List of Niger-Congo languages
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Below is a list of Niger-Congo languages (excluding Narrow Bantu languages).
List[edit]
| Code | Language | Classification | Country | Distribution | Population | Status | Alternate names | Autonym | Dialects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bjg | Bidyogo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Bijago | Guinea-Bissau | Bolama region: Bolama sector nearest mainland, Bijago archipelago in Bubaque sector, Bubaque, Orango, and Roxa islands; Caravela sector northwest, Carache, Caravela, and Uno islands; other associated islands. Roxa island (Anhaqui dialect), Bubaque island (Kagbaaga dialect), Orango and Uno islands (Kajoko dialect), Caravela and Carache islands (Kamona dialect) | 33,400 (2016) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bijago, Bijogo, Bijougot, Bijuga, Budjago, Bugago | Anhaqui (Anhaki), Kagbaaga, Kamona (Caravela), Kajoko (Uno), Karanguna (Orango), Kavrama, Formosa, Kasuga. Some intelligibility problems reported between dialects, but only Kamona said to be unintelligible to others. Important grammatical differences between Kagbaaga and Anhaqui, Kagbaaga and Kajoko. No information about dialects on Galinhas and Formosa islands. Lexical similarity: Galinhas dialect is 69% similar to Uno dialect; Formosa has highest (75%) with Galinhas, and lowest (55%) with Caravela dialect; Bubaque has 66% with Uno; Canhabaque and Caravela have 62% with Uno; Formosa and Uracane have 81% with Uno. (2009 F. Sabio). | |
| ble | Balanta-Kentohe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Balant-Ganja | Guinea-Bissau | Widespread in central west | 354,000 in Guinea-Bissau (2016). Total users in all countries: 380,000 | 5* (Developing) | Alante, Balanda, Balant, Balanta, Balante, Ballante, Belante, Brassa, Bulanda, Frase | Nhacra (Fora), Kantohe (Kentohe, Queuthoe), Naga, Mane. Naga, Mane, and Kantohe dialects may be separate languages. Distinct from Balanta-Ganja [bjt] in Senegal. Not intelligible with Mansoanka [msw]. Naga and Mane are related on one end, and Nhacra and Kentohe are very closely related on the other end of the dialect chain, with Kentohe and Mane being furthest apart. Mane speakers say they are the same as Balanta Ganja [bjt] of Senegal. (2009 B. Paris). | |
| bjt | Balanta-Ganja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Balant-Ganja | Senegal | Sédhiou region: south of Casamance river, between Goudomp and Tanaff, and south | 96,000 (2015 J. Leclerc) | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Decree No. 979 of 21 October) | Alante, Balanda, Balant, Balante, Ballante, Belante, Brassa, Bulanda, Fjaa, Fraase | Fganja (Ganja), Fjaalib (Blip). | |
| bda | Bayot | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Bayot | Guinea-Bissau | Cacheu region: São Domingos area, Arrame village, on Senegal border | 5,110 in Guinea-Bissau (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Baiot, Bayote, Bayotte, Jola Bayote, Kugere-Kuxinge | ||
| bda | Bayot | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Bayot | Senegal | Ziguinchor region: villages grouped around Nyassia village | 19,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 24,610 | 6a (Vigorous) | Baiot, Baiote, Bayotte | Essin. A dialect subgroup. Phonology and vocabulary in Senegal are considerably different from the two Bayot dialects in Guinea-Bissau. Lexical similarity: 15%–18% with other Jola varieties (most similar). | |
| bqj | Bandial | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Jola Central, Gusilay | Senegal | Ziguinchor region: Bignona department, Affiniam, Badiate-Grand, Bandial, Batinier, Brin, Elubalir, Enampor, Essil, Etama, Kamobeul, and Seleky villages on a peninsula bounded by the Casamance river north, the Komobeul Bôlon river west, Ziguinchor-Oussouye road south, and Brin-Nyassia road east. The only village north of the Casamance River is Affiniam | 13,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Banjaal, Eegima, Eegimaa, Endungo, Jóola Banjal | Gubanjalay | Affiniam, Bandial, Elun (Hulon, Kujireray, Kuluunaay). Lexical similarity: 74% with Bandial and Affiniam dialects, 76% with Bandial and Elun. |
| gsl | Gusilay | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Jola Central, Gusilay | Senegal | Ziguinchor region: Tionk Essil village, between Tendouck and Mlomp-North | 18,000 (2015 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Gusiilaay, Gusiilay, Gusilaay, Kusiilaay, Kusilay | ||
| eja | Jola-Felupe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Jola Central, Her-Ejamat | Guinea-Bissau | Cacheu region: São Domingos sector, east of Cape Roxo | 6,000 in Guinea-Bissau (2012 SIL). Total users in all countries: 8,230 | 6a (Vigorous) | Ediamat, Ejamat, Feloup, Felup, Felupe, Floup, Flup, Fulup | None known. Lexical similarity: 63% with Jola-Fonyi [dyo] or Jola-Kasa [csk]; 50% with Gusilay [gsl] or Bandial [bqj]. | |
| eja | Ejamat | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Jola Central, Her-Ejamat | Senegal | Ziguinchor region: a few villages south of Oussouye, including Kahem, Efok, Youtou | 2,230 in Senegal (2006 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Ediamat, Feloup, Felup, Felupe, Floup, Flup, Fulup | ||
| hhr | Kerak | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Jola Central, Her-Ejamat | Senegal | Ziguinchor region: Kabrousse village area southwest near Guinea-Bissau border | 15,000 (2015 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Her, Keerak, Keeraku | None known. Distinct from other Jola varieties. Lexical similarity: 70% with Kerak and Ejamat [eja], more recent estimates are closer to 90%. Both languages are mutually intelligible. | |
| dyo | Jola-Fonyi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Jola Central, Jola-Fonyi | Gambia | West Coast division: southwest | 56,600 in Gambia (2001 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Diola-Fogny, Jola, Jola-Fogny, Kujamataak, Kújoolaak Kati Fooñi, Yola | ||
| dyo | Jola-Fonyi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Jola Central, Jola-Fonyi | Guinea-Bissau | Cacheu region: Sao Domingos sector | 500 in Guinea-Bissau (2012) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Diola-Fogny, Jola, Jola-Fogny, Kujamataak, Kújoolaak Kati Fooñi | ||
| dyo | Jola-Fonyi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Jola Central, Jola-Fonyi | Senegal | Sédhiou region: Casamance river area north of Senegal-Gambia border; Ziguinchor region: Bignona area and east and southeast of Ziguinchor town | 340,000 in Senegal. 243,000 Fonyi, 96,700 Buluf. 34,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 397,100 | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2001, Constitution, Article 1) | Diola, Diola-Fogny, Dyola, Jola, Jola-Fogny, Joola-Fogny, Jóola, Kujamataak, Kújoolaak kati Kúfooñaak, Yola | Jóola-Fóoñi, kújoolaay | Buluf, Kombo, Kalounaye, Narang. Jola-Fonyi is the largest and most widely understood Jola variety. Lexical similarity: 68% with Jola-Kasa [csk]. |
| csk | Jola-Kasa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Jola Central, Jola-Kasa | Senegal | Ziguinchor region: Bignona and Oussouye departments at Casamance river mouth; Hitou and Niamoun villages north of Casamance river | 45,100 in Senegal (2007), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Bácuki, Casa, Diola-Kasa, Jóola-Kasa, kújoolowaay-kaasa | Jóola Kaasa | Ayun, Esulalu (Esuulaalur, Mlomp South, Oussouye), Fluvial, Huluf, Selek, Bliss (Niomoun). |
| mlo | Mlomp | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Karon-Mlomp | Senegal | Ziguinchor region: Bignona department, Mlomp village on Tendouck to Tiobon road, surrounding villages | 6,200 (2015 J. Leclerc) | 6b (Threatened) | Gulompaay, Mlomp North | None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Karon [krx] (most similar), 42% with the next most similar Jola language. | |
| krx | Karon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Karon-Mlomp | Gambia | West Coast division: south coast, from Senegal border north to Brikama | 6,000 in Gambia (2007 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 60,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Kaloon, Karone, Karoninka, Kulonay | ||
| krx | Karon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Karon-Mlomp | Senegal | Ziguinchor region: Bignona department, Kafountine area and north; Kalisseye inlet to Casamance river, to Gambian border, east to Dioloulou; Karon islands | 9,600 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc), increasing. A few hundred elderly monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 15,600 | 6a (Vigorous) | Jola-Karone, Kaloon, Karone, Karoninka, Kouloonaay, Kulonay | Kuloonaay | None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Mlomp [mlo], the most similar (Jola) language. |
| cwt | Kuwaataay | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Jola, Jola Proper, Kwatay | Senegal | Ziguinchor region: Boukot-Diola, Bouyouye, Diembering, and Nyikine coastal villages south of Casamance river mouth; Dakar | 7,200 (2015 J. Leclerc) | 5 (Developing) | Kwatay | Kuwaataay | None known. Distinct from other Jola varieties. Lexical similarity: 40% with most Jola languages. |
| pbo | Papel | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Manjaku-Papel | Guinea-Bissau | Biombo region: Quinhamel area west of Bissau | 158,000 in Guinea-Bissau (2016). Total users in all countries: 164,200 | 5* (Developing) | Moium, Oium, Papei, Pepel | Reportedly similar to Mankanya [knf] and Mandjak [mfv]. 3 dialects. | |
| mfv | Mandjak | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Manjaku-Papel | Gambia | West Coast division: south of Gambia river | 20,800 in Gambia (2001 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kanyop, Mandjaque, Mandyak, Manjaca, Manjack, Manjaco, Manjacu, Manjiak, Ndyak | Bok (Babok), Sarar, Teixeira Pinto, Tsaamo, Likes-Utsia (Baraa, Kalkus), Cur (Churo), Lund, Yu (Pecixe), Manjaaku. | |
| mfv | Mandjak | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Manjaku-Papel | Guinea-Bissau | Bafata region: Gamamundo sector; Cacheu region; Oio region: north | 215,000 in Guinea-Bissau (2016). Total users in all countries: 356,800 | 5* (Developing) | Kanyop, Mandjaque, Mandyak, Manjaca, Manjack, Manjaco, Manjaku, Manjanku, Manjiak, Mendyako, Ndyak | Manjáku | Bok (Babok, Sarar, Teixeira Pinto, Tsaam), Likes-Utsia (Baraa, Kalkus), Cur (Churo), Lund, Yu (Pecixe, Pulhilh, Siis). Some dialects may be separate languages. |
| mfv | Mandjak | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Manjaku-Papel | Senegal | Sédhiou region: Soukoutoto southeast to Guinea border, Casamance river, both sides; Ziguinchor region: from capitol southeast to Guinea border | 121,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc) | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Decree No. 983 of 21 October) | Kanyop, Majak, Mandjaque, Mandyak, Manjaaku, Manjaca, Manjack, Manjaco, Manjak, Manjaku, Ndjak | Bok (Kabok, Sara, Teixeira Pinto, Tsaam, Ubok), Likes-Utsia (Baraa, Kalkus), Cur (Churo), Lund (Ulund), Yu (Pecixe). | |
| knf | Mankanya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Manjaku-Papel | Guinea-Bissau | Bolama region: Bolama island; Cacheu region: northwest of Bissau; Quinara region: Rio Grande de Buba mouth; Tombali region: Cacine sector | 50,000 in Guinea-Bissau (2016). Total users in all countries: 85,200 | 5 (Developing) | Bola, Mancagne, Mancang, Mancanha, Mankaañ, Mankanha | Uhula | Uhula, Uwoh. |
| knf | Mankanya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Bak, Manjaku-Papel | Senegal | Sédhiou region: Sédhiou city, Casamance river area; between Casamance and Soungrougrou rivers; Ziguinchior region: south along Casamance river, east and west of Ziguinchor city | 34,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc), increasing. 3,000 monolinguals | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Decree No. 984 of 21 October) | Bola, Mancagne, Mancang, Mancanha, Mankaañ, Mankanha, Uhula | Uhula, Uwoh. | |
| cae | Laalaa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Cangin | Senegal | Tambacounda region; Thiès region: Tivaouane department, Pambal north of Mbaraglov, Dougnan | 14,000 (2015 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Lala, Lehar, Serer | None known. 52% intelligibility with Noon [snf]. Lexical similarity: 84% with Noon [snf], 74% with Saafi-Saafi [sav], 68% with Ndut [ndv] and Paloor [fap], 22% with Serer-Sine [srr]. | |
| snf | Noon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Cangin | Senegal | Thiès region: Thiès town area | 32,900 (2007) | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Decree No. 986 of 21 October) | Non, None, Serer, Serer-Noon | Noon | Padee, Cangin, Saawii. Noon is very different from Serer-Sine [srr]. 68% intelligibility of Lehar [cae]. Lexical similarity: 84% with Lehar [cae], 74% with Safen [sav], 68% with Ndut [ndv] and Paloor [fap], 22% with Serer-Sine [srr]. |
| fap | Paloor | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Cangin | Senegal | Thiès region: northwest of Thiès town | 12,000 (2015 J. Leclerc), decreasing | 6b (Threatened) | Falor, Palar, Palor, Serer, Siili, Siili-Mantine, Siili-Siili, Waro | Paloor | Kajor, Ba’ol. 55% intelligibility of Ndut [ndv], 27% of Saafi-Saafi [sav]. Lexical similarity: 84% with Ndut [ndv], 74% with Saafi-Saafi [sav], 68% with Noon [snf] and Lehar [cae], 22% with Serer-Sine [srr]. |
| ndv | Ndut | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Cangin | Senegal | Thiès region: between Thiès town and Atlantic coast | 43,000 (2015 J. Leclerc) | 5 (Developing) | Ndoute | Ndut | None known. 32% intelligibility of Paloor [fap]. Lexical similarity: 84% with Paloor [fap]; 68% with Saafi-Saafi [sav], Noon [snf], and Lehar [cae]; 22% with Serer-Sine [srr]. |
| sav | Saafi-Saafi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Cangin | Senegal | Thiès region: between Nguekikh, Popenguine, and Thiès; Dakar region: airport area; 60 villages: 43 are over 80% Saafi, 8 are under 50% | 200,000 (2012), increasing | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Decree No. 989 of 21 October) | Saafen, Saafi, Safen, Safi, Safi-Safi, Sereer Saafen, Serer-Safen, Serere-Saafen | Saafi-Saafi | Boukhou, Sebikotane, Sindia, Hasab, Diobass. Dialects named after villages and a zone (Diobass). Lexical similarity: 74% with Noon [snf], Lehar [cae], and Paloor [fap]; 68% with Ndut [ndv]; 22% with Serer-Sine [srr]. |
| bcz | Bainouk-Gunyaamolo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Banyun | Senegal | Sédhiou and Ziguinchor regions: Niamone area, Bangaga, Diamatou, Diengue, Dierena, Kanjumbay, Kassankil, and Tobor villages; Dakar; Kaolack, Kolda, and Tambacounda regions | 30,000 (2013) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bagnoun, Bainuk, Banhum, Banyuk, Banyum, Banyun, Banyung, Elomay, Elunay, Guñuun Ñuñ | Gujaaxet, Gunyamoolo. Dialects mutually intelligible. Reportedly similar to Kobiana [kcj] and Kasanga [ccj] of Guinea-Bissau. More closely related to Tenda languages of eastern Senegal than to neighboring Diola-Fogny [dyo] and Balanta [bjt]. Gunyuño [bab] in Guinea-Bissau is distinct. | |
| bab | Bainouk-Gunyuño | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Banyun | Guinea-Bissau | Cacheu region: São Domingos sector | 8,520 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bagnoun, Bainounk-Gujaher, Bainuk, Banhum, Banyuk, Banyum, Banyun, Banyung, Elomay, Elunay, Guñuun, Gújááhár | None known. Distinct from Bainouk-Gunyamoolo [bcz] of Senegal and Gambia. Related to Kobiana [kcj] and Kasanga [ccj] of Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. Reportedly more similar to the Ménik [tnr] varieties of eastern Senegal than to Balanta-Kentohe [ble]. | |
| bcb | Bainouk-Samik | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Banyun | Senegal | Casamance river south side, mainly Samik area and villages north and east, 20 km east of Ziguinchor | 1,850 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6b (Threatened) | |||
| kcj | Kobiana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Nun | Guinea-Bissau | Cacheu region: near Banyun and Cacheu | 700 in Guinea-Bissau (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 1,200 | 6a (Vigorous) | Buy, Cobiana, Guboy, Uboi | None known. Reportedly similar to Bainouk-Gunyuno [bab] and Kasanga [ccj]. | |
| ccj | Kasanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Nun | Guinea-Bissau | Cacheu region: Felupe border area, sparsely populated | May be a few elderly speakers left (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Cassanga, Guhaaca, Haal, I-Hadja, Kassanga | None known. Reportedly similar to Bainouk-Gunyuno [bab]. | |
| kcj | Kobiana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Nun | Senegal | Ziguinchor region: Gambian border area | 500 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Buy, Cobiana, Guboy, Uboi | ||
| pbp | Badyara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Tenda | Guinea | Boké region: Koundara prefecture | 11,000 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a). Total users in all countries: 18,210 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Badara, Badian, Badjara, Badyaranke, Bigola, Gola, Pajade, Pajadinka | None known. Lexical similarity: 52% with Biafada [bif], the most similar language. | |
| pbp | Badyara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Tenda | Guinea-Bissau | Gabu region: northeast corner | 5,110 in Guinea-Bissau (2014 J. Leclerc) | 8a (Moribund) | Badian, Badjara, Badyaranké, Bigola, Gola, Kanjad, Pajade, Pajadinca, Pajadinka | ||
| pbp | Badyara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Tenda | Senegal | Kolda region: 1 village west of Koulountou river; Tambacounda region: east of the river | 2,100 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc) | 6b (Threatened) | Badian, Badjara, Badjaranké, Bajara, Bigola, Gola, Kanjad, Pajade, Pajadinca, Pajadinka | ||
| bsc | Bassari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Tenda | Guinea | Boké region: Gaoual prefecture; Labe region: Mali prefecture; border area northwest of Touba town, some northeast corner | 18,000 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a) | 5* (Developing) | Ayan, Basari, Biyan, Oneyan, Onian, Oniyan, Tenda Basari, Wo | Southern Bassari. | |
| bsc | Bassari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Tenda | Guinea-Bissau | Gabu region: Piche sector | 500 in Guinea-Bissau (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ayan, Basari, Biyan, Onian, Oniyan, Onëyan, Wo | Southern Bassari. | |
| bif | Biafada | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Tenda | Guinea-Bissau | Quinara region: mouth of Rio Grande de Buba inland area; Tombali region: Bedanda and north Catio sectors, into west Quebo sector | 51,000 (2016) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Beafada, Bedfola, Biafar, Bidyola, Dfola, Fada | None known. Lexical similarity: 52% with Badyara [pbp]. | |
| tnr | Ménik | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Tenda | Senegal | Kédougou region: Gambia river headwaters and Guinea border | 2,500 (2015 NTM) | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Decree No. 985 of 21 October) | Bande, Basari du Bandemba, Bedik, Budik, Manik, Münik, Onik, Tandanke, Tenda, Tendanke | Ménik | None known. Reportedly similar to Oniyan [bsc]. |
| bsc | Oniyan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Tenda | Senegal | Kédougou and Tambacounda regions: border areas | 15,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 33,600 | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Decree No. 987 of 21 October) | Ayan, Basari, Bassari, Biyan, Onian, Onëyan, Tenda Basari, Wo | Oniyan | Ane, Këd, Oxalac. |
| cou | Wamey | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Tenda | Guinea | Boké region: Koundara prefecture, Youkounkoun-Koundara area, to Senegal border; small border area in Gaoual prefecture, south bank, Tamine river | 17,000 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Cogniagui, Conhague, Coniagui, Koniagi, Konyagi, Tenda, Wamay, Wamei, Wey | ||
| cou | Wamey | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-Guinea, Tenda | Senegal | Kédougou region; a few in Tambacounda region; scattered along Guinea border | 21,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc), decreasing. Total users in all countries: 38,000 | 6b* (Threatened) | Conhague, Coniagui, Koniagui, Konyagi, Wamei | Wamay | |
| mbv | Mbulungish | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Mbulungish-Nalu | Guinea | Boké region: Boké prefecture, Kanfarande subprefecture, 22 coastal villages north of Nunez river | 5,000 (1998 B. Willits) | 6a (Vigorous) | Baga Foré, Baga Monson, Black Baga, Bulunits, Longich, Monchon, Monshon | None known. Related to Nalu [naj] and Baga Pokur [bcg]. | |
| naj | Nalu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Mbulungish-Nalu | Guinea | Boké region: Boké prefecture; Nunez river mouth area and estuary | 10,000 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a). Total users in all countries: 18,520 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Nalou | None known. Related to Mbulungish [mbv] and Baga Pokur [bcg]. | |
| naj | Nalu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Mbulungish-Nalu | Guinea-Bissau | Tombali region: Cacine river estuary near Atlantic coast | 8,520 in Guinea-Bissau (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6b* (Threatened) | Nalou | ||
| fuv | Fulfulde, Nigerian | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central | Nigeria | Widespread | 14,400,000 in Nigeria (2015), increasing. Total users in all countries: 14,485,000 | 3 (Wider communication). Used as LWC in the market in Bauchi, Gombe, and Borno states | Fulfulde | Kano-Katsina, Bororo (Aku, Fulfulde Caka Nigeria, Mbororo, Nomadic Fulfulde, Woylaare), Sokoto. Intelligibility 40%–50% of Fulfulde [fub] Cameroon. Lexical similarity: highest with Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde [fuq], then Adamawa Fulfulde [fub], then Benin-Togo Fulfulde [fue], then Western Niger Fulfulde [fuh], and Maasina Fulfulde [ffm]. A member of macrolanguage Fulah [ful]. | |
| fuq | Fulfulde, Central-Eastern Niger | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central | Niger | Widespread | 450,000 (1998) | 5* (Developing). Recognized language (1999, Constitution, Article 3) | Fula, Fulani, Fulbe, Peul, Peulh | Fulfulde | Wodaabe. Culturally distinct from other Fulfulde varieties. Many loanwords from Hausa [hau]. A member of macrolanguage Fulah [ful]. |
| fuh | Fulfulde, Gorgal | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central | Benin | Alibori department: north | 30,000 in Benin | 5 (Developing) | Fulfulde, Peul, Peulh, Western Niger Fulfulde | ||
| fuv | Fulfulde, Mbororo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central | Cameroon | Widespread by clans in Adamawa, Far North, and North West regions; North West region (Fulfulde-Jaafun and Fulfulde-Aku dialects) | 85,000 in Cameroon (2011 SIL), increasing | 5* (Dispersed) | Fulbe, Fulfulde, Peul | Kano-Katsina, Mbororo (Aku, Akuure, Bororo, Jaafun, Nomadic Fulfulde). | |
| fuv | Fulfulde, Nigerian | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central | Chad | Chari-Baguirmi region: Baguirmi department, Massenya subprefecture; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dagana department, Massakory subprefecture; Kanem region: Kanem department, Rig-Rig subprefecture; possibly Lac region; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Léré and Pala area | 6a* (Vigorous) | Fulbe, Fulfulde, Peul | Kano-Katsina, Bororro (Ako, Bororo, Mbororo, Nomadic Fulfulde). | ||
| fuh | Fulfulde, Northeastern Burkina Faso | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Kossi and Sourou provinces south of Mopti town, Mali border; Centre-Nord region: Bam and Namentega provinces, small border areas; Sahel region: Oudalan, Seno, Soum, and Yagha provinces | 1,170,000 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD) | 5* (Developing). De facto language of national identity | Fulfulde | Barani (Barain, Baraniire), Gourmantche, Bogandé, Jelgoore, Liptaakoore, Barkoundouba, Seeba-Yaga (Yaaga), Ouhiguyua, Fada Ngurma. | |
| fuh | Fulfulde, Western Niger | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central | Niger | Dosso region: Burkina Faso border east to Dogondoutchi area; group in Niamey region; Tillabéri region: central and west | 450,000 in Niger (2007). Ethnic population: 1,000,000 (all Fulani). Total users in all countries: 1,650,000 | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1999, Constitution, Article 3) | Fula, Fulani, Fulbe, Gorgal Fulfulde, Northeastern Burkina Faso Fulfulde, Peul, Peulh | Fulfulde | Dallol, Bitinkoore, Tera. A member of macrolanguage Fulah [ful]. |
| fub | Fulfulde, Adamawa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern | Cameroon | Widespead in Adamawa, Far North, and North regions | 669,000 in Cameroon (1986). Possibly 13,000,000 speakers of all Fulfulde varieties. Total users in all countries: 1,007,500 | 3 (Wider communication). Fulfulde [fub] is the LWC in 3 regions of northern Cameroon | Boulbe, Domona, Dzemay, Eastern Fulani, Foulfoulde, Ful, Fula, Fulata, Fulbe, Mbororo, Palata, Peul, Peulh | Fulfulde | Maroua, Garoua, Ngaondéré, Nomadic Fulfulde - Mbororoore, Bilkire (Bilkiri). Lexical similarity: high with Maroua, Garoua, and Ngaoundere dialects. A member of macrolanguage Fulah [ful]. |
