	Batha region: widespread; Guéra region: Guéra department, Mangalmé subprefecture, 135 villages in Mangalmé area	35,300 (1993 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Moubi		None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Zirenkel [zrn], 35% with Dangaléat [daa].
trj	Toram	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2	Chad	Salamat region: Aboudeïa department, in and west of Ter	8,460 (2000)	8a (Moribund)	Torom, Torum
moz	Mukulu	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.2	Chad	Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture, Djarkatché, Doli, Gougué, Morgué, Moukoulou, and Séguine villages below Guera massif	12,000 (1990 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Diongor Guera, Djonkor Guera, Dyongor Guera, Guerguiko, Jonkor-Gera, Mokoulou, Mokulu	Gergiko	Mokilko, Seginki, Doliki, Moriko, Mezimko, Gugiko.
bva	Barein	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3	Chad	Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, west (Jalkia dialect), south, southwest (Komi dialect), and east of Melfi (Sakaya dialect)	4,100 (1993 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Baraïn, Guilia, Jalkia		Jalkia, Guilia, Sakaya (Dagne, Jelkin), Komi. Lexical similarity: 92% between the Jalkia dialect and the Guilia dialect, 70% between the Sakaya dialect and both Jalkia and Guilia.
saa	Saba	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3	Chad	Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, northeast of Melfi	1,340 (2000)	6b (Threatened)	Jelkung
sok	Sokoro	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3	Chad	Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Badanga to Gogmi; Hadjer-Lamis region: southeast	5,000 (1994 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			Sokoro, Bedanga. Lexical similarity: 55% with Tamki [tax].
tax	Tamki	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3	Chad	Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Tamki village	500 (1999 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Temki		None known. Not inherently intelligible of Sokoro [sok]. Lexical similarity: 62% with Saba [saa], 55% with Sokoro [sok], 32% with Mawa [mcw].
lme	Pévé	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Chad	Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lamé is center	30,000 in Chad (1999 SIL). Total users in all countries: 35,720	6a* (Vigorous)	Ka’do Pevé, Lamé, Zime, “Kado” (pej.)		Lamé, Doe (Doué), Dari. Related to Herdé [hed] and Ngeté [nnn] with differences in phonology, grammar, and ethnic attitudes.
mse	Musey	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Chad	Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Kabbia and Mont d’Illi departments, Fianga, Gounou Gaya; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: small border enclave; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, Kélo	308,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 358,000	5* (Developing)	Bananna, Bananna Ho Ho, Mosi, Moussei, Moussey, Musei, Mussoi, Mussoy	Museyna	Bongor-Jodo-Tagal-Berem-Gunu, Pe-Holom-Gamé, Jaraw-Domo. Some intelligibility of Masana [mcn]. Marba [mpg] (Azumeina) is reportedly most similar linguistically. All dialects mutually intelligible. Dialect names are village names. Pe dialect is in Cameroon.
nnn	Ngete	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Chad	Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Mayo-Dallah department, Ngeté village area east of Pala; south Mayo-Kebbi Est region	10,000 (1991 UBS)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ka’do Ngueté, Nge’dé, Nguetté, Ngueté, Zime		None known. Linguistic and sociolinguistic differences with Pévé [lme] and Herdé [hed]. Used by outsiders to refer to this and related languages: Herdé, Pévé, Mesmé [zim].
hed	Herdé	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Chad	Mayo-Kebbi Est region; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Mayo-Dallah and Lac Léré departments, Pala and Lamé area	40,000 (1999 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	He’dé, Ka’do Herdé, Zime, Zime of Pala, “Kado” (pej.)
mpg	Marba	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Chad	Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Kabbia department, north of Kélo (Léo dialect); Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department (Marba and Kolon dialects)	218,000 (2013 J. Leclerc)	5* (Developing)	Azumeina	Marba	Marba (Banana, Bananna, Maraba), Kolon (Kolong, Kulung), Léo (Leou, Lew), Monogoy.
mcn	Masana	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Cameroon	Far North region: southeast Mayo-Danay division, Yagoua town area	103,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Masa, Massa, Massana, “Banana” (pej.)		Yagwa (Yagoua), Domo, Walya (Walia), Bongor, Wina (Viri), Gizay (Guissey), Budugum.
mcn	Masana	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Chad	Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye department, Bongor subprefecture, along Logone river; small group in Chari-Baguirmi region	192,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 295,000	5* (Developing)	Masa, Massa, “Banana” (pej.)	Massana	Yagwa (Yagoua), Bongor, Wina (Viri), Walia (Walya), Domo, Gizay (Gisey, Guissey), Bugudum (Budugum), Gumay (Goumaye), Ham. All dialects understand Yagoua dialect well; Gizay and Yagoua dialects are 80% mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: 97% between the Budugum dialect and the most similar other dialect.
zim	Mesme	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Chad	Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, between Kélo and Pala	20,100 (1993 census)	5* (Developing)	Djime, Djiwe, Zime, Zime of Kélo		Bero, Zamre. Related to Pévé [lme], Ngeté [nnn], and Herdé [hed].
mse	Musey	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Cameroon	Far North region: Mayo-Danay division, east of Guere on Chad border	50,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Musey people are present as of the 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm)	5* (Developing)	Bananna, Bananna Ho, Ho, Mosi, Moussei, Moussey, Musaya, Musei, Museyna, Musiina, Musoi, Mussoi, Mussoy		Pe.
lme	Pévé	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Cameroon	North region: Mayo-Rey division, northeast of Tchollire, Bouba-Ndjida Park area	5,720 in Cameroon (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ka’do, Lamé
zuy	Zumaya	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré division, Maroua subdivision, Ouro-Lamorde	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died or shifted to Fulfulde by the late 1980s	10 (Extinct)
hau	Hausa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1	Nigeria	Widespread	48,300,000 in Nigeria, all users. L1 users: 33,300,000 in Nigeria (2015). L2 users: 15,000,000. Total users in all countries: 63,428,100 (as L1: 43,928,100; as L2: 19,500,000)	2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in northern region. Spoken as L2 in the north	Abakwariga, Habe, Haoussa, Hausawa, Kado, Mgbakpa	Hausa	Kano, Katagum, Hadejiya, Sokoto, Gobirawa, Adarawa, Kebbawa, Zamfarawa, Katsina, Arewa. Barikanchi [bxo] is a Hausa pidgin used in military barracks. There is also a pidgin or market Hausa [gib]. Subdialects of Eastern Hausa: Kano, Katagum, Hadejiya; of Western Hausa: Sokoto, Katsina, Gobirawa, Adarawa, Kebbawa, Zamfarawa; of North Hausa: Arewa, Arawa. Abakwariga is a subgroup.
gwn	Gwandara	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1	Nigeria	Abuja Capital Territory: Bwali and Kwai LGAs; Kaduna state: Kaura LGA; Nassarawa state: Akwanga, Keffi, Lafia, and Nasarawa LGAs; Niger state: Gurara and Suleija LGAs; Plateau state: Riyom LGA	27,300 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kwandara		Gwandara Karashi, Gwandara Koro, Gwandara Southern (Kyan Kyar), Gwandara Eastern (Toni), Gwandara Gitata, Nimbia.
hau	Hausa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1	Benin	Widespread north: Alibori, Atacora, Borgou, and Donga departments, mainly in larger towns, market villages	Ethnic population: 800,000 (2006 J. Leclerc)	3 (Wider communication)
hau	Hausa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1	Burkina Faso	Scattered. Est region: Gourma and Tapoa provinces	500 in Burkina Faso (Vanderaa 1991)	5* (Dispersed)	Haoussa
hau	Hausa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1	Cameroon	Widespread	23,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)	5* (Dispersed)	Haoussa, Hawsa
hau	Hausa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1	Chad	Widespread in the south	100,000 in Chad (Gunnemark and Kenrick 1985)	3 (Wider communication). Widespread use as L2 in northern Chad
hau	Hausa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1	Côte d’Ivoire	Abidjan	395,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Ethnic population: 1,000,000	5* (Dispersed)
hau	Hausa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1	Ghana	Widespread		3 (Wider communication). Used as L2 in the north			None known. There is evidence to suggest Ghanaian Hausa is a distinct variety of Hausa.
hau	Hausa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1	Niger	Widespread	14,500,000 in Niger, all users. L1 users: 10,000,000 in Niger (2016). L2 users: 4,500,000 (2015)	3 (Wider communication). Recognized language (2001, Language Law No. 2001-037), mainly used in education. The main trade language of Niger	Haoussa, Hausawa, Haussa		Dawra, Katsina, Damagaram, Gobirawa, Aderawa, Arewa, Kurfey, Gaya.
hau	Hausa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1	Sudan	Blue Nile and Khartoum states; scattered in Khartoum, along Blue Nile river; Kordofan	80,000 in Sudan (2007)	5* (Dispersed)
kof	Kubi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Ganjuwa LGA	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted to Hausa [hau] by 1940 (Ogbonna 2016). Ethnic population: 1,500 (1995 CAPRO)	9 (Dormant)	Be, Denawa, Deno, Denwa, Kuba, Kubawa
bxq	Beele	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: a few villages	120 (Temple and Temple 1922)	6b (Threatened)	Bele, Bellawa, Àbéélé		None known. A separate language from Bole [bol].
bol	Bole	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Alkaleri, Darazo, and Dukku LGAs; Gombe state: Dukku LGA; Plateau state: Wase LGA; Yobe state: Fika LGA	100,000 (1990)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ampika, Bolanchi, Bolanci, Bolawa, Bolewa, Borpika		Bara, Fika (Anpika, Fikankayen, bòo Pìkkà).
bvh	Bure	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Kirfi LGA, Bure village	20 (Batic 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 500	8b (Nearly extinct)	Bubure
dbb	Deno	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Darazo LGA, 45 km northeast of Bauchi town; Gombe state: Dukku LGA	6,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6a* (Vigorous)	Be, Denawa, Denwa
glo	Galambu	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA	Ethnic population: 25,000 (2006 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)	Galambe, Galambi, Galembi
gew	Gera	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi and Ganjuwa LGAs, Bauchi town	200,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gerawa, Rawam
gea	Geruma	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi, Ganjuwa, South Ningi, and Toro LGAs	9,030 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gerema, Germa		Sum, Duurum.
kks	Giiwo	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Alkaleri, Bauchi, and Darazo LGAs	14,000 (1998 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bu Giiwo, Kirfi, Kirifawa, Kirifi
ktc	Kholok	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA, near Didango	2,500 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977)	6b* (Threatened)	Kode, Koode, Kwoode, Pia, Pitiko, Widala, Wurkum
mew	Maaka	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Yobe state: Gulani LGA, Bara town area	10,000 (1993)	6a* (Vigorous)	Maga, Magha, Maha, Maka
nbh	Ngamo	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Darazo LGA; Gombe state: Nafada-Bajoga LGA: Yobe state: Fika LGA	60,000 (1993)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gamawa, Gamo, Ngamawa
nmi	Nyam	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper	Nigeria	Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA, Ndallang, northeast of Andamin village	Ethnic population: 100 (2006 J. Leclerc)	6b* (Threatened)	Nyambolo
kai	Karekare	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Karekare	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Gamawa and Misau LGAs; Gombe state: Dukku LGA small area; Yobe state: Fika and Nangere LGAs	150,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6a* (Vigorous)	Karai Karai, Karai-karai, Karaikarai, Kerekere, Kerrikerri		Jalalam (West Karekare), Birkai, Kwarta Mataci.
kna	Dera	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Dera	Nigeria	Adamawa state: Guyuk LGA; Borno state: Biu LGA; Gombe state: Balanga LGA	20,000 (1973 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Kanakuru		Shani, Shellen, Gasi.
kuh	Kushi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper	Nigeria	Gombe state: Shomgom LGA, Kushi village	11,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6a* (Vigorous)	Chong’e, Goji, Kushe
kpa	Kutto	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper	Nigeria	Gombe state: Funakaye LGA, 2 villages	3,000 (1995)	6b* (Threatened)	Kupto, Kúttò
ksq	Kwaami	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Gombe LGA	10,000 (1990)	6a* (Vigorous)	Komawa, Kwam, Kwamanchi, Kwami, Kwom
pip	Pero	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper	Nigeria	Gombe state: Kaltungo LGA, Burak, Gundalf, Gwandum, Kushi, and Yapito; Taraba state: Karim-Lamido LGA; possibly Bauchi state	25,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6a* (Vigorous)	Filiya, Pipero
piy	Piya-Kwonci	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state; Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA. 21 villages or more	5,000 (1992)	5* (Developing)	Pia, Pitiko, Piya, Wurkum	Ambandi	Piya, Kwonci.
tan	Tangale	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Alkaleri LGA, Futuk village; Gombe state: Akko, Balanga, Billiri, and Kaltungo LGAs	200,000 (2006 census)	6b (Threatened)	Tangle		Kaltungo (Tangale East), Biliri (Tangale West).
sur	Mwaghavul	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1	Nigeria	Plateau state: Barakin-Ladi and Mangu LGAs	150,000 (2016 R. Blench)	3 (Wider communication)	Maghavul, Sura	Mwaghavul	Mupun (Mapan, Mapun), Panyam. Reportedly similar to Cakfem-Mushere [cky] and Miship [mjs].
cky	Cakfem-Mushere	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1	Nigeria	Plateau state: Mangu LGA	5,000 (1990 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Chakfem, Chokfem		Jajura, Kadim, Kaban, Mushere, Chakfem.
jrt	Jorto	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1	Nigeria	Plateau state: Shendam LGA, Dokan Kasuwa		Unattested
kwl	Kofyar	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1	Nigeria	Nassarawa state: Lafia LGA; Plateau state: Mangu and Qua’an Pan LGAs	110,000 (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	Koffiar		Kofyar (Kwong), Kwagallak (Kwa’alang, Kwalla), Dimmuk (Dimuk, Doemak), Mirriam (Mernyang), Bwol (Bwal, Mbol), Gworam (Giverom, Goram), Jipal (Jepal, Jepel, Jibyal).
mjs	Miship	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1	Nigeria	Plateau state: Mangu, Pankshin, and Shendam LGAs	6,000 (1976 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Chip, Cip, Ship		Doka.
anc	Ngas	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1	Nigeria	Plateau state: Kanam, Langtang, and Pankshin LGAs	400,000 (1998 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Angas, Karang, Kerang		Hill Angas, Plain Angas.
pcw	Pyapun	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2	Nigeria	Plateau state: Shendam LGA	3,000 (2016 R. Blench)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Related to Tal [tal] and Montol [mtl].
ank	Goemai	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2	Nigeria	Nassarawa state: Awe and Lafia LGAs; Plateau state: Shendam LGA	200,000 (1995)	6b* (Threatened)	Ankwai, Ankwe, Ankwei, Gamai, Kemai
kcs	Koenoem	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2	Nigeria	Plateau state: Shendam LGA	3,000 (2016 R. Blench)	6b* (Threatened)	Kanam
mtl	Montol	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2	Nigeria	Plateau state: Shendam LGA	21,900 (1990)	6a* (Vigorous)	Baltap, Montal, Teel, Tehl		Montol, Baltap-Lalin. Related to Tal [tal].
tal	Tal	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2	Nigeria	Plateau state: Pankshin LGA	10,000 (1973 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)
gek	Ywom	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.3, Yiwom	Nigeria	Plateau state: Langtang, Mikang, and Shendam LGAs; Taraba state	10,000 (2016 R. Blench)	6a* (Vigorous)	Garkawa, Gerka, Gerkanchi, Gerkawa, Gurka, Yioum, Yiwom
fie	Fyer	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.4, Fyer	Nigeria	Plateau state: Pankshin LGA, Fyer district	26,100 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Fier
tdk	Tambas	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.4, Fyer	Nigeria	Plateau state: Pankshin LGA	3,000 (2001 R. Blench)	6b* (Threatened)	Tambes, Tembis
mmf	Mundat	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper	Nigeria	Plateau state: Bokkos LGA, Mundat village near Sha	1,000 (1998 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Reportedly similar to Sha [scw] and Duhwa [kbz].