| fub | Fulfulde, Adamawa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern | Chad | Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré department | 218,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc). Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde. 152,000 all Fulfulde varieties in Chad | 5* (Dispersed) | Adamawa Fulani, Biira, Boulbe, Domona, Dzemay, Eastern Fulani, Foulfoulde, Ful, Fula Fulbe, Fulfulde, Nagapelta, Palata, Paldena, Paldida, Pelta Hay, Peul, Peulh, Pladina, Pule, Pullo, Sanyo, Taareyo, Zaakosa, Zemay | Maroua, Garoua, Ngaoundéré, Kambariire, Nomadic Fulfulde, Bilkire Fulani (Bilkiri). | |
| fub | Fulfulde, Adamawa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern | Nigeria | Adamawa and Taraba states: Yola area | 7,610,000 all Fulfulde in Nigeria (1991 SIL) | 5 (Dispersed). De facto language of provincial identity in Adamwa and Taraba states | Eastern Fulfulde, Fillanci, Fula, Fulani, Fulatanchi, Fulbe, Fulfulde | ||
| fub | Fulfulde, Adamawa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern | South Sudan | Scattered, in Western Bahr al Ghazal state | 6a* (Vigorous) | ||||
| fub | Fulfulde, Adamawa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern | Sudan | Blue Nile, Gederef, Sennar, and South Darfur states: Blue Nile river towns; possibly North Kordofan and South Kordofan states, scattered | 90,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Fellata | Gombe. | |
| fui | Fulfulde, Bagirmi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern | Central African Republic | Widespread | 156,000 in Central African Republic (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Baghirmi Peul, Bagirmi Fula | ||
| fui | Fulfulde, Bagirmi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern | Chad | Chari-Baguirmi region: Baguirmi department, Massenya subprefecture; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dababa department, Bokoro subprefecture, between Bokoro and Massenya | 24,000 in Chad. Total users in all countries: 180,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Baghirmi Peul, Bagirmi Fula | None known. May be similar to Bororo Fulfulde [fuv]; a nomadic group of Mbororo. A member of macrolanguage Fulah [ful]. | |
| ffm | Fulfulde, Maasina | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Mali | Widespread | 1,040,000 in Mali (2014 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 1,523,240 | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1) | Fulani, Fulbe, Macina, Peul, Toucouleur | Fulfulde, Maasinankoore | Western Macina, Eastern Macina. Some dialect differences, but all dialects in Mali perceived inherently intelligible. Substantial Bamanankan [bam] influence. There is skewing between the ethnic and linguistic relationships. A member of macrolanguage Fulah [ful]. |
| fuf | Pular | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Guinea | Widespread | 4,960,000 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a). Total users in all countries: 5,398,200 | 2 (Provincial). De facto language of national identity | Foula Fouta, Fouta Djallon, Fulbe, Fulfulde Jalon, Fullo Fuuta, Futa Fula, Futa Jallon, Fuuta Jalon, Jalon, Poular | Pular | Kebu Fula, Fula Peta. Different enough from Pulaar [fuc] in Senegal to need separate literature. In Sierra Leone, recent immigrants from Guinea speak the original Futa Jallon dialect or the Kebu dialect (Dalby 1962). A slightly modified form of Futa Jallon is known as Krio Fula with many loans from Sierra Leone languages. A member of macrolanguage Fulah [ful]. |
| fue | Fulfulde, Benin-Togo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Nigeria | Niger state: west of Kainji reservoir | 5* (Developing) | ||||
| fue | Fulfulde, Borgu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Benin | Alibori department: Segbama commune; Borgou department: Nikki commune; scattered communities in Atacora, Collines, Donga, and Zou departments. Borgou, north of N’Dali (Bakuure dialect); central and south Borgou, Parakou area (Korakuure dialect); Donga-Atacora area from Djougou north to Burkina border (Djougoure dialect); Zou department (Tchabankeere dialect) | 604,000 in Benin (2016). Most monolinguals are in Borgou Department, Nikki Commune. Total users in all countries: 652,200 | 5 (Developing) | Benin-Togo Fulfulde, Fulbe-Borgu, Peul, Peulh | Fulfulde | Bakuure, Korakuure, Djougoure (Juguure), Tchabankeere (Caabankeere). A member of macrolanguage Fulah [ful]. |
| fue | Fulfulde, Borgu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Togo | Kara and Savannes regions; scattered small groups | 48,200 in Togo (Johnstone 1993). Often speak the language of their home base as a second language (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Benin-Togo Fulfulde, Fulani, Peul, Peulh | Atakora Fulfulde. | |
| ffm | Fulfulde, Maasina | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Côte d’Ivoire | Savanes district: scattered | 479,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c) | 4 (Educational) | Fulfulde, Maasinankoore | ||
| ffm | Fulfulde, Maasina | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Ghana | Widespread north | 4,240 in Ghana (2013 UNSD) | 5* (Dispersed) | Fulbe, Fulfulde, Maacina, Maasinankoore, Peul | ||
| fuf | Pular | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Guinea-Bissau | Gabu region: south Bafata and north Tombali regions | 1,200 in Guinea-Bissau (2000) | 5 (Dispersed) | Fouta Dyalon, Fulbe, Fullo Fuuta, Futa Fula, Futa Jallon, Fuuta Jalon | ||
| fuf | Pular | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Mali | Kayes region: Kéniéba circle | 50,000 in Mali (Vanderaa 1991) | 5 (Dispersed) | Foula Fouta, Fouta Dyalon, Fulfulde Jalon, Fullo Fuuta, Futa Fula, Futa Jallon, Fuuta Jalon | ||
| fuf | Pular | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Senegal | Dakar; Sédhiou region: Casamance area. Seasonal migrants from Guinea and elsewhere | 150,000 in Senegal (2006 J. Leclerc) | 5 (Dispersed) | Fouta Dyalon, Fullo Fuuta, Futa Fula, Futa Jallon, Fuuta Jalon | ||
| fuf | Pular | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central | Sierra Leone | Widespread but especially north | 237,000 in Sierra Leone (2016) | 5* (Dispersed) | Fouta Dyalon, Fula, Fulbe, Fullo Fuuta, Futa, Futa Jallon, Fuuta Jalon | Krio Fula, Kebu Fula. | |
| fuc | Pulaar | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Western | Gambia | Central River, Lower River, North Bank, and Upper River divisions | 267,000 in Gambia (2001 J. Leclerc). 177,000 Fulacunda, 90,000 Toucouleur | 5 (Developing) | Fulani, Fulbe Jeeri, Fulfulde-Pulaar, Peul, Peulh, Pulaar Fulfulde | Fulacunda (Fulakunda, Fulkunda), Toucouleur (Haalpulaar, Halpulaar, Tukolor, Tukulor). | |
| fuc | Pulaar | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Western | Guinea | Boké region: Koundara prefecture, north of Tamine river. Extreme northwest corner | 5,700 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a) | 5* (Developing) | Fulfulde Pulaar, Haalpulaar, Peul, Peulh | Toucouleur (Futa Toro, Pulaar, Tukolor, Tukulor), Fulacunda (Fula Preto, Fulakunda, Fulkunda). | |
| fuc | Pulaar | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Western | Guinea-Bissau | Bafata region: especially south of Geba river; Gabu region: central and north; Tombali region: between Aldeia Formosa and Carubel river | 310,000 in Guinea-Bissau (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Fulfulde-Pulaar, Peul, Peulh, Pulaar Fulfulde | Fulacunda (Fula Forro, Fula Preto, Fulakunda, Fulkunda), Fula de Gabu. | |
| fuc | Pulaar | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Western | Mali | Kayes region: Diema, northwest Kayes, Nioro, and Yelimané circles; Koulikoro region: Banamba, north Kolokani, and Nara circles | 175,000 in Mali (1995). 40,000 Fulbe Jeeri | 5 (Developing) | Peuhl, Peul, Pulaar Fulfulde | Toucouleur (Fulbe Jeeri, Haalpulaar, Halpulaar, Pulaar, Tukolor, Tukulor). | |
| fuc | Pulaar | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Western | Mauritania | Brakna, Gorgol, and Trarza regions, near Senegal | 250,000 in Mauritania (2016) | 5 (Developing). Statutory language of national identity (1991, Constitution, Article 6) | Peul | Toucouleur (Haalpulaar, Pulaar, Tukulor). | |
| fuc | Pulaar | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Western | Senegal | Widespread | 3,450,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 4,457,700 | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2001, Constitution, Article 1) | Peul, Peulh, Pulaar Fulfulde | Pulaar, Pël | Toucouleur (Fulbe Jeeri, Haalpulaar, Pulaar, Tokilor, Tukolor, Tukulor), Fulacunda (Fulakunda, Fulkunda). A member of macrolanguage Fulah [ful]. |
| wof | Wolof, Gambian | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Wolof | Gambia | North Bank division: Kombo north of Saint Mary’s district, Serekunda and Bakau, Banjul; Central River and Upper River divisions | 226,000 (2001 J. Leclerc) | 3 (Wider communication) | Wolof | None known. Senegalese Wolof [wol] intelligible by speakers of Gambian Wolof but with significant enough differences to require adaptation of materials. Needs further investigation. | |
| wol | Wolof | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Wolof | Mauritania | Brakna and Trarza regions | 18,300 in Mauritania (2014 J. Leclerc), increasing | 5 (Dispersed). Statutory language of national identity (1991, Constitution, Article 6) | Ouolof, Volof, Walaf, Yallof | Baol, Cayor, Dyolof (Djolof, Jolof), Lebou, Ndyanger. | |
| wol | Wolof | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Wolof | Senegal | Widespread | 5,210,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 5,267,290 | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2001, Constitution, Article 1) | Ouolof, Volof, Walaf, Waro-Waro, Yallof | Wolof | Baol, Cayor, Dyolof (Djolof, Jolof), Lebou (Lebu), Jander. Different from Gambian Wolof [wof]. |
| srr | Serer-Sine | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Serer | Gambia | North Bank division: northwest | 30,700 in Gambia (2001 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Seereer, Serer, Serer-Sin, Serrer, Sine-Saloum | Segum, Fadyut-Palmerin, Sine, Dyegueme (Gyegem). | |
| srr | Serer-Sine | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Serer | Senegal | Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, and Thiès regions: Saloum and Sine river valleys; Saint-Louis region: some south of Senegal river, Thile-Boubacar area | 1,380,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 1,410,700 | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2001, Constitution, Article 1) | Seex, Sereer, Serer, Serer-Sin, Serrer, Sine-Saloum, Sine-Sine, Sérère-Sine | Seereer | Segum, Fadyut-Palmerin, Sine, Dyegueme (Gyegem), Niominka. Niominka and Serere-Sine dialects are mutually inherently intelligible. |
| lma | Limba, East | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Limba | Guinea | Mamou region: Mamou prefecture, Oure-Kaba subprefecture, on Sierra Leone border | 4,000 in Guinea (Johnstone 1993). 2,000 speakers of the Ke subdialect of Northern Limba (1991 J. Kaiser). Total users in all countries: 4,600 | 6b* (Threatened) | Yimba, Yumba | Northern Limba (Ke-Woya-Yaka, Warawara). | |
| lma | Limba, East | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Limba | Sierra Leone | Northern province: east Bombali and west Koinadugu districts; Western Area: peninsula south of Freetown | 600 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc) | 6b (Threatened) | Yimba, Yumba | Northern Limba (Ke-Woya-Yaka, Warawara), Southern Limba (Biriwa-Saroko-Kalantuba-Sunko). | |
| lia | Limba, West-Central | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Limba | Sierra Leone | Northern province: east Bombali and northeast Kambia districts, Little Scarcies river area; north of Makeni | 442,000 (2016) | 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in Northern province (2004, Local Government Act, Article 16(1)), may be used in local council deliberations | Yimba, Yumba | Hulimba ha | Western Limba (Sela, Tonko), Central Limba (Gbongogbo, Tamiso). |
| bmf | Bom-Kim | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Bullom, Northern | Sierra Leone | Southern province: northeast Bonthe district, 13 villages west of Waanje river (Bom dialect); southeast Bonthe district, villages around Kwako lake, mostly in Nyandehun and Tamuke (Kim dialect) | Bom: a few hundred speakers; Kim: less than 15 speakers (2014 T. Childs) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Bom, Bome, Bomo, Bum | Bom, Kim (Kimi, Kirim, Kittim, Krim). Lexical similarity: 44%–45% with Sherbro [bun] dialects, 34% with Bullom So [buy]. | |
| buy | Bullom So | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Bullom, Northern | Guinea | Kindia region: a few speakers in Forecariah prefecture near Sierra Leone border | 8a (Moribund) | Bolom, Bulem, Bullin, Bullun, Mandenyi, Mandingi, Mani, Mmani, Northern Bullom | |||
| buy | Bullom So | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Bullom, Northern | Sierra Leone | Northern province: Kambia district, Samu region; Guinea border coast to Sierra Leone river | 6,100 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc) | 6b (Threatened) | Bolom, Bulem, Bullin, Bullun, Mandenyi, Mandingi, Mani, Mmani, Northern Bullom | Mmani, Kafu. | |
| bun | Sherbro | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Bullom, Southern | Sierra Leone | Southern province: Bonthe and Mayamba districts; Western Area: Rural district, Benducha, Ima, Nongoba, Ribbi, Shenge, Sicie, and Timdel; southwest coastal areas | 178,000 (2016) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Amampa, Mampa, Mampwa, Shiba, Southern Bullom | Shenge Sherbro, Sitia Sherbro, Ndema Sherbro, Peninsula Sherbro. Not intelligible with Bom-Kim [bmf] or Bullom So [buy]. Shenge is the prestige dialect. Lexical similarity: 66%–69% with Bullom So [buy], 44%–45% with Bom-Kim [bmf], 83%–89% among dialects. | |
| kss | Kisi, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Kissi | Liberia | Lofa county: extreme northwest corner | 180,000 in Liberia (2015). Total users in all countries: 292,000 | 5* (Developing) | Gisi, Gizi, Kissi, Kissien | Luangkori, Tengia, Warn. Different from Northern Kissi [kqs] of Guinea. | |
| kqs | Kissi, Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Kissi | Guinea | Faranah region: Kissidougou prefecture; Nzérékoré region: Gueckedou and western Macenta prefectures | 545,000 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a). Total users in all countries: 597,700 | 4 (Educational). De facto language of national identity | Gizi, Kisie, Kissien | Kisi | Liaro, Kama, Teng, Tung. Reportedly similar to Sherbro [bun]. Southern Kissi [kss] of Liberia and Sierra Leone is different. |
| kss | Kisi, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Kissi | Sierra Leone | Eastern province: Kailahun district, Moa river area near both Guinea and Liberia borders | 112,000 in Sierra Leone (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Gissi, Kisi, Kissien | ||
| kqs | Kissi, Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Kissi | Sierra Leone | Eastern province: Kono district, Guinea border and inland; Northern province: southeast corner, Koinadugu district | 52,700 in Sierra Leone (2016) | 5* (Dispersed) | Gizi, Kisi, Kisie, Kissien | Liaro, Kama, Teng, Tung. | |
| gol | Gola | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Gola | Liberia | Gbarpolu, Grand Cape Mount, and Lofa counties: between Mano and Saint Paul rivers; Bomi and Montserrado counties: inland | 153,000 in Liberia (2015). Total users in all countries: 161,000 | 5* (Developing) | Deng (Todii), Kongba, Senje. | ||
| gol | Gola | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Gola | Sierra Leone | Eastern province: Kenema and Kailahun districts; Southern province: Pujehun district. Liberia border area and inland | 8,000 in Sierra Leone (1989 The Institute for Sierra Leonean Languages) | 5* (Developing) | Gula | De (Deng), Managobla (Gobla), Kongbaa, Kpo, Senje (Sene), Tee (Tege), Toldil (Toodii). | |
| bsv | Baga Sobané | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Temne, Baga | Guinea | Boké region: Boffa prefecture, between Kapatchez and Pongo rivers | No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted to Susu [sus] by the 1950s (Camara et al 2014) | 10 (Extinct) | Baga, Baga Kakissa, Baka, Barka, Sobane, Sobané, Temne | None known. Reportedly similar to Landoma [ldm] and Themne [tem]. | |
| bqf | Baga Kaloum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Temne, Baga | Guinea | Boké region | No known L1 speakers. The last speakers either died or assimilated to Susu [sus] by the 1950s (Camara et al 2014) | 10 (Extinct) | Baga | ||
| bgo | Baga Koga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Temne, Baga | Guinea | Kindia region: between Pongo and Konkouré rivers, to Île de Kito | Ethnic population: 5,000 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Baka, Koba, Koga | None known. Reportedly similar to Landoma [ldm] and Themne [tem]. | |
| bmd | Baga Manduri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Temne, Baga | Guinea | Boké region: Kanfarandé and Sansale subprefectures, 39 villages on delta islands between Nunez river and Komponi river | 4,000 (2011 NTM) | 6b* (Threatened) | Baga Mandori, Baga Mandouri, Baka, Barka, Madouri, Maduri, Mandari, Mandore, Mandori, Mandouri, Manduri | None known. Reportedly very similar to Landoma [ldm] and Baga Sitemu [bsp]. | |
| bcg | Baga Pokur | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Temne, Baga | Guinea | Boké region: Boké prefecture, coast east of Nunez river; Binari and Mboteni villages on Boteni island | 3,700 (2015 NTM) | 6b* (Threatened) | Baga, Baga Binari, Baga Mboteni, Baga Poukour, Baga de Binari, Baka, Barka, Binari, Binari-Kouffin, Bohere, Era, Kaloum, Kalum, Mborin, Mboténi, Poukour, Pukur | None known. Reportedly similar to Landoma [ldm] and Themne [tem]. | |
| bsp | Baga Sitemu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Temne, Baga | Guinea | Boké region: Boffa prefecture, Tougnifil subprefecture; Boké prefecture, Port-Kamsar subprefecture, Nunez river south bank | 40,000 (2018 PBT) | 6a (Vigorous) | Baka, Rio Pongo Baga, Sitemuú, Stem Baga, Tchitem | None known. Reportedly very similar to Landoma [ldm] and Baga Manduri [bmd]. | |
| ldm | Landoma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Temne, Baga | Guinea | Boké region: between Guinea Bissau border and Kogon river, and Boke-Centre subprefecture southeast; Kindia region: north border Boffa and Telimele prefectures; Gaoual prefecture, 2 enclaves near Kambala and Koumbia | 25,000 (Leclerc 2014a) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Cocoli, Landouman, Landuma, Tiapi, Tyapi, Tyopi | Tiapi (Tapessi). Reportedly very similar to Baga Sitemu [bsp] and Baga Manduri [bmd]. | |
| tem | Themne | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Temne, Temne-Banta | Sierra Leone | Northern province: Bombali, Port Loko, and Tonkolili districts; west of Sewa river to Little Scarcie; Southern province: northwest Moyamba district; Western Area: Rural district | 1,870,000, all users. L1 users: 1,630,000 (2016). L2 users: 240,000 (1981 D. Cranmer) | 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in Northern province (3 districts), Southern province and Western Area (1 district each) (2004, Local Government Act, Article 16(1)) | Temen, Temne, Timene, Timmannee, Timne | Themne | Banta, Konike, Yoni, Bombali, Western Temne (Pil), Sanda, Ribia, Kholifa, Koya, Masingbi, Malal. People claim to understand all dialects. Lexical similarity: 74% with Masingbi and Malal dialects, 70% with Konike dialect and western varieties. |
| msw | Mansoanka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Sua | Guinea-Bissau | Oio region: Mansoa sector, Mantefa area | 17,600 in Guinea-Bissau (2016). Total users in all countries: 18,910 | 6a (Vigorous) | Kunant, Kunante, Mansoanca, Maswanka, Sua | None known. Not inherently intelligible with Balanta-Kentohe [ble] or Mandinka [mnk], although called, Mandinkanized Balanta. | |
| afn | Defaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Ijoid, Defaka | Nigeria | Rivers state: Opobo-Nkoro LGA, Nkoro town in Niger delta | 200 (2001 R. Blench) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Afakani, Defaka-Nkooro | None known. Related to the Ijo group. | |
| ijs | Ijo, Southeast | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Ijoid, Ijo, East | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Brass, Nembe, Ogbia, and South Ijaw LGAs; Rivers state: Akuku Toru LGA | 2,000,000 (2015) | 5* (Developing) | Brass Ijo, Brass-Nembe, Ijaw, Nembe-Akassa | Ijo, Nembe (Nimbe), Akassa (Akaha). | |
| nkx | Nkoroo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern | Nigeria | Rivers state: Opobo-Nkoro LGA | 4,550 (1989 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Nkoro | ||
| ijn | Kalabari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern, Eastern | Nigeria | Rivers state: Akulga, Asaritoru, Degema, and Port Harcourt LGAs | 258,000 (Jenewari 1989) | 5* (Developing) | Ịjọ | Kalaḇari Bibi | None known. Mutually intelligible with Kirike [okr] and Ibani [iby]. |
| iby | Ibani | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern, Eastern | Nigeria | Rivers state: Bonny and Opobo/Nkoro LGAs | 60,000 (1989 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bonny, Ubani | None known. Koin subgroup within the Ijo subgroup. | |
| okr | Kirike | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern, Eastern | Nigeria | Rivers state: Ogu-Bolo, Okrika, and Port Harcourt LGAs | 248,000 (1995 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Okrika | Kịrịkẹ | |
| ijc | Izon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Ijoid, Ijo, West Ijo | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Ekeremor, Sagbama, South Ijaw, and Yenagoa LGAs; Delta state: Burutu, Warri North, and Warri South West LGAs; Edo state: Ovia North East and Ovia South West LGAs; Ondo state: Ese-Odo and Ilaje LGAs | 1,000,000 (Williamson 1989). 100,000 Kolokuma (1991 UBS). 1,770,000 all Ijo languages | 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Baylesa, Delta,Ondo, and Edo states, used in education and media | Central-Western Ijo, Ijaw, Ijo, Izo, Uzo | Arogbo, Furupagha, Egbema, West Olodiama, Oporoza (Gbaranmatu), Ogulagha, Iduwini, Ikibiri, Ogboin, West Tarakiri, Kabo (Kabowei), Kumbo (Kumbowei), Mein, Operemo, Tuomo, Ogbe Ijo, Gbarain, Kolokuma-Opokuma, Ekpetiama, Apoi, Koluama, Basan (Bassan), East Olodiama, East Tarakiri, Oyiakiri, Oporomo (Oporoma), Bumo (Boma). The Ijo (Ijaw) subgroup includes 7 languages. Izon has about 30 inherently intelligible dialects. | |
| okd | Okodia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Ijoid, Ijo, West, Inland Ijo | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Sagbama LGA; Rivers state: Ogba-Egbena-Ndoni LGA | 3,600 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Akita, Okordia | None known. Not fully intelligible with Biseni [ije] or other Ijo languages. | |
| ije | Biseni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Ijoid, Ijo, West, Inland Ijo | Nigeria | Rivers state: Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni LGA, Niger river east bank, Forcados river exit; Bayelsa state: Sagbama LGA, small area | 4,800 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Amegi, Buseni, Northeast Central Ijo | None known. Not fully intelligible with other languages in Ijo language subgroup. | |
| orr | Oruma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Ijoid, Ijo, West, Inland Ijo | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Ogbia LGA, Ibelebiri and Oruma towns | 5,000 (1995) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| ibe | Akpes | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Akpes | Nigeria | Ekiti state; Ondo state: Akoko North East and Akoko North West LGAs; Kogi state: Ijumu LGA | 10,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ibaram-Efifa | Akunnu (Akpes), Ase, Daja, Efifa, Esuku (Echuku), Gedegede, Ikorom, Ibaram, Iyani. A dialect subgroup. | |
| dir | Dirim | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid | Nigeria | Taraba state: Bali LGA | 9,000 (1992) | 6b (Threatened) | Daka, Dakka, Dirin, Dirrim | Reportedly similar to Samba Daka [ccg] and may be a dialect. | |
| doh | Dong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Mayo Belwa LGA; Taraba state: Zing LGA | 5,000 (1998 R. Blench) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Donga | ||
| ttb | Gaa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Ganye LGA on Tiba plateau, between Garba Sbege and Jada | 10,000 (1997 R. Boyd) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tiba | ||
| ldh | Lamja-Dengsa-Tola | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Mayo Belwa LGA, Ganglamja area between Mayo Belwa and Tola. 13 villages. Lamja central town is Ganglamja; Dengsa are south of Lamja | 3,420 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lamja, Dengsa, Tola. | ||
| ccg | Samba Daka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Ganye and Mayo Belwa LGAs; Taraba state: Bali, Gashaka, Jalingo, and Zing LGAs | 107,000 (2000) | 5* (Developing) | Chamba, Chamba Daka, Daka, Dakka, Dekka, Deng, Jama, Sama, Samba, Tchamba, Tikk, Tsamba | Samba Daka, Samba Jangani, Samba Nnakenyare (Nakanyare, Naken, Nyare), Samba of Mapeo, Taram. It may form a language subgroup with Lamja-Dengsa-Tola [ldh]. Reportedly similar to Dirim [dir]. | |
| fam | Fam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Fam | Nigeria | Taraba state: Bali LGA, 17 km east of Kungana | 1,000 (1984) | 6b* (Threatened) | None known. Not closely related to other languages. | ||
| knp | Kwanja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Konja | Cameroon | Adamawa region: most south of Banyo between Mayo Darle and Bankim, west to Mbojdanga, east to Mbam river | 10,000 (2011 LBT) | 5 (Developing) | Kondja, Konja | Kwànjâ | Ndung (Ndǔŋ, Ndungani), Sundani (Súndànɨ́, Sun), Njanga (Njang), Twendi. The two Kwanja dialects are mutually intelligible for those who are in the Kwanja home area where they hear both dialects, more difficult for those who have not heard the other dialect. Sundani dialect is reportedly similar to Mambila [mcu]; Ndung dialect is similar to Vute [vut]. Twendi is the most divergent dialect, ethnically Kwanja, but linguistically more similar to Mambila [mcu]. |
| twn | Twendi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Konja | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Mayo-Banyo division, Sanga village north of Bankim | 30 (2000 B. Connell). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1991 SIL) | 8a (Moribund) | Cambap | ||
| bgu | Kamkam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Mayo-Banyo division, Mambila plateau | 6b (Threatened) | Bungnu, Bungun, Bunu, Gbunhu, Kakaba, Mbongno | |||
| bgu | Mbongno | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Kakara town | 3,000 in Nigeria (Blench 1999b) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bungnu, Bungun, Bunu, Gbunhu, Kakaba, Kamkam | Several minor dialects. | |
| mcj | Mvanip | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA | 100 (Blench 1999b) | 6a (Vigorous) | Magu, Mvanlip, Mvano, Mvanon, Mvanöp | ||
| nuh | Ndunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, near Mvanip, on Tea Estate road, northwest of Gembu | 350 (Blench 1999b) | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| kgt | Somyev | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Jabu, Kikau, Kila Yang, Kuma, Mayo Daga, and Njike towns | 15 (2000 B. Connell) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Kila, Somyewe | ||
| mcu | Mambila, Cameroon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila | Cameroon | Adamawa region: northwest Mayo-Banyo division, Banyo and Bankim subdivisions on Nigeria border; North West region: eastern Donga-Mantung division | 30,000 (1993 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Bang, Bea, Ble, Juli, Lagubi, Mambere, Mambilla, Nor, Tagbo, Tongbo, Torbi | Ju Ba, Sunu Torbi (Torbi), Ju Naare (Mambila de Gembu), Langa. Closely related to Mvanlip [mcj] (Magu) in Nigeria. Reportedly similar to Mambila [mzk] of Nigeria. A continuum of related varieties; one end unintelligible to speakers of the other. Langa inherently intelligible to some, but not most others. At least 4 dialects in Cameroon. | |
| mzk | Mambila, Nigeria | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Mambila plateau | 99,000 (1993) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bang, Lagubi, Mabila, Mambere, Mambilla, Nor, Nor Tagbo, Tongbo | Barup. Nearly every village has a separate dialect, forming a chain. Dialect centers are Bang, Dorofi, Gembu, Hainari, Kabri, Mayo Ndaga, Mbamnga, Tamien, Tepo, Warwar. Reportedly similar to Mambila [mcu] of Cameroon. | |
| njr | Njerep | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Njerup | Nigeria | Taraba state | 6 (2000 B. Connell) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Njerup | ||
| ndr | Ndoola | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Ndoro | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Faro-and-Déo division, south Mayo-Baléo subdivision, Dodeo village near Nigeria border on upper Mayo-Déo river; North West region: Donga-Mantung division, north of Nkambe | 2,120 in Cameroon (2000). 3 elderly speakers in Dodeo dialect (2014 SIL) | 8a (Moribund) | Ndoro, Njoyame, Nundoro | ||
| ndr | Ndoola | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Ndoro | Nigeria | Taraba state: Bali, Gashaka, and Sardauna LGAs | 60,400 in Nigeria (2000). Total users in all countries: 62,520 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ndola, Ndoro, Njoyame, Nundoro | ||
| sgi | Nizaa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Suga | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Faro-and-Déo division, Galim area southwest of Tignère; Mayo-Banyo division, north Banyo subdivision, Sambolabbo area | 10,000 (1985) | 6b (Threatened) | Baghap, Galim, Ssuga, Suga, “Jemjem” (pej.), “Njemnjem” (pej.), “Nyamnyam” (pej.), “Nyemnyem” (pej.) | ||
| vut | Vute | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Djerem and Mayo-Banyo divisions near Banyo and Tibati; Centre region: northeast Mbam division; Upper Sanaga division, near Nanga-Eboko and Mbandjok; East region: western Lom-and-Djerem division | 20,000 in Cameroon (1997 L. Lode). 300 in Banyo (1995 B. Connell). Total users in all countries: 21,000 | 5 (Developing) | ’Abotee, ’Abwetee, Baboute, Bamboute, Boute, Bubure, Bule, Bute, Foute, Luvure, Nbule, Pute, Voute, Voutere, Woute, Wute, nyindi vɨtèé | Bute Bamnyo (Vute de Banyo), Vute Mbanjo (Vute de Mbandjok), Nudoo (Vute de Yangba), Nujum (Vute de Linte), Nduvum (Vute de Tibati), Nugane (Vute de Doume), Kumbere (Vute de Sangbe), Ngoro (Vute de Ngorro). | |
| vut | Vute | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Northeast Mambila plateau | 1,000 in Nigeria (1973 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Babute, Bute, Buti, Fute, Mbute, Mbutere, Mfuti, Vutere, Wetere, Wute | ||
| www | Wawa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Mayo-Banyo division, Bankim subdivision, 9 villages: Dembesse, Gandoua, Gaoula, Kassala, Mbassewa, Mbenguedje, Ndi, Oumyari, and Yabam west of Banyo | 3,000 (1991 SIL). 700 in Gandoua dialect (2014 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Gandoua (Gandua), Oumyari, Ndi, Mbengedje. | ||
| buz | Bukwen | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Beboid | Nigeria | Taraba state: 1 village near Takum | 1000 | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| cug | Chungmboko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Beboid | Cameroon | North West Region: Boyo division, Bum subdivision, Chung and Mbuk villages, west of Nkambe, northeast of Wum | 2,000 (2001 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Chung, Cung | Chungmboko | Chung, Mbuk. Lexical similarity: 83% with Ncane [ncr]. |
| dmo | Kemedzung | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Beboid | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, Misaje subdivision, northwest of Nkambe, Dumbu area, Kwei village | 3,540 (2008 Misaje council) | 5 (Developing) | Diábékwálé, Dumbo, Dzumbo, Kemezung, Kumaju, Kémézuñ | Kɨmədzuŋ | Kemedzung, Kwe (Kwei). Lexical similarity: 85% with Naami [bzv]. |
| jms | Mashi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Beboid | Nigeria | Taraba state: near Takum | 1000 | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| bzv | Naami | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Beboid | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, Misaje subdivision, Bebe-Jama and Bebe-Jatto villages west of Nkambe, north of Ring Road | 3,550 (2008 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Bebe, Yi Be Wu | Naami | Bebe Kete, Bebe Jama. Member of the Eastern Beboid subgroup. Lexical similarity: 85% with Kemedzung [dmo]. |
| mff | Naki | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Beboid | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Furu-Awa subdivision, Nse chiefdom, Bukpang II, Lebo, Mashi, Mekaf, and Small Mekaf villages | 3,000 (Breton 1993). 300 in Nse chiefdom | 6b (Threatened) | Bunaki, Diokpang, Mekaf, Munkaf, Njeyibah, Nkap | ||
| ncr | Ncane | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Beboid | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, Misaje subdivision, Bem, Chunge, Kibbo, Mungong, Nfume, and Nkanchi villages west of Nkambe; Menchum division, Bum subdivision | 13,200 (2008 Misaje Council) | 6a (Vigorous) | Cane, Nchane, Nchaney, Nchanti, Ntshanti | Ncane, Mungong (Mungom). Member of the Eastern Beboid subgroup. Lexical similarity: 84% with Sari [asj], 88% with Noone [nhu]. | |
| nhu | Noone | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Beboid | Cameroon | North West region: Bui division, northwest Kumbo subdivision | 40,000 (2005 SIL). Based on actual population of the sub-divisions where the Noone people are present as of the 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm) | 5 (Developing) | Noni | Nooni | Upper Noone, Lower Noone. Member of the Eastern Beboid subgroup. Lexical similarity: 88% with Ncane [ncr]. |
| asj | Sari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Beboid | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, Misaje subdivision, Akweto, Kamine, and Mbissa villages on Ring Road between Misaje and Nkambe | 7,600 (2008 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Akweto, Nsari, Pesaa, Saari, Sali | Sari | None known. Member of the Eastern Beboid subgroup. Lexical similarity: 84% with Ncane [ncr]. |
| etu | Ejagham | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid | Cameroon | South West region: south Mamfe subdivision west of Mamfe; Manyu division, Eyumodjok subdivision | 49,400 in Cameroon (2000), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Edjagam, Ejagam, Ejaham, Ejwe, Ekoi, Etung, Keaka, Kwa, Obang | Western Ejagham, Eastern Ejagham, Southern Ejagham (Abakpa, Aqua, Ekin, Kwa, Qua). | |
| etu | Ejagham | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akampka, Calabar, Idom, and Odukpani LGAs | 67,300 in Nigeria (2000). Total users in all countries: 116,700 | 5 (Developing) | Ekoi | Southern Ejagham (Abakpa, Aqua, Ekin, Kwa, Qua), Western Ejagham, Eastern Ejagham. | |
| nbb | Ndoe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ikom LGA | 7,340 (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | Akparabong (Ekparabong), Balep (Anep, Anyep). Lexical similarity: 49% between dialects. | ||
| eka | Ekajuk | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ogoja LGA, Bansara, Ebanibim, Mfom, Ntara, and Nwang towns | 63,000 (Yoder et al 2008) | 6a (Vigorous) | Akajo, Akajuk | Esham, Ebanimbim, Mfom, Ekagongho. Nnam [nbp] intelligible to Ekajuk. Other Bakor varieties not intelligible unless acquired. Lexical similarity: 93%–97% with dialects, 87%–90% with Nnam [nbp], 63%–67% with Nkem-Nkum [isi], 66%–68% with Abanyom [abm], 57%–59% with Nde-Nsele-Nta [ndd], 52%–53% with Efutop [ofu]. | |
| abm | Abanyom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ikom LGA, Abangkang, main village | 12,500 (1986) | 6a (Vigorous) | Abanyum, Befun, Bofon, Mbofon | None known. Other Bakor varieties not intelligible unless acquired. Lexical similarity: 71% with Nkem-Nkum [isi], 72% with Nnam [nbp], 66%–68% with Ekajuk [eka], 65%–67% with Nde-Nsele-Nta [ndd], 56% with Efutop [ofu]. | |
| ofu | Efutop | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ikom LGA | 10,000 (1973 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Agbaragba, Ofutop | None known. Other Bakor varieties not intelligible unless acquired. Lexical similarity: 66%–68% with Nde-Nsele-Nta [ndd]. | |
| ndd | Nde-Nsele-Nta | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ikom LGA | 19,500 (1987). 12,000 Nde, 3,000 Nsele, 4,500 Nta | 6a (Vigorous) | Nde (Befon, Ekamtulufu, Mbenkpe, Mbofon, Udom), Nsele (Nselle), Nta (Afunatam, Atam). Lexical similarity: 88%–92% among dialects, 66%–68% with Efutop [ofu], 65%–67% with Abanyom [abm], 53%–58% with Nkem-Nkum [isi], 58%–61% with Nnam [nbp], 57%–59% with Ekajuk [eka]. | ||
| isi | Nkem-Nkum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ogoja LGA | 51,000 (Yoder et al 2008), increasing. 26,600 Nkem, 24,400 Nkum | 6a (Vigorous) | Nkem (Adagom, Ishibori, Nkim, Ogboja), Nkum (Alladim, Ibil, Igordori, Ikangdangha, Ishiaya, Ishindede, Nkum-Iborr). Dialects more than 75% mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: 89% between dialects, 65%–67% with Nnam [nbp], 63%–67% with Ekajuk [eka], 71% with Abanyom [amb], 53%–58% with Nde-Nsele-Nta [ndd], 51%–52% with Efutop [ofu]. | ||
| nbp | Nnam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ikom and Ogoja LGAs; Ebonyi state: Izzi LGA | 3,000 (1987 O. Asinya) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ndem | None known. Other Bakor varieties not intelligible unless acquired. Lexical similarity: 87%–90% with Ekajuk [eka], 65%–67% with Nkem-Nkum [isi], 72% with Abanyom [abm], 58%–61% with Nde-Nsele-Nta [ndd], 53% with Efutop [ofu]. | |
| xmb | Mbonga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Cameroon | Cameroon | East region: Lom-and-Djerem division, west of Bétaré-Oya town | 1,490 (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | Mboa | ||
| ngv | Nagumi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Cameroon | Cameroon | North region: Bénoué division | No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (1983 Atlas Linguistique du Cameroun) | 10 (Extinct) | Bama, Gong, Mbama, Ngong, Puuri | ||
| bau | Mbat | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA; Gombe state: Alkakeri LGA; Plateau state: Kanam LGA | 40,000 (2006 SIL), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Bada’, Badanchi, Badawa, Bat, Garaka, Jar, Jarawan Kogi, Kanna, Mbada, Mbadawa, Plains Jarawa, River Jarawa | Mbat (Gagdi-Gum), Galamkya (Gidgid, Gyanggyang). Mbat and Galamkya are mutually intelligible, Mbat intelligible to Duguri [dbm], Duguri [dbm] intelligible to Mbat but not Galamkya, Kantana [mma] marginally intelligible to Galamkya and Mbat. Lexical similarity: Mbat 82% with Galamkya, 75% with Duguri [dbm], 67% with Kantana [mma], 64% with Gwak [jgk], 63% with Bankal [jjr], 41% with Labir [jku]. | |
| mbu | Mbula-Bwazza | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Demsa, Girei, Numan, Shelleng, and Song LGAs | 100,000 (2012 M. Rueck, Z. Yoder, and K. Hannelová) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bwazza (Bare, Bere, Bwaza, Bwa’za, kunBwazza), Mbula, Bakopi (kunBuko), Gwamba (Nkono), Tambo (Begel, kunBegel, Taumbo). Mbula 73% intelligible of Tambo, over 80% of other dialects. Mbula-Bwazza [mbu], Kulung [bbu], and Bile [bil] mutually unintelligible (less than 25%). Lexical similarity: Mbula 75% with Bwazza and Gwamba, 70% with Bakopi, 64% with Tambo; Mbula-Bwazza [mbu] 37% with Kulung [bbu], 48% with Bile [bil]. | ||
| bil | Bille | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Demsa LGA, along Bille river | 38,000 (2012 M. Rueck, Z. Yoder, and K. Hannelová). Elderly are monolingual. Ethnic population: 42,000 | 7 (Shifting) | Bile, Bili, Billanchi, Kunbille | None known. Bile [bil], Mbula-Bwazza [mbu], and Kulung [bbu] mutually unintelligible (less than 25%). Lexical similarity: 48% with Mbula-Bwazza [mbu], 33% with Kulung [bbu]. | |
| bbu | Kulung | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA, Balasa, Bambur, and Kirim; Wukari LGA, Gada Mayo | 40,000 (2012 M. Rueck, Z. Yoder, and K. Hannelová). Elderly are monolingual | 6a (Vigorous) | Bakuli, Bakulu, Bakulung, Bambur, Kukulung, Kulu, Kuluno, Wo, Wurkum | None known. Mutually unintelligible (less than 20%) with Mbula-Bwazza [mbu] and Bille [bil]. Lexical similarity: 37% with Mbula-Bwazza [mbu], 33% with Bile [bil]. | |
| jku | Labir | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Alkaleri and Bauchi LGAs | 500 (2008 E. Hannelova et al.), decreasing. Ethnic population: 13,000 | 8a (Moribund) | Jakanci, Jaku, Jakun, Labur | None known. Intelligibility 31% of Bankal [jjr], 24% of Duguri [dbm] and Mbat [bau], 10% of Bankal [jjr], Gwak [jgk], and Mbat [bau]. Lexical similarity: 41% with Gwak [jgk], Bankal [jjr], Duguri [dbm], and Mbat [bau]. | |
| jjr | Bankal | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA, Din, Luda, Nyamrat, and Zungur; Dass LGA, Bajar, Dott, Lir; Tafawa-Balewa LGA, Bagel; Toro LGA, Kufai and Luchi | 75,000 (2011 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bankala, Bankalanci, Baranci, Jaranchi, Jaranci, Jarancin Kasa, Jarawa, Jarawan Kasa, Zhar | None known. Reportedly similar to Gwak [jgk], Duguri [dbm], and Bada [bau]. | |
| dbm | Duguri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Alkaleri and Bauchi LGAs; Plateau state: Kanam LGA; Taraba state: Ibi LGA, one enclave | 65,000 (2008 M. Rueck), decreasing | 6b (Threatened) | Doori, Dugarwa, Duguranchi, Dugurawa, Dukuri | Gar Duguri, Badara Duguri, Northeast Duguri, Southwest Duguri. Intelligibility: 85%–91% of Mbat [bau], 75%–83% of Gwak [jgk], 67%–81% of Kantana [mma], 70%–75% of Bankal [jjr]; 71%–86% of Mbat [bau], 54%–68% of Gwak, 64%–66% of Bankal [jjr], 24% of Labir [jku]. Lexical similarity: 78%–86% between Duguri dialects; dialectal differences barely acknowledged by users; 75% with Mbat [bau], 67% with Gwak [jgk], 65% with Bankal [jjr], 41% with Labir [jku]. | |
| dbo | Dulbu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA, Dulbu village | 100 (1993) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | |||
| gwb | Gwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA | 980 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | None known. Related to Lame [bma]. | ||
| jgk | Gwak | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Dass and Tafawa-Balewa LGAs, Bar, Buyital, Dulem, Garam, Gital, Kardam, Kumgas, and Michiyan Kuka | 70,000 (2011 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bankalawa, Gingwak, Jar, Jaracin Kasa, Jaranchi, Jaranci, Jarancin Kasa, Jarawa, Jarawan Bununu, Jarawan Kasa, Lasjar | Gwak | None known. Reportedly similar to Bankal [jjr], Duguri [dbm], and Bada [bau]. |
| bma | Lame | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA, Lame district | 10,000 (1995 CAPRO) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ruhu (Rufawa, Rufu), Mbaru (Bambara, Bambaro, Bamburo, Bombaro, Bomberawa, Bunberawa), Gura (Agari, Agbiri, Tugura). Dialect subgroup. | ||
| mma | Mama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Nassarawa state: Akwanga LGA | 20,000 (1973 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kantana, Kwarra | ||
| gua | Shiki | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Bauchi LGA, Gubi and Guru towns north of Bauchi town | Ethnic population: 1,200 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 8a (Moribund) | Guba, Gubawa, Gubi, Mashiki | Gubi, Guru. | |
| anv | Denya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Mamfe | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division, central and south Akwaya subdivisions; north Mamfe Central subdivision, Takamanda Forest Reserve | 11,200 (1982 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Agnang, Anyah, Anyan, Anyang, Eyan, Nyang, Obonya, Takamanda | Denya | Basho, Bitieku, Takamanda, Bajwo. Dialect subgroup. Kendem [kvm] is linguistically between Denya [anv] and Kenyang [ken]. Lexical similarity: 70%–80% between dialects. |
| kvm | Kendem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Mamfe | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division, Tinto and Upper Bayang subdivisions, east of Mamfe: Bokwa, Kekpoti, and Kendem villages | 1,500 (2001 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bokwa-Kendem | None known. Reportedly higher lexical similarity with Denya [anv] but higher intelligibility of Kenyang [ken]. | |
| ken | Kenyang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Mamfe | Cameroon | South West region: Koupé-Muanengouba division, west corner of Nguti subdivision; Manyu division, Mamfe Central and Upper Banyang subdivisions, Mamfe area and southwest | 65,000 (1992 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 65,000 | 5 (Developing) | Banjangi, Banyang, Banyangi, Bayangi, Manyang, “Nyang” (pej.) | Kɛnyaŋ | Upper Kenyang (Haut-Kenyang), Lower Kenyang (Bas-Kenyang), Bakoni (Kicwe, Kitwii, Manyeman, Manyemen, Northern Balong, Twii, Upper Balong). |
| mfo | Mbe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Mbe | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ogoja LGA | 65,000 (2011 F. Ekpong). 15,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 65,000 | 5 (Developing) | Ketuen, Western Mbube | Mbe | Idum, Ekumtak, Odaje. |
| nml | Ndemli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Ndemli | Cameroon | Littoral region: Nkam division, east Yabassi subdivision, to Bandem river; Nkondjock subdivision, Mbang district; Yingui subdivision, north of Yingui | 10,000 (Ngoran 1999) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bandem, Bayong, Ndemba | Reportedly related to Tikar [tik]. The Bandobo dialect of Tikar is very similar to Ndemli. | |
| tik | Tikar | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tikar | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Mayo-Banyo division, Bankim subdivision; Centre region: Mbam-and-Kim division, Ngambe-Tikar subdivision, scattered over northwest Yoko and northeast of Foumban; North West region: Donga-Mantung division, small border area; West region: Noun division, Magba subdivision | 110,000 (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Tikar people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm) | 5 (Developing) | Tikali, Tikar-East, Tikari, Tingkala | lɛ̀ʼ Tikarì | Twumwu (Tikar de Bankim, Tumu, Twùmwù), Tige (Tikar de Ngambe), Nditam, Kong, Mankim, Gambai, Bandobo (Ndob, Ndome). Bandobo may be a separate language. The Bankim call their dialect Twumwu, the Ngambe call theirs Tige. |
| bqo | Balo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division, Akwaya subdivision | 2,230 (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Osatu [ost], 40% with Ipulo [ass] and Caka [ckx], 35% with Esimbi [ags] and Mesaka [iyo]. | ||
| bec | Iceve-Maci | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division, north and south of Akwaya town | 7,000 in Cameroon (1990). Total users in all countries: 12,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Bacheve, Bechere, Becheve, Icheve, Ocebe, Ochebe, Ocheve, Utse, Utser, Utseu | Icheve (Bacheve), Oliti (Akwaya Motom, Ici, Ihekwot, Kwaya, Maci, Matchi, Motomo, Olit, Olithi, Oliti-Akwaya). Lexical similarity: 80% between the Maci and Bacheve dialects, 60% with Otank [uta], 50% with Evant [bzz] and Tiv [tiv], 40% with Eman [emn] and Mesaka [iyo], 35% with Esimbi [ags]. | |
| ost | Osatu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division, Akwaya subdivision, southeast of Asumbo | 400 (2002 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Ihatum, Ossatu | None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Balo [bqo], 40% with Ipulo [ass] and Caka [ckx], 35% with Mesaka [iyo] and Esimbi [ags]. | |
| emn | Eman | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | South West region: northeast Manyu division, Akwaya subdivision, Akalabo, Akalam Gomo, Amanavil, and Amayo towns | 800 (1990 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Emane | Amayo, Amanavil (Aman, Amana, Amani, Elaka). Lexical similarity: 70% with Caka [ckx], 60% with Ipulo [ass], 40% with Iceve-Maci [bec] and Otank [uta], 35% with Esimbi [ags], 30% with Mesaka [iyo], and 80% with Amayo and Amanavil dialects. | |
| ass | Ipulo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division; South West region: Manyu division, Akwaya subdivision, south and southeast of Akwaya town | 2,500 (1990 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Assumbo, Asumbo, Badzumbo, Ipulo-Olulu | Olulu, Tinta, Etongo. Lexical similarity: 90% between the Olulu and Tinta dialects, 60% with Eman [emn], 50% with Caka [ckx], 40% with Balo [bqo] and Osatu [ost], 35% with Esimbi [ags]. | |
| uta | Otank | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Nigeria | Benue state: Kwande LGA; Cross River state: Obanliku LGA | 15,000 (2006 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Itang, Itank, Otang, Otanga, Utanga, Utange, Utank | None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Tiv [tiv], 60% with Iceve-Maci [bec], 50% with Evant [bzz], 40% with Mesaka [iyo] and Eman [emn]. | |
| abo | Abon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Nigeria | Taraba state: Kurmi LGA, Abong town, southeast of Baissa | 1,000 (1973 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Abong, Abõ, Ba’ban | ||
| amb | Ambo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, 1 village east of Baissa | 1000 | 6b* (Threatened) | Timap | ||
| btu | Batu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, east of Baissa, below Mambila escarpment | 25000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Amanda-Afi, Angwe, Kamino. A language subgroup. | ||
| brt | Bitare | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Mayo-Banyo division, near Banyo | 6,000 in Cameroon (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Njwande, Yukutare | ||