kbz	Duhwa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper	Nigeria	Nassarawa state: Akwanga LGA, Kerifa village; Plateau state: Barkin Ladi and Bokkos LGAs	800 (1973 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Karfa, Kerifa, Nzuhwi
kul	Kulere	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper	Nigeria	Plateau state: Bokkos LGA	15,600 (1990)	6a* (Vigorous)	Akande, Akandi, Kande, Korom Boye, Tof		Tof, Richa, Kamwai-Marhai.
cla	Ron	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper	Nigeria	Plateau state: Barakin-Ladi, Bokkos, and Mangu LGAs; possibly Nassawara state	176,000 (2006 census). 20,000 Shagau (Manguna)	6a (Vigorous)			Alis I Ron (Alis I Run, Bokkos), Lis Ma Ron (Lis Ma Run), Shagau (Maleni, Manguna, Nafunfia, Shagawu).
scw	Sha	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper	Nigeria	Kaduna state: Sanga LGA border; Plateau state: Bokkos LGA, Sha district	3,000 (1998 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)
bde	Bade	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper	Nigeria	Yobe state: Bade, Jakusko, Borsari and Bade LGAs; Jigawa state: Guri LGA; Bauchi state: Zaki LGA	250,000 (2007 IMB)	6a (Vigorous)	Badanci, Bedde, Bede, Gidgid	Gabaden	Gashua Bade (Mazgarwa), Southern Bade (Bade-Kado), Western Bade (Amshi, Maagwaram, Magwaram), Shirawa (Shira). Amshi 91% and Southern 87% of all Bade dialects. Ngizim [ngi] and Duwai [dbp] not intelligible of Bade. Shirawa dialect is extinct (2018 R. Blench). Lexical similarity: 63% with Ngizim [ngi], 61% with Duwai [dbp].
ngi	Ngizim	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper	Nigeria	Yobe state: Damaturu LGA	80,000 (1993)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ngezzim, Ngizmawa
dbp	Duwai	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.1, Duwai	Nigeria	Kano state: Hadejia LGA; Yobe state: Bade LGA	11,400 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Eastern Bade, Evji
ajw	Ajawa	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.2	Nigeria	Bauchi state	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted to Hausa [hau] by 1940 (Ogbonna 2016)	10 (Extinct)	Aja, Ajanci		None known. Related to Miya [mkf].
wji	Warji	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.2	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Ningi LGA; Jigawa state: Birnin Kudu LGA	77,700 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Sar, Sarawa, Warja, Warjawa		Miya [mkf] may be a dialect.
tgd	Ciwogai	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.2	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Ganjuwa LGA, Tsagu village area	2,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6b* (Threatened)	Sago, Tsagu		None known. Related to Diri [dwa].
dwa	Diri	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.2	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Darazo and Ningi LGAs	7,200 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Diriya, Dirya, Diryawa
kil	Kariya	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.2	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Ganjuwa LGA, Kariya village near Miya town	2,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6b* (Threatened)	Kariyu, Kauyawa, Lipkawa, Vinahe, Wihe
bbt	Mburku	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.2	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Darazo LGA	12,000 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Barke, Barko, Burkanawa, Kariya, Lipkawa, Mburkanci, Wudufu, Wuufu
mkf	Miya	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.2	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Ganjuwa LGA, Miya town	30,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6a* (Vigorous)	Miyanci, Miyawa, Muya, vә́na mίy		Gala, Faishang, Fursum, Demshin, Federe.
pqa	Pa’a	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.2	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi and Ningi LGAs	8,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6a* (Vigorous)	Afa, Afanci, Afawa, Fa’awa, Foni, Fucaka, Fuucəka, Pa’anci, Pa’awa, Pala
sir	Siri	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.2	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Ningi LGA	Ethnic population: 3,800 (2006 J. Leclerc)	8a (Moribund)	Sirawa
jmb	Zumbun	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.2	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Darazo LGA, Jimbim settlement	2,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6b* (Threatened)	Jimbin, Jimbinawa
dot	Dass	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Akleri, Dass, and Toro LGAs; Plateau state: Shendam LGA	8,830. 1,130 Lukshi, 4,700 Durr-Baraza, 700 Wandi and Zumbul, 2,300 Dot (1971 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Barawa		Lukshi (Dekshi), Durr-Baraza (Bandas), Zumbul (Boodla), Wandi (Wangday), Dot (Dott, Dwat, Zodi). A dialect subgroup.
bux	Boghom	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Boghom	Nigeria	Plateau state: Kanam, Shendam, and Wase LGAs	50,000 (1973 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bogghom, Boghorom, Bohom, Bokiyim, Borrom, Burma, Burom, Burrum, Burum		None known. Related to Mangas [zns].
kkr	Kir-Balar	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Boghom	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA, Kir Bajang’leand Kir Bengbet villages	3,050 (1993)	6b* (Threatened)	Kir, Kirr		Kir, Balar (Larbawa).
zns	Mangas	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Boghom	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA, Mangas town	100 (1995 CAPRO)	6b* (Threatened)
jmi	Jimi	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Eastern	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Ganjuwa LGA, Jimi village	1,000 (1995 CAPRO)	7 (Shifting)	Bi-Gimu		Zumo.
grd	Guruntum-Mbaaru	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Alkaleri and Bauchi LGAs	15,000 (1993)	8a (Moribund)	Gurdung, Guruntum		Dooka, Gar, Gayar, Karakara, Kuuku, Mbaaru.
juu	Ju	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA, Ju village	900 (1993)	6b (Threatened)
tak	Tala	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA, Kuka and Talan Kasa villages	1,000 (1993)	6b* (Threatened)
zah	Zangwal	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA	100 (1993)	6b* (Threatened)	Twar, Zwangal
gji	Geji	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Toro LGA	6,000 (1995 CAPRO)	6a (Vigorous)	Gejawa, Gezawa, Kayauri		Bolu (Magang, Pelu), Geji (Gaejawa, Gezawa, Gyaazi), Zaranda (Buu). Geji dialect subgroup, in Barawa [dot] language subgroup.
ldd	Luri	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA, Kayarda and Luri villages	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived through the first decade of the 2000s (Caron 2004)	10 (Extinct)	Lúr		May have been a dialect of Polci [plj].
plj	Polci	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bauchi, Dass, and Toro LGAs	22,000 (1995 CAPRO). 2,000 Zul (1995), 4,000 Buli (1993), 400 Langas (1993), 15,000 Polci, 250 Baram (1993), 800 Dir (1993)	6a* (Vigorous)	Palchi, Palci, Polchi		Zul (Barma, Mbarmi), Baram (Barang, Mbaram), Dir (Baram Dutse, Diir, Dra), Buli, Langas (Lundur, Nyamzax), Polci (Palci, Polshi, Posa). Dialect cluster within Barawa language cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992).
say	Saya	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Bogoro, Dass, Tafawa-Balewa, and Toro LGAs; Plateau state: Kanem and Mangu LGA borders	300,000 (2013 SIL). 7,000 Sigidi (1995 CAPRO)	6a (Vigorous)	Sayanci, Sayara, Sayawa, Seiyara, Seya, Seyawa, Vigzar, Vikzar, Zaar		Ntumu, Okak (Ntumu), Sigidi (Segiddi, Sigdi, Sugudi), Gambar (Gambar Leere, Kal, Lusa, Vigzar, Vikzar). Dialect cluster within Barawa language cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992). Lusa is the prestige dialect and other dialects are thought to be shifting to Lusa.
zaz	Zari	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Dass, Tafawa Balewa, and Toro LGAs	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the year 2000 (Campbell and Belew 2018). Ethnic population: 20,700 (2000 CAPRO). 20,000 Zakshi (1995 CAPRO), 1,000 Boto (Gunn 1953)	9 (Dormant)	Zariwa		Zakshi (Zaksa), Boto (Bibot, Boot), Zari (Kopti, Kwapm). Dialect cluster within Barawa cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992).
zua	Zeem	Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper	Nigeria	Bauchi state: Toro LGA	No known L1 speakers. Last speakers may have survived into the 2000s	9 (Dormant)	Chaari		Tulai (Tule), Danshe, Lushi (Dokshi, Lukshi), Dyarim (Kaiwari, Kaiyorawa). Zeem dialect cluster within Barawa language cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992).
xan	Xamtanga	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, Central, Eastern	Ethiopia	Amhara region: Avergele district, Lasta and Waag zones; Tigray region: southeast in Jirurzba area	224,000, all users. L1 users: 213,000 (2010 UNSD). L2 users: 11,000. 93,900 monolinguals	4 (Educational)	Agaw, Agawinya, Khamtanga, Simt’anga, Xamir, Xamta	ኃምታጛ‎ (X’imt’a-nga)	None known. Low inherent intelligibility of Qimant [ahg]. Lexical similarity: 45% with Qimant [ahg].
byn	Bilen	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, Central, Northern	Eritrea	Anseba region: Keren town area	112,000 (2016)	5 (Developing)	Balen, Belen, Beleni, Bilayn, Bilein, Bilene, Bileno, Bilin, Bogo, Bogos, North Agaw	Blin, ብሊን‎ (Blin)	Senhit, T’aqwur.
awn	Awngi	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, Central, Southern	Ethiopia	Amhara region: Awi and north Gonder zones, southwest of Lake Tana; Benishangul-Gumuz region: Metekel zone	553,400, all users. L1 users: 489,000 (2007 census), increasing. L2 users: 64,400 (1994 census). 323,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 636,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Agau, Agaw, Agew, Agew-Awi, Agow, Awŋi, Awawar, Awi, Awija, Awiya, Damot, Kwollanyoch, “Kumfel” (pej.), “Kunfel” (pej.), “Kunfäl” (pej.)		Dega, Kwolla, Northern Awngi (“Kunfäl” (pej.)).
ahg	Qimant	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, Central, Western	Ethiopia	Amhara region: north Gonder zone, north of Lake Tana	4,830, all users. L1 users: 1,650 (1994 census). L2 users: 3,180. Ethnic population: 172,000 (1994 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Agaw, Kemant, Kemantney, Kimanteney, Qemant, Western Agaw		Qimant (Chemant, Kamant, Kemanat, Kemant, Kimant, Qemant), Dembiya (Dambya, Dembya), Hwarasa (“Kara” (pej.), Qwara, Qwarina), Kayla, Semyen, Achpar, Kwolasa (Kwolacha). Distinct from Awngi [awn], Bilen [byn], and Xamtanga [xan].
bnl	Boon	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East	Somalia	Jubbada Dhexe region: Jilib district, bush settlements	59 (2000)	8a (Moribund)	Af-Boon		None known. Reportedly similar to Somali [som].
tsb	Tsamai	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Dullay	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: South Omo area, lowlands west of Lake Chamo	19,200, all users. L1 users: 18,000 (2007 census). L2 users: 1,200. 5,300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 20,000 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Bago S’aamakk-Ulo, Cule, Kuile, Kule, S’amai, Tamaha, Ts’amay, Tsamakko, Tsamako, Tsemay	Bago Ts’amakkilo	The Tsamai say Ale [gwd] is difficult to understand. Possibly related to Birale [bxe]. The most divergent variety in the Dullay classification. Lexical similarity: 56%–73% with Ale [gwd] dialects, 61% with Bussa [dox], 31% with Konso [kxc].
gwd	Ale	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Dullay	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Segen zone, west of Lake Chamo	85,670, all users. L1 users: 84,300 (2017). L2 users: 1,370. 27,500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 68,600 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Dabosse, Debase, Dobase, Dullay, Gobeze, Qawko, Werizoid, “Gauwada” (pej.), “Gawata” (pej.), “Gawwada” (pej.), “Gewada” (pej.), “Kawwad’a” (pej.), “Kawwada” (pej.)	Ale (Ale)	Tihinte (Dihina), Gargarte (K’ark’arte), Dobase (Gobeze), Golango (Kollanko, Wollango), Gorroze, Harse (Worase). Lexical similarity: 78% with Bussa [dox], 73% with Tsamai [tsb], 77% with the Harso dialect, 92% with the Gollango dialect, 41% with Konso [kxc]. The Harso dialect has 80% lexical similarity with the Dobase dialect of Bussa [dox], 56% with Tsamai [tsb].
bji	Burji	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Highland	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: south of Lake Chamo; into Oromia region	49,450 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 46,400 in Ethiopia (2007 census). L2 users: 3,050. 29,300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 71,800 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 73,150 (as L1: 70,100; as L2: 3,050)	4 (Educational)	Bambala, Bembala, Daashi	ቡረጊ‎ (Burji)	None known. Lexical similarity: 41% with Sidamo [sid] (most similar).
drs	Gedeo	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Highland	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ and Oromia regions: central highland area, southwest of Dilla and east of Lake Abaya	1,023,000, all users. L1 users: 975,000 (2007 census). L2 users: 48,000. 439,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 976,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Geddeo, “Darasa” (pej.), “Darassa” (pej.), “Derasa” (pej.), “Derasanya” (pej.), “Deresa” (pej.)		None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Sidamo [sid] (most similar), 57% with Alaba-Kabeena [alw], 54% with Kambaata [ktb], 51% with Hadiyya [hdy].
alw	Alaba-K’abeena	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Highland	Ethiopia	Oromia region: Rift Valley southwest of Lake Shala; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region	307,700, all users. L1 users: 278,000 (2007 census). 227,000 Alaba, 51,300 K’abeena (2007 census). L2 users: 29,700. 111,000 monolinguals (1994 census). Ethnic population: 286,000 (2007 census). 233,000 Alaba, 52,700 K’abeena (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Alaaba, Allaaba, Halaba, K’abeena, K’abena, Qebena, Wanbasana		Alaaba (Alaba, Wanbasana), K’abeena (Qebena). Lexical similarity: 81% with Kambaata [ktb], 64% with Sidamo [sid], 56% with Libido [liq], 54% with Hadiyya [hdy].
bji	Burji	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Highland	Kenya	Marsabit county: Moyale township area	23,700 in Kenya (2009 census)	7 (Shifting)	Bambala
hdy	Hadiyya	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Highland	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Gurage, Hadiyya, and Kambaata zones, between Omo and Billate rivers, Hosaina town area; Oromia region: east Shewa zone	1,401,000, all users. L1 users: 1,250,000 (2007 census). L2 users: 151,000. 595,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,270,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Adea, Adiya, Adiye, Hadia, Hadiya, Hadya	Hadiyyisa	Leemo, Soro. Lexical similarity: 82% with Libido [liq], 56% with Kambaata [ktb], 54% with Alaba-Kabeena [alw], 53% with Sidamo [sid].
ktb	Kambaata	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Highland	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: southwest Gurage, Kambaata, and Hadiyya zones; Durame is main town	822,300, all users. L1 users: 743,000 (2007 census). 30,100 Donga, 97,800 Timbaro (2007 census). L2 users: 79,300. 330,500 monolinguals. Includes 279,000 Kambaata, 51,600 Timbaro. Ethnic population: 761,000 (2007 census). Includes 35,200 Donga, 98,600 Timbaro (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Donga, Kambara, Kambata, Kambatta, Kemata, Kembata	Kambaatissata	Tambaro, Timbaro (T’imbaaro, Timbaaro, Timbara, Timebaro). Lexical similarity: 95% between dialects, 81% with Alaba-Kabeena [alw], 62% with Sidamo [sid], 57% with Libido [liq], 56% with Hadiyya [hdy].