| brt | Bitare | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Nigeria | Taraba state: Kurmi LGA, near Baissa | 46,300 in Nigeria (Blench 2003). Total users in all countries: 52,300 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Njwande, Yukutare | None known. Reportedly similar to Abon [abo]. | |
| ckx | Caka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | South West region: northeast Manyu division, Akwaya subdivision, Asaka, Batanga, and Basaka villages | 5,000 (Dieu and Renaud 1983) | 6b* (Threatened) | Assaka (Adzu Balaka), Batanga (Adzu Batanga). Lexical similarity: 50% with Ipulo [ass], 40% with Balo [bqo], Osatu [ost], Iceve-Maci [bec], and Otank [uta], 35% with Esimbi [ags], 30% with Mesaka [iyo], 80% between the Assaka and Batanga dialects. | ||
| ags | Esimbi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Menchum Valley subdivision, from Benakuma into Nigeria | 20,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Aage, Age, Bogen, Bogue, Eshimbi, Essimbi, Isimbi, Mburugam, Simpi | Esimbi | Upper Esimbi, Lower Esimbi. 100% mutual intelligibility between Upper and Lower Esimbi. Lexical similarity: 35% with Balo [bqo], Ipulo [ass], Iceve-Maci [bec], Caka [ckx], Eman [emn], and Osatu [ost]. |
| ags | Esimbi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Nigeria | Taraba state: south-southeast of Wukari | 6a* (Vigorous) | Aage, Age, Bogue, Eshimbi, Essimbi, Isimbi, Mburugam, Simpi | |||
| bzz | Evant | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division, Akwaya subdivision, Atolo and Matene I villages | 1,000 in Cameroon (1996 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Avand, Avande, Balegete, Belegete, Evand, Ovand, Ovande, Ovando | ||
| bzz | Evant | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Nigeria | Cross River state: Obanliku LGA | 10,000 in Nigeria (1996 SIL). Total users in all countries: 11,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Avand, Avande, Balegete, Belegete, Evand, Ovand, Ovande, Ovando | None known. Lexical similarity: 50% with Iceve-Maci [bec], Tiv [tiv], and Otank [uta]. | |
| bec | Iceve-Maci | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Nigeria | Cross River state: Obanliku LGA, 5 villages on Cameroon border including Amana | 5,000 in Nigeria (1990) | 6a (Vigorous) | Icheve, Oceve, Ochebe, Ocheve, Utse, Utser, Utseu | Maci (Kwaya, Matchi, Motom, Motomo, Olit, Olithi, Oliti, Oliti-Akwaya), Bacheve (Baceve, Bechere, Becheve, Beheve). | |
| uiv | Iyive | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division, Yive village northeast of Akwaya town on Nigeria border | 1,000 in Cameroon (1996 WT). Total users in all countries: 2,000 | 6b (Threatened) | Uive, Yiive | None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Tiv [tiv]. | |
| uiv | Iyive | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Nigeria | Ekiti state: Aiyekire LGA | 1,000 in Nigeria (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 8a (Moribund) | Asumbo, Ndir, Uive, Yiive | ||
| myg | Manta | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division northeast of Mamfe, from Mom border, Akwaya subdivision, to Manta, Mamfe subdivision | 5,300 (2001 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Anta, Banta, Bantakpa, Kisam, Menta, Tinta | None known. Reportedly most similar to Atong [ato]. | |
| iyo | Mesaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Mbengwi area; South West region: Manyu division, isolated on Nigeria border northeast of Akwaya | 14,000 (1982 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Banagere, Iyon, Messaga, Messaga-Ekol, Messaka | Ugal, Ugare | Batomo (Babasi). Batomo dialect may be a separate language, or may be the same as Motomo (Oliti, Matchi), a dialect of Iceve-Maci [bec]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Tiv [tiv]. |
| tiv | Tiv | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division, Njobo village on Nigeria border | Few in Cameroon | 5* (Dispersed) | |||
| tiv | Tiv | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid | Nigeria | Benue state: Buruku, Gboko, Guma, Gwer, Katsina Ala, Kwande, Makurdi, Ushongo, and Vandeikya LGAs; Cross River state: Bekwara, Obanliku, Obudu, and Yala LGAs; Nassarawa state: Awe, Doma, Keana, Nassarawa, Lafia, and Obi LGAs; Plateau state: Qua’an Pan and Shendam LGAs; Taraba state: Bali, Takum, and Wukari LGAs | 4,000,000 in Nigeria (2015) | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of provincial identity in Benue, Nassarawa, Plateau, Taraba, and Cross River states, used in elementary education | Tiv | ||
| byb | Bikya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Unclassified | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Furu-Awa subdivision, Furubana village | No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1980s (1986 R. Breton) | 10 (Extinct) | Furu | None known. In Furu subgroup (2000 B. Connell). May be Eastern Beboid. Lexical similarity: 24% with Noone [nhu] (Beboid), 14% with Akum [aku]. | |
| bwh | Bishuo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Unclassified | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Furu-Awa subdivision | No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1980s (1986 R. Breton) | 10 (Extinct) | Biyam, Furu | None known. May be Jukunoid. Lexical similarity: 16%–17% with Noone [nhu], 11% with Bikya [byb]. | |
| bju | Busuu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Unclassified | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Furu-Awa subdivision | No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers probably survived into the late 2000s | 10 (Extinct) | Awa, Furu | None known. Lexical similarity: 10% with Jukun languages, 7%–8% with Beboid languages. | |
| mwz | Moingi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Unclassified | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Yahuma territory, south of Congo river, opposite Basoko town | 4,200 (2002) | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| bby | Befang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Menchum | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Wum dubdivision, Befang area; Mezam division, Tuba subdivision | 2,980 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Beba-Befang, Biba-Bifang, Bifang, Menchum | Modele (Aku, Ambabiko, Beekuru, Idele, Iku, Modeli, Modelle, Usheida), Ushaku (Mokuru, Mukuru), Befang (Abefang, Beba-Befang, Bifang, Ge), Bangui (Bangwe, Bangwi), Obang, Okomanjang (Okoromandjang). | |
| fum | Fum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Antere, on Cameroon border | 6a* (Vigorous) | ||||
| fmp | Fe’fe’ | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Cameroon | West region: Upper Nkam division, except Kekem area and small section in southeast corner; some in Mifi division, Bangam | 140,000 (2005 SIL). Based on the population of the subdivision where the Fe’fe’ people are present; this is the best estimate available since the 1982 census (2014 C. Hamm) | 5* (Developing) | Bafang, Bamileke-Fe’fe’, Feefee, Fefe, Fotouni, Fè-fèè, fe’fe’ | Fe’efe’e, Nufi | Fa’ (Bafang), Nka’ (Banka), Nee (Bana), Njee-Poantu (Bandja-Babountou), Ntii (Fondanti), Mkwet (Fondjomekwet), La’fi (Balafi), Tungi’ (Fotouni), Ngam (Bangan), Ca’. |
| bbj | Ghomálá’ | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Cameroon | West region: some in south Bamboutos division, east Menoua division, Mifi division except south and pockets north and west, Bamendjou subdivision | 350,000 (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Ghomala’ people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm) | 5* (Developing) | Baloum, Bamileke-Bandjoun, Bandjoun, Banjoun-Baham, Banjun, Batie, Mahum, Mandju, ghᴐmala’ | Ghomálá’ | Ghomálá’ Central (Baham, Bandjoun, Hom, Jo, We, Yogam), Ghomálá’ North (Fusap, Lang), Ghomálá’ South (Dengkwop, Pa, Te), Ngemba (Bamenjou, Fu’da, Meka, Monjo, Mugum, Sa). Bameka, Bansoa, and Balessing are subvarieties of South Ghomálá’, North Ghomálá’ has 2 subvarieties, Central Ghomálá’ 4, and Ngemba 5. |
| bko | Kwa’ | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Cameroon | Littoral region: Nkam division, east Nkondjok subdivision; West region: southwest corner of Ndé division | 1,000 (2000 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Bakoa, Bakwa, Bamileke-Kwa | Kwa’ (Babwa, Bakoua, Bekwa’, Mipa), Mbyam. | |
| xmg | Mengaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division; West region: Bamboutos division, South Galim subdivision, Bagam, Bamendjing, and Galim | 20,000 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bamileke-Mengaka, Benzing, Eghap, Ghap, Megaka | Bagam, Bamendjing (Bamendjin). Lexical similarity: 91% among villages, but no dialect differences reported. | |
| nnz | Nda’nda’ | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Cameroon | Littoral region: Nkam division; West region: Mifi and Ndé divisions straddling Upper Nkam east of Bana | 10,000 (1990 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bamileke-Nda’nda’, Bangwa | Undimeha (East Nda’nda’), Ungameha (South Nda’nda’, West Nda’nda’). Batoufam is a subvariety of East Nda’nda’. | |
| nnh | Ngiemboon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Cameroon | West region: Bamboutos division, Batcham subdivision and west Mbouda subdivision in Balatchi; Menoua division, north of Penka-Michel | 250,000 (2000 CABTAL), increasing. 80,000 monolinguals | 5 (Developing) | Bamileke-Ngiemboon, Bamileke-Ngyemboon, Nguemba, Ngyemboon | Shwoge | Batcham, Balessing, Bangang, Bamougong, Balatchi, Batang. |
| jgo | Ngomba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Cameroon | West region: Bamboutos division, south Mbouda subdivision, southeast of Mbouda, 5 villages, each a separate dialect | 63,000 (1999 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Bamesso, Bamileke-Ngomba, Nda’a, Ndaa | Cú-Mbɔ́ndaa | Babete (Bamete), Bamendjinda, Bamendjo, Bamenkumbo, Bamesso. Dialect speakers appear to understand each other well. Bamendjinda, Bamesso, and Bamenkumbo are reportedly most similar. |
| nla | Ngombale | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Cameroon | West region: Bamboutos division, north Mbouda subdivision, northwest of Mbouda | 45,000 (1993 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Bamileke-Ngombale | Ngombale | Babadjou (Basso, Nchobela), Bamessingue (Bassing). |
| nwe | Ngwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Cameroon | South West region: Lebialem division, west of Dschang town | 73,200 (2001 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bamileke-Ngwe, Fomopea, Fontem, Nwe, Nweh | ||
| ybb | Yemba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Bamileke | Cameroon | South West region: Lebialem division; West region: Menoua division, Dschang area | 300,000 (1992 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Atsang-Bangwa, Bafou, Bamileke-Yemba, Dschang, Tchang | Yemba | Yemba, Foreke Dschang (Dschang, Tchang). |
| bqt | Bamukumbit | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Cameroon | North West region: Ngo-Ketunjia division, Balikumbat subdivision, southwest of Ndop on Ndop plain | 12,000 (2008 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Bamenkombit, Bamenkoumbit, Bamoukoumbit, Bamunkum, Bamunkumbit, Mangkong, Mankong | Achab a Maŋkɔ̧ | None known. Lexical similarity: 86% witih Bamali [bbq], 85% with Bafanji [bfj] and Bamenyam [bce], 80% with Bambalang [bmo], 74% with Awing [azo]. |
| nge | Ngemba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, Bamenda and Tuba subdivisions | 18,800 (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ba-Ndom, Megimba, Mogimba, Mundum, Ngomba, Nguemba | Bagangu (Akum), Njong (Banjong), Mbutu (Alamatu, Bambutu, Mbotu), Songwa (Bangwa, Ngwa, Nsongwa), Mankon (Bida, Mangkon), Shomba (Almatson, Bamechom), Mangkunge (Bande, Bande’, Bandeng, Mukohn, Ngemba, Nkune), Mbrerewi (Bamundum 1, Mundum 1), Anyang (Ba-Ndom, Bamundum 2, Mundum 2), Alatening (Alatining). Distinct from Ngiemboon [nnh] (Nguemba). Lexical similarity: 87% between the Mbrerewi and Anyang dialects, 78% between Mbrerewi and Bafut [bfd], 85% between Mbrerewi and the Mankon dialect, 74% between Bafut and Mankon. | |
| azo | Awing | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, Awing-Bambaluwe village | 19,000 (2001 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Awi, Bambuluwe, Mbwe’wi | Atembuluwe | None known. Related to Bafut [bfd], Bambili-Bambui [baw], Kpati [koc], Mendankwe-Nkwen [mfd], Ngemba [nge], and Pinyin [pny]. Lexical similarity: 74% with Bamukumbit [bqt]. |
| bfd | Bafut | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, Tuba subdivision, Bafut | 100,000 (Tamanji 2009), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Befe, Bufe, Fu, Fut | Bɨfɨɨ̀ | Bafut, Bufe (Afughe). |
| baw | Bambili-Bambui | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, Tuba subdivision, Bambili and Bambui villages along Ring road northeast of Bamenda | 10,000 (Dieu and Renaud 1983), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Bambili | Bambili (Agimbili, Mbele, Mbili, Mbogoe), Bambui (Awombui, Mbui). Mutual inherent intelligibility is low with Mendankwe-Nkwen [mfd]. | |
| bfp | Beba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, Benakuma subdivision; South West region: Manyu division, Akwaya subdivision | 3,000 (2002 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Baba’zhi, Babadji, Batadji, Bazhi, Beba’, Bebadji, Biba, Bombe, Bombe-Beba, Mubadji, Shishong | ||
| koc | Kpati | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Nigeria | Taraba state: Takum and Wukari LGAs | No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 1980s | 10 (Extinct) | Bati, Dong, Kam | ||
| mfd | Mendankwe-Nkwen | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, Bamenda Central subdivision, north and east of Bamenda town, either side of Ring Road, and mountainous circle of Menda Nkwe | 23,100 (2001 SIL). 10,200 Mendankwe, 12,900 Nkwen | 6b* (Threatened) | Abɔŋnamɛnda, Nkwen | Nkwen (Bafreng), Mendankwe (Bamenda, Mandankwe, Munda). The Mendankwe dialect has 74% intelligibility of the Nkwen dialect; Nkwen 79% intelligibility of Mendankwe. Socially very distinct groups. Related to Ngemba [nge], Bafut [bfd], Pinyin [pny], Awing [azo], and Bambili-Bambui [baw]. | |
| pny | Pinyin | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, southwest Bamenda subdivision, southwest of Bamenda | 24,600 (2001 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Bapinyi, Menka, Pelimpo | Àshwəŋnə̀ Pìnyinə | None known. Related to Awing [aal], Ngemba [nge], Bafut [bfd], and Mendankwe-Nkwen [mfd]. |
| kdz | Kwaja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, Nkambe subdivision | 2,980 (2000) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ndaktup, Bitui (Bitwi), Ncha. Possibly intelligible with other Mfumte languages. | ||
| add | Lidzonka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, extreme north Nwa subdivision, Adere village | 2,600 in Cameroon (2000), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Adere, Adiri, Arderi, Dzodinka, Dzodzinka | Lidzonka | |
| add | Lidzonka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, 1 village on Cameroon border | 6a* (Vigorous) | Adere, Adiri, Dzodinka | |||
| lmp | Limbum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, Nkambe subdivision, Ndu and Nkambe areas | 130,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL), increasing. Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Limbum people are present as of the 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm) | 5 (Developing) | Bojiin, Limbom, Llimbumi, Ndzungle, Ndzungli, Njungene, Nsungali, Nsungli, Nsungni, Wimbum | Limbum | Wiyeh, Tang, Wat. |
| lmp | Limbum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Mambila uplands | Few in Nigeria (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 5* (Developing) | Kambu, Wimbum | ||
| mtk | Mbo’ | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, regional boundary area north of Magba town; Noun division | 1,490 (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | Mbaw, Mbe’. | ||
| nfu | Mfumte | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, Nwa subdivision, Mfumte canton, 16 villages north of Nwa and east of Nkambe | 24,700 (1982 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Nfumte | Lus, Kom, Mballa, Bang, Koffa (Kofa), Jui, Mbat, Manang, Mbibji, Mbah. | |
| yam | Yamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, Central Nwa subdivision; plains east of Nwa, Nkongsamba, Bafia. Seasonal immigrants in Mambila plateau, Nigeria | 80,000 in Cameroon (2000), increasing. Includes those living outside the area | 5 (Developing) | Bebaroe, Boenga Ko, Kakayamba, Mbem, Mbubem, Muzok, Swe’nga, “Kaka” (pej.) | Yamba | Gom, Mfe, Nkot, Ntong, Kwak, Mbem, Ngung, Bom, Sih, Nwa, Ntim, Gamfe, Rom, Gwembe, Saam, Fam, Yang. |
| yam | Yamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe | Nigeria | Taraba state: Gashaka and Sardauna LGAs, Antere, and other border villages | Few in Nigeria (1990 R. Blench) | 5* (Developing) | Mbem, “Kaka” (pej.) | ||
| bce | Bamenyam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Cameroon | North West region: southeast Mezam division; West region: Bamboutos division, northwest Galim subdivision, Bamenyam area | 4,000 (1994 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bamenyan, Mamenyan, Mengambo, Pamenyan | Bati [btc] may be a dialect of Bamenyam. Reportedly similar to Bamali [bbq], Bafanji [bfj], and Bambalang [bmo]. | |
| bbw | Supapya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Cameroon | North West region: Ngo-Ketunjia division, Babessi subdivision on Ndop plain, Baba village | 24,500 (2005 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Baba, Baba I, Bapa, Bapakum, Papia, Papiak, Papiakum, Supapyak’ | Súpǎpyāˀ | None known. Related to Mungaka [mhk] and Bamun [bax]. |
| bfj | Bafanji | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Cameroon | North West region: Ngo-Ketunjia division, Balikumbat subdivision, southwest of Ndop on Ndop plain | 17,000 (2008 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Bafangi, Bafanyi, Chuufi, Nchufie | Chufie’ | None known. Reportedly similar to Bamali [bbq], Bamenyam [bce], and Bambalang [bmo]. |
| bbq | Bamali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Cameroon | North West region: Ngo-Ketunjia division, Ndop subdivision, southwest of Ndop town, on Ndop plain | 10,800 (2008 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Chopechop, Ngoobechop | Chɔpəchɔp | None known. Related to Bafanji [bfj], Bamenyam [bce], Bambalang [bmo], and Bangolan [bgj]. |
| bmo | Bambalang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Cameroon | North West region: Ngo-Ketunjia division, Ndop subdivision, southeast of Ndop town, on Ndop plain | 29,000 (2008 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Bambolang, Chirambo, Mbawyakum, Tshirambo | Chrambo, Mboyakum | None known. Related to Bafanji [bfj], Bamenyam [bce], Bamun [bax], Bamali [bbq], and Bangolan [bgj]. |
| bax | Bamun | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Cameroon | Centre region: border areas; North West region: Ngo-Ketunjia division, north Lake Bamendjing on Ndop plain; West region: southeast Bamboutos division, north Mifi division, Noun division, Foumban area | 420,000 (2005 SIL). Based on actual population of the subdivisions where the Bamun people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm) | 3 (Wider communication) | Bamoum, Bamoun, Bamum, Shupamem | Shüpamom | None known. Related to Bafanji [bfj], Bamali [bbq], Bambalang [bmo], and Bangolan [bgj]. |
| bgj | Bangolan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Cameroon | North West region: Ngo-Ketunjia division, Babessi subdivision, east of Ndop, south of Jakiri, on Ndop plain | 14,000 (2008 census) | 5 (Developing) | Məndenkie, Mendenkye, Songnungbangle, shʉ panəm | Mədəŋkyɛ | None known. Most closely related to Bambalang [bmo]. |
| byv | Medumba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division; Littoral region: Nkam division, border area; West region: Ndé division, Bangangté and Tonga subdivisions east of Bangangté | 210,000 (1991 UBS) | 3 (Wider communication). Used as a church language | Bagangte, Bamileke-Medumba, Bangangte | Medumba | Batongtou. |
| mhk | Mungaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nun | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, Bali subdivision; West region: Bamboutos division, southeast Galim subdivision; Mifi division, north Bafoussam subdivision | 50,100 (1982 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bali, Li, Munga’ka, Nga’ka, Ngaaka | Bali Nyonga (Bali), Ti (Bati), Nde (Bandeng). | |
| ngj | Ngie | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Momo | Cameroon | North West region: Momo division, west Mbengwi subdivision, Andek area | 37,000 (2001 SIL), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Angie, Baminge, Baninge, Mingi, Ngi, Ugie, Ungie | Mengum. Lexical similarity: 56% between Ngie [ngj] and the Mengum dialect, which may be a separate language. | |
| mea | Menka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Momo | Cameroon | North West region: Momo division, Widikum-Menka subdivision, 10 villages west of Mbengwi, northwest of Batibo | 5,200 (2000 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bando, Mamwoh, Wando, Wando Bando | ||
| mgo | Meta’ | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Momo | Cameroon | North West region: Bamenda subdivision, Bafuchu and Nja village areas; Momo division, east and southeast Mbengwi and east Batibo subdivisions | 83,000 (2013 CABTAL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Bameta, Batibo, Besi, Chubo, Menemo-Mogamo, Metta, Mitaa, Moghamo-Menemo, Muta, Uta’, Widikum-Tadkon | Mɨta’ | Menemo (Medig, Ngyen-Mbo, Zang Tabi). |
| mnf | Mundani | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Momo | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division, north Fontem and Mamfe subdivisions south of Batibo town | 34,000 (1987 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | ndɨ̧ Mundàni | Bamumbo (Bamumbu), Bechati, Besali, Banti, Folepi, Iguambo (Igumbo), Bangang, Nko (Nkong). | |
| nbv | Ngamambo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Momo | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, Santa subdivision, Bafuchu and Nja village areas; Momo division, east Batibo and east and southeast Mbengwi subdivisions | 108,000 (2013 CABTAL). 8,000 Ngamambo and 100,000 Moghamo (2013 CABTAL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bafuchu, Banja, Mbu, Mungyen, Nga, Ngembo | Moghamo (Ashong, Awyi, Iyirikum, Kugwe, Muywi, Tiwirkum, Widekum), Ngamambo. Lexical similarity: 88% with Meta’ [mgo]. | |
| nsh | Ngoshie | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Momo | Cameroon | North West region: Momo division, east Njikwa subdivision | 9,200 (2001 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ngishe, Oshie | ||
| ngn | Ngwo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Momo | Cameroon | North West region: Momo division, Njikwa subdivision | 22,000 (2004 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Engwo, Ngwaw | Ngwo (Miguhni, Nguni, Ngunu, Ngwaw), Konda, Basa (Bassa), Ikweri (Ekperi), Banya, Bako, Okorobi, Zang. | |
| njj | Njen | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Momo | Cameroon | North West region: Momo division, Njen village southeast of Batibo town | 1,800 (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Nen, Nyen, Nzin | None known. Lexical similarity: 47% with Meta [mgo]. | |
| bbk | Babanki | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, Center | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, Tubah subdivision, Kejom-Keku and Kejom-Ketinguh villages | 39,000 (2011 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Finge, Kedjom, Kejeng, Kejom, Kidzem, Kidzom, Nga-Kejom | Ga’a-Kejom | |
| bmv | Bum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, Center | Cameroon | North West region: Boyo division, Bum subdivision, mainly Fonfuka village | 21,400 (2001 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Bom | Bum | None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Kom [bkm]. |
| bkm | Kom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, Center | Cameroon | North West region: south Boyo division, southeast of Wum town, northeast of Bamenda city; also major urban centers | 233,000 (2005 CABTAL), increasing. 69,900 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 233,000 | 3 (Wider communication). Used by speakers of many other languages | Bamekon, Bikom, Kong, Nkom | Itangikom | Mbizenaku (Itangimbesa, Mbesa). |
| kfn | Kuk | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, Center | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Fungom subdivision, Achaf, Ebo, Echuapo, Kuk, Kumfutu, and Nzela villages, on Ring Road and on the road between Barmeng and Weh | 3,000 (1993 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | |||
| kfl | Kung | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, Center | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Fungom subdivision, 1 village | 600 (Good et al 2011) | 8a (Moribund) | |||
| bfm | Mmen | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, Center | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Wum subdivision, along Fundong road northwest of Fundong | 35,000 (2001 SIL), increasing. 1,000 Fungom (1993 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bafmen, Bafmeng, Bafoumeng, Bafumen, Mme | Fungom (Northern Fungom, We), Cha’, Nyos. | |