liq	Libido	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Highland	Ethiopia	Oromia region: west of Lake Ziway; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Gurage, Hadiyya, and Kambaata zones, northeast of Hosaina	68,010, all users. L1 users: 58,800 (2007 census). L2 users: 9,210. 14,700 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 64,300 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Mareko, Mareqo		None known. Syntactic, morphological, and lexical differences from Hadiyya [hdy]. Lexical similarity: 82% with Hadiyya [hdy], 57% with Kambaata [ktb], 56% with Alaba-Kabeena [alw], 53% with Sidamo [sid].
sid	Sidamo	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Highland	Ethiopia	Oromia region: southeast of Lake Awasa; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: northeast of Lake Abaya	3,081,000, all users. L1 users: 2,980,000 (2007 census). L2 users: 101,000. 2,530,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,950,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Sidaama, Sidaamu afii, Sidama, Sidaminya, Sidámo ’Afó	Sidaamu Afoo	None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Alaba-Kabeena [alw], 62% with Kambaata [ktb], 53% with Hadiyya [hdy].
gdl	Dirasha	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Konso-Gidole	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Tsegen zone, Gidole town area in hills west of Lake Chamo	80,500, all users. L1 users: 73,500 (2007 census). 15,300 Dirasha, 49,900 Gidole, 8,250 Kusumitta (2007 census). L2 users: 7,000. Ethnic population: 80,400 (2007 census). 30,100 Dirasha, 41,100 Gidole, 9,210 Kusumitta (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Derashe, Dhirasha, Dhiraytata, Diraasha, Dirashitata, Dirayta, Diraytta, Gardulla, Gedoligna, Ghidole, Gidole	Dhirayta	Mosiya, Kusumitta (Kusumie). Part of a dialect continuum with Konso [kxc] and Bussa [dox]. Lexical similarity: 55% with Konso [kxc].
dox	Bussa	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Konso-Gidole	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Segen zone, west of Lake Chamo	19,020, all users. L1 users: 18,100 (2007 census). L2 users: 920. 4,960 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 30,000 (2007 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Buusa, D’oopace, D’opaasunte, Dobase, Gobeze, Goraze, Gowase, Lohu, Mashelle, Mashile, Masholle, Mosittacha, Mosittata, Mosiye, Mossiye, Musiye, Orase		Mashola. There is a dialect chain with Konso-Dirasha-Dobase. Lexical similarity: 78% with Ale [gwd], 51% with Konso [kxc], 86% with the Gollango dialect of Ale, 80% with the Harso dialect of Ale, 61% with Tsamai [tsb].
kxc	Konso	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Konso-Gidole	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Segen zone south of Lake Chamo, near Segen River bend	247,660 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 242,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census), increasing. L2 users: 5,660. 139,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 251,000 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 247,660 (as L1: 242,000; as L2: 5,660)	4 (Educational)	Af Kareti, Afa Karatti, Conso, Gato, Karate, Kareti, Komso	Khonso	Kholme, Duuro, Fasha, Karatti. Lexical similarity: 55% with Dirasha [gdl], 51% with Bussa [dox], 41% with Ale [gwd], 31% with Tsamai [tsb].
gaz	Oromo, West Central	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Oromo	Ethiopia	Widespread	8,920,000 (1994 census). 24,900,000 all Oromo speakers in Ethiopia (2007 census). Ethnic population: 30,000,000	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in Oromia Region (1994, Constitution, Article 47(3)). West Central Oromo [gaz] is lingua franca of the area	Afan Oromo, Oromiffa, Oromoo, “Galla” (pej.)	Afaan Oromoo	Western Oromo, Central Oromo. Subdialects are Mecha (Maccha, Wellaga, Wallaga, Wollega), Raya, Wello (Wollo), and Tulema (Tulama, Shoa, Shewa). Harar and Borana are most divergent. A member of macrolanguage Oromo [orm].
gax	Borana	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Oromo	Kenya	Isiolo, Laikipia, Mandera, Marsabit, and Wajir counties: Lake Turkana east to Ethiopia-Somalia border, and south toward Nairobi	278,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. Borana: 161,000, Gabra: 89,500, Sakuye: 26,800	5 (Developing)	Afaani Borana, Booran, Boraan, Boraana, Boran, Oromo, Southern Oromo, “Galla” (pej.)		Boran, Arsi, Guji.
orc	Orma	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Oromo	Kenya	Kilifi, Lamu, and Tana River counties	66,300 (2009 census), increasing	6a (Vigorous)			Munyo (Korokoro, Munyo Yaya), Orma. Distinct from Borana [gax]. Munyo Yaya is an ethnic group who speak a dialect of Orma. A member of macrolanguage Oromo [orm].
gax	Oromo, Borana-Arsi-Guji	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Oromo	Ethiopia	Afar, Amhara, and Somali regions; Oromia region: south; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region	3,630,000 in Ethiopia (2007). 24,900,000 all Oromo speakers in Ethiopia (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 3,949,600	5 (Developing)	Afan Oromo, Booranaa, Borana, Oromiffa, Oromoo, Southern Oromo, “Galla” (pej.), “Galligna” (pej.), “Gallinya” (pej.)	Afaan Oromoo	A member of macrolanguage Oromo [orm].
gax	Oromo, Borana-Arsi-Guji	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Oromo	Somalia	Gedo region	41,600 in Somalia (2000)	5* (Developing)	Southern Oromo		Borana (Booran, Boran).
hae	Oromo, Eastern	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Oromo	Ethiopia	Afar region: south; Dire Dawa and Harari regions; Oromia region: north Bale, east Hararghe, and west Hararghe zones; Somali region: Shinile zone	4,530,000 (1994). 24,900,000 all Oromo speakers in Ethiopia (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Afan Oromo, Harar, Harar Oromo, Harer, Ittu, Oromiffa, Oromoo, “Kwottu” (pej.), “Qottu” (pej.), “Qotu Oromo” (pej.), “Quottu” (pej.), “Qwottu” (pej.)	Afaan Oromoo	None known. Reportedly similar to Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo [gax]. A member of macrolanguage Oromo [orm].
ssn	Waata	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Oromo	Kenya	Isiolo county: north of Meru town; Garissa and Lamu counties: east of Tana river; Kilifi county: Indian Ocean coast and inland from Formosa Bay south to Gongoni town; Tana River county: Garsen area west of Tana river	12,600 (2009 census), increasing	6a (Vigorous)	Ariangulu, Langulo, Sanya, Sanye, Waat, Wasanye
bob	Aweer	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Rendille-Boni	Kenya	Garissa county: north and west of Mundane range; Lamu county: Indian Ocean area inland north of Lamu city; Tana River county: forests inland from Kipini city; 11 villages or more	7,600 (2009 census), increasing. 1,600 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Aweera, Bon, Ogoda, Waboni, Wata-Bala, “Boni” (pej.), “Sanye” (pej.)		None known. Lexical similarity: with Rendille [rel] of Marsabit County (most similar).
rel	Rendille	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Rendille-Boni	Kenya	Marsabit and Samburu counties: between Lake Turkana and Marsabit mountain	60,000 (2009 census), increasing	6a (Vigorous)	Randile, Rendile
aar	Afar	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Saho-Afar	Djibouti	Ali Sabieh region: southwest of regional capital; Arta region: southwest of Ghoubet Kharab; Dikhil, Obock, and Tadjoura regions; Red Sea coast	184,000 in Djibouti (2016). Ethnic population: 306,000 (2014 World Factbook)	5* (Dispersed)	Afaraf, Qafar, Qafar af, ʿAfár af, “Danakil” (pej.)
aar	Afar	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Saho-Afar	Eritrea	Northern Red Sea and Southern Red Sea regions	487,000 in Eritrea (2016), increasing	5 (Dispersed)	Afaraf, Qafar, Qafar af, ʿAfár af, “Danakil” (pej.), “Denkel” (pej.)		Central Afar, Northern Afar, Aussa, Ba’adu.
aar	Afar	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Saho-Afar	Ethiopia	Afar, Amhara, and Somali regions: eastern lowlands	1,302,800 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 1,280,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). L2 users: 22,800. 906,000 monolinguals (1994 census). Ethnic population: 1,280,000 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 1,973,800 (as L1: 1,951,000; as L2: 22,800)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in Afar Region (1994, Constitution, Art 47)	Adal, Afaraf, Affar, Affarigna, Qafar af, ʿAfár af, “Danakil” (pej.), “Denkel” (pej.)	Qafar	Northern Afar, Central Afar, Aussa, Baadu (Ba’adu). Related to Saho [ssy].
ssy	Saho	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Saho-Afar	Eritrea	Debub, Northern Red Sea, and Southern Red Sea regions	235,000 in Eritrea (2016), increasing. Total users in all countries: 271,180 (as L1: 267,800; as L2: 3,380)	5 (Developing)	Sao, Shaho, Shiho, Shoho	Saho	Irob dialect only in Ethiopia. Very similar to Afar [aar].
ssy	Saho	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Saho-Afar	Ethiopia	Afar and Tigray regions	36,180 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 32,800 in Ethiopia (2007 census). L2 users: 3,380. Ethnic population: 33,400 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Sao, Shaho, Shiho, Shoho		Irob.
jii	Jiiddu	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali	Somalia	Shabeellaha Hoose region: west of Moqdisho	20,000 (1998 J. Leclerc)	6b* (Threatened)	Af-Jiiddu, Jiddu		Distinct from Somali [som] and Tunni [tqq], usually grouped under Digil dialects or languages. Different sentence structure and phonology from Somali. More similar to Somali than to Baiso [bsw]. Reportedly some similarities to Konsoid languages and to Gedeo [drs], Alaba-Kabeena [alw], Hadiyya [hdy], and Kambaata [ktb].
ymm	Maay	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali	Somalia	Bakool, Bay, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, and Shabeellaha Hoose regions	1,750,000 in Somalia (2015)	5* (Developing)	Af-Maay, Af-Maay Tiri, Af-May, Af-Maymay, Maay Maay, Mai Mai, Rahanween, Rahanweyn	Af-maay	Af-Helledi. May be more than 1 language; dialects form a continuum. Within the Maay dialect continuum, at least two dialect groupings may be discerned, largely between the Digil clans (e.g, Wenle Weyn) and the Mirifle clans (based on Bay Bakool). The Digil consider themselves the “royal clan class” of the Maay-speaking Rahanweyn. Somali [som] is difficult or unintelligible to Maay speakers, except when learned through mass communications, urbanization, and internal movement. Different sentence structure and phonology from Somali. Af-Helledi is a Maay secret language used by hunters.
tqq	Tunni	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali	Somalia	Jubbada Dhexe and Shabeellaha Hoose regions: Baraawe, Dhiinsoor, and Jilib districts; Bay and Jubbada Hoose regions	20,000 (1998 J. Leclerc)	6b* (Threatened)	Af-Tunni		Distinct from Somali [som] or Jiiddu [jii], usually grouped under the Digil dialects or languages. Different sentence structure and phonology from Somali [som].
dbr	Dabarre	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali	Somalia	Bay region: Dhiinsoor district area, Dabaare; Jubbada Dhexe region: Bu’aale district; Shabeellaha Hoose region: Sablaade district	20,000 (1998 J. Leclerc)	6b* (Threatened)	Af-Dabarre		Dabarre, Iroole (Af-Iroole). A very distinctive language in the Digil clan family. Dialects are clan names.
gex	Garre	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali	Somalia	Bay region: southeast border area; Shabeellaha Hoose region: Qoryoley and Wanla Weyne districts	50,000 (1998 J. Leclerc). Ethnic population: 100,000 (1992)	6a* (Vigorous)	Af-Garre		None known. Reportedly linguistically similar to Boni [bob].
som	Somali	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali	Djibouti	Ali Sabieh, Arta, and Djibouti regions	485,000 in Djibouti (2005 J. Leclerc). Ethnic population: 524,000 (2014 World Factbook)	5* (Dispersed)	Af-Soomaali
som	Somali	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali	Ethiopia	Mainly Oromia and Somali regions; areas in Afar and Dire Dawa regions	4,705,600 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 4,610,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). L2 users: 95,600. 2,880,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,590,000 (2007 census)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in Somali Region (1994, Constitution, Article 47(3))	Af-Soomaali, Common Somali, Somalie, Standard Somali
som	Somali	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali	Kenya	Garissa, Mandera, and Wajir counties: entire eastern border area; northwest Lamu county	2,386,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. Includes 58,200 Hawiyah; 516,000 Degodia; 622,000 Ogaden (2009 census)	5 (Dispersed)	Standard Somali		Degodia, Ogaden, Wardei (Uardai, Wadai, Warday).
som	Somali	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali	Somalia	Widespread	7,820,000 in Somalia (2015). Total users in all countries: 16,321,530 (as L1: 16,225,930; as L2: 95,600)	1 (National). Statutory national language (2004, Transitional Federal Charter, Article 7(1))	Af-Maxaad Tiri, Common Somali, Soomaaliga, Standard Somali	Af-Soomaali, Afka Soomaaliga	Northern Somali, Benaadir, Af-Ashraaf (Ashraaf). Northern Somali is basis for standard Somali. Readily intelligible to Benaadir Somali speakers, but difficult or unintelligible to most Maay [ymm]. Those in Merka and Muqdisho speak Af-Ashraaf, a distinct variety which may have limited inherent intelligibility of standard Somali.
arv	Arbore	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Western Omo-Tana	Ethiopia	Oromia region: Lake Chew Bahir area; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: south Omo zone	10,320, all users. L1 users: 7,210 (2007 census). L2 users: 3,110. 3,900 monolinguals (1994 census). Ethnic population: 7,280 (2007 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Arbora, Arborie, Erbore, Irbore
bsw	Baiso	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Western Omo-Tana	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: halfway between Soddo and Arba Minch, Merab Abaya area, Alge village (390); Gidicho Island, Baiso and Shigima villages (200); Welege island on Lake Abaya (420), and west shore	4,620 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 5,490 (2007 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Alkali, Bayso, Gedicho, Gidicho
dsh	Daasanach	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Western Omo-Tana	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: lower Omo river, along Lake Turkana	48,230 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 48,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). L2 users: 230. 31,400 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 48,100 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 60,730 (as L1: 60,500; as L2: 230)	5 (Developing)	Af ’Daasanach, Daasanech, Dama, Dasenech, Dathanaic, Dathanaik, Dathanik, Dhaasanac, Gallab, Galuba, Gelab, Geleb, Geleba, Gelebinya, Gelubba, Gheleba, Marille, Merile, Merille, Morille, Reshiat, Russia, af’Daasanach, “Shangilla” (pej.)	Af Daasanach
dsh	Daasanach	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Western Omo-Tana	Kenya	Marsabit and Turkana counties: north Lake Turkana, both shores	12,500 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. Population varies as people freely cross the Ethiopian border. 6,250 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Daasanech, Dama, Dasenech, Dathanaik, Dhaasanac, Geleb, Geleba, Gheleba, Marille, Reshiat, “Shangilla” (pej.)
elo	El Molo	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Western Omo-Tana	Kenya	Marsabit county: Lake Turkana southeast shore, west of Mount Kulal	No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker, Kaayo, died in 1999 (2012 M. Tosco). Ethnic population: 2,840 (2009 census)	9 (Dormant)	Dehes, Elmolo, Fura-Pawa, Ldes, “Ndorobo” (pej.)		None known. The original language is reportedly similar to Daasanach [dsh].
muu	Yaaku	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Yaaku	Kenya	Isiolo and Laikipia counties: Mukogodo forest west of Doldol, foothills north of Mount Kenya; Samburu and Turkana counties: Lake Turkana south tip	10 (2016 BBC). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2016 BBC)	8a (Moribund)	Mogogodo, Mukogodo, Mukoquodo, Siegu, Yaakua, Yiaku, Yiakunte, “Ndorobo” (pej.), “Ntorobo” (pej.)
bej	Bedawiyet	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, North	Egypt	Al Bahr al Ahmar Governorate; north of Marsa al ’Alam south to administrative boundary on Red Sea east coast	1,030,000 in Egypt (2016)	5* (Developing)	Bedawi, Bedàwie, Beja, Bidhaawyeet, Tu Bdhaawi, Tubdhaawi
bej	Bedawiyet	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, North	Eritrea	Anseba and Gash-Barka regions	194,000 in Eritrea (2016)	5 (Developing)	Beḍauye, Bedawi, Bedawiye, Bedawye, Bedja, Bedwi, Bedya, Bedàwie, Beja, Bidhaaweet, Bidhaawyeet, Lobat, Tu Bdhaawi		Hadareb (Hadaareb), Bisharin (Bisariab, Bisarin), Hadendoa (Hadendowa), Beni-Amir, Ababda, Amara.
bej	Bedawiyet	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, North	Sudan	Red Sea state; Gedaref, Kassala, and River Nile states, southeast river Nile	2,140,000 in Sudan (2015). Total users in all countries: 3,364,000	5 (Developing)	Beḍauye, Bedawi, Bedawiye, Bedja, Bedàwie, Beja, Biďaːwyéːt, Tibďaːwyě, To Bedawiat, To Bedawie, Tu Bdhaawi, Tu-Bedawie	Bidhaawyeet, Tubdhaawi, بجاوية‎ (Bidhaawyeet), تُبڈاوِ‎ (Tubdhaawi)	Hadendoa (Hadendiwa, Hadendowa), Hadareb (Hadaareb), Bisharin (Bisariab), Beni-Amir. Little vocabulary in common with other Cushitic languages, but a great deal of the verbal morphology is similar.
bds	Burunge	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, South	Tanzania	Dodoma region: Kondoa district, Chambalo, Goima, and Mirambu villages; Manyara region	28,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Ethnic population: 30,000 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007)	6a (Vigorous)	Bulunge, Burunga Iso, Burungee, Burungi, Kiburunge, Mbulungi, Mbulungwe	Burungaisoo	None known. Lexically similar with Gorowa [gow] and Iraqw [irk], 65% with Alagwa [wbj] (Aweki 1996); relatively high similarity between Alagwa and Burunge, despite their belonging to separate branches of the same language family according to their grammars (Kiessling and Mous 2003).
wbj	Alagwa	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, South	Tanzania	Dodoma region: Kondoa district	53,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009)	6b (Threatened)	Alaagwa’isa, Alagwase, Alawa, Asi, Chasi, Hhagiree, Kialagwa, Kichase, Uassi, Waasi, Wasi	Alagwaisa	None known. Grammar is closer to Iraqw [irk] but not inherently intelligible. High degree of lexical similarity with Burunge [bds].
aas	Aasáx	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, South	Tanzania	Manyara region: Landenai, Lolbeni, and Ndovu Okutu villages in central Maasai steppe; reportedly also in Lemelebo, Landrobo, and Naitomani districts	350 (1999 J. Carr), decreasing	8b (Nearly extinct)	Aasá, Aramanik, Asak, Asax, Assa, Asá, Il Konono, Lamanik, “Dorobo” (pej.), “Ndorobo” (pej.)
dal	Dahalo	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, South	Kenya	Lamu and Tana River counties: near Tana river mouth	400 (1992 M. Brenzinger). Ethnic population: 2,400 (2009 census)	8a (Moribund)	Guo Garimani, Sanye
gow	Gorowa	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, South	Tanzania	Dodoma region: Kondoa district, near Babati, Mount Ufiome area; Manyara region: Mbulu district	113,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009)	6a (Vigorous)	Fiome, Goroa, Gorwaa, Ufiomi		Reportedly similar to Burunge [bds], Alagwa [wbj], and Iraqw [irk]. May be a dialect of Iraqw.
irk	Iraqw	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, South	Tanzania	Manyara region: Mbulu district, highlands southwest of Arusha in the north; Singida region near Manyara border; small areas in Arusha and Dodoma regions	603,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009)	5 (Developing)	Erokh, Iraku, Iraqu, Kiiraqw, Mbulu, Mbulunge	Kángw Iraqw	Asa. Asa dialect may be a separate language.
wka	Kw’adza	Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, South	Tanzania	Manyara region: Mbulu district	No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably died in the 1980s (Sommer 1992)	10 (Extinct)	Kwadza, Ng’omvia, Ngomvya, Qwadza		None known. Related to Iraqw [irk].
cop	Coptic	Afro-Asiatic, Egyptian	Egypt	Al Wadi al Jadid governorate	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Neo-Egyptian		Bohairic, Sahidic.
mdx	Dizin	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Dizoid	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Bench-Maji zone	35,950, all users. L1 users: 33,900 (2007 census), increasing. L2 users: 2,050. 17,600 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 34,700 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Diizinuog, Dizi, Dizi-Maji, Dizinog, Dizinya, Maji, Majinya, Sizi, Twoyu	Diizi-Noog, Diizin	Central Dizin, Eastern Dizin, Western Dizin. Related to Sheko [she] and Nayi [noz].
she	Sheko	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Dizoid	Ethiopia	Southeast Gambela region: southeast; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Bench-Maji zone	43,820, all users. L1 users: 38,900 (2007 census). L2 users: 4,920. 13,600 monolinguals (1994 census). Ethnic population: 37,600 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Shak, Shako, Shekka, Shekko, Tschako	S’oku noogu	Sheko, Tepi, Guraferda. Distinct from Shabo [sbf] and Shekkacho [moy].
noz	Nayi	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Dizoid	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: scattered in Decha and Shoa Bench districts, Dulkuma village; Sheko district, Aybera, Jomdos, and Kosa villages	9,070, all users. L1 users: 7,190 (2007 census). L2 users: 1,880. 1,140 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007)	7 (Shifting)	Na’o, Nao		None known. Lexical similarity: 58% with Dizin [mdx].
jnj	Yemsa	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Janjero	Ethiopia	Oromia region: Fofa (main village); mixed in Oromo villages Deedoo, Jimma, Saja, and Sak’a; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Yem zone	92,200 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 160,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Yem, “Janjerinya” (pej.), “Janjero” (pej.), “Janjor” (pej.), “Yangaro” (pej.), “Zinjero” (pej.)	Yemsa	Fuga of Jimma, Toba. The Fuga of Jimma dialect may be a separate language. Lexical similarity: 24% with Shekkacho [moy].
cra	Chara	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Chara	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: south Omo zone, Omo river	13,770, all users. L1 users: 13,100 (2007 census). L2 users: 670. 5,560 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 13,200 (2007 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Ciara, Gimiri Nona		Buch’a. Lexical similarity: 54% with Wolaytta [wal].
bcq	Bench	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Gimira	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Mizan Teferi area	370,600, all users. L1 users: 348,000 (2007 census). 14,300 Mer. L2 users: 22,600. 150,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 352,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Benchnon, Bencnon, Dizu, “Ghimarra” (pej.), “Gimarra” (pej.), “Gimira” (pej.)	Bèntʂ nòn‎ (Benc’non)	Bench (Bencho, Benesho), Mer (Mieru), She (Kaba, Sce).
mdy	Male	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: north Omo zone, southeast of Jinka	101,430, all users. L1 users: 94,700 (2007 census). L2 users: 6,730. 40,500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 97,900 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Maale, Malie		None known. Lexical similarity: 48% with Dorze [doz], 46% with Gofa [gof], 45% with Koorete [kqy], 44% with Gamo [gmv], 43% with Wolaytta [wal] and Dawro [dwr].
wal	Wolaytta	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, Central	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Wolaytta zone, Lake Abaya area	1,719,800, all users. L1 users: 1,630,000 (2007 census). L2 users: 89,800. 1,000,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,680,000 (2007 census)	3 (Wider communication)	Borodda, Ometo, Uba, Welaita, Wolaita, Wolaitta, Wolataita, Wolayta, “Ualamo” (pej.), “Uollamo” (pej.), “Walamo” (pej.), “Wallamo” (pej.), “Welamo” (pej.), “Wellamo” (pej.), “Wollamo” (pej.)	Wolaytta	Zala. Dorze [doz], Melo [mfx], and Oyda [oyd] may be dialects of Wolaytta. Lexical similarity: 79%–93% with Gamo [gmv], 84% with Gofa [gof], 80% with Dawro [dwr] and Dorze [doz], 48% with Koorete [kqy], 43% with Male [mdy].
dwr	Dawro	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, Central	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Dawro zone; 2 small border areas in Oromia region	533,000, all users. L1 users: 513,000 (2007 census). 81,600 Konta (2007 census). L2 users: 20,000. 260,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 538,000 (2007 census). 83,600 Konta (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Dauro, Dawuro, Ometay, “Cullo” (pej.), “Kullo” (pej.)	Dawrogna	Konta (Conta), Kucha (Koysha, Kusha). Lexical similarity: 73%–80% with Gamo [gmv], 76% with Gofa [gof], 80% with Wolaytta [wal], 73%–75% with Dorze [doz], 48% with Koorete [kqy], 43% with Male [mdy].
doz	Dorze	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, Central	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: north Omo zone, Chencha area	24,400, all users. L1 users: 20,800 (1994 census). L2 users: 3,600. 9,910 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 29,000 (1994 census)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 82%–87% with Gamo [gmv], 77%–81% with Gofa [gof], 80% with Wolaytta [wal], 73%–75% with Dawro [dwr], 54% with Koorete [kqy], 48% with Male [mdy].
gmv	Gamo	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, Central	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Gamo-Gofa zone	1,094,400, all users. L1 users: 1,070,000 (2007 census), increasing. L2 users: 24,400. 600,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,100,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Gemu	Gamotso	Dache. Lexical similarity: 79%–91% with Gofa [gof], 82%–87% with Dorze [doz], 73%–80% with Dawro [dwr], 79%–89% with Wolaytta [wal], 49% with Koorete [kqy], 44% with Male [mdy].
gof	Gofa	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, Central	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Gamo-Gofa zone	392,400, all users. L1 users: 359,000 (2007 census), increasing. L2 users: 33,400. 190,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 362,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Goffa, Goofa	Goofatho	None known. Lexical similarity: 79%–91% with Gamo [gmv], 76% with Dawro [dwr].
mfx	Melo	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, Central	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: north Omo zone, Malo-Koza area	24,860, all users. L1 users: 20,200 (1994 census). L2 users: 4,660. 13,700 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 20,200 (1994 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Malo		None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with the majority of Ometo language varieties.
oyd	Oyda	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, Central	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: northwest Omo area, southwest of Sawla	40,940, all users. L1 users: 36,900 (2007 census). L2 users: 4,040. 6,250 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 45,100 (2007 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Oida	Oyda	None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Wolaytta [wal], 61% with Basketo [bst].
kcx	Kachama-Ganjule	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, East	Ethiopia	Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ regions: Lake Abaya, Gidicho island, Kachama; Lake Chamo, Ganjule on west shore, Shela-Mela village	2,830 (2007 census). 1,000 Gats’ame and less than 50 Ganjule (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Ethnic population: 2,590 (2007 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Qechem		Ganjule (Ganjawle), Ganta, Kachama, Gats’ame (Gatame, Get’eme, Makka), Haro (Gidicho, Harro). Gats’ame, Ganjule and Haro form a dialectal cluster within Kachama-Ganjule (Brenzinger 1999). Lexical similarity: 46% with Wolaytta [wal].
kqy	Koorete	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, East	Ethiopia	Oromia region: Lake Abbaya, Harro village; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Amaro Woreda; mountains east of Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo	159,370, all users. L1 users: 157,000 (2007 census), increasing. L2 users: 2,370. 84,400 monolinguals (1994 census). Ethnic population: 157,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Amaarro, Amarro, Badittu, Haro, Harro, Koore, Kore, Koyra, Kwera, Nuna	Koorete, Koori Nuuna	South Koorete, North Koorete, Middle Koorete. Dialects are mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: 54% with Dorze [doz], 53% with Wolaytta [wal], 52% with Gofa [gof], 49% with Gamo [gmv], 48% with Dawro [dwr], 45% with Male [mdy].
zay	Zaysete	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, East	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Tsegen zone, west of Lake Chamo	18,500 (2007 census). 10,200 Zayse, 7,600 Zergulla. 3,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 17,900 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Korisadam, Zagisite, Zaisse, Zayse, Zayse-Zergulla, Zaysinya, Zaysitè, Zaysse, Zeyese	Zaysite	Zergulla (Zargulla, Zergullinya), Zayse. Speakers are shifting from Zergulla to Zayse (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Similar to the Gidicho dialect of Koorete [kqy].
bst	Basketo	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gimojan, Ometo-Gimira, Ometo, West	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: north Omo zone, plateau west of Bulki	101,560, all users. L1 users: 92,600 (2007 census). L2 users: 8,960. 42,800 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 78,300 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Baskatta, Basketo-Dokka, Basketto, Mesketo, Misketto		None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Oyda [oyd].
myo	Anfillo	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gonga, Central	Ethiopia	Oromia region: Anfillo forest, west of Dembi Dolo	500 (1990 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1990 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Southern Mao		None known. Lexical similarity: 53% with Shekkacho [moy].
bwo	Borna	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gonga, North	Ethiopia	Benishangul-Gumuz region: Metekel zone, near Blue Nile river	38,180, all users. L1 users: 35,900 (2007 census). L2 users: 2,280. 18,600 monolinguals. 77 Gamila. Ethnic population: 60,600 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Borəni noon, Bora, Borí noonə, Boro, Bworo, Dangabo, Gonga, Scinacia, Shinasha, Shinassha, Shinicho, Šinaša	Bori Noona, Borna	Wenbera-Dangur, Guba, Wambera. Scattered dialect groups. Lexical similarity: 46% with Shekkacho [moy].
kbr	Kafa	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gonga, South	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Bonga town area; border areas in Oromia region	881,700, all users. L1 users: 835,000 (2007 census). L2 users: 46,700. 445,000 monolinguals (1994 census). Ethnic population: 865,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Caafiti, Caffino, Kaffa, Kaficho, Kefa, Keffa, Kefficho, Manjo	Kafi noono	Kafa, Bosha (Garo). Bosha may be a distinct language. Manjo is an argot based on Kafa [kbr] (Bender 1983b).
moy	Shekkacho	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Gonga-Gimojan, Gonga, South	Ethiopia	Oromia and Gambela regions; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Maasha area	83,580, all users. L1 users: 80,100 (2007 census). L2 users: 3,480. 36,500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 77,600 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Mocha, Shakacho, Shekacho, Shekecho, Shekicho, Shekka, Šakačo, Šekki noono	Shekki-noone	None known. Reportedly similar to Kafa [kbr].
hoz	Hozo	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Mao	Ethiopia	Benishangul-Gumuz region; Oromia region: West Wollega zone, K’ondala district	6,000 (Küspert 2015)	7 (Shifting)	Agmo Wandi, Begi-Mao, Hoozo, Mo Wandi, Nu Wandi, Shuluyo, Shulyo		Hozo, Shulyo. Closely related to Seze [sze] (Küspert 2015); distantly related to Bambassi [myf] (Bender 1975). Hozo and Shulyo dialects have very high degree of intelligibility but viewed by speakers of these groups as separate languages.
sze	Seze	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Mao	Ethiopia	Oromia region: West Wollega zone, K’ondala district	13,000 (Küspert 2015)	7 (Shifting)	Begi Mao, Seez waani, Seezi, Seze Wani, Sezo		None known. Closely related to Hozo [hoz] (Küspert 2015); distantly related to Bambassi [myf] (Bender 1975).