| oku | Oku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, Center | Cameroon | North West region: Bui division, west Jakiri subdivision, Lake Oku and Mount Oku areas | 87,000 (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivision where the Oku people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm) | 5 (Developing) | Bvukoo, Ebkuo, Ekpwo, Kuo, Ukfwo, Uku | Əblam Əbkuo | |
| lns | Lamnso’ | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, East | Cameroon | North West region: Bui division, east Jakiri and Kumbo subdivisions, northeast of Bamenda, Kumbo area | 240,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL), increasing. 72,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 240,000 | 3 (Wider communication). Used by speakers of many other languages | Bansaw, Banso, Banso’, Lamnsok, Lamso, Nsaw, Nsho’, Nso, Nso’, Panso | Lamnso’ | |
| lns | Lamnso’ | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, East | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, mixed with other languages | 5* (Dispersed) | Bansaw, Banso, Banso’, Lamnsok, Lamso, Nsaw, Nsho’, Nso, Nso’, Panso | |||
| ndb | Kenswei Nsei | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, South | Cameroon | North West region: Ngo Ketunjia division, Ndop subdivision, west of Ndop on Ndop plain, Bamessing village | 25,000 (2008 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Bamessing, Befi, Calebasses, Kensense, Kenswey Nsey, Melamba, Mesing, Ndop-Bamessing, Veteng, Vetweng | Nsei | None known. Related to Vengo [bav] and Wushi [bse]. |
| bav | Vengo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, South | Cameroon | North West region: Ngo Ketunjia division, Ndop subdivision, Babungo village north of Ndop on Ndop plain | 27,000 (2008 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Babungo, Nge, Ngo, Nguu, Ngwa, Pengo, Vengi, Vengoo | None known. Reportedly similar to Wushi [bse] and Kenswei-Nsei [ndb]. | |
| bvm | Bamunka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, South | Cameroon | North West region: Ngo Ketunjia division, Ndop subdivision, Ndop town, and south and east of Ndop, on Ndop plain | 31,000 (2008 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Bamunkun, Mbika, Mekoh, Muka, Ndop-Bamunka, Ngiemekohke | Niemeng | None known. Reportedly similar to Wushi [bse], Vengo [bav], and Kenswei-Nsei [ndb]. |
| bse | Wushi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, South | Cameroon | North West region: Ngo Ketunjia division, Babessi subdivision, Babessi village east of Ndop | 25,000 (2008 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Babessi, Cho’ Wushike, Pesii, Sii, Vesi | None known. Reportedly similar to Vengo [bav], Kenswei-Nsei [ndb], and Bamunka [bvm]. | |
| agq | Aghem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, West | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Wum Central subdivision, Wum area | 26,700 (2000), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Wum, Yum | Aghɨ̂m | None known. Reportedly similar to Weh [weh]. Minimal regional differences in speech. |
| isu | Isu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, West | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Wum Central subdivision, widespread to Nigeria border | 15,400 (1993 SIL), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| lmx | Laimbue | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, West | Cameroon | North West region: Boyo division, Fundong subdivision; Menchum division, Wum Central subdivision | 5,000 (1994 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| weh | Weh | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, West | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Wum Central subdivision, Weh village | 8,000 (1993 SIL), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Little dialect variation. Reportedly similar to Aghem [agq]. | ||
| zhw | Zhoa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, West | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Fungom subdivision, 1 village | 2,000 (Troyer et al 1995) | 6b (Threatened) | None known. Reportedly most similar to Weh [weh]. | ||
| ned | Nde-Gbite | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Unclassified | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA southeast, Antere | 6a* (Vigorous) | Biti, Bötö | |||
| vit | Viti | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Unclassified | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Antere | 6a* (Vigorous) | Vötö | |||
| ael | Ambele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Western Momo | Cameroon | North West region: Momo division, west Widikum-Menka subdivision, 11 villages | 2,600 (1987 census). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2001 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Ambala, Bata’o, Lembala | None known. May be related to Busam [bxs] or Atong [ato]. | |
| bxs | Busam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Western Momo | Cameroon | North West region: Momo division, Batibo subdivision, Ambambo, Bifang, and Dinku villages | 1,490 (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | None known. Related to Ambele [ael] and Atong [ato]. | ||
| ato | Atong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Western Momo | Cameroon | North West region: Momo division, extreme northwest Widikum-Menka subdivision, 5 villages | 4,200 (2000 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Etoh | None known. Related to Menka [mea]. | |
| muc | Ajumbu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Yemne-Kimbi | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Wum subdivision, Ajumbu village northeast of Wum | 200 (Good et al 2011) | 6b (Threatened) | Ajuh Mbuh, Du Adzu, Mbu’ | Lung (Mesem). | |
| fak | Fang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Yemne-Kimbi | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Wum subdivision, northeast of Wum, Fang village | 4,000 (Good et al 2011) | 6b (Threatened) | Pamoué, Pangwe | Benjube Fenga | Zaman (Nzaman). |
| kid | Koshin | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Yemne-Kimbi | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Wum subdivision, Koshin village | 3,000 (Good et al 2011) | 6b (Threatened) | Bejube Ko, Kaw, Kosin, Kusheen Benubcouh | ||
| boe | Mundabli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Yemne-Kimbi | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Wum subdivision, 3 villages northeast of Wum | 500 (Good et al 2011) | 6b (Threatened) | Buu, Ji, Mufu, Njan | Mundabli (Ngo Njan), Buu (Bu, Nubabo), Mufu (Ngo Nsoh). | |
| mij | Mungbam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Yemne-Kimbi | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Wum subdivision, Bentsan, Bijun, Biya, Nsun, and Uba villages | 1,850 (Good et al 2011) | 6b (Threatened) | Abar | Missong (Bimia Bidjul), Biya (Za’), Munken, Ngun (Nsong), Abar (Ignew Aba). Missong is divergent from the other four dialects as far as mutual intelligibility is concerned. | |
| acb | Áncá | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Unclassified | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Antere area, Nca village | Ethnic population: 300 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bunta | ||
| bqw | Buru | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Unclassified | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Batu area, 1 village | 1000 | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| nsc | Nshi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Unclassified | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Antere, Nkiri | 6a* (Vigorous) | ||||
| btt | Bete-Bendi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Bendi | Nigeria | Cross River state: Boki, Obanliku, and Obudu LGAs | 100,000 (2006 L. Otronyi), increasing. Some elderly monolinguals | 5 (Developing) | Bette-Bendi, Dama | Bete (Bette, Mbete), Bendi. Bete intelligible of Bendi. Lexical similarity: 82% with Bendi; 64%–72% with Obanliku [bzy], 35% with Ukpe-Bayobiri [ukp], 30%–33% with Alege [alf] and Ubang [uba]. | |
| alf | Elege | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Bendi | Nigeria | Cross River state: Obudu LGA | 16,300 (2013 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Alege, Alegi, Ugbe, Uge | None known. Related to Gayi [bzy] (Bisu of Obanliku subgroup) of Nigeria and Cameroon. Lexical smilarity: 60%–65% with Bukpe [ukp], 53%–58% with Ubang [uba], 30%–33% with Bete-Bendi [btt]. | |
| bkv | Bekwarra | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Bendi | Nigeria | Benue state: Vandeika LGA; Cross River state: Bekwara LGA | 100,000 (1989 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bekworra, Ebekwara, Yakoro | ||
| bky | Bokyi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Bendi | Cameroon | South West region: Manyu division, Akwaya subdivision, along Nigeria border northwest of Mamfe | 3,700 in Cameroon | 6b (Threatened) | Boki, Byoki, Nfua, Nki, Okii, Osikom, Osukam, Uki, Vaaneroki | Basua, Boki, Iruan. | |
| bky | Bokyi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Bendi | Nigeria | Cross River state: Boki LGA | 140,000 in Nigeria (1989 SIL). Total users in all countries: 143,700 | 6a (Vigorous) | Boki, Nfua, Nki, Okii, Osikom, Osukam, Uki, Vaaneroki | Basua (Bashua), Irruan (Eerwee, Erwan), Boje (Bojie), Kwakwagom, Nsadop, Osokom, Wula (Baswo, Kecwan, Okundi), Oku, Boorim, Oyokom, Abo (Abu), Eastern Bokyi (East Boki). | |
| ukp | Bukpe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Bendi | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ikom and Obudu LGAs | 21,500 (2013 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ukpe, Ukpe-Bayobiri | Ukpe, Bayobiri (Bayobre, Bayobri). Dialect cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992). Lexical similarity: 60%–64% with Ubang [uba], 60%–65% with Alege [alf], 35% with Bete-Bendi [btt]. | |
| byp | Bumaji | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Bendi | Nigeria | Cross River state: Obudu LGA, Bumaji town | 11,400 (2000) | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| bzy | Obanliku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Bendi | Nigeria | Benue state: Kwande LGA; Cross River state: Obanliku LGA | 65,000 (Faraclas 1989) | 6a (Vigorous) | Abanglekuo, Abanliku | Bebi, Busi, Basang, Bisu (Gayi), Bishiri. Bebi, Bisiri, Bisu, and Busi mutually intelligible, Basang less understood. Related to Elege [alf]. Lexical similarity 76%–96% among dialects, 64%–72% with Bete-Bendi [btt]. | |
| uba | Ubang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Bendi | Nigeria | Cross River state: Obudu LGA | 11,100 (2013 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | None known. Lexical similarity: 60%–64% with Ukpe-Bayobiri [ukp], 53%–58% with Alege [alf], 30%–31% with Bete-Bendi [btt]. | ||
| afe | Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Bendi | Nigeria | Benue state: Vandeika LGA; Cross River state: Bekwarra, Obudu, and Ogoja LGAs | 70,000 (2012 L. Otronyi) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ebe Cluster, Putukwam | Utugwang (Otukwang, Utukwang), Okworogung (Ukworogung), Ukwortung (Okorotung), Afrike (Aferike, Utumane), Mgbenege (Ngbenege), Irungene (Mbe Afal, Mbe East, Mbube Eastern, Obe, Upper Mbe). Utugwang intelligible of all dialects. Afrike and Irungene are mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: Irungene 89% with Afrike, 80%–86% with Utugwang sub-group; Afrike and Irungene 67%–78% with Utugwang subgroup. | |
| mgj | Abureni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Brass LGA, Agrisaba (Obo-Emeke), 4 towns; Nembe LGA, Okoroba; Ogbia LGA, Idema and Opume; Rivers state: 2 areas | Ethnic population: 4,000 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Mini | ||
| xoc | O’chi’chi’ | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta | Nigeria | Rivers state: Etche LGA, Ikwewengwo and Umuebulu | No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 2000s (2003 R. Blench) | 10 (Extinct) | |||
| obu | Obulom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta | Nigeria | Rivers state: Port Harcourt LGA, Abuloma town | 3,420 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Abuloma | ||
| ogb | Ogbia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Brass and Ogbia LGAs; Rivers state: Abua-Odual LGA | 200,000 (1989) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ogbinya | Agholo (Kolo), Oloibiri, Anyama. Dialect subgroup but all inherently intelligible. | |
| ogg | Ogbogolo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta | Nigeria | Rivers state: Ahoada LGA. 1 town | 10,000 (1995) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Obogolo | ||
| ogu | Ogbronuagum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta | Nigeria | Rivers state: Degema LGA, Bukuma village near Buguma | 12,000 (2000 E. Kari). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2000 E. Kari) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bukuma, Obronuagum | ||
| odu | Odual | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta, Abua-Odual | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Ogbia LGA; Rivers state: Abua-Odual LGA | 18,000 (1989) | 5* (Developing) | Onu Oḍual, Saka | Ọḍual | Arughunya, Adibom. Lexical similarity: 70% with Abua [abn] (most similar). |
| abn | Abua | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta, Abua-Odual | Nigeria | Rivers state: Ahoada and Degema LGAs | 25,000 (Faraclas 1989) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Abuan | Central Abuan, Emughan, Otapha (Otabha), Okpeden. Central dialect understood by all others. Lexical similarity: 70% with Odual [odu]. | |
| kes | Kugbo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta, Kugbo | Nigeria | Rivers state: Abua-Odual LGA; Bayelsa, north Brass LGA | 2,000 (1973 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| eki | Eki | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo | Nigeria | Cross River state: northeast of Efik, south of Idere | 5,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| ide | Idere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Itu LGA; Cross River state: Odukpani LGA | 5,000 (1988) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| ann | Obolo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Eastern Obolo LGA, islands and peninsulas off south coast; Rivers state: Andoni LGA | 250,000 (2012 U. Aaron), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Andone, Andoni, Andonni | Obolo | Ibot Obolo, Okoroete, Ataba, Unyeada, Ngo. Ngo (in the Central area) is prestige dialect. |
| ebg | Ebughu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ebughu | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Mbo and Oron LGAs | 5,000 (1988) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Oron | ||
| efa | Efai | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efai | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Mbo LGA | 6,320 in Nigeria (2000). Total users in all countries: 7,210 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Effiat | ||
| anw | Anaang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik | Nigeria | Abia state: Obi Ngwa, Ugwunagbo, and Ukwa East LGAs; Akwa Ibom state: Abak, Essien Udim, Ikot Ekpene, Oruk-Anam, and Ukanafun LGAs; Rivers state: Khana and Oyigbo LGAs | 2,550,000 (2015) | 5 (Developing) | Anang, Annang | Anaañ | Ikot Ekpene, Abak, Ukanafun. |
| efi | Efik | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Itu town; Cross River state: Calabar municipality, Akamkpa and Odukpani LGAs | 2,400,000 in Nigeria, all users. L1 users: 400,000 in Nigeria (1998). L2 users: 2,000,000. Total users in all countries: 2,405,260 (as L1: 405,260; as L2: 2,000,000) | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of provincial identity in Cross River and Akwa Ibom states, all domains. Used as LWC throughout the Cross River State in the church; also, in market, business, and media domains. The Efik Bible, published in 1868, was the very first translation into any Nigerian language and is used widely throughout the region | Calabar | Efik | |
| ibb | Ibibio | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik | Nigeria | Abia state: Arochukwa and Ukwa East LGAs; Akwa Ibom state: Etinan, Ikono, Ikot Abasi, Itu, Nsit Ikpe, Mkpat Enin, Nsit-Ubium, Onna, Uruan, and Uyo LGAs; Rivers state: Opobo-Nkoro and Oyigbo LGAs; possibly Cross River state | 9,970,000, all users. L1 users: 5,470,000 (2015). L2 users: 4,500,000 (2013 SIL) | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of provincial identity in Akwa Ibom, Abia, and Rivers states; possibly in Cross River state, used in education, various media. Ibibio is the LWC of Akwa Ibom state | Ibibio | Enyong, Central Ibibio, Itak, Nsit. Several dialects. | |
| ukq | Ukwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akampka LGA | 100 (2004) | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| eke | Ekit | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ekit | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Eket and Esit Eket LGAs | 200,000 (1989) | 6a (Vigorous) | Eket | ||
| etb | Etebi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ekit | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Esit Eket LGA | 15,000 (1989) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| enw | Enwan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Enwang-Uda | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Mbo LGA | 15,000 (1998 B. Connell) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Oron | ||
| uda | Uda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Enwang-Uda | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Mbo LGA | 10,000 (1988) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| ibn | Ibino | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibino | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Ibeno LGA | 10,000 (Faraclas 1989) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ibeno, Ibuno | ||
| ibr | Ibuoro | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro | Nigeria | Abia state: Arochukwa LGA; Akwa Ibom state: Ibiono Ibom LGA | 5,000 (1988) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| itw | Ito | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Uruon LGA; Cross River state | 5,000 (1988) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| itm | Itu Mbon Uzo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro | Nigeria | Abia state: Ini LGA; Akwa Ibom state: Arochukwa LGA | 5,000 (1988) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Itu Mbon Uso, Itu Mbuzo | ||
| nkz | Nkari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro | Nigeria | Abia state: Arochukwa LGA; Akwa Ibom state: Ini LGA | 5,000 (1998 B. Connell) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Formerly thought a dialect of Ibibio [ibb]. | ||
| iki | Iko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Iko | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Obolo LGA, Atabrikang, Iko, and Ikonta villages | 5,000 (1988) | 6a (Vigorous) | None known. Culturally consider themselves Obolo [ann], but cannot use Obolo literature. Iko is more similar to other Lower Cross languages than to Obolo. | ||
| ilv | Ilue | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ilue | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Oron LGA; possibly Cross River state | 5,000 (1988) | 7 (Shifting) | Idua | ||
| okb | Okobo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Okobo | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Okobo LGA; some in Cross River state | 50,000 (Connell and Hajek 1991) | 6a (Vigorous) | Possibly 2 dialects. | ||
| orx | Oro | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Oro | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Oron, Udung Uko, and Urue-Offrong-Oruko LGAs | 75,000 (1989) | 6a (Vigorous) | Oron | Some dialect variation. | |
| usk | Usaghade | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Usaghade | Cameroon | South West region: Ndian division, Isanguele subdivision, near the coast | 10,000 in Cameroon (1990 B. Connell) | 6b* (Threatened) | Isangele, Usakade, Usakedet | None known. Distinct from Efik [efi] (1998 B. Connell, Crozier and Blench 1992). | |
| usk | Usaghade | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Usaghade | Nigeria | Cross River state: Odukpani LGA, Calabar area | 6b* (Threatened) | Isangele, Usakade, Usakedet | |||
| ogo | Khana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, East | Nigeria | Akwa Ibom state: Oruk Anam LGA, Wiisoe village; Rivers state: Khana LGA | 200,000 (1989) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kana, Ogoni | Yeghe, Norkhana, Ken-Khana, Boúe, Nyo-Kana, Babbe. Reportedly similar to Gokana [gkn] and Tee [tkq]. | |
| gkn | Gokana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, East | Nigeria | Rivers state: Gokana and Ogoni LGAs | 100,000 (1989) | 5 (Developing) | Gokana | Bodo, Bomu, Dere, Kibangha. | |
| tkq | Tee | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, East | Nigeria | Rivers state: Tai LGA | Ethnic population: 313,000 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tai | Formerly thought a dialect of Khana [ogo]. Has a number of sounds not found in Khana. | |
| bvj | Baan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, West | Nigeria | Rivers state: Eleme, Gokana, and Tai LGAs, Ban-Ogoi and other villages | 5,000 (1990) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Baan-Ogoi, Goi, Ogoi | Ka-Ban, Kesari. | |
| elm | Eleme | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, West | Nigeria | Rivers state: Eleme LGA | 58,000 (1990 UBS). 2,900 monolinguals | 5 (Developing) | Eleme | Nchia, Odido. | |
| ibm | Agoi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Agoi-Doko-Iyoniyong | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akamkpa and Obubra LGAs; Yakurr LGA, Agoi-Ekpo, Agoi-Ibami, Ekom-Agoi, and Itu-Agoi towns | 12,000 (Faraclas 1989) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ibami, Ro Bambami, Wa Bambani, Wagoi | Iko. | |
| bbs | Bakpinka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Agoi-Doko-Iyoniyong | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akamkpa LGA | No known L1 speakers. Last speakers probably survived into the early 2010s. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 9 (Dormant) | Begbungba, Iyongiyong, Iyoniyong, Uwet | ||
| uya | Doko-Uyanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Agoi-Doko-Iyoniyong | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akamkpa LGA, a few villages | 200 | 6b (Threatened) | Basanga, Dosanga, Iko, Uyanga | ||
| akd | Ukpet-Ehom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Akpet | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akamkpa LGA | 11,400 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Akpet-Ehom | Ukpet (Akpet), Ehom (Ebeteng, Ubeteng). A dialect subgroup. | |
| iko | Olulumo-Ikom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Ikom | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ikom LGA | 30,000 (Faraclas 1989). 5,000 Olulumo, 25,000 Ikom | 6b (Threatened) | Lulumo | Olulumo (Okuni), Nkome (Ikom). Lexical similarity: 48% between dialects. | |
| yaz | Lokaa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Loko | Nigeria | Cross River state: Obubra LGA | 120,000 (1989) | 5 (Developing) | Loka, Loke, Loko, Lokǝ, Lokö, Luko, Yakurr, Yakö | Lokạạ | Ugep, Nkpam. |
| kcc | Lubila | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Loko | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akamkpa LGA, Ojo Akangba and Ojo Nkomba | 11,400 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kabila, Kabire, Lubilo, Ofor, Ojor | ||
| nbo | Nkukoli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Loko | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akamkpa, Ikom, and Obubra LGAs juncture, Iko Ekperem development area | 1,000 (1973 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ekuri, Lokoli, Lokukoli, Nkokolle | ||
| agb | Legbo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Legbo | Nigeria | Cross River state: Obubra LGA; Ebonyi state: Afikpo LGA | 60,000 (1989) | 6a (Vigorous) | Agbo, Gbo, Igbo, Imaban, Itigidi, Leggbo | ||
| ldg | Lenyima | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Legbo | Nigeria | Cross River state: Obubra LGA | Ethnic population: 13,000 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Anyima, Inyima | ||
| ayi | Leyigha | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Legbo | Nigeria | Cross River state: Obubra LGA | 10,000 (1989) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Asiga, Assiga, Ayiga, Ayigha, Yigha | ||
| mfn | Mbembe, Cross River | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Mbembe | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ikom, Obubra, and Yala LGAs; Ebonyi state: Abakaliki and Izzi LGAs | 100,000 (1982 UBS) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ekokoma, Ifunubwa, Oderiga, Ofunobwam, Okam, Wakande | Okom (Eghom, Ohana-Onyen), Apiapum, Adun, Osopong (Ezopong, Osophong), Ofombonga (Ewumbonga), Ofonokpan, Ekama (Ekamu), Oferikpe. | |