myf	Màwés Aasʼè	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Mao	Ethiopia	Benishangul-Gumuz region: Bambassi area toward the east to the Yabus River and also 300 km to the east in the Didessa river valley; Oromia region: western Wellaga zone	2,300 (2011 M. Ahland)	5 (Developing)	Amam, Bambassi, Bambeshi, Didessa, Fadiro, Northern Mao, Siggoyo	Màwés Aasʼè	Didessa, Bambassi. Lexical similarity: 30% with other Omotic languages, 60% with Sezo [hoz] (Bender 2003).
gza	Ganza	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Mao	Ethiopia	Gambela region: Mao-Komo special district, north of Zebsher	400 in Ethiopia (2007)	6a (Vigorous)	Ganzo, Gwami, Koma
gza	Ganza	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Mao	Sudan	Blue Nile state: Kurmuk district, Dahmoh, Darsoma, Korbum, Tugubele, and Yeshkab villages between Daga and Yabus rivers	2,600 in Sudan (2007 A. Krell). Total users in all countries: 3,000	6a (Vigorous)	Ganzo, Gwami, Koma, Koma-Ganza
aiw	Aari	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, South	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: central north Omo zone, south tip of Ethiopia plateau	298,300, all users. L1 users: 285,000 (2007 census). Includes Gayil [gyl] speakers. L2 users: 13,300. 129,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 290,000 (2007 census). Includes Gayil [gyl]	4 (Educational)	Aarai, Ara, Ari, Aro, “Shankilla” (pej.), “Shankilligna” (pej.), “Shankillinya” (pej.)	Aari	Bako (Baco), Biyo (Bio), Laydo, Seyki, Shangama, Sido, Wubahamer (Ubamer), Zeddo. Reportedly similar to Gayil [gyl].
dim	Dime	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, South	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: north of Omo river, just before it turns south	1,100, all users. L1 users: 570 (2007 census), decreasing. L2 users: 530. Ethnic population: 870 (2007 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Dim-af, Dim-ap, Dima		None known. Lexical similarity: 47% with Hamer-Banna [amf].
gyl	Gayil	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, South	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: south Omo zone, Gelila district	55,700 (2007 L. Jordan)	6a (Vigorous)	Galila, Gayi, Gayl, Gelila, Northern Ari		None known. Related to Aari [aiw], Dime [dim], Hamer-Banna [amf], and Karo [kxh].
amf	Hamer-Banna	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, South	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: south Omo zone, near Omo river; north of Lake Turkana, near Kenya and Sudan borders; Oromia region: Borena zone	81,520, all users. L1 users: 74,400 (2007 census). 47,500 Hamer, 26,900 Banna (2007 census). L2 users: 7,120. 38,400 monolinguals (1994 census). Ethnic population: 73,500 (2007 census). 46,500 Hamer, 27,000 Banna (2007 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Amar, Amarcocche, Amer, Ammar, Bana, Banna, Bena, Beshada, Cocche, Hamar, Hamar-Benna, Hamar-Koke, Hamer, Hammer, Hammercoche, Kara Kerre		None known. Hamer and Banna are separate ethnic groups who speak virtually the same language.
kxh	Karo	Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, South	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: south Omo zone	1,480 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 1,490 (2007 census)	6b (Threatened)	Cherre, Kara, Kere, Kerre		May be a dialect or a closely related language with Hamer-Banna [amf]. More similar to Hamer variety than Banna. Lexical similarity: 81% with Hamer-Banna [amf].
rzh	Rāziḥī	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central	Yemen	Sa‘dah governorate: Rāziḥ district; Jabal Rāziḥ massif region, numerous small settlements	62,900 (2004 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Jabal Razih, Rāziḥīt, S-samrit, Samrah Rāziḥīt, Samrit Rāziḥ		None known. Rāziḥī and local spoken varieties of Arabic are mutually unintelligible.
syc	Syriac	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern	Turkey	Sanliurfa province	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Ancient Syriac, Classical Syriac, Lishana Atiga, Suryaya, Suryoyo		Western Syriac, Eastern Syriac. Syrian churches: Eastern (Nestorian), Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite), and Syrian Catholic (Melkite, Maronite) developed a vast literature based on the Edessa (currently Sanliurfa, southeastern Turkey) variety of the Syrian dialect. Assyrian group (see Assyrian Neo-Aramaic in Iraq and elsewhere) separated denominationally from Chaldean (see Chaldean Neo-Aramaic in Iraq) and Jacobite (see Turoyo in Turkey and Syria) in the Middle Ages. Neo-Eastern Aramaic languages spoken by Christians are often dubbed Neo-Syriac although not directly descended from Syriac.
cld	Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Iraq	Dahuk and Ninawa governorates	100,000 in Iraq (1994 H. Mutzafi). Total users in all countries: 241,610	7 (Shifting). Recognized language (2005, Constitution, Article 4(1)), constitutional term: Syriac. Unevenly recognized except in Kurdistan Region	Chaldean, Fallani, Fellihi, Kaldaya, Kildani, Lishana Kaldaya, Modern Chaldean, Neo-Chaldean, Soorath, Soorith, Suras, Sureth		Mangesh, Alqosh, Tel Kepe, Tisqopa, Bartille, Shirnak-Chizre (Bohtan), Dihok. High intelligibility of Lishana Deni [lsd] and Ashirat [aii] (western dialect group of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic); little or no intelligibility with other Northeastern Aramaic varieties. A member of macrolanguage Syriac [syr].
aii	Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Armenia	Yerevan province: scattered	2,700 in Armenia (Leclerc 2017a). Ethnic population: 15,000	7 (Shifting)	Aisorski, Assyriski, Sooreth
aii	Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Georgia	Transcaucasia area: scattered	3,400 in Georgia (Leclerc 2015). Ethnic population: 14,000	8a (Moribund)	Aisorski, Assyriski
aii	Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Iran	West Azerbaijan province: west of Lake Urmia; many in Reza’iyeh (Rizaiye) and Tehran	15,000 in Iran (1994). Ethnic population: 103,000 (2014 J. Leclerc)	6b* (Threatened)	Aturaya Swadaya, Lishana Aturaya, Swadai, Swadaya		Urmi.
aii	Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Iraq	Dahuk and Ninawa governorates: 2 areas, one northeast of Buhayrat al Mawsil, the other, at Turkish border; scattered in Al Basrah, Arbil, Baghdad, and Kirkuk governorates	152,000 in Iraq (Leclerc 2014b). Ethnic population: 4,250,000 (1994). Total users in all countries: 587,320	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2005, Constitution, Article 4(1)), constitutional term: Syriac. Unevenly recognized except in Kurdistan Region	Assyrian, Assyrianci, Lishana Aturaya, Neo-Syriac, Sooreth, Suret, Sureth, Suryaya Swadaya	ܐܬܘܪܝܐ‎ (Ātūrāyā), ܣܘܪܬ‎ (Sūrët)	Urmi (Sipurghan, Solduz, Urmi Assyrian), Northern Assyrian (Baz, Dez, Gavar, Jilu, Qudshanis, Salamas, Upper Barwari, Van), Central Assyrian (Anhar, Mar Bishu, Nochiya, Shamezdin, Tergawar), Western Assyrian (Lewin, Lower Barwari, Tal, Tkhuma), Sapna (Aradhin, Benatha, Daudiya, Inishke, Tina). Similar linguistically to other Northeastern Aramaic varieties. Inherent intelligibility is difficult to estimate due to extensive exposure throughout the Assyrian diaspora to many dialects, especially Urmi and Iraqi Koine. As a result, intelligibility between dialects is as high as 80%–90%. Urmian group subdialects: Urmi, Sipurghan, Solduz; Northern Group: Salamas, Van, Jilu, Gavar, Qudshanis, Upper Barwari, Dez, Baz; Central Group: Mar Bishu, Nochiya (Shamezdin), Tergawar, Anhar; Western Group: Tkhuma, Lower Barwari, Tal, Lewin; Sapna Group: Aradhin, Tina, Daudiya, Inishke, Benatha. Standard literary Assyrian is based on Urmi. Many left original areas and developed a common spoken and written form based on the prestigious Urmi dialect as spoken in Baghdad, the United States, and elsewhere (Iraqi Koine). Most Christians understand it. This Urmi variety is different from Lishán Didán Urmi variety. All dialects of Western, Northern, and Central Assyrian are spoken in Syria. A member of macrolanguage Syriac [syr].
aii	Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Syria	Al Hasakah governorate: Khabur river banks, Turkey border, over 30 villages; some in Al Hasakah city	196,000 in Syria (2016). Ethnic population: 700,000	6b* (Threatened)	Assyrian, Lishana Aturaya, Neo-Syriac, Suret, Sureth, Suryaya Swadaya
bjf	Barzani-Sandu Jewish Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Israel	Jerusalem	6 (2017 H. Mutzafi)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic, Central Jewish Neo-Aramaic, Lishan Didan, Lishan Dideni		Barzani dialect cluster (Barzan, Bijil, Shahe), Sandu. Sandu is a Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect closely related to Barzani, but several isoglosses link it with Lishana Deni [lsd]. Bijil went extinct in 1998, Shahe in 2000, and Sandu in 2008 (2017 H. Mutzafi).
bhn	Bohtan Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Georgia	Kvemo Kartli region: mainly Garbadani village	900 in Georgia (Leclerc 2015)	7 (Shifting)
bhn	Bohtan Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Russian Federation	Krasnodar krai: Krymsk; Stavropol krai: Novopavlovsk		8b (Nearly extinct)
hrt	Hértevin	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Turkey	Siirt province: Pervari county, Ekindüzü village	4 (2012 A. Ajansi)	8b (Nearly extinct)			None known. Considerable differences from other Northeastern Aramaic varieties, and not intelligible with any or most of them.
tmr	Jewish Babylonian Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Israel	Jerusalem district	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic
kqd	Koy Sanjaq Surat	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Iraq	Arbil governorate: Armota, Koi-Sanjaq	800 (1995 H. Mutzafi)	6b* (Threatened)	Koi Sanjaq Soorit, Koi-Sanjaq Sooret, Koy Sanjaq Sooret, Koy Sanjaq Soorit, Surat		None known. Related in certain morphological and lexical respects to Senaya [syn].
syn	Senaya	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	Iran	Qazvin and Tehran provinces	60 (1997 H. Mutzafi)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Christian Neo-Aramaic, Lshan Sray, Senaaya, Shan Gyanan, Shan Sray, Soray, Sray		None known. Qazvin variety slightly different from that spoken by Sanandaj-born people.
huy	Hulaulá	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern, Trans-Zab	Israel	Scattered	Several thousands (2017 H. Mutzafi). Total users in all countries: 350	8a (Moribund)	Jabali, Lishana Akhni, Lishana Noshan		Saqiz, Kerend, Sanandaj, Suleimaniyya, Bijar, Tekab, Khanaqin. Very different and not intelligible with Senaya [syn] or Lishana Deni [lsd]. 60%–70% intelligibility of Lishán Noshan [trg] and Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic [aij].
aij	Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern, Trans-Zab	Israel	Widespread	2,200 (1994 H. Mutzafi)	8a (Moribund)	Hulani, Jbeli, Kurdit, Lishana Didán, Lishanid Noshan		Arbel (Arbil), Dobe, Koy Sanjaq, Rwanduz, Rustaqa, Shaqlawa, Ranye, Qaladze. 60%–70% inherent intelligibility with Lishanan [lsd] and Hulaulá [huy]. Very different and not inherently intelligible with Christian Aramaic languages and Lishana Deni. Western cluster dialects are Arbel, Dobe, and Shaqlawa. Eastern cluster dialects are Southeastern varieties: Koy Sanjaq, Qaladze, and Ranye. Northern cluster dialects are Rwanduz and Rustaqa (2017 H. Mutzafi).
trg	Lishán Noshan	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern, Trans-Zab	Israel	HaMerkaz and Jerusalem districts: Jerusalem city, Tel-Aviv areas	6,230 in Israel (2005 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 6,350	8a (Moribund)	Iranian Azerbaijan Jewish Neo-Aramaic, Lakhlókh, Lishanid Nash Didán, Lishanán, Lishán Didán		Northern Cluster Lishán Noshan (Başkale, Gavar, Salmas, Urmi), Southern Cluster Lishán Noshan (Mahabad, Naghada, Ushno, Ṣablagh). 60%–70% intelligibility of Hulaulá [huy] and Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic [aij], but not of other Aramaic languages. The Urmi variety of Lishán Noshan is extremely different from the Urmi variety of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (2017 H. Mutzafi).
huy	Hulaulá	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern, Trans-Zab	Iran	Kordestan: Kerend, Sanandaj, and Saqqez	350 in Iran	8a (Moribund)
lsd	Lishana Deni	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern, Trans-Zab	Israel	Mainly in Jerusalem district: Jerusalem city area, including Maoz Tsiyon	7,500 (1999 H. Mutzafi). Ethnic population: 9,060	7 (Shifting)	Kurdit, Lishan Hozaye, Lishan Hudaye		Zakho, Amadiya, Barashe, Shukho, Nerwa, Dohuk, Atrush, Bétanure, Gzira (Cizre), Challa (Çukurca), Dohok. Resembles Chaldean Neo-Aramaic [cld], but with differences in morphology and other features. Inherent intelligibility is high between them. Low intelligibility with Ashirat dialects of Assyrian New-Aramaic [aii]; not intelligible with other Neo-Aramaic varieties. Gzira, Challa, and Shukho dialects are extinct; Nerwa extinct since 2012 (2017 H. Mutzafi).
lhs	Mlahsö	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northwestern	Syria	Al Hasakah governorate: Qamishli town	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Ibrahim Hanna, died in 1998	10 (Extinct)	Suryoyo		None known. Reportedly similar to Turoyo [tru].
tru	Turoyo	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northwestern	Syria	Al Hasakah governorate: far northeast corner, Tigris river near Cizre	25,000 in Syria (2016). Ethnic population: 20,000 (1994)	7 (Shifting)	Surayt, Suryoyo, Syryoyo, Turani
tru	Turoyo	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northwestern	Turkey	Mardin and Sirnak provinces	15,000 in Turkey (Leclerc 2014c). Ethnic population: 50,000 (1994). Total users in all countries: 103,300	6b* (Threatened)	Suryoyo, Syryoyo, Süryani, Turani	Surayt	Midyat, Midin, Kfarze, ’Iwardo, Anhil, Raite. Turoyo subdialects divided between Town Turoyo (Midyat Turoyo), Village Turoyo, and Mixed (Village-Town) Turoyo.
mid	Mandaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Mandaic	Iran	Khuzestan province: Hoveiseh, other towns	100 in Iran (2017). Ethnic population: 23,000	8a (Moribund)	Mandaayi, Mandaean, Mandi, Mandini, Modern Mandaic, Neo-Mandaic, Sabe’in, Sabean, Subbi		Ahwaz (Ahvaz), Shushtar (Shustar), Khorramshahr. Iraqi Neo-Mandaic became extinct during the 20th century. Shushtar dialect may have no remaining speakers. The Khorramshahr and Ahwaz dialects are mutually intelligible.
mid	Mandaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Mandaic	Iraq	Scattered in Al Basrah and Baghdad governorates	No known L1 speakers in Iraq. Ethnic population: 30,000	9 (Dormant)	Mandaayi, Mandaean, Mandi, Mandini, Modern Mandaic, Neo-Mandaic, Sabe’in, Sabean, Subbi		Iraqi Neo-Mandaic.
myz	Mandaic, Classical	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Mandaic	Iran	Scattered	No known L1 speakers in Iran. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: none known	9 (Second language only)	Classical Mandaean		None known. Appears to be the direct ancestor of Modern Mandaic [mid].
myz	Mandaic, Classical	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Mandaic	Iraq	Al Basrah	No known L1 speakers in Iraq. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)
sam	Samaritan Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Western	Israel	Scattered	No known L1 speakers in Israel. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Shamerim
sam	Samaritan Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Western	Palestine	Nablus governorate	No known L1 speakers in Palestine. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: none known	9 (Second language only)	Shamerim
amw	Western Neo-Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Western	Syria	Rif Dimashq governorate: Al-Qutayfah district, Bakh’a, Jubb ’Adin, and Ma’lula villages; Qalamoun mountains, 50 km north of Damascus	18,800 (2016)	7 (Shifting)	Loghtha Siryanooytha, Maaloula, Maalula, Neo-Western Aramaic, Siryoon		Maaloula (Ma’lu:la, Ma’lula, Maalula), Bakh’a (Bax’a), Jub-’adin (Jubb ’Adi:n). Little dialect variation.
yud	Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Israel	HaMerkaz district: south of Tel Aviv	30,000 in Israel (1994 H. Mutzafi). Total users in all countries: 35,000	7 (Shifting)	Jewish Tripolitanian-Libyan Arabic, Tripolita’it, Tripolitanian Judeo-Arabic, Yudi		None known. Not intelligible with Judeo-Iraqi Arabic [yhd]; medium intelligibility with Judeo-Tunisian Arabic [aeb] and Judeo-Morocco Arabic [aju]. A member of macrolanguage Judeo-Arabic [jrb].
ajt	Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Israel	Jerusalem district: Beit Shemesh	45,000 in Israel (1995 H. Mutzafi)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Medium intelligibility with Judeo-Moroccan Arabic [aju] and Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic [yud], but none with Judeo-Iraqi Arabic [yhd]. A lexicon of 5,000 words in 1950 had 79% words of Arabic origin, 15% Romance loanwords, 5% Hebrew loanwords, 2% others (Cohen 1985).