| org | Oring | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Koring-Kukele, Koring | Nigeria | Benue state: Okpokwu LGA; Ebonyi state: Ishielu LGA | 75,000 (1989) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Koring, Orri, Orrin, Orringorrin | Okpoto, Ufia (Utonkon), Ufiom (Effium). | |
| kez | Kukele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Koring-Kukele, Kukele | Nigeria | Benue state: Oju and Okpokwu LGAs; Cross River state: Ogoja LGA; Ebonyi state: Abakaliki LGA | 180,000 (2011 U. Francis), increasing. 45,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 180,000 | 5 (Developing) | Bakele, Ukele | Mtezi, Ugbala, Iteeji. 4 dialects in the north, 3 south, besides those named. | |
| eze | Uzekwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Koring-Kukele, Kukele | Nigeria | Cross River state: Ogoja LGA | 5,000 (1973 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ezekwe | ||
| yay | Agwagwune | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Kohumono | Nigeria | Cross River state: Abi and Biase LGAs; Ebonyi state: Afikpo North and Afikpo South LGAs | 20,000 (1973 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Agwaguna, Akurakura, Gwune, Okurikan, “Akunakuna” (pej.) | Abayongo (Bayino, Bayono), Abini (Abiri, Obini), Adim (Dim, Odim), Orum, Erei (“Enna” (pej.), Ezei), Agwagwune, Etono (Etuno). A dialect cluster. | |
| bcs | Hohumono | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Kohumono | Nigeria | Cross River state: Obubra LGA | 30,000 (1989) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bahumono, Bhahumono, Ediba, Ekumuru, Humono, Kohumono, Ohumono | ||
| umm | Umon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Kohumono | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akampka LGA. 25 villages | 20,000 (1995) | 5* (Developing) | Amon | ||
| byc | Ubaghara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Ubaghara | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akampka LGA | 30,000 (1985 UBS). 24,000 Biakpan | 6a* (Vigorous) | Biakpan, Ikun, Etono, Ugbem, Utuma (Utama, Utamu). Dialect cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992). | ||
| kkm | Kiong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Kiong-Korop | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akampka and Odukpani LGAs, Akpap village, Akamkpa area northeast of Akpap | 100 (2004). Ethnic population: 570 | 8a (Moribund) | Akayon, Akoiyang, Iyoniyong, Okonyong, Okoyong, Äkäyön~ | None known. Very closely related to Korop [krp]. | |
| krp | Korop | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Kiong-Korop | Cameroon | South West region: Ndian division, along Nigeria border, northwest of Mundemba | 7,440 in Cameroon (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | 6a (Vigorous) | Durop, Dyurop, Erorup, Ododop | ||
| krp | Korop | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Kiong-Korop | Nigeria | Cross River state: Akampka and Odukpani LGAs | 10,200 in Nigeria (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Total users in all countries: 17,640 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Durop, Kurop, Ododop | None known. Very closely related to Kiong [kkm]. | |
| oda | Odut | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Kiong-Korop | Nigeria | Cross River state: Odukpani LGA | 20 (1980 R. Blench). May be extinct (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | |||
| aqg | Arigidi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Akokoid | Nigeria | Ondo state: Akoko North East and Akoko North West LGAs; Ekiti state: Ekiti East LGA; Kogi state: Ijumu LGA, very small border area | 48,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992). 45,000 Igashi; 3,000 Uro | 6a* (Vigorous) | North Akoko | Oyin, Uro, Arigidí, Erúsú (Erushu), Ojo, Udo (Ido, Oke-Agbe, Òwòn Ùdò), Afa (Affa, Òwòn Àfá), Òge (Òwòn Ògè), Aje, Ese (Òwòn Èsé), Igashi (Ìgàshí, Ìgásí, Òwòn Ìgásí). | |
| ahn | Àhàn | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Ayere-Ahan | Nigeria | Ekiti state: Ekiti East LGA, Omuo town; Kogi state: Ijumu LGA; Ondo state: Akoko North West LGA, Ajowa and Igashi towns | 300 (2000 R. Blench) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ahaan | ||
| aye | Ayere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Ayere-Ahan | Nigeria | Ekiti state; Kogi state: Ijumu LGA; Ondo state: Akoko North West and Akolo North East LGAs | 3,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 6b* (Threatened) | Iluwu, Mayin nuwu, Oyuwu, Uwu | ||
| nqk | Ede Nago, Kura | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Benin | Donga department: Bassila commune, Aledjo Koura village area on Togo border | 25,000 (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kura, Nago | None known. Lexical similarity: 78% with Ife [ife] of Tchetti, 76% with Northern Nago [xkb], 68% with Yoruba [yor] of Porto-Novo, 65% with Southern Nago [nqg]. | |
| xkb | Nago, Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Benin | Borgou department: Tchaourou commune; Donga department: Bantè commune south of Bassila town, Bassila commune south and west of Bassila town | 30,000 in Benin (2002). All Nago: 732,000 (2016). Total users in all countries: 70,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Ana, Manigri, Manigri-Kambolé Ede Nago | None known. Lexical similarity: 87%–91% with Ede Nago [nqk], 77% with Yoruba [yor] of Porto-Novo, 78% with Ife [ife] of Tchetti. | |
| ife | Ifè | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Togo | Centrale region: west Tchamba prefecture; Plateaux region: Anié, Est-Mono, and north Ogou prefectures, mostly Atakpamé, Dadja, Ese-Ana, and Kamina | 127,000 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). Total users in all countries: 170,600 | 5 (Developing) | Ana, Ana-Ifé, Anago, Baate, Ede Ife | Ifè | Tschetti, Djama, Dadja. Ede language subgroup member. Lexical similarity: 78% with Yoruba [yor] of Porto-Novo, 87%–91% with Ede Nago [xkb]. |
| nqg | Nago, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Benin | Ouémé department: Akpro-Misserete and Avrankou communes; Plateau department: widespread, Adja-Ouèrè, Ifangni, Kétou, Pobè, and Sakété communes; Zou department: Ouinhi commune | 200,000 (2002). All Nago: 732,000 (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ede Nago, Nago, Nagot, Nagots | None known. Lexical similarity: 87%–91% with Yoruba [yor] of Porto-Novo. | |
| cbj | Ede Cabe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Benin | Borgou department: Tchaourou commune; Collines department: Ouèssè and Savè communes along Okrara river west bank; north Plateau department: Ketou commune | 2,240 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Caabe, Cabe, Tchabè | None known. Lexical similarity: 76% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo [yor]. | |
| ica | Ede Ica | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Benin | Collines department: northwest Bante commune; Donga department; south border areas scattered | 63,000 (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ica | Ica, Ilodji (Ife). Lexical similarity: 83% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo [yor]. | |
| idd | Ede Idaca | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Benin | Collines department: Dassa-Zoume and Glazoué communes, west Ouémé river | 162,000 (2016) | 5 (Developing) | Idaaca, Idaasa, Idaasha, Idaatcha, Idaca, Idáìtsà | Ìdàáshà | Idàáshà, Idàátchà. |
| ijj | Ede Ije | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Benin | Plateau department: Kétou and Pobè communes and rural districts; Zou department: Ouihni and Zogbodomey communes | 147,000 (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Holi, Ije | None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo [yor], 91% with Ede Nago [nqg]. | |
| ife | Ifè | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Benin | Collines department: western Savalou commune, Tchetti town area | 43,600 in Benin (2016) | 5 (Developing) | Ana, Ana-Ife, Anago, Baate, Ede Ife | ||
| its | Isekiri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Nigeria | Delta state: Ethiope West, Warri North, and Warri South LGAs; Edo state: Ikpoba-Okha, Oredo, and Ovia Southwest LGAs | 510,000 (1991 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Chekiri, Irhobo, Iselema-Otu, Ishekiri, Itsekiri, Iwere, Jekri, Selemo, Shekiri, Warri | Iṣekiri | None known. Reportedly similar to Yoruba [yor]. |
| luq | Lucumi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Cuba | Scattered | No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| mkl | Mokole | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Benin | Alibori department: Kandi commune, Kandi town, villages north and east | 34,200 (2016) | 5 (Developing) | Féri, Mɔ̄kɔ́lé, Mokollé, Mokolé, Mokwale, Monkole | Ede-Mɔkɔle | |
| xkb | Nago, Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Togo | Centrale region: Tchamba prefecture, Kambolé town area, Benin border | 40,000 in Togo (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kambolé, Southwest Ede | ||
| ulb | Ulukwumi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Nigeria | Edo state: Esan South East LGA, west of Niger river | 10,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| yor | Yoruba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Benin | Widespread. Porto-Novo city, towns, and major villages | 199,000 in Benin (2016) | 3 (Wider communication) | Yariba, Yooba, Yorouba, Yorùbá, Èdè Yorùbá | Egba. | |
| yor | Yoruba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Côte d’Ivoire | 115,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Dispersed) | ||||
| yor | Yoruba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri | Nigeria | Widespread, in southwest | 39,500,000 in Nigeria, all users. L1 users: 37,500,000 in Nigeria (2015). L2 users: 2,000,000. Total users in all countries: 39,844,260 (as L1: 37,844,260; as L2: 2,000,000) | 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in southwestern region | Yariba, Yooba, Yorùbá | Èdè Yorùbá | Oyo, Ijesha, Ila, Ijebu, Ondo, Wo, Owe, Jumu, Iworro, Igbonna, Yagba, Gbedde, Egba, Akono, Aworo, Bunu (Bini), Ekiti, Ilaje, Ikale, Awori, Ào. |
| igl | Igala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Igala | Nigeria | Anambra state: Anambra West LGA; Edo state: Esan Southeast LGA; Enugu state: Uzo-Uwani LGA; Kogi state: Bassa, Dekina, Ibaji, Idah, Igalamela-Odolu, and Ofu LGAs | 800,000 (1989 UBS) | 4 (Educational) | Igara | Igala | Ebu, Idah, Ankpa, Ogugu, Ibaji, Ife, Anyugba. |
| deg | Degema | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Delta | Nigeria | Rivers state: Degema LGA, Degema town (Atala dialect) and Usokun-Degema (Usokun dialect) communities | 10,000 (1999 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Atala, Usokun. | ||
| enn | Engenni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Delta | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Yenagoa LGA; Rivers state: Ahoada West LGA | 20,000 (1980 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Egene, Ngene | Ediro, Inedua, Ogua, Zarama. | |
| epi | Epie | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Delta | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Yenagoa LGA | 12,000 (1973 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Epie-Atissa | Atisa (Atissa). | |
| ihi | Ihievbe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central | Nigeria | Edo state: Owan East LGA, Ebetse, Ihievbe Ogbe, and Iyakhora villages | 6a* (Vigorous) | ||||
| bin | Edo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora | Nigeria | Delta state: Ike North East and Ike South LGAs; Edo state: Benin City, north Oredo, Orhionmwon, Ovia South West, Ovia North East, and south Uhunmwonde LGAs; Ondo state: Irele and Ose LGAs | 1,640,000 in Nigeria (2015). Total users in all countries: 1,641,670 | 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Edo, Delta,and Ondo states, used in education | Addo, Benin, Bini, Oviedo, Ovioba | Edo | |
| ema | Emai-Iuleha-Ora | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora | Nigeria | Edo state: Owan East LGA; Ondo state: Akoko South West, Akoko North East, and Ose LGAs; Ekiti state: Ondo border areas southeast | 100,000 (Schaefer 1987) | 4 (Educational) | Ivbiosakon, Kunibum | Ivhimion, Emai, Iuleha, Ora. Dialect subgroup. | |
| ish | Esan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora | Nigeria | Delta state: Aniocha North LGA; Edo state: Esan Central, Esan North-East, Esan South-East, Esan West LGAs | 300,000 (Okojie 1994). 7,000 Ekpon in 7 villages (1998) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Anwain, Esa, Isa, Ishan | Igueben, Ekpoma (Ekpon, Ekunma), Uromi (Uronmun), Ubiaja (Ubiaza), Irrua (Uruwa), Ugboha (Owoha), Egoro (Egholo), Ewohimi (Ebhoikimi), Opoji (Ukpozi), Ewu (Eilu), Ewatto (Ebhoato), Ogwa. | |
| env | Enwan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA | Ethnic population: 14,000 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| ets | Etsako | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Nigeria | Edo state: Etsako Central, Etsako East, and Etsako West LGAs; Kogi state: Ajaokuta LGA | 274,000 (1995 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Afenmai, Etsakor, Iyekhee, Yekhee, “Kukuruku” (pej.) | Auchi, Uzairue, South Ibie (South Ivbie), Uwepa-Uwano (Weppa Wano), Avianwu (Fugar), Aviele, Ivhiadaobi, Ekperi. | |
| aaa | Ghotuo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Nigeria | Edo state: Owan East LGA, Ogbodo | 9,000 (1994) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| igw | Igwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA | 47,800 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| ikp | Ikpeshi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA | 5,320 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ekpeshe, Ikpeshe | ||
| atg | Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo and Etsako LGAs, Ate, Okpekpe, and Okpella villages | 20,000 (1973 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Ivbie North (Ibie North), Okpela (Okpella, Ukpella, Upella), Arhe (Ate, Atte). | ||
| oso | Ososo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA; Kogi state: Adavi and Okene LGAs | 19,000 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| sxs | Sasaru | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA | 12,500 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| une | Uneme | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee | Nigeria | Edo state: Agbazko, Akoko-Edo, and Etsako LGAs | 19,800 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ileme, Ineme, Uleme | ||
| adu | Aduge | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Northwestern | Nigeria | Kogi state: Ijumu and Okehi LGAs; Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA | 1,900 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| ehu | Ehueun | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Northwestern, Osse | Nigeria | Ekiti state: Aiyekire LGA | 14,200 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ekpenmen, Ekpimi, Epimi | None known. Related to Ukue [uku]. | |
| iya | Iyayu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Northwestern, Osse | Nigeria | Ekiti state: Aiyekire LGA | 24,700 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Idoani | ||
| uha | Uhami | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Northwestern, Osse | Nigeria | Ekiti state: Ikere LGA | 13,600 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ishua | ||
| uku | Ukue | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Northwestern, Osse | Nigeria | Ekiti state: Ado-Ekiti and Irepodun-Ifelodun LGAs | 14,100 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ekpenmen, Ekpenmi, Epinmi, Ukpe | ||
| ayk | Akuku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Northwestern, Southern | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA; Kogi state: Okene | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Related to Oloma [olm]. | |||
| ids | Idesa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Northwestern, Southern | Nigeria | Edo state: Owan East LGA, Otuo | 5,690 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Related to Oloma [olm]. | ||
| opa | Okpamheri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Northwestern, Southern | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA; Ekiti state: Aiyekire, Ekiti East, Emure, and Ise-Orun LGAs; Kogi state: Ogori-Magongo LGA; Ondo state | 30,000 (1973 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Opameri | Okulosho (Okurosho), Western Okpamheri, Emhalhe (Emarle, Semolika, Somorika), Ibilo. Subdialects of Okulosho: Ojirami (Eekunu), Dagbala (Dangbala), Oja (Oza), Makeke (Uuma), Oma. Subdialects of Western Okpamheri: Ekpe, Bekuma, Lankpese (Lampese, Lankpeshi), Imoga (Imorga, Uma), Eko (Ekon, Ekor), Ikaran-Oke (Ikeram-Oke), Ebunn-Oke, Ikaran-Ele (Ikeran-Ile), Ebunn-Ugbo, Ikpesa, Igbo-Ola-Sale (Ugboshi-Sale), Aiyegunle (Oshi), Igbo-Ola-Oke (Ugboshi-Oke), Onumo (Onumu), Ogugu, Ogbe-Sale, Ogbe-Oke. | |
| okx | Okpe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Northwestern, Southern | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA | 8,700 (2004) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| olm | Oloma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Northwestern, Southern | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA | 6a* (Vigorous) | ||||
| erh | Eruwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Southwestern | Nigeria | Delta state: Isoko LGA | 64,000 (2004) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Arokwa, Erakwa, Erohwa | Related to Urhobo [urh]. Not intelligible with any Isoko [iso] dialect. | |
| iso | Isoko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Southwestern | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Sagbama LGA; Delta state: Ethiope East, Isoko North, and Isoko South, Ndokwa West, Ughelli North, Ughelli South, and Ukwuani LGAs; Edo state: Orhionmwon LGA | 423,000 (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001) | 5* (Developing) | Isoko | Ozoro, Ofagbe, Emede, Owe (Owhe), Elu, Aviara, Iyede, Imiv, Enhwe, Ume, Iwire (Igbide), Olomoro, Iyede-Ami, Unogboko, Itebiege, Uti, Iyowo, Ibiede, Oyede, Uzere, Irri (Iri), Ole (Oleh). | |
| oke | Okpe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Southwestern | Nigeria | Delta state: Okpe, Sapele, Ughelli South, and Uvbie LGAs, southeast of Warri | 25,400 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| urh | Urhobo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Southwestern | Nigeria | Delta state: Ethiope East, Ughelli North and Ughelli South LGAs, Sapele and Warri areas; Edo state: Ikpoba-Okha and Orhiomwon LGAs | 546,000 (Johnstone 1993) | 5* (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in Delta and Edo states, elementary education | Biotu, “Sobo” (pej.) | Urhobo | Agbarho, Ujevwe, Agbon, Udu. |
| evh | Uvbie | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Edoid, Southwestern | Nigeria | Delta state: Ethiope LGA | 19,800 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Effurun, Evrie, Uvhria, Uvwie, “Evhro” (pej.) | ||
| afo | Eloyi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Idomoid, Akweya, Eloyi | Nigeria | Benue state: Agatu LGA, Benue river areas; Nassarawa state: Nasarawa LGAs | 25,000 (2000 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Afao, Afo, Afu, Aho, Epe, Keffi | Eloyi | Mbeci, Mbeji, Mbamu. |
| utr | Etulo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Etulo | Nigeria | Benue state: Gboko LGA; Taraba state: Wukari LGA | 10,000 (1988 R. Shain) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Eturo, Turumawa, Utur | ||
| agc | Agatu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma | Nigeria | Benue state: Agatu, Apa, and Oturkpo LGAs; Kogi state: northeast; Nassarawa state: Nasarawa and Toto LGAs | 70,000 (1987 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | North Idoma, Ochekwu | ||
| ala | Alago | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma | Nigeria | Nassarawa state: Doma, Keana, Lafia, Nasarawa, and Obi LGAs | 35,100 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Arago, Aragu, Argo, Idoma Nokwu | Alago | Doma, Agwatashi, Keana, Assaikio, Aloshi, Ana, Ibi, Akpanaja. |
| idu | Idoma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma | Nigeria | Benue state: Ogbadibo and Okpokwu LGAs; Enugu state: Igbo-Eze North, Isi-Uze, and Udenu LGAs; Kogi state: Ankpa and Olamabolo LGAs | 600,000 (1991 UBS) | 5* (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in Kogi, Benue, and Enugu states, primary education, radio and TV media | Idoma | Idoma Central (Akpoto, Oturkpo), Idoma West, Idoma South (Igumale, Igwaale, Ijigbam), Okpogu. Dialect subgroup. | |
| ige | Igede | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma | Nigeria | Benue state: Oju, Okpokwu, and Otukpo LGAs; Cross River state: Ogoja LGA; Ebonyi state: Izzi LGA | 250,000 (1991 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Egede, Igedde | Ito, Oju (Central Igede), Worku, Gabu. | |
| yba | Yala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma | Nigeria | Benue state: Oju LGA; Cross River state: Ikom, Obubra, and Yala LGAs | 200,000 (2008 L. Otronyi), increasing. 50,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 200,000 | 5 (Developing) | Iyala | Yala | Nkum (Yala Ikom), Nkum Akpambe (Yala Obubra), Yala Ogoja. |
| akf | Akpa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Idomoid, Yatye-Akpa | Nigeria | Benue state: Ohimini and Oturkpo LGAs | 26,900 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Akweya | Dialect subgroup. Lexical similarity: 84% with Yace [ekr]. | |
| ekr | Yace | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Idomoid, Yatye-Akpa | Nigeria | Cross River state: Yala LGA, Aliforkpa, Imbuor, Maa, Osina, Uchu, and Wonyer | 50,000 (2002) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ekpari, Iyace, Yache, Yatye | Alifokpa, Ijiegu. Lexical similarity: 84% with Akpa [akf]. | |
| ekp | Ekpeye | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Ekpeye | Nigeria | Bayelsa state: Yenegoa LGA; Rivers state: Ahoada East and Ahoada West LGAs | 30,000 (1973 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ekkpahia, Ekpabya, Ekpaffia | Ako, Upata, Ubye, Igbuduya. Related to Igbo [ibo]. | |
| ikk | Ika | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo | Nigeria | Delta state: Ika North East and Ika South LGAs; Edo state: Igueben and Orhionmwon LGAs | 22,800 (2000) | 5* (Developing) | Ika | Agbor (administrative and commercial center) area dialect may become the standard form. Further east and south varieties become more similar to Igbo [ibo] (Report of the Committee on Languages of Midwestern state: 12). | |
| eza | Ezaa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo | Nigeria | Benue state: Ado LGA; Ebonyi state: Ezaa North, Ezaa South, Ishielu, Ivo, Ohaukwu, and Onicha LGAs; Enugu state: Nkanu East LGA | 590,000 (2012 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Eza, Ezza | Ezaa | None known. Reportedly similar to Igbo [ibo]. |
| ibo | Igbo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo | Nigeria | Widespread, southeast | 27,000,000 in Nigeria (2015). Total users in all countries: 27,014,190 | 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in southeastern region. Main LWC of Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo states | Ibo | Igbo | Afikpo (Ehugbo), Nsukka (Nsuka), Ohuhu (Umuahia), Bende (Ohafia), Central Igbo (Union Igbo). 30 dialects vary in inherent intelligibility. The standard literary form developing based on Owerri and Umuahia dialects, omitting the nasality and aspiration found in those dialects. |
| ikw | Ikwere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo | Nigeria | Imo state: Ohaji-Egbema LGA; Rivers state: Emuoha, Ikwerre, Obio-Akpor, and Port Harcourt LGAs | 200,000 (1973 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Ikwerri | Ikwerre | Apani, Akpo-Mgbu-Tolu, Ogbakiri, Emowhua, Ndele, Elele, Omerelu, Egbedna, Aluu, Igwuruta, Ibaa, Isiokpo, Omagwna, Ubima, Ipo, Omudioga, Obio-Akpo, Rumuji. |
| iqw | Ikwo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo | Nigeria | Cross River state: Abi and Obubura LGAs; Ebonyi state: Ikwo LGA | 260,000 (2012 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Ikwo | None known. Reportedly similar to Igbo [ibo]. | |
| izz | Izii | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo | Nigeria | Benue state: Ado LGA; Cross River state: Yala LGA; Ebonyi state: Abakaliki, Ebonyi, and Izzi LGAs | 540,000 (2012 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Izhi, Izi, Izzi | Izii | None known. Reportedly similar to Igbo [ibo]. |
| gmz | Mgbolizhia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo | Nigeria | Benue state: Ado LGA; Ebonyi state: Ohaukwu LGA | 190,000 (2012 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Mgbo, Ngbo | Mgbolizhia | None known. Reportedly similar to Igbo [ibo]. |
| ogc | Ogbah | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo | Nigeria | Rivers state: Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni LGA in north Niger delta; Bayelsa state: Sagbama LGA | 170,000 (1993 A. Ahiamadu) | 5* (Developing) | Ogba, Olu Ọgba | Ọgba | Egnih, Igburu-Usomini. Igbo language subgroup member. Lexical similarity: 81%–94% among dialects. Ogbah dialect has 45% lexical similarity with Ndoni [ukw], 41% with Igbo [ibo], 32% with Ikwere [ikw], 23% with Ekpeye [ekp]. |
| ukw | Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo | Nigeria | Anambra state: Ogbaru LGA; Delta state: Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni LGA; Edo state: Ndokwa East LGA; Rivers state: Oguta and Ohaji-Egbema Ndoni LGAs | 150,000 (1973 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ukwuani (Kwale, Ukwali, Ukwani), Abo (Aboh, Eboh), Ndoni. | ||
| byf | Bete | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid | Nigeria | Taraba state: Takum LGA, Bete town, foot of Bete mountain | 50 (1992). Ethnic population: 3,000 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | |||
| juh | Hõne | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun | Nigeria | Gombe state: Akko, Billiri, and Shomgom LGAs. Futuk, Kaltanga, Kashere, Pindiga, and Tumu (Pindiga dialect); Andamin, Digare, Dizi, Gobirawa, Gwana, Jukon, Kasan Dare, Katagum, Konan Kuka, and Kwaya villages (Gwana dialect); Taraba state: Karim-Lamido LGA | 7,000 (Storch 1999). Ethnic population: Much more than 7,000 (Storch 1999) | 7 (Shifting) | Pindiga, Gwana. Gwana and Pindiga dialects mutually intelligible with difficulty. Reportedly similar to Wãpha [juw], Jiba [juo], Wapan [juk], Jukun Takum [jbu], and Jibu [jib], but not intelligible of them. | ||
| jib | Jibu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Toungo LGA; Taraba state: Bali and Gashaka LGAs | 30,000 (1997 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Jibanci, Jibawa | Jibu | Gayam, Garbabi, Galamjina. |
| jbu | Jukun Takum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Furu-Awa subdivision, Furu-Sambari, Furu-Turuwa, and Ntjieka villages | 2,440 in Cameroon (2000) | 5 (Developing) | Diyu, Jukun | Njikum | Takum, Donga (Akpanzhi). |
| jbu | Jukun Takum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun | Nigeria | Benue state: Katsina-Ala LGA; Taraba state: Bali and Takum LGAs | 5* (Developing) | Diyi, Jukun, Njikum | Takum, Donga (Akpanzhi). | ||
| juw | Wãpha | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun | Nigeria | Plateau state: Langtang LGA, Kumbur village; Shendam and Wase LGAs, Wase Tofa village | 1,610 (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | Wase, Wase Tofa | ||
| juo | Jiba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Kororofa | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Lamurde LGA; Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA; villages northwest of Kalingo | 2,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977) | 8a (Moribund) | Bajibaro, Jibe, Jibi, Jukun Kona, Kona | ||
| jub | Wannu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Kororofa | Nigeria | Benue state: Makurdi LGA, Iharev district, Abinsi town | 4000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Abinsi, Awannu, Jukun Abinsi, River Jukun | ||
| juk | Wapan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Kororofa | Nigeria | Benue state: Guma LGA; Nassarawa state: Awe and Lafia LGAs; Plateau state: Langtang South and Shendam LGAs; Taraba state: Gassol and Wukari LGAs | 100,000 (1994 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Jinkum, Jukon, Juku, Juku Junkun, Jukum, Jukun Wapan, Jukun Wukari, Wakari, Wapã, Wukari | Wukan. | |
| nza | Mbembe, Tigon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Mbembe | Cameroon | North West region: Donga-Mantung division, Ako subdivision, north of Nkambe | 40,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL), increasing. Based on the actual population of the subdivision where the Tigon Mbembe people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm). Total users in all countries: 60,000 | 5 (Developing) | Akonto, Tigon, Tigong, Tigum, Tigun, Tikun, cha Mbémbe, chya Mbembe, cya Mbembe | Mbémbe | Ashuku (Kitsipki), Nama (Dama, Namu), Nzare (Izale, Izare, Ndzale, Njari, Nsare), Kporo, Eneeme. |
| nza | Mbembe, Tigon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Mbembe | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna LGA, Kurmi district | 20,000 in Nigeria (1987) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Akonto, Akwanto, Noale, Tigim, Tigon, Tigong, Tukun | Ashuku (Kitsipki), Nama (Dama, Eneeme, Kporo, Namu, Nzare). | |
| bcv | Shoo-Minda-Nye | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Unclassified | Nigeria | Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA, Benue river banks | 10,000 (1973 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bakula | Shoo (Banda, Bandawa), Minda (Jinleri), Nye (Kunini). All 3 dialects are of equal status. | |
| cfg | Como Karim | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Wurbo | Nigeria | Plateau state: Wase LGA; Taraba state: Jalingo and Karim Lamido LGAs, near Lau | 11,400 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Asom, Bakula, Chomo, Kinzimba, Kirim, Kiyu, Nuadhu, Shomo Karim, Shomoh, Shomong | ||
| jrr | Jiru | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Wurbo | Nigeria | Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA | 3,420 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Atak, Bakula, Kir, Wiyap, Zhiru | ||
| tdq | Tita | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Wurbo | Nigeria | Taraba state: Jalingo LGA, Hoai Petel | 3,420 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Hoai Petel | ||
| ich | Etkywan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Kpan-Icen | Nigeria | Taraba state: Bali, Sardauna, Takum, and part of Wukari LGAs | 50,200 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Etekwe, Icen, Ichen, Itchen, Kentu, Kyanton, Kyato, Nyidu | ||
| kpk | Kpan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Central, Kpan-Icen | Nigeria | Taraba state: Sardauna, Takum, and Wukari LGAs, Gayan, Gindin Dutse, Kato Bagha, Likam, Suntai, and Wukari | 11,400 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Abakan, Hwaso, Hwaye, Ibukwo, Ikpan, Kpanten, Kpwate, Nyatso, Nyonyo, Yorda | Bissaula, Kumbo (Kpanzon), Takum, Donga (Akpanzhi), Apa, Kente (Etkye, Kentu, Kyentu), Eregba. | |
| aku | Akum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Furu-Awa subdivision, Nigeria border area, Akum village | 1,400 in Cameroon (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Aakuem, Anyar, Oakuem, Okum | ||
| aku | Akum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb | Nigeria | Taraba state: Ekban, Konkom, and Manga villages near Cameroon border | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Aakuem, Anyar, Oakuem | |||
| bnz | Beezen | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Furu-Awa subdivision, Kpep (Beezen) village | 450 (2001 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Bezen | ||
| klo | Kapya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb | Nigeria | Taraba state: Takum LGA, Kapya | 200 (2004) | 6b (Threatened) | |||
| kub | Kutep | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, Furu-Awa subdivision, Baji and Lubu villages near Nigeria border | 1,400 in Cameroon (1986 R. Breton) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ati, Kuteb, Kutev, Mbarike, Zumper, “Jompre” (pej.) | Jenuwa, Lissam, Fikyu, Kunabe, Kentin. | |
| kub | Kutep | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb | Nigeria | Taraba state: Takum LGA | 44,600 in Nigeria (2000). Total users in all countries: 46,000 | 5* (Developing) | Ati, Kutev, Mbarike, Zumper, “Jompre” (pej.) | Kuteb | Jenuwa, Lissam, Fikyu, Kunabe, Kentin. Fikyu has subdialects. |
| ybl | Yukuben | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb | Cameroon | North West region: Menchum division, west of Furu-Awa, near Nigeria border | 950 in Cameroon (1986 R. Breton) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ayikiben, Balaabe, Balaaben, Boritsu, Gohum, Nyikobe, Nyikuben, Uuhum, Uuhum-Gigi | ||
| ybl | Yukuben | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb | Nigeria | Taraba state: Takum LGA, between Katsina Ala and Gamana rivers. About 20 villages | 15,000 in Nigeria (1992). Total users in all countries: 15,950 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ayikiben, Balaabe, Balaaben, Boritsu, Nyikobe, Nyikuben, Oohum, Uhumkhegi, Uhumkiji, Uuhum, Uuhum-Gigi | ||
| amo | Amo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Amo | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Lere LGA; Plateau state: Bassa LGA | 12,300 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Amap, Amon, Among, Ba | Timap | None known. Reportedly not similar to other languages. |
| pwb | Panawa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA, 5 villages; Plateau state: Bassa LGA | 3,500 (Blench 2003) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bugel, Bujiye | ||
| bte | Gamo-Ningi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Ningi LGA | No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the early 1980s. Ethnic population: 15,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 9 (Dormant) | Gamo (Ba-Buche, Ba-Mbutu, Buta, Mbotu, Mbuta), Ningi. Formerly a dialect subgroup. | ||
| gye | Gyem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA | 1,000 (1995 CAPRO) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Gema, Gemawa, Gyam, Gyemawa | ||
| nar | Iguta | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA; Plateau state: Bassa, Jos-North, Jos-South, and Jos-East LGAs | 6,120 (1990) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Anaguta, Naraguta | ||
| cbo | Izora | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Plateau state: Bassa LGA | 19 (2016 R. Blench) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Chokobo, Cokobanci, Cokobawa, Ndazora, Zora | ||
| jni | Janji | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Lere LGA; Plateau state: Bassa LGA | 1,150 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ajanji, Anafejanzi, Jenji, Tijanji | ||
| jer | Jere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA; Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA; Plateau state: Bassa LGA | 23,000 (1972 SIL). 7,000 Boze, 2,350 Gusu, 2,000 Bunu, 3,500 Panawa | 6a (Vigorous) | Jeere, Jera | Boze (Anabeze, Buji, Eboze), Gusu (Anibau, Anosangobari, Asanga, Gesawa, Gus, Gusawa, Gussum, Guzawa, Isanga), Azelle (Ezelle, Jengre, Jere, Jeriyawa), Bunu (Anegorom, Anorubuna, Gurrum, Ibunu, Narabunu, Rebina, Ribina), Panawa (Ipanawa, Unupanawa). In Ezelle dialect, Ozelle or Bajere (sg.), Azelle or Jarawa (pl.). In Eboze, Unabeze (sg.), Anabeze (pl.). | |
| kov | Kudu-Camo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Ningi LGA | 42 (1990 M. Bross). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Kuda-Chamo, Kudawa | Kudu (Kuda), Camo (Chamo). Related to Butu-Ningi [bte]. | |
| ldj | Lemoro | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA; Kaduna state: Lere LGA | 10,000 (1998 CAPRO) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Anemoro, Anowuru, Emoro, Limorro | ||
| gnh | Lere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Lere LGA | No known L1 speakers (2018 R. Blench). Ethnic population: 16,300 (2000) | 9 (Dormant) | Si (Kauru, Kuzamani, Rishuwa), Gana (Ganawa, SiGana), Takaya (Taura). | ||
| xsn | Sanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA; Kaduna state: Lere LGA; Plateau state: Bassa LGA | 20,100 (2000). 1,600 Bujiyel (1995 CAPRO) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Asanga, Isanga | ||
| sqh | Shau | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA, Mana and Shau villages | No known L1 speakers. 1 old man in 1975 (Sommer 1992). Last speaker probably survived into the 1980s | 10 (Extinct) | Lìsháù, Sho | ||
| scv | Sheni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA | 6 (2004 R. Blench). Ethnic population: 1,500 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Shaini, Shani, Shenanci | ||
| dza | Tunzuii | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA, 2 villages; Plateau state: Jos East LGA, 5 villages | 2,500 (Blench 2003). Ethnic population: 4,500 | 6b (Threatened) | Dugusa, Duguza, Itunzu | ||
| zir | Ziriya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA, Kere and Ziriya | No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 2,000 | 9 (Dormant) | Jiriya | None known. May not be distinct from Sheni [scv]. | |
| byj | Bina | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kauru and Lere LGAs | 7,000 (2000) | 6a (Vigorous) | Abin, Binawa, Bogana, Ibin, Tibin | ||
| dbv | Dungu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA, Dungi town | 1,100 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Dingi, Dungi, Dunjawa, Dwingi | ||
| kce | Kaivi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA | 2,320 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kaibi | ||
| kkd | Kinuku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA | 500 (1973 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kinugu, Kinuka | ||
| klk | Kono | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA, Kona village | 5,520 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Konu, Kwono | ||
| krh | Kurama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Ikara and Saminaka LGAs; Kano state: Tudun Waya LGA | 40,300 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Akurmi, Akurumi, Azumu, Bagwama, Tikurami | ||
| ruy | Mala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA | 6,630 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Amala, Rumaiya, Rumaya, Tumala | ||
| ruz | Ruma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA | 5,090 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bagwama, Rurama, Ruruma, Turama | ||
| ksa | Shuwa-Zamani | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kajuru LGA | 1,000 (1973 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kauru, Kuzamani, Rishuwa | ||
| grh | Tugbiri-Niragu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Lere LGA, Gure and Kahugu villages | 25,000 (2000), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Gbiri-Niragu, Gure-Kahugu, Tugbiri | Tugbiri (Agari, Agbiri, Gbiri, Gura, Gure, Igbiri), Niragu (Anirago, Kafugu, Kagu, Kahugu, Kapugu). Reported similar to Dungu [dbv]. | |
| kku | Tumi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA | 2,270 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kitimi, Tutumi | ||
| kch | Vono | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA | 500 (1973 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kiballo, Kiwollo | ||
| sde | Vori | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA | 3,000 (2016 R. Blench) | 6a (Vigorous) | Fiti, Skrubu, Srubu, Surubu, Tivori, Zurubu | ||
| pcn | Abishi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Piti-Atsam | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Saminaka LGA | 8,100 (2013 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Abisi, Bisi, Piti, Pitti | Ngmbang (Ribam, Riban, Ribang), Abishi. Lexical similarity: 65% between dialects. | |
| cch | Atsam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Eastern, Piti-Atsam | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kauru LGA | 30,000 (Barrett 1982) | 5 (Developing) | Cawai, Cawe, Cawi, Chawai, Chawe, Chawi | None known. Reportedly most similar to Abishi [pcn]. | |
| bsl | Basa-Gumna | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Basa | Nigeria | Niger state: Chanchaga LGA; Plateau state: Nasarawa LGA | No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker shifted to Hausa [hau] by 1987 | 10 (Extinct) | Basa, Basa Kuta, Basa-Kaduna, Bassa-Kaduna, Bassa-Kuta, Gwadara Basa | ||
| bzw | Basa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Basa | Nigeria | Benue state: Makurdi LGA; Kogi state: Ankpa and Bassa LGAs: confluence of Niger and Benue rivers; Nassarawa state: Nasarawa LGA; enclave on Nassarawa-Benue border | 100,000 (1973 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Abacha, Abatsa, Basa-Benue, Bassa, Rubasa, Rubassa, “Bassa-Komo” (pej.), “Bassa-Kwomu” (pej.) | North-south dialect division along Benue River. | |
| buj | Basa-Gurmana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Basa | Nigeria | Niger state: Chanchaga and Rafi border LGAs, Kafin Gurmana | 2,000 (Blench 1987) | 6b* (Threatened) | Koromba | ||
| bsr | Bassa-Kontagora | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Basa | Nigeria | Niger state: Mariga LGA, northeast of Kontagora | No known L1 speakers. Last speakers may have survived to the early 2000s. Ethnic population: 30,000 | 9 (Dormant) | |||
| bsf | Bauchi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Baushi-Gurmana | Nigeria | Niger state: Rafi and Shiroro LGAs | 20,000 (Blench 1988) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bauci, Baushi, Kushi | Wayam-Rubu, Madaka (Adeka), Supana. | |
| gvm | Gurmana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Baushi-Gurmana | Nigeria | Niger state: Shiroro LGA, Gurmana town area | 3,000 (1989) | 8a (Moribund) | |||
| dri | C’Lela | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Duka | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Donko-Wasagu, Sakaba, and Zuru LGAs; Niger state: Rijau LGA; west Zamfara state: Gummi LGA border area | 90,000 (1993 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Cala-Cala, Chilala, Chilela, Dakakari, Dakarkari, Dakkarkari, Kolela, Lalawa | Lela | Lila (Senchi, Southern Lela, Zuru), Dabai (Central Lela), Ribah, Adoma (Aroma, Northern Lela, Roma, Roma-Na, Yelmo). Lexical similarity: 93%–98% with dialects at Rade, Ribah, Dabai, and Senchi, 55% with ut-Hun [uth], 54% with the Fakai sub-group, 47% with Gwamhi-Wuri [bga], 20% with Acipa [acp]. |
| dam | Damakawa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Duka | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Sakaba LGA, 3 or 4 villages. Kilo village is central | No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speakers probably survived into the late 20th century. Ethnic population: 750 | 9 (Dormant) | Tidama’un | None known. Reportedly similar to C’lela [dri], Tsuvadi [tvd], and Cicipu [awc]. | |
| bga | Gwamhi-Wuri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Duka | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Wasugu-Danko LGA; Zamfara state: Gummi LGA | 16,000 (2000) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Banganci, Bangawa, Lyase, Lyase-Ne | Gwamhi (Abaangi, Banga, Banganci, Bangawa, Gwamfanci, Gwamfi Gwamfawa), Wuri (Wuranci, Wurawa), Mba (Kokanawa). Dialects have slight lexical and tonal differences. Lexical similarity: 57% with ut-Ma’in [gel], 47% with ut-Hun [uth], 43% with C’lela [dri]. | |
| uss | us-Saare | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Duka | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Dukku, Wasagu, and Yauri LGAs | 60,000 (2017 D. Heath) | 6a (Vigorous) | Western Duka, Western Dukawa, es-Saare, əs-Saare | Dukku, Iri, Sandiri, Upoki, Tungan Bunu, Dugge. Most similar with ut-Hun [uth], ut-Ma’in [gel], and C’Lela [dri]. Lexical similarity: Less than 75% with ut-Hun [uth]. | |
| uth | ut-Hun | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Duka | Nigeria | Niger state: Rijau LGA | 50,000 (2017 D. Heath) | 5 (Developing) | Eastern Duka, Eastern Dukawa, Hun-ne, Hune, et-Hun, ət-Hun | it-Hun | Kirho (Tungan Magajiya), Ratagiwa (Rijau), Shanjir, Uddu, Darangi, Afka, Kakita, Dirin Daji. Most similar with us-Saare [uss], ut-Ma’in [gel], and C’Lela [dri]. Lexical similarity: Less than 75% with us-Saare [uss]. |
| gel | ut-Ma’in | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Duka | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Sakaba LGA, Kur; Zuru LGA, Fakai district, migrants south; Zamfara state: Kebbe LGA | 36,000 (1992 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Fakai, Fakanchi, Fakanci, Fakkanci, Gelanchi | ut-Ma’in | Kag (Et-Kag, Fakanchi, Puku), Jiir (Et-Jiir, Gelanchi), Kur (Kar, Kelanchi, Kelinci, Kelli-Ni, Kere, Keri-Ni), Zuksun (Et-Zuksun, Zussun), Ror (Er-Gwar, Et-Maror, Tudanchi), Fer (Et-Fer, Fere, Kukum, Wipsi-Ni), Us (Et-Us), Koor (Kulu). Kag, Ker, Jiir, and Fer have 79%–92% inherent intelligibility of Ror. Ror and Kag, the largest dialects, Koor and Us, the smallest. Lexical similarity: 81%–97% among dialects, 63% with ut-Hun [uth], 50% with C’lela [dri], 57% with Gwamhi-Wuri [bga]. |
| lop | Lopa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kainji Lake | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Ngaski LGA, Gafara, Lopa, and Raishe; Niger state: Magama LGA, Cifamini, Kwanga, and Gungun Tagwaye; east Kainji Reservoir. Lopa to Wara (Ollop dialect) | 5,000 (1996 R. Blench) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Djiri, Kirikjir, Lopawa, Lupa, Ollaran | Ollop. Marginal intelligibility between dialects; use Hausa [hau] instead. | |
| lan | Laru | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kainji Lake | Nigeria | Niger state: Borgu LGA, Karabonde, Leshigbe, Luma, Monnai, Sansanni, and Shagunu villages on Niger river banks | 5,000 (1995 R. Jones) | 6b* (Threatened) | Laranchi, Larawa, Laro, Sengwe | ||
| cbq | Tsucuba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kainji Lake | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Ngaski LGA, Wara. 8 villages | 1,000 (2014 S. McGill) | 6b* (Threatened) | Cuba, Urcibar | ||
| asg | Cishingini | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kambari | Nigeria | Kebbi state: east of Niger river from Yelwa area south to Nasko and Ngaski; Niger state: Agwara and Borgu LGAs, west of Niger river | 100,000 (2004 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Agwara Kambari, Aschingini, Ashaganna, Ashingini, Chisingini, Kambari, Kamberchi, Kamberri, Tsishingini, Yauri, “Maunchi” (pej.), “Mawanchi” (pej.) | Cishingini | Rofia. Kambari subgroup member, which includes Tsishingini [tsw] and Tsikimba [kdl]. |
| bqx | Baangi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kambari | Nigeria | Niger state: Mariga LGA, Mariga and Bangi towns and surrounding area | 15,000 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Cibaangi | ||
| kdl | Tsikimba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kambari | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Ngaski LGA, south Kainji lake; Niger state: Magama, Mariga, and Mashegu LGAs, Auna and Wara areas on Niger river | 100,000 (2004 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Akimba, Auna, Kambari, Kamberchi, Kamberri, Kimba | Tsikimba | Agaunshe (Agaushi), Ashen. |
| tsw | Tsishingini | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kambari | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Ngaski LGA, east of Kainji lake; Niger state: Kontagora, Magama, Mariga, Mashegu, and Rijau LGAs, Salka area | 100,000 (2004 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Ashingini, Cishingini, Kambari, Kamberchi, Kamberri, Salka | Tsishingini | Ibeto. |
| tvd | Tsuvadi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kambari | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Ngaski LGA; Niger state: Kontagora, Magama, Mariga, and Rijau LGAs | 130,000 (2011 M. Hansley) | 6a (Vigorous) | Abadi, Avadi, Evadi, Ibeto, Kamberi | Tsuvadi-Agadi, Tsuvadi-Azozolo, Kakihum. Lexical similarity: 77%–80% with Azozolo and Agadi dialects. | |
| rod | Rogo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kamuku | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Birnin Gwari LGA; Niger state: Mariga and Rafi LGAs, Ucanja town area, northwest of Kagara | 6a (Vigorous) | Burogo, Shiyabe, Toshiyabe, Ucanja Kamuku, Urogo, toRogo | Cinda [cdr] and Regi [cdr] are intelligible of some Rogo dialects. Lexical similarity: 66% with Eastern Acipa [acp], 67% with Shama [sqa], 70% with Kamuku (Cinda) [cdr]. | ||
| nat | Cahungwarya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kamuku | Nigeria | Niger state: Rafi LGA, Kagara and Maikujeri town areas | 20,000 (2003 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Hungworo, Ingwe, Ingwo, Ngwe, Ngwoi, Nkwoi, Ungwe | Lexical similarity: 50%–52% with Kamuku [cdr] dialects. | |
| sqa | Shama-Sambuga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kamuku | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Birnin Gwari LGA; Niger state: Mariga and Rafi LGAs | 5,000 (1995 S. and S. Dettweiler) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tushama, Ushama | Shama, Sambuga. Sambuga dialect is extinct (2018 R. Blench). No intelligibility of Kamuku [cdr] by Shama. Lexical similarity: 54%–75% with Kamuku [cdr]; 69% with Cahungwarya [nat], 66% with Eastern Acipa [acp], 16%–17% with Cicipu [awc], 82% with Maruba [cdr]. | |
| acp | Acipa, Eastern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kamuku | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Birnin Gwari LGA, Bobi, Igwama, and Randeggi towns; Niger state: Kontagora LGA | 5,000 (1993) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Achipa, Acipanci, Zubazuba | Boroma (Taboroma), Randeggi, Bobi. Lexical similarity: 83% with Randeggi and Bobi, 52% with Shama-Sambuga [sqa], 47%–63% with Kamuku [cdr], 42%–44% with Cahungwarya [nat], 15%–20% with Cicipu [awc]. | |
| awc | Cicipu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kamuku | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Sakaba LGA, Sakaba; Niger state: Mariga LGA, Kakihum and Kumbashi | 20,000 (1995 CAPRO) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Achipa, Acipanci, Western Acipa | Tirisino (Karishen), Tidipo (Kadonho), Tizoriyo (Mazarko), Tidodimo (Kadedan), Tikula (Maburya), Ticuhun (Kakihum), Tikumbasi (Kumbashi). Mutually unintelligible with linguistically most similar Tsuvadi [tvd]. Lexical similarity: about 95% among dialects; 50% with Tsuvadi [tvd], 15%–20% with Eastern Acipa [acp]; 18% with Cahungwarya [nat]; 16%–17% with Shama [sqa]; 15%–17% with Kamuku [cdr]. | |