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Sudan		26,900,000 in Sudan (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national working language (2005, Interim Constitution, Article 8(3))			None known. Not intelligible with Sudanese Spoken Arabic [apd] or Sudanese Creole Arabic [pga].
auz	Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Uzbekistan	Buxoro, Navoiy, and Qashqadaryo regions; Samarkand region, middle and lower Zerafshan valley, some in Katta-Kurgan town; small villages	700 (1992 G. Watson)	8a (Moribund)	Central Asian Arabic, Jugari, Kashkadarya Arabic, Uzbeki Arabic		Reportedly similar to North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic [ayp]. Sharp dialect differences between Bukhara and Kashkadarya regions. Bukhara is strongly influenced by Tajiki [tgk], Kashkadarya by Uzbek [uzn] and other Turkic languages. May be a mixed language. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
aao	Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Algeria	Adrar, Béchar, Biskra, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, Ghardaïa, Illizi, Laghouat, Naama, Ouargla, Tamanrasset, and Tindouf provinces; border area along Atlas mountains, northeast to Médéa, southeast to Righ Wadi, south as far as plateau du Tademait	100,000 in Algeria (1996). Total users in all countries: 178,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Saharan Arabic, Tamanghasset Arabic, Tamanrasset Arabic		None known. Structurally distinct from other Arabic varieties. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
aao	Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Niger	Agadez area	10,000 in Niger (1998)	6a* (Vigorous)
arq	Arabic, Algerian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Algeria	Widespread	29,000,000 in Algeria, all users. L1 users: 26,000,000 in Algeria (2012 Sherbrooke University), increasing. L2 users: 3,000,000. Total users in all countries: 32,387,600 (as L1: 29,387,600; as L2: 3,000,000)	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Algerian, Darija, Darja, Dziria	دزيرية‎ (Dziria)	Constantine, Algiers, Oran. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
arq	Arabic, Algerian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Egypt	Scattered	1,590,000 in Egypt (2016)	5* (Dispersed)
abv	Arabic, Baharna Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Bahrain	Widespread	720,000 in Bahrain (2013). Total users in all countries: 737,000	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Baharna, Baharna Arabic, Baharnah, Bahraini Arabic, Bahraini Shi’ite Arabic, Bahrani, Bahrani Arabic	البحرانية‎ (al-bahrania)	Sunni Spoken Arabic. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
abv	Arabic, Baharna Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Oman	Adh Dhahirah and Al Batinah South governorates	17,000 in Oman (2017)	6a* (Vigorous)
shu	Arabic, Chadian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Chad	Widespread, center and south	1,440,000 in Chad (2015), increasing. Total users in all countries: 1,757,300 (as L1: 1,687,300; as L2: 70,000)	3 (Wider communication)	Arabe Choa, Chad Arabic, Chadian Arabic, Chowa, L’arabe du Tchad, Shua, Shua Arabic, Shuwa, Shuwa Arabic, Suwa, Western Sudanic Arabic	العربية‎ (alearabia)	Dialects depend on whether their speakers are sedentary or nomads, rural or urban, and on migration routes. A pidginized variety, commonly called, Bongor Arabic, is spoken as L2 by many in the Mayo-Kebbi and other parts of south Chad. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
acy	Arabic, Cypriot Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Cyprus	Kyrenia district: north shore; Limassol district: south shore; Lefkosia district: Kormakiti, Nicosia city, and Peristonem; several Maronite mountain villages. Mainly urban communities	9,760 (2013 UNSD)	7 (Shifting)	Cypriot Maronite Arabic, Kormakiti, Maronite	Sanna	A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
adf	Arabic, Dhofari Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Oman	Dhofar governorate: Salala and nearby coastal regions	119,000 (2017)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dhofari, Zofari		None known. Related to Hadrami Spoken Arabic [ayh], Gulf Spoken Arabic [afb], and Omani Spoken Arabic [acx]. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
avl	Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Egypt	Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Isma’iliyah, As Suways, and Bur Sa’id governorates: parts of Red Sea coast east bank, almost to south border; Janub Sina’, Shamal Sina’, and Sinai governorates: mainly Bedouin regions	1,030,000 in Egypt (2016). Total users in all countries: 2,217,600	6a* (Vigorous)	Levantine Bedawi Arabic, Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic	بدوي‎ (Badawi)	Northeast Egyptian Bedawi Arabic, South Levantine Bedawi Arabic, North Levantine Bedawi Arabic. Similar to some Hijazi dialects in northwestern Saudi Arabia. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
arz	Arabic, Egyptian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Egypt	Widespread	62,300,000 in Egypt (2016). Total users in all countries: 64,618,100	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Lower Egypt Arabic, Massry, Modern Egyptian Language, Normal Egyptian Arabic	مصري‎ (Masri)	North Delta Arabic, South Central Delta Arabic, Cairene Arabic. Egyptian Spoken Arabic, based on Cairo speech (Cairene) is the most widely understood variety used for media, both in Egypt and throughout the non-nomadic Arab world. It is an amalgam of Delta Arabic and Middle Egypt Arabic, with borrowings from literary Arabic. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
afb	Arabic, Gulf Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Bahrain	Widespread	180,000 in Bahrain (2013)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gulf Arabic		Bahraini Gulf Arabic.
afb	Arabic, Gulf Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Egypt	Scattered	1,490,000 in Egypt (2016)	5* (Dispersed)
afb	Arabic, Gulf Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Iran	Hormozgan province and nearby Persian gulf islands; also Bushehr, Fars, Kerman, and Yazd provinces	260,000 in Iran (2014 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gulf Arabic		Al-Hasâ, Khamseh.
afb	Arabic, Gulf Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Iraq	Al Basrah governorate: south of Basrah city, near Persian Gulf	67,000 in Iraq (Leclerc 2014b)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gulf Arabic		Zubair-Faau Arabic.
afb	Arabic, Gulf Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Kuwait	Widepread, except scattered in Al Jahra’ governorate	2,300,000 in Kuwait (2017). Total users in all countries: 9,750,000	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language, widely used in public administration		خليجي‎ (Khaliji)	Kuwaiti Hadari Arabic, Kuwaiti Bedouin Arabic. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
afb	Arabic, Gulf Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Oman	Widespread	748,000 in Oman (2017)	5* (Dispersed)	Bedawi, Gulf Arabic, Omani Bedawi Arabic
afb	Arabic, Gulf Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Qatar	Widespread	715,000 in Qatar (2016)	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language, absent from formal education	Gulf Arabic, Qatari		North Qatari Arabic, South Qatari Arabic.
afb	Arabic, Gulf Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Saudi Arabia	Eastern Province and Najran region: southeast Kuwait border inland, east to Persian Gulf north of Al Damman; south, Yeman and Oman borders	500,000 in Saudi Arabia (Leclerc 2011)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gulf Spoken		Al-Hasaa.
afb	Arabic, Gulf Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	United Arab Emirates	Widespread	3,480,000 in United Arab Emirates (2016)	3 (Wider communication)	Gulf Arabic
afb	Arabic, Gulf Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Yemen	Widespread	10,000 in Yemen (2001 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)
ayh	Arabic, Hadrami Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Yemen	Hadramawt and Shabwah governorates	4,560,000 in Yemen (2015). Total users in all countries: 4,570,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Hadhrami Arabic, Hadrami, Hadromi, Ḥaḍrami Arabic		A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
mey	Arabic, Hasanya	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Mali	Widespread	123,000 in Mali (2014 UNSD)	5 (Dispersed). Recognized language (1996, Law 96-049 of 14 December)	Hassani, Hassaniya, Hassaniyya, Maure, Mauri, Moor, Sahrawi, Sulaka, Suraka, Suraxxé
mey	Arabic, Hassaniyya	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Algeria	Tindouf province	4,590,000 in Algeria (2016)	5* (Dispersed)
mey	Arabic, Hassaniyya	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Morocco	Souss-Massa-Drâa region: Mhamid, western Algeria border; Western Sahara, south from Laâyoune, Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra	282,000 in Morocco (2016)	5* (Dispersed)	Hasanya, Hassani, Maure, Mauri, Moor, Sahrawi, Sulaka
mey	Arabic, Hassaniyya	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Niger	Tahoua region: Tchin-tabaraden department	19,000 in Niger (2014 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)	Hasanya, Hassani, Maure, Mauri, Moor, Sulaka
mey	Arabic, Hassaniyya	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Western Sahara	Widespread	257,000 in Western Sahara (2017)	5* (Dispersed)	Hasanya, Hassani, Maure, Mauri, Moor, Sahrawi, Sulaka
acw	Arabic, Hijazi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Eritrea	Northern Red Sea and Southern Red Sea regions	29,300 in Eritrea (2016). Ethnic population: 80,000 (2010)	6a* (Vigorous)	Rashaida, Rashida
acw	Arabic, Hijazi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Saudi Arabia	‘Asir, Bahah, Jizan, Madinah, Makkah, and Tabuk provinces; entire Red Sea coast and inland	14,100,000 in Saudi Arabia (Leclerc 2011). Total users in all countries: 14,524,500	6a* (Vigorous)	Hejazi Arabic, West Arabian Colloquial Arabic		North Hijazi, South Hijazi, Valley Tihaamah, Coastal Tihaamah. North Hijazi has 4 subvarieties, South Hijazi has 16. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
acw	Arabic, Hijazi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	United Arab Emirates	Scattered	370,000 in United Arab Emirates (2016)	5* (Developing)
yhd	Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Iraq	Scattered	120 in Iraq (1992 H. Mutzafi)	8a (Moribund)	Iraqi Judeo-Arabic, Jewish Iraqi-Baghdadi Arabic, Yahudic
yhd	Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Israel	Scattered	125,000 in Israel (2016). Total users in all countries: 125,120	7 (Shifting)	Iraqi Judeo-Arabic, Jewish Iraqi-Baghdadi Arabic, Yahudic		None known. Reportedly not intelligible with Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic [yud], Judeo-Tunisian Arabic [ajt], or Judeo-Moroccan Arabic [aju]. Reportedly similar to Baghdadi Arabic and North Mesopotamian Arabic [acm]. A member of macrolanguage Judeo-Arabic [jrb].
aju	Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Israel	Widespread	250,000 in Israel (1992 H. Mutzafi)	7 (Shifting)			Many dialects. Much intelligibility with Tunisian Judeo-Arabic [aeb], some with Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic [yud], none with Judeo-Iraqi Arabic [yhd]. May be inherently intelligible with Moroccan Arabic [ary].
aju	Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Morocco	Casablanca-Settat region	8,930 in Morocco (2000). 90% in Casablanca (1997 World Jewish Congress). Total users in all countries: 258,930	7 (Shifting)	il‘arabiyya dyalna		A member of macrolanguage Judeo-Arabic [jrb].
ajt	Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Tunisia	Al Munastir governorate; Madanin governorate: Djerba island; Susah and Tunis governorates	500 in Tunisia (2011 UNESCO). Total users in all countries: 45,500	8a (Moribund)			Tunis. A member of macrolanguage Judeo-Arabic [jrb].
jye	Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Israel	HaDarom and Jerusalem districts; Tel Aviv district: Jaffa	50,000 in Israel (1995 Y. Kara)	6a* (Vigorous)	Judeo-Yemeni, Yemenite, Yemenite Judeo-Arabic
jye	Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Yemen	‘Adan, Al Bayda’, Sanaa and Shabwah governorates: mainly urban communities; Shabwah governorate (Habban dialect)	300 in Yemen (2010 J. Berer). Total users in all countries: 50,300	8a (Moribund)	Judeo-Yemeni, Yemenite Judeo-Arabic, Yeminite		San’a, ’Aden, Be:da, Habban. Jewish varieties markedly different from their coterritorial Muslim counterparts. A member of macrolanguage Judeo-Arabic [jrb].
avl	Arabic, Levantine Bedawi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Jordan	Widespread but especially east	1,040,000 in Jordan (2016)	6a* (Vigorous)			South Levantine Bedawi Arabic, North Levantine Bedawi Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic.
avl	Arabic, Levantine Bedawi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Palestine	Jericho and Al Aghwar, Jerusalem and Bethlehem governorates, Judean desert, Jordan river and Dead Sea area	21,000 in Palestine (2005 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)			South Levantine Bedawi Arabic, North Levantine Bedawi Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic.
avl	Arabic, Levantine Bedawi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Syria	As Suwayda’ and Dara’a governorates in southwest corner; Hauran region southwest, from the border to within 35 km of Damascus	76,600 in Syria (2016)	6a* (Vigorous)
ayl	Arabic, Libyan Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Libya	Widespread, especially north	4,190,000 in Libya (2016), increasing. Total users in all countries: 4,911,800	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Libyan Arabic, Libyan Vernacular Arabic, Sulaimitian Arabic, Western Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic	ليبي‎ (Lībi)	Tripolitanian Arabic, Southern Libyan Arabic, Eastern Libyan Arabic. In the west it is reportedly similar to Bedouin Arabic of southern Tunisia [aeb]. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
ayl	Arabic, Libyan Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Niger	Agadez region: Bilma north from N’guigmi to Libya border; Diffa region; Zinder region: Goure department	9,300 in Niger (2014 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)	Libyan Vernacular Arabic, Sulaimitian Arabic
acm	Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Iran	Bushehr province: Deylam county; Khuzestan province: southwest Zagros mountains, Shatt al Arab river area	1,280,000 in Iran (2016)	6a* (Vigorous)	Arabi, Mesopotamian Gelet Arabic		Khuzistani Arabic.
acm	Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Iraq	Widespread. (Tigris and Euphrates area, southeast from Baghdad to Kuwait and Persian Gulf; An Anbar governorate: Al-Q’aim district, small area)	13,400,000 in Iraq (Leclerc 2014b). Total users in all countries: 15,655,900	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Arabic, Baghdadi, Furati, Iraqi Arabic, Mesopotamian Gelet Arabic	اللهجة العراقية‎ (allahjat aleiraqia)	Geographical and sectarian divisions correlate with Iraqi dialects. The vernacular standard based on Baghdad speech. Also Bedouin dialects. Nearly unintelligible to speakers of certain other vernacular Arabic varieties. Anatolian Cluster in Turkey. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
acm	Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Syria	Ar Raqqah and Halab governorates: Buhayrat al Asad reservoir at center; Dayr az Zawr governorate: along the Euphrates; west Hamah, central Hims, and east Idlib governorates	53,200 in Syria (2016)	6a* (Vigorous)	Furati, Mesopotamian Gelet Arabic, North Syrian Arabic		Euphrates Cluster.
acm	Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Turkey	Sanliurfa province	101,000 in Turkey (Leclerc 2014c)	6a* (Vigorous)	Mesopotamian Gelet Arabic		Syrian Šāwi.
ary	Arabic, Moroccan Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Egypt	Scattered	1,590,000 in Egypt (2016)	5* (Dispersed)
ary	Arabic, Moroccan Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Morocco	Widespread	27,900,000 in Morocco, all users. L1 users: 22,900,000 in Morocco (2016). L2 users: 5,000,000. Total users in all countries: 32,608,700 (as L1: 27,488,700; as L2: 5,120,000)	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Colloquial Arabic, Maghrebi Arabic, Maghribi, Moroccan Arabic, Moroccan Colloquial Arabic, Moroccan Dareja, Moroccan Darija, Moroccan Dereja	الدارجة‎ (Darija)	Rabat-Casablanca Arabic, Fez, Meknes, Tangier, Oujda, Jebli (Jbala, Jebelia), Southern Morocco Arabic, Marrakech. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
ary	Arabic, Moroccan Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Western Sahara	Widespread	327,000 in Western Sahara (2017)	3 (Wider communication)
ars	Arabic, Najdi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Iraq	Widespread; Al Anbar, Al Muthanna, and An Najaf governorates: western desert, (Central Najdi dialect); Ninawa governorate: south between the rivers to the Syrian border (North Najdi dialect); Al Basrah, Al Qadisiyah, Babil, Dhi Qar, Ninawa, An Najaf, and Salah ad Din governorates	1,470,000 in Iraq (Leclerc 2014b)	6a* (Vigorous)	Najdi		North Najdi (Shammar), Central Najdi.
ars	Arabic, Najdi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Jordan	Al ‘Aqabah, Al Mafraq, Az-Zarqa’, and southeast Ma‘an governorates; scattered settlements far eastern Jordan	76,000 in Jordan (2015)	6a* (Vigorous)	Najdi
ars	Arabic, Najdi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Saudi Arabia	Widespread, especially interior areas; includes Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Qasim, and Ha’il provinces; Al Madinah al Munawwarah province: Ta’if area and east; Ash Sharqiyah province north; Ar Riyad province: all but southeast; ’Asir and Najran provinces: south and west; Jizan province: small border area; Tabuk province: northeast	843,000 in Saudi Arabia (Leclerc 2011). Total users in all countries: 4,188,700	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Najdi	نجدي‎ (Najdi)	North Najdi (Bani Khaalid, Dafiir, Shammari), Central Najdi (’Ajmaan, ’Awaazim, ’Utaiba, Al-Qasiim, Biishah, Haayil, Hofuf, Mutair, Najraan, Rashaayda, Riyadh, Rwala, Sudair, Wild ’Ali), South Najdi (Aal Murrah, Najran). Some dialects spoken by Bedouins. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
ars	Arabic, Najdi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Syria	Widespread; eastern Syrian desert	1,320,000 in Syria (2016)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bedawi, Najdi
apc	Arabic, North Levantine Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Lebanon	Widespread	5,770,000 in Lebanon (2017)	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Lebanese-Syrian Arabic, Levantine Arabic, Syro-Lebanese Arabic		North Lebanese Arabic, South Lebanese Arabic (Metuali, Shii), North-Central Lebanese Arabic (Mount Lebanon Arabic), South-Central Lebanese Arabic (Druze Arabic), Standard Lebanese Arabic, Beqaa Arabic, Sunni Beiruti Arabic, Saida Sunni Arabic, Iqlim-Al-Kharrub Sunni Arabic, Jdaideh Arabic.
apc	Arabic, North Levantine Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Mexico	Major cities	Few speakers. Ethnic population: 630,000 (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001)	7 (Shifting)	Lebanese, Libano-mexicano
apc	Arabic, North Levantine Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Syria	Al Ladhiqiyah and Tartus governorates; widespread along Mediterranean coast	14,700,000 in Syria (2016). Total users in all countries: 24,587,400	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Lebanese-Syrian Arabic, Levantine Arabic, North Levantine Arabic, Syro-Lebanese Arabic, il-lahje š-šāmiyye	شامي‎ (Shami)	There is an urban standard dialect based on Damascus speech. Beiruti dialect well accepted. Aleppo dialect shows Mesopotamian (North Syrian) influence. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
apc	Arabic, North Levantine Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Turkey	Adana, Hatay, and Mersin provinces	1,130,000 in Turkey (Leclerc 2014c)	6b* (Threatened)			Çukurova (Cilician Arabic, Çukurovan Arabic). Estimated 55,000 Alevi Çukurovan Arabic speakers and 247,000–329,000 ethnic Arab Alevis in Mersin and Adana provinces. Çukurovan Arabic used by people over age 35–40 (Procházka-Eisl and Procházka 2018).
apc	Arabic, North Levantine Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	United Arab Emirates	Scattered	127,000 in United Arab Emirates (2016)	5* (Dispersed)
ayp	Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Iraq	Al Anbar, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, Diyala, Kirkuk, Ninawa, and Salah ad Din governorates: Tigris and Euphrates valleys north of Baghdad; An Najaf, Al Qadisiyah, and Babil governorates: border area northeast of An-Najaf	7,570,000 in Iraq (Leclerc 2014b). Total users in all countries: 8,694,000	6a* (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in Kurdistan Region	Maslawi, Mesopotamian Qeltu Arabic, Moslawi, Syro-Mesopotamian Vernacular Arabic	مصلاوي‎ (Maslawi)	Mardini Aramaic (Abdul-Massih, Jesrawi, Mardilli, Mardini), Tigris Group, Euphrates Group, Kurdistan Group. Reportedly very similar to Judeo-Iraqi Arabic [yhd], but has important sociolinguistic differences. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
ayp	Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Jordan	Scattered	304,000 in Jordan (2015)	6a* (Vigorous)
ayp	Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Syria	Al Hasakah governorate: Damascus toward north border with Turkey	300,000 in Syria (1992)	6a* (Vigorous)	Maslawi, Mesopotamian Qeltu Arabic, Moslawi, Syro-Mesopotamian Arabic		Mardini Aramaic (Abdul-Massih, Jesrawi, Mardilli, Mardini), Euphrates Group.
ayp	Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Turkey	Batman, Mardin, Mus, Sanliurfa, Siirt, and Sirnak provinces	520,000 in Turkey (Leclerc 2014c)	6a* (Vigorous)	Maslawi, Mesopotamian Qeltu Arabic, Moslawi, Syro-Mesopotamian Vernacular Arabic		Mardini Aramaic (Abdul-Massih, Jesrawi, Mardilli, Mardini), Anatolian Group, Euphrates Group. Mardin Arabic mutually intelligible with Moslawi Arabic. Peripheral dialects spoken in Mus, Siirt, and Batman provinces are quite divergent (Jastrow 2015).
acx	Arabic, Omani Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Kenya	Scattered. Kilifi, Kwale, Lamu, and Tana River counties	15,000 in Kenya (1995), increasing	6a (Vigorous)
acx	Arabic, Omani Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Oman	Widespread, mainly in Hajar mountain highlands and a few coastal regions	2,030,000 in Oman (2017). Total users in all countries: 2,622,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Omani Hadari Arabic	عماني‎ (ʿumāni)	A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
acx	Arabic, Omani Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Tanzania	Unguja North, Unguja South regions, Unguja Urban-West regions	No known L1 speakers in Tanzania. Ethnic population: 195,000 (Johnstone 1993)	9 (Dormant)
aec	Arabic, Sa’idi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Egypt	Widespread	22,400,000 (2016)	6a* (Vigorous)	Saidi Arabic, Upper Egypt Arabic		Middle Egypt Arabic, Upper Egypt Arabic. Reportedly similar to Sudanese Arabic [apd], especially in the south, but heavily influenced by Cairene Arabic (Cairo speech). A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
ayn	Arabic, Sanaani Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Yemen	Widespread; central areas: Amanat al Asimah and Sanaa governorates; outer areas: western Al Bayda’, Al Jawf, Al Mahwit, Amran, central and eastern Dhamar, eastern Hajjah, Ma’rib, and Sa’dah governorates	11,100,000 in Yemen (2015). Total users in all countries: 11,350,000	6a* (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in North Yemen	Northern Yemeni Arabic	يمني‎ (Yamani)	A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
ssh	Arabic, Shihhi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Oman	Musandam governorate	17,000 in Oman (2017)	6a* (Vigorous)
ssh	Arabic, Shihhi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	United Arab Emirates	Ra’s al Khaymah emirate: Musandam peninsula, Persian Gulf coast	19,000 in United Arab Emirates (2016). Total users in all countries: 36,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Al-Shihuh, Shihhi, Shihu, Shihuh		A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
shu	Arabic, Shuwa	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré, Logone-and-Chari, Mayo-Danay, and Mayo-Sava divisions; along Chari river between Lake Chad and Kousséri, pockets south of Kousséri	145,000 in Cameroon, all users. L1 users: 75,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). L2 users: 70,000 (2013 SIL)	3 (Wider communication). Used as a LWC in the market and media, and in some churches. Originated from the migration of Arabic speakers from Chad to Cameroon from colonial period until present	Arabe Choa, Chadian Spoken Arabic, Choa, Shoa, Shoa Arabic, Shua, Western Sudanic Arabic
shu	Arabic, Shuwa	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Niger	Diffa region: Lake Chad north shore	9,300 in Niger (2014 J. Leclerc)	5* (Dispersed)	Arabe Choa, Chadic Arabic, Shua
shu	Arabic, Shuwa	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Nigeria	Borno state: Bama, Dikwa, Konduga, and Ngala LGAs; widespread in Borno and Yobe states following livestock movement	100,000 in Nigeria (1973 SIL)	3 (Wider communication)	Arabe Choa, Chadian Arabic, Shua Arabic, Shuwa, Western Sudanic Arabic
ajp	Arabic, South Levantine Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Israel	HaTsafon district	1,550,000 in Israel (2016)	3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity	Levantine, Palestanian-Jordanian Arabic		Madani, Fellahi.
ajp	Arabic, South Levantine Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Jordan	‘Ajlun, Al Balqa’, Al Karak, Al Mafraq, ‘Amman, Irbid, Jarash, and Madaba governorates	5,200,000 in Jordan (2016). Total users in all countries: 11,601,100	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Levantine Arabic, Palestinian-Jordanian, South Levantine Arabic	أردني‎ (Urduni)	Madani, Fellahi. There is a village-to-village difference of which speakers are aware. Newly emerging urban standard dialect based on Amman. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
ajp	Arabic, South Levantine Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Palestine	Widespread	3,500,000 in Palestine (2014)	5* (Dispersed)	Palestinian Arabic		Madani, Fellahi.
ajp	Arabic, South Levantine Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	United Arab Emirates	Scattered	499,000 in United Arab Emirates (2016)	5* (Dispersed)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Algeria		28,700,000 in Algeria (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 3)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Bahrain	Widespread	612,000 in Bahrain (2013 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (2002, Constitution, Article 2)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Chad		615,000 in Chad (2014 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 9)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Comoros	Widespread		1 (National). Statutory national language (2001, Constitution, Article 1)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Djibouti		40,100 in Djibouti (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1992, Constitution, Article 1)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Egypt	Widespread	65,500,000 in Egypt (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (2014, Constitution, Article 2)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Eritrea	Widespread	2,420,000 in Eritrea (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). De facto national language
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Iran	Widespread	1,320,000 in Iran (2015 SIL), all users	4 (Educational). Recognized language (1979, Constitution, Article 16), used in education
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Iraq	Widespread	27,200,000 in Iraq (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (2005, Constitution, Article 4(1))
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Israel	Widespread	2,170,000 in Israel (2014 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1922, Palestine Order in Council, Article 82, 10 October)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Jordan	Widespread	5,770,000 in Jordan (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1952, Constitution, Article 2)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Kuwait	Widespread	1,670,000 in Kuwait (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1962, Constitution, Article 3)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Lebanon	Widespread	5,220,000 in Lebanon (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1943, Constitution, Article 11)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Libya		5,650,000 in Libya (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (2011, Constitutional Declaration, Article 1)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Mali	Widespread	41,800 in Mali (2015 SIL), all users	4 (Educational). Recognized language (1992, Constitution, Article 25), used in education
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Mauritania	Widespread	1,840,000 in Mauritania (2013 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1991, Constitution, Article 6)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Morocco		14,500,000 in Morocco (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (2011, Constitution, Article 5)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Niger	Widespread	7,800 in Niger (2015 SIL), all users	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2010, Constitution, Article 5), used in education
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Oman	Widespread	2,140,000 in Oman (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Basic Law, Article 3)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Palestine	Widespread	4,040,000 in Palestine (2014 SIL), all users	1 (National). De facto national language
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Qatar	Widespread	1,100,000 in Qatar (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (2003, Constitution, Article 1)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Saudi Arabia	Widespread	24,900,000 in Saudi Arabia (2014 SIL), all users. Total users in all countries: 273,989,700	1 (National). Statutory national language (1992, Basic Law, Article 1)	Al-’Arabiyya, Literary Arabic	العربية‎ (al-ʻArabīyah)	Modern Standard Arabic (Modern Literary Arabic), Classical Arabic (Koranic Arabic, Quranic Arabic). Preserves the ancient grammar. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Somalia		2,050,000 in Somalia (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (2004, Transitional Federal Charter, Article 7(1))
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	South Sudan	Scattered	3,130,000 in South Sudan (2016 SIL), all users	4 (Educational)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Syria	Widespread	15,900,000 in Syria (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1973, Constitution, Article 4)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Tanzania	Scattered	No known L1 speakers in Tanzania. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Tunisia		8,790,000 in Tunisia (2014 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1959, Constitution, Article 1)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Turkey	Scattered	686,000 in Turkey (2015 SIL), all users	4 (Educational). Recognized language (1982, Constitution, Article 3), used in education
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	United Arab Emirates	Widespread	3,090,000 in United Arab Emirates (2014 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 7)
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Western Sahara		287,000 in Western Sahara (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). De facto national language
arb	Arabic, Standard	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Yemen	Widespread	17,700,000 in Yemen (2015 SIL), all users	1 (National). Statutory national language (1991, Constitution, Article 2)
apd	Arabic, Sudanese Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Eritrea	Anseba and Gash-Barka regions: possibly Asmara and other urban communities		6a* (Vigorous)	Arabi
apd	Arabic, Sudanese Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Ethiopia	Sudan and South Sudan border area		3 (Wider communication)
apd	Arabic, Sudanese Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	South Sudan	Widespread	A reasonable population estimate cannot be given at this time because of the recent increase in population of South Sudan by those arriving from Sudan	3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity. Used as a lingua franca in northern South Sudan and now widely spoken by hundreds of thousands of South Sudanese arriving from the North following South Sudan’s independence	Arabi, Khartoum Arabic, Sudanese Arabic
apd	Arabic, Sudanese Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Sudan	Widespread	29,400,000 in Sudan (2015). Total users in all countries: 31,940,300	3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity. Used as an L2 by all other language groups in Sudan	Khartoum Arabic, Sudanese Arabic	Arabi, سوداني‎ (sūdānī)	Khartoum, Western Sudanese, North Kordofan Arabic, Ja’ali, Shukri. Western Sudan Spoken Arabic and Khartoum Arabic dialects have little compatibility (Kaye 1988). A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
acq	Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Djibouti	Scattered	66,600 in Djibouti (2016)	6a* (Vigorous)	Djibouti Arabic
acq	Arabic, Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Yemen	Widespread	9,660,000 in Yemen (2015). Total users in all countries: 10,533,300	6a* (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in South Yemen	Southern Yemeni Spoken Arabic		Ta’izzi, Adeni. Ta’izzi dialect best accepted in Yemen. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
abh	Arabic, Tajiki Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Afghanistan	Balkh province: Dawlatabad district, Khushalabad, Yakhdan; Jawzjan province: Mingajik district, Sultan Arigh; Sheberghan district, Hasanabad	16,000 in Afghanistan (2017), decreasing	6b* (Threatened)	Arabi		Balkh Arabic.
abh	Arabic, Tajiki Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Tajikistan	Khatlon province: Vakhsh valley, mainly small villages; Kuliab and Leninabad cities	1,000 in Tajikistan (2003 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 17,000	6b* (Threatened)	Arabi, Bukhara Arabic, Buxara Arabic, Central Asian, Jugari, Tajiki Arabic		A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
aeb	Arabic, Tunisian Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Tunisia	Widespread	10,800,000 in Tunisia (2014 census). Total users in all countries: 11,571,600	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Tunisian, Tunisian Arabic, Tunisian Darija	Derja, تونسي‎ (Tounsi)	Tunis, Sahil, Sfax, North-Western Tunisian, South-Western Tunisian, South-Eastern Tunisian. Reportedly similar to Eastern Algerian Arabic [arq], but clearly distinct. Tunis dialect used in media and language textbooks for foreigners. Southern dialects structurally similar to those in Libya. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
ayl	Arabic, Western Egyptian Bedawi Spoken	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Egypt	Al Buhayrah, Al Iskandariyah, and Matruh governorates; Al Fayyum, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Wadi al Jadid, and Bani Suwayf governorates: western oases. Bedouin regions along Mediterranean coast, west to Libya border	374,000 in Egypt (2016)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bedawi, Libyan Spoken Arabic, Maghrebi Arabic, Sulaimitian Arabic		Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic, Tripolitanian Arabic, Southern Libyan Arabic, Eastern Libyan Arabic.
mey	Hassaniyya	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Mauritania	Widespread	3,360,000 in Mauritania (2016), increasing. Total users in all countries: 8,842,800	3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of national identity (1991, Constitution, Article 6)	Hasanya, Hasanya Arabic, Hassani, Hassania, Hassaniya, Hassaniyya Arabic, Klem El Bithan, Maure, Moor	Hassaniyya, حسانية‎‎‎ (Ḥassānīya)	None known. Not intelligible with other Arabic varieties. The Nemadi (Ikoku) are an ethnic group of 200 (1967) that speak Hassaniyya, but they have special morphemes for dogs, hunting, and houses. Nomadic between Mali and Mauritania.
mey	Hassaniyya	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Senegal	Matam and Saint-Louis regions	162,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc)	5 (Dispersed). Recognized language (2005, Decree No.980 of 21 October)	Hasaniya, Hasanya, Hassani, Hassaniya, Klem El Bithan
mlt	Maltese	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic	Malta	Widespread	403,000 in Malta (European Commission 2012). Total users in all countries: 481,760	1 (National). Statutory national language (1964, Constitution, Article 5(2))		Malti	Standard Maltese, Port Maltese, Rural West Maltese, Rural East Maltese, Rural Central Maltese, Zurrieq, Gozo.
heb	Hebrew	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Canaanite	Israel	Widespread	8,330,000 in Israel, all users. L1 users: 4,380,000 in Israel (Dekel 2014). Spoken by all Israelis as L1 or L2. Some who use it as L1 now in Israel learned it as L2 originally. L2 users: 3,950,000 (2016). Total users in all countries: 9,303,950 (as L1: 5,353,950; as L2: 3,950,000)	1 (National). Statutory national language (1922, Palestine Order in Council, Article 82, 10 October)	Israeli	עברית‎ (Ivrit), עברית חדשה‎ (ivrít ḥadašá[h])	Standard Hebrew (Europeanized Hebrew, General Israeli), Oriental Hebrew (Arabized Hebrew, Yemenite Hebrew). An amalgamation of different Hebrew strata plus intrinsic linguistic evolution; not a direct offspring from Biblical or other varieties of Ancient Hebrew.
hbo	Hebrew, Ancient	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Canaanite	Israel	Jerusalem district: west Jerusalem	No known L1 speakers	9 (Dormant)	Old Hebrew
smp	Samaritan	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Canaanite	Israel	Scattered	No known L1 speakers in Israel. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Shamerim
smp	Samaritan Hebrew	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Canaanite	Palestine	Nablus governorate	No known L1 speakers in Palestine. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: none known	9 (Second language only)	Samaritan, Shamerim
tig	Tigré	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North	Eritrea	Anseba, Gash-Barka, and Northern Red Sea regions. Widespread except in Southern Red Sea region	1,290,000 in Eritrea (2016), increasing	4 (Educational)		ትግራይት‎ (Tigrayit/Tigraayit)	Mansa’ (Mensa), Habab, Beni-Amir, Semhar, Algeden, Senhit (Ad-Tekleis, Ad-Temariam, Bet-Juk, Marya Kayah, Mensa), Dahalik. Between dialects (except Dahalik) intelligibility is above 91% (Idris 2005); between Dahalik and the other dialects 24%–51% (Idris 2010). Lexical similarity: 71% with Ge’ez [gez], 64% with Tigrigna [tir] (Bender, M. 1971). Intelligibility of Dahalik undetermined, Tigre dialectical lexical similarity is 86%–97% (Idris 2005); 55%–60% with Dahalik and other Tigre dialects (Idris 2010).
dlk	Dahalik	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North	Eritrea	Northern Red Sea region: Dahlak Archipelago	2,500 (2012 J. McLaughlin)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Reportedly similar to Tigré [tig].
gez	Geez	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North	Eritrea	Widespread	No known L1 speakers in Eritrea. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Ancient Ethiopic, Ethiopic, Ge’ez, Giiz
gez	Geez	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North	Ethiopia	Scattered	No known L1 speakers in Ethiopia. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: none known	9 (Second language only)	Ancient Ethiopic, Ethiopic, Ge’ez, Giiz	ግዕዝ‎ (Gəʿəz)
tig	Tigré	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North	Sudan	Red Sea state: Tokar and Garora regions; Gedaref and Kassala states		6b* (Threatened)
tir	Tigrigna	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North	Eritrea	Widespread, especially south and central	3,110,000 in Eritrea (2016), increasing	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language	Habashi, Tigray, Tigrinya
tir	Tigrigna	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North	Ethiopia	Afar and Amhara regions; Tigray region border areas	4,467,000 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 4,320,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). L2 users: 147,000. 2,820,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,490,000 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 7,659,780 (as L1: 7,507,780; as L2: 152,000)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in Tigray Region (1994, Constitution, Article 47(3))	Beta Israel, Tigray, Tigrie, Tigrinya
tir	Tigrigna	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North	Israel	Jerusalem district	10,000 in Israel (1994 H. Mutzafi)	7 (Shifting)	Beta Israel, Tigrinya, “Falashas” (pej.)
gru	Kistane	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Outer, n-Group	Ethiopia	Oromia region; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Gurage, Hadiyya, and Kambaata zones, southwest of Addis Ababa	315,500, all users. L1 users: 255,000 (1994 census). L2 users: 60,500. Ethnic population: 364,000 (1994 census). Includes 4,000 Gogot	6a (Vigorous)	North Gurage, Soddo, Soddo Gurage		Soddo (Aymallal, Aymellel, Kestane, Kistane), Dobi (Dobbi, Goggot, Gogot). Not intelligible with Silt’e [stv] or Sebat Bet Gurage [sgw]. Dobi dialect comprehension of Soddo is 76%, and Soddo speakers’ of Dobi is 90%.
ior	Inor	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Outer, tt-Group	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: west Gurage zone, Innemor and Endegeny districts	280,000. 50,000 Endegeny	6a (Vigorous)	Ennemor		Endegeny (Enner). Part of Gurage subgroup of languages.
mys	Mesmes	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Outer, tt-Group	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Gurage, Hadiyya, and Kambaata zones	No known L1 speakers. One L1 speaker was still living in 2001 (2018 M. Ahland)	9 (Dormant)			None known. Related to Sebat Bet Gurage [sgw].
mvz	Mesqan	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Outer, tt-Group	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: west Gurage zone, Mesqan district, principal villages: Butajira, Hudat, Mesqan, and Mikayelo	195,000 (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 205,000 (Woreda Farmers’ Cooperatives Office)	6a (Vigorous)	Masqan, Meskan
sgw	Sebat Bet Gurage	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Outer, tt-Group	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: west Gurage zone; Emdibir area (Chaha dialect); Agenna (Ezha dialect); Gura Megenase and Wirir areas (Gura dialect); K’abul and K’want’e (Gyeto dialect); Ch’eza area, mountains north of Chaha and Ezha (Muher dialect)	1,480,000 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 1,860,000 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Central West Gurage, Gouraghie, Gurage, Guragie, Gurague, West Gurage	ሰባት ቤት ጉራጌ‎ (Səbat Bet Gurage)	Chaha (Cheha), Ezha (Eza, Izha), Gumer (Gwemarra), Gura, Gyeto, Muher (Muxir). Member of Gurage subgroup of languages.
agj	Argobba	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Amharic-Argobba	Ethiopia	Afar and Amhara regions: Berehet, Gusa, Khayr Amba, Melkajillo, Metehara, Shewa Robit, Shonke, and Yimlawo villages area in Rift Valley	46,940, all users. L1 users: 43,700 (2007 census). L2 users: 3,240. 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 141,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Argoba		Aliyu Amba-Ankober, Shonke-T’allaha, Shagura. Lexical similarity: 53% with Amharic [amh] (Shonke-T’allaha dialect).
amh	Amharic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Amharic-Argobba	Ethiopia	Amhara region: north central; Addis Ababa	25,600,000 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 21,600,000 in Ethiopia (2016 World Factbook). L2 users: 4,000,000. 14,800,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 19,900,000 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 25,880,630 (as L1: 21,880,630; as L2: 4,000,000)	1 (National). Statutory national language (1994, Constitution, Art 5(2)), also statutory provincial language	Abyssinian, Amarigna, Amarinya, Amhara, Ethiopian	ኣማርኛ‎ (Amarəñña)
amh	Amharic	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Amharic-Argobba	Israel	HaDarom (southern) district: Ashdod, Ashkelon, Beersheba, Kiryat Malachi; HaMerkaz (central) district: LeZion, Netanya, Petah Tikva, Rehovot, Rishon; Hefa district: Hadera, Haifa; Jerusalem district	40,000 in Israel (2005 J. Leclerc)	5* (Dispersed)	Beta Israel, “Falasha” (pej.)
zwa	Zay	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Harari-East Gurage	Ethiopia	Oromia region: Lake Zway shores and east islands	14,000 (Meyer 2005), decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Gelilla, Lak’i, Laqi, Zway		None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Harari [har], 70% with Silt’e [stv] (Bender, M. 1971).
har	Harari	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Harari-East Gurage	Ethiopia	Harari region: walled city of Harar; Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa	33,570 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 25,800 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 20,000 in Addis Ababa, outside Harar city (Hetzron 1997). L2 users: 7,770. 2,350 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 31,700 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 34,890 (as L1: 27,120; as L2: 7,770)	4 (Educational)	Adare, Adarinnya, Adere, Aderinya, Hararri, Hareri	ሃራሪ‎ (Gey Sinan)
stv	Silt’e	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Harari-East Gurage	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Silte zone	881,000 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 935,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	East Gurage, Selti, Silte, Silti	የስልጤ‎ (Yesiltʼe)	Enneqor (Inneqor), Ulbarag (Urbareg). Reportedly similar to Wolane [wle].
wle	Wolane	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Harari-East Gurage	Ethiopia	Oromia region: southwest of Addis Ababa; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Gurage zone	70,000 (Meyer 2006)	6a (Vigorous)	Olane, Walane, Welene, Wäläne		None known. Reportedly similar to Silt’e [stv].
hoh	Hobyót	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Oman	Dhofar governorate: near Yemen border	100 in Oman (1998 H. Mutzafi). Total users in all countries: 200	8a (Moribund)	Hewbyót, Hobi, Kalam Rifi		None known. Related to and possibly a mixed language with Mehri [gdq] and Shehri [shv].
bhm	Bathari	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Oman	Dhofar governorate: Al Jazeer to Shweymia coastal towns	200 in Oman (2011)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Batahari, Bathara		Reportedly very similar to Mehri [gdq], some considering it a dialect of Mehri.
bhm	Bathari	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Yemen	Al Mahrah governorate		8b (Nearly extinct)	Bathara, Bautahari, Botahari
hss	Harsusi	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Oman	Al Wusta and Dhofar governorates: Jiddat al-Harasis	600 (2011)	7 (Shifting)	Harsi ’Aforit, Hersyet, South Arabian		None known. Reportedly similar to Mehri [gdq], but usually considered a separate language.
hoh	Hobyót	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Yemen	Al Mahrah governorate: near Oman border	100 in Yemen (2001 J. Leclerc)	8a (Moribund)
shv	Jibbali	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Saudi Arabia	Scattered	34,000 in Saudi Arabia (Leclerc 2011)	6b* (Threatened)	Shehri
gdq	Mehri	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Kuwait	Scattered individuals	27,200 in Kuwait (2017)	6b* (Threatened)	Mahri
gdq	Mehri	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Oman	Al Wusta and Dhofar governorates: south near Yemen border	84,800 in Oman (2017)	6b* (Threatened)	Mahri		Nagdi.
gdq	Mehri	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Saudi Arabia	Eastern Province, Najran, and Riyadh regions	20,000 in Saudi Arabia (2012 Al Arabiya)	6b* (Threatened)
gdq	Mehri	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Yemen	Al Mahrah governorate	50,000 in Yemen (2011). Total users in all countries: 182,000	7 (Shifting)	Mahri		Western Mehri (Mehriyet), Eastern Mehri (Mehriyot). Within main dialects there are also differences between Bedouin and city varieties.
shv	Shehri	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Oman	Dhofar governorate: coastal mountains and plains; Khuriya Muriya islands in Arabian Sea near Fararah	42,400 in Oman (2017). Total users in all countries: 76,400	6b* (Threatened)	Ehkili, Geblet, Jibali, Jibbali, Qarawi, Sehri, Shahari, Sheret, South Arabian		Central Jibbali, Eastern Jibbali, Western Jibbali. Eastern Jibbali includes Kuria Muria (Baby Jibbali). Reportedly increasingly bilingual in Dhofari Arabic [adf].
sqt	Soqotri	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, South Arabian	Yemen	Amanat al Asimah governorate: ’Abd al-Kuri, Darsah, Samha, and Soqotra islands in the Gulf of Aden	70,000 (2015 J. Leclerc)	8a (Moribund)	Saqatri, Socotri, Sokotri, South Arabian, Suqutri		’Abd Al-Kuri, Southern Soqotri, Northern Soqotri, Central Soqotri, Western Soqotri.
bxe	Ongota	Afro-Asiatic, Unclassified	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: south Omo zone, 1 village on Weyt’o river west bank	10 (2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Ifa, “Birale” (pej.), “Birelle” (pej.), “Shanqilla” (pej.)

References

• Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

📰 Article(s) of the same category(ies)

• List of Nilo-Saharan languages
• List of languages of the Americas
• List of Khoisan and other languages
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• List of languages of Southern Eurasia
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• List of Niger-Congo languages

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