| ula | Fungwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kamuku | Nigeria | Niger state: Rafi LGA | 1,000 (1992 R. Blench) | 6b* (Threatened) | Afungwa, Tufungwa, Ula, Ura | ||
| cdr | Kamuku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kamuku | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Birnin Gwari LGA; Niger state: Chanchaga, Mariga, and Rafi LGAs | 45,000 (2010 Z. Yoder et al.) | 6a (Vigorous) | ’Yara, Cinda-Regi-Tiyal, Tiyal, Tiyar, Tu’yara, Tucipu | Cinda (Jinda, Majinda, Makangara, Tegina, Ucinda), Regi (tuRegi), Kuki (Tiyal, Tiyar), Kuru (uKuru), Maruba. Cinda, Regi, and Kuki mutually intelligible, also by Shiyabe. Lexical similarity: 82%–97% among the 5 dialects, 47%–63% with Eastern Acipa [acp], 59%–70% with Shama-Sambuga [sqa], 65%–75% with Rogo [rod]. | |
| png | Pangu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Kamuku | Nigeria | Niger state: Rafi LGA, Gumna and Tegina districts, Kaduna, Minna, Kontagora, and Bida towns; Sabon Gari Pangu is center | 30,000 (2003 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Akwa, Arringeu, Pongo, Pongu | Tarin | Tarin, Waga. Lexical similarity: 94%–99% among dialects. |
| res | Reshe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Kainji, Western, Reshe | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Yauri LGA; Niger state: Borgu LGA; Niger river banks, north of Busa | 44,000 (1993 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bareshe, Gunga, Gunganchi, Gunganci, Gungawa, Tsureja, Yaurawa | Tsureshe | Cirami (Birami, Eastern Reshe), Tsupalame (Bapalame, Western Reshe). Most divergent of Western Kainji languages (Blench 1988). Lexical similarity: 43% with Lopa [lop], 33% with Laru [lan], 20% with ut-Hun [uth], 11% with Tsishingini [tsw] (Salka). |
| igb | Ebira | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Ebira-Gade | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA; Kwara state: Kogi, Okehi, and Okene LGAs; Nassarawa state: Nasarawa LGA | 1,820,000 (2015). 900,000 monolinguals | 5* (Developing) | Egbira, Egbura, Ibara, Igbarra, Igbira, Igbirra, Katawa, Kotokori, Kwotto | Ebira | Okene (Hima, Ihima), Igara (Etuno), Koto (Bira, Biri, Egu, Igu, Ika, Panda). A dialect subgroup. |
| ged | Gade | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Ebira-Gade | Nigeria | Abuja Capital Territory: Abuja Municipal Area Council and Kuje LGA; Nassarawa state: Nasarawa and Toto LGAs | 72,100 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gede | ||
| dio | Dibo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi | Nigeria | Abuja Capital Territory: Abaji LGA, areas along Gurare river; Niger state: Agaie, Katcha, and Lapai LGAs | 100,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ganagana, Ganagawa, Shitako, Zhitako, Zitako | ||
| gbr | Gbagyi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Gbagyi-Gbari | Nigeria | Abuja Capital Territory: Abuja Municipal Area Council, Bwari, Kuje, and Kwali LGAs; Kaduna state: Birnin-Gwari, Chikun, Giwa, Igabi, Kachia, Kagarko, Kanuru, and Soba LGAs; Kaduna city; Kogi state: Kogi LGA; Niger state: Chanchaga, Rafi, Shiroro, and Suleija LGAs; Nassarawa state: Keffi and Nasarawa LGAs | 700,000 (1991 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | East Gwari, Gbagye, Gwari, Gwari Matai, Ibagyi | Tawari, Kuta, Diko, Karu, Kaduna, Louome, Vwezhi, Ngenge (Genge, Gyange, Gyengyen). | |
| gby | Gbari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Gbagyi-Gbari | Nigeria | Abuja Capital Territory: Gwagwalada; Kogi state: Kogi LGA; Niger state: Zungeru to Kaduna river north, southeast through Agaie, Chanchaga, Lapai, Minna, Paiko, Rafi, and Suleija LGAs | 350,000 (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Gbari Yamma, Gwari Yamma, Nkwa, West Gwari | Kwali, Izem, Gayegi, Gbagyi Nkwa, Paiko, Botai, Jezhu, Kong, Kwange (Agbawi, Kangye, Wake, Wi), Wahe. Lexical similarity: 89%–98% with major dialects, 66%–78% with Gbagyi dialects. | |
| aum | Asu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe | Nigeria | Niger state: Kontagora and Mashegu LGAs, villages south of Kontagora | 5,000 (1998 R. Blench) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Abewa, Ebe | ||
| gpa | Gupa-Abawa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe | Nigeria | Abuja Capital Territory: Abaji LGA; Kogi state: Kogi LGA; Niger state: Lapai LGA, Edzu and Gupa areas | 15,000 (1989). 10,000 or more Gupa, 5,000 Abawa | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gupa, Abawa. | ||
| kka | Kakanda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe | Nigeria | Kogi state: Kogi LGA; Niger state: Agaie and Lapai LGAs; Niger river centered on Budã | 20,000 (1989 R. Blench) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Adyaktye, Akanda, Hyabe | Budon Kakanda, Gbanmi-Sokun Kakanda. | |
| kmi | Kami | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe | Nigeria | Abuja Capital Territory: Kwali LGA; Niger state: Lapai LGA, Ebo town, and 11 villages | 5,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| kug | Kupa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe | Nigeria | Kogi state: Lokoja LGA, Abugi area, 52 villages; Niger state: Katcha LGA | 20,000 (1998 R. Blench) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| nup | Nupe-Nupe-Tako | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe | Nigeria | Kogi state: Kogi LGA; Kwara state: Edu LGA; Niger state: Agaie, Gbako, Lapai, and Mariga LGAs; possibly Abuja Capital Territory | 1,000,000, all users. L1 users: 800,000 (1990). L2 users: 200,000 (Wiesenfeld 1999) | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of provincial identity in Niger, Kwara, and Koji states; possibly in Abuja Capital Territory, widespread | Nufawa, Nupeci, Nupenchi | Nupe | Nupe Central (Ampeyi, Anupe, Anupecwayi, Anuperi, Nife, Nupecizi, Nupencizi, Takpa, Tapa, Tappah), Nupe Tako (Bassa Nge). Nupe Central is literary norm. |
| oks | Oko-Eni-Osayen | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Oko | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA; Kogi state: Okene LGA, Magongo and Ogori towns | 39,300 (2005 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ogori-Magongo, Oko | Oko (Ogori, Uku), Osayen (Magongo, Osanyin), Eni. Dialect cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992). Seems equally distantly related to Yoruba [yor], Ebira [igb], Edo [bin], Igbo [ibo], and Idoma [idu]. | |
| tdv | Toro | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Sanga LGA; Nassarawa state: Wamba LGA, Turkwam village northeast of Wamba | 3,930 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Turkwam | ||
| aab | Alumu-Tesu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Alumic | Nigeria | Nassarawa state: Wamba LGA, near Wamba. Alumu dialect in 7 villages; Tesu in 1 | 7,000 (Blench 1999b) | 6a (Vigorous) | Alumu, Arum-Cesu, Arum-Chessu, Arum-Tesu | Alumu (Arum), Tesu. Related to Toro [tdv]. The 2 dialects have only intonation differences. | |
| ayu | Ayu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Ayu | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Sanga LGA, Agamati, Amantu, Ambel, Anka, Arau, Diger, Gwade, Ikwa, Kongon, and Tayu villages | 800 (2003 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Aya | ||
| bom | Berom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Beromic | Nigeria | Bauchi state; Kaduna state: Jema’a LGA; Plateau state: Barakin Ladi, Jos South, Riyom LGAs | 1,000,000 (2010 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Afango, Berum, Birom, Gbang, Kibbo, Kibbun, Kibo, Kibyen, Lêm Berom, “Shosho” (pej.) | Ropp, Fan, Heikpang, Foron, Du, Gyel, Zawan, Kuru, Vwang, Riyom, Rim, Bachi, Gashish. Three dialect groups: Eastern (Ropp, Fan, Heikpang, Foron, Du), Central (Gyel, Zawan, Kuru, Vwang), Western (Riyom, Rim, Bachi, Gashish). | |
| etx | Iten | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Beromic | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kaura LGA; Plateau state: Riyom LGA | 40,000 (Blench 2003) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Aten, Eten, Etien, Ganawuri, Niten, Ten, “Jal” (pej.) | Iten | |
| sha | Shall-Zwall | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Beromic | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Dass LGA | 8,900 (2004) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Shall (Shal), Zwall. Dialect cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992). | ||
| cfd | Cara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Central, North-Central | Nigeria | Plateau state: Bassa LGA, Teriya village | 3,000 (1999 R. Blench) | 7 (Shifting) | Chara, Fachara, Fakara, Nfachara, Pakara, Tariya, Tera, Teriya, Terri | ||
| cen | Ibaas | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Central, South-Central | Nigeria | Plateau state: Barakin Ladi LGA, southeast of Jos. Zaron village is center | Ethnic population: 50,000 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Aficen, Biken, Cen, Chen, Forom, Icen, Icen FiForon, Icen Ibaas, Ichen | Ibaas | Icen, Ichen, Icen Ibaas. Lexical similarity with Izere [izr] but has added Berom [bom] prefixes to its own prefix system and employs Berom style consonant alternation. |
| izr | Izere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Central, South-Central | Nigeria | Bauchi State: Tafawa-Balewa and Toro LGAs; Plateau State: Jos East, Jos North, and Mangu LGAs | 50,000 (1993 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Afizare, Afizarek, Afizere, Afudelek, Afusare, Feserek, Fezere, Fizere, Hill Jarawa, Izarek, Izer, Jarawa, Jarawan Dutse, Jari, Jos-Zarazon | Izere | Isum (Fursom, Fursum), Ibor (Fobor, Fobur), Iganang, Ifudere (Fedare, Zandi, Zendi), Ikyo. Ibor dialect is prestigious. Cen (Ichen) [cen] and Firan [fir] are separate languages. |
| fir | Firan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Central, South-Central | Nigeria | Kaduna state: scattered; Plateau state: Riyom LGA, Kwakwi Station south of Jos | 2,500 (Blench 2003) | 6b* (Threatened) | Faran, Foron, Kwakwi, Yes Firan | None known. Related to Izere [izr]. | |
| gne | Ganang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Central, South-Central | Nigeria | Plateau state: Gashish Kuk village area, Nye and Iny settlements, southeast of Jos | 3,000 (2007), decreasing | 6b (Threatened) | Gashish | None known. Reportedly similar to Izere [izr]. | |
| kaj | Jju | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Central, South-Central | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a and Kachia LGAs | 300,000 (1988 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Kache, Kaje, Kajji | Jju | |
| iri | Rigwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Central, South-Central | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kauru LGA; Plateau state: Jos North, Jos South, and Bassa LGAs | 40,000 (1985 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Aregwe, Idafan, Iregwe, Irigwe, Kwal, Kwan, Kwoll, Miango, Miyango, Nkarigwe, Nnerigwe, Nyango, Yirigwe | Rigwe | |
| kcg | Tyap | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Central, South-Central | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a, Kachia, and Saminaka LGAs | 130,000 (1993 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Katab, Kataf | Atakat (Atakar, Attaka, Attakad, Attakar, Takat), Kachichere (Aticherak, Daroro, Techera), Kafanchan (Fantuan, Fantwam, Kpashan), Katab (Atyap, Tyap), Sholio (Aholio, Asholio, Asolio, Maroa, Maruwa), Gworok (Agolok, Agorok, Aguro, Agwolok, Agwot, Kagoro). | |
| nfd | Ahwai | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Central, West-Central | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Sanga LGA, 25 villages surrounding Ahwai mountain | 18,000 (2008 M. Rueck, K. Hannelová, and Z. Yoder) | 6a (Vigorous) | Inyeng (Hanyeng, Ningon, Nyeng), Shakara (Isakara, Tari), Indung (Andung, Indun, Nandu, Ndun). Nyeng 94% intelligible of Ndun, Shakara 88% of Nyeng and Ndun. | ||
| kad | Adara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Northern | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kachia and Kajuru LGAs; Niger state: Muya and Paikoro LGAs | 300,000 (2011 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kadara | Eneje (Aji), Ada (E’da, Misiyen), Adara (Kadara, Misiyo). Adara 75% of Eneje, 66% of Ada; Ada: 75% of Adara, 80% of Eneje; Eneje: 100% of Adara, 96% of Ada; among the 3 dialects, speakers use the vernacular with each other. Lexical Similarity: 28% with Ekhwa [ikv], 32% with Ajiya (Idon) [idc];; Adara 64% with Eneje, 57% with Ada; Eneje 70% with Ada. | |
| idc | Ajiya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Northern | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kajuru LGA | 5,000 (Blench 2011) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ajuli, Idon, Idong, Misiwa | ||
| dbi | Doka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Northern | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kachia LGA, 1 village | 11,400 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| ikv | Iku-Gora-Ankwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Northern | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kachia LGA | Ethnic population: 13,000 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ekhwa, Iku | None known. Intelligibility: 11%–30% of Adara [kad]. Lexical similarity: less than 30% with Adara [kad], 27% with Ajiya [idc]. | |
| ikl | Ikulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Northern | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kachia, Kauru, and Zangon Kataf LGAs | 50,000 (1998) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ankulu, Ikolu, Kulu | ||
| khj | Kuturmi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Northern | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kachia LGA | 10,500 (2000) | 6a (Vigorous) | Aclo (Aklo, Kuturmi West), Obiro (Kuturmi East). Intelligibility between dialects acquired by many speakers. Lexical similarity: less than 50% with dialects. | ||
| mae | Bo-Rukul | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Southeastern | Nigeria | Plateau state: Bokkos LGA, Barkul, Mabo, Mwa, and Richa villages | 2,000 (Blench 1999b). 1,000 in each dialect | 6b* (Threatened) | Mabo-Barkul, Mabo-Barukul, “Kaleri” (pej.) | Bo, Rukul. | |
| hoe | Horom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Southeastern | Nigeria | Plateau state: Bokkos LGA | 1,500 (1998 R. Blench) | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| pym | Pyam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Southeastern | Nigeria | Plateau state: Barkin Ladi, Jos, and Mangu LGAs | 31,000 (1996 census) | 8a (Moribund) | Fem, Fyam, Fyem, Genawa, Gyem, Gyema, Paiem, Pem, Pyem | Pyam | None known. Reportedly most similar to Horom [hoe]. Chadic influence. |
| mgi | Lijili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Southern | Nigeria | Nassarawa state: Awe and Lafia LGAs | 50,000 (1985 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Jili, Koro Lafia, Koro of Lafia, Ligili, Megili, Migili, Mijili | Lijili | |
| uji | Tanjijili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Southern | Nigeria | Niger state: Chanchaga and Suleija LGAs, Kafin Koro on Minna to Abuja road. About 10 villages | 8,540 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Jijili, Koro, Koro Funtu of Kafin Koro, Koro Funtu of Minna, Koro Funtu of Shakoyi, Ujijili | ||
| pai | Pe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Tarokoid | Nigeria | Plateau state: Pankshin LGA. 7 villages | 4,000 (Blench 2003) | 6a (Vigorous) | Dalong, Pai | ||
| tdl | Sur | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Tarokoid | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Tafawa Balewa LGA; Plateau state: Pankshin LGA | 5,000 (1998 R. Blench) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Dishili, Myet, Nsur, Suru, Tapshin, Tapshinawa | ||
| yer | Tarok | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Tarokoid | Nigeria | Plateau state: Kanam, Langtang, and Wase LGAs; Taraba state: Wukari LGA | 300,000 (1998 R. Blench) | 5* (Developing) | Appa, Taroh, Yergam, Yergem, Yergum | iTárók | Izini (Hill Tarok), Itarok (Plain Tarok), Selyer, Itarok Oga Asa, Igyang. |
| bsx | Yangkam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Tarokoid | Nigeria | Plateau state: Kanam, Langtang, and Wase LGAs, on Amper-Bashar road, Bayar, Kiram, Pyaksam, and Tukur villages | 100 (1996 R. Blench) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Bashar, Basharawa, Bashiri, Yankam | None known. Reportedly similar to Pe [pai]. | |
| cry | Cori | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a LGA, 1 village | 1,000 (2004) | 6b* (Threatened) | Chori | ||
| kdm | Gyong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a LGA | 25,400 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Agoma, Gong, Gwong, Kagoma, Kwong | Hyàadèm, Shat, Shòo, Kpyàadam, Mgbyàn, Shàtam, Nyèt. | |
| jab | Hyam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a and Kachia LGAs | 300,000 (2014 NBTT) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ham, Hyamhum, Jabba, Jeba | ||
| xsh | Shamang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a and Kachia LGAs | 6a* (Vigorous) | Samang, Samban | |||
| zhi | Zhire | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a and Kachia LGAs | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kenyi | |||
| ahs | Ashe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro | Nigeria | Abuja Capital Territory: Bwari LGA; Kaduna state: Jema’a, Jaba, and Kagarko LGAs; Nassarawa state: Karu LGA | 40,000 (2012 J. Barnhoorn), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Ala, Koro Makama, Koron Ache, Koron Ala | Ishe | Unorr, Uchek. Most similar to Koro Wachi [bqv], then to Duya [ldb], and Nyankpa [yes]. These 4 languages are often referred to as the Koro Cluster. |
| ldb | Duya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jaba, Jema’a, and Kagarko LGAs; Nassarawa state: Karu LGA | 78,000 (2012 W. Bai) | 6a (Vigorous) | Adong, Idun, Jaba Duya, Jaba Lunga, Lungu, Ungu | None known. Lexically similarity: with Ashe [ahs], Koro Wachi [bqv], and Nyankpa [yes]. These four languages are often referred to as the Koro Cluster. | |
| bqv | Koro Wachi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kachia and Kagarko LGAs; Nassarawa state: Keffi LGA | 106,000 (2006 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Agere, Begbere-Ejar, Koro Agwe, Koro Makama, Koro Myamya, Miamia, Miamiya | Koro Miamia, Koro Waci (Koro Ache). Lexical similarity: most to Koro Ashe [ahs], Duya [ldb], and Nyankpa [yes]. These 4 languages are often referred to as the Koro Cluster. | |
| yes | Nyankpa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a LGA; Nassarawa state: Karu LGA | 70,000 (2012 SIL), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Nyenkpa, Yasgua, Yeskwa | Ejung (Panda), Ejira (Tattara), Engbe (Barde, Bede), Ogbom (Buzi, Gitata). All dialects mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: Ejung 90% with Ejira, 83% with Ogbom, 74% with Engbe; Ejira dialect: 87% with Ogbom, 77% with Engbe; Engbe dialect: 72% with Ogbom. | |
| jid | Bu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A | Nigeria | Kaduna State: Sanga LGA; Nassarawa state: Wamba LGA | 20,000 (2017 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ibut, Jida, Jida-Abu, Jidda-Abu, Nakare | Bu (Abu), Nkadan (Jida, Ninkada). 2 ethnically and geographically distinct groups, but reportedly linguistically similar. | |
| kci | Kamantan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kachia LGA | 10,000 (Barrett 1982) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Angan, Kamanton | ||
| kni | Kanufi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a LGA | 10,400 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Karshi | ||
| ruk | Kuce | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Kajuru LGA; Plateau state: Bassa LGA | 100,000 (Blench 2003) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bace, Bache, Che, Inchazi, Rukuba, Sale | Kuche | |
| mda | Mada | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a LGA on southern border; Kaura LGA; Nassarawa state: Akwanga and Nasarawa-Eggon LGAs | 100,000 (1993 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Madda, Yidda | Mada | |
| kdp | Nikyob-Nindem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a LGA | 12,000 (2008) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kaningdom-Nindem, Kaningdon-Nindem, Kaningkom-Nindem, Kaningkon-Nindem, Kaninkom-Nindem, Kaninkon-Nindem, Ninkyob-Nindem | Nikyob (Kaningkom, Kaningkwom, Kaninkon, Ninkyob, Ninkyop), Nindem (Inidem, Nidem). Nikyob and Nindem are closely related and mutually intelligible. Two varieties of Nikyob are Nikpechio (Kpechio) and Nituran (Turan); there are only slight differences between them (2014 SIL). | |
| nin | Ninzo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a LGA; Nassarawa state: Akwanga LGA | 35,000 (1973 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Akiza, Amar Tita, Ancha, Fadan Wate, Gbhu, Gbhu D Amar Randfa, Hate, Incha, Kwasu, Ninzam, Nunzo | ||
| nbr | Numana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jemaa and Sanga LGAs; Nassarawa state: Akwanga LGA | 50,000 (2008 K. Hannelova et al.) | 6a (Vigorous) | Arak, Inmwen, Nimana, Numana-Nunku-Gbantu-Numbu | Nunku, Gbantu (Gwanto, Gwantu), Numbu, Aninka (Gwantu, Kurmi, Ninka, Sanga), Janda, Ningye (Ningeshe). | |
| rin | Nungu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Jema’a, Kaura, and Sanga LGAs; Nassarawa state: Akwanga, Nasarawa-Eggon, and Wamba LGAs; Plateau state: Riyom and Bokkos LGAs | 50,000 (1999) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lindiri, Rendre, Rindiri, Rindre | Rindre, Gudi. | |
| bij | Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Tafawa Balewa LGA; Plateau state: Mangu LGA. 10 villages 20 km south of Tafawa Balewa | 20,000 (2003) | 6b* (Threatened) | Vwhat | Vaghat (Kadun, Kwanka, Tivaghat), Ya (Boi, Tiya, Tiyaa), Bijim, Legeri. Dialect cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992). | |
| aik | Ake | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B | Nigeria | Nassarawa state: Lafia LGA, 3 villages | 3,000 (Blench 1999b) | 6a (Vigorous) | Aike, Akye, Kapon | None known. Reportedly similar to Eggon [ego]. | |
| ego | Eggon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B | Nigeria | Nassarawa state: Akwanga, Awe, Doma, Karu, Keana, Keffi, Kokona, Lafia, Nasarawa Egon, Nassarawa, Obi, Toto, and Wamba LGAs | 140,000 (1990) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Egon, Hill Mada, Mada Dutse, Mada Eggon, Mo Egon | 25 dialects locally recognized, but their status is unclear. | |
| ybj | Hasha | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B | Nigeria | Nassarawa state: Akwanga and Wamba LGAs, Bwora, Hashasu, and Kusu villages; Kaduna state: Sanga LGA; Plateau state: Bokkos LGA | 3,000 (Blench 1999a) | 6b* (Threatened) | Yashi | ||
| xab | Sambe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B | Nigeria | Kaduna state: Sambe village 10 km west of Agamati town | 6 (Blench 2003) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | None known. Reportedly most similar to Hasha [ybj]. | ||
| kcf | Ukaan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Ukaan | Nigeria | Edo state: Akoko-Edo LGA; Ekiti state: Akoko North East LGA; Kogi state: Ijimu LGA, Auga, Ayanran, and Ishe towns | 18,000 (1973 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | AIKA (Ayanran-Ishe-Kakumo-Auga), Anyaran, Auga, Ikan, Kakumo | Ikaan, Iiagu, Ujegbe (Ayegbe, Iisheu), Ijion (Iinno, Iyinno). Only 1-way intelligibility between some dialects. | |
| fah | Fali of Baissa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Unclassified | Nigeria | Taraba state | No known L1 speakers. Few left (Crozier and Blench 1992). Last speakers may have survived into the 2000s | 10 (Extinct) | |||
| vki | Ija-Zuba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Unclassified | Nigeria | Abuja Capital Territory: south of Abuja city, north of Minna Suleja road | 6a* (Vigorous) | Koro Afiki, Koro Ija, Koro Zuba | None known. Different from Lijili [mgi], Koro Wachi [bqv], and Tanjijili [uji]. Koro is a cover term for several languages. | ||
| dbw | Dogon, Bankan Tey | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Douentza circle, north Douentza town area, Walo village, other hamlets | 1,320 (1998 census) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bankan Tey, Oualo, Walo | None known. Reportedly similar to Nanga Dama [nzz] with which it shares both lexicon and a final -m on many nouns. The influence of Songhay on Bankan Tey and Jamsay [djm] on Ben Tey [dbt] have resulted in fairly substantial lexical differentiation. | |
| dbt | Dogon, Ben Tey | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Douentza circle, 3 villages south of Douentza town | 3,000 (2005 J. Heath) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ben Tey | None known. The people of Beni and Gamni have contact with Jamsay [djm] speakers, and to a lesser extent with speakers of Nanga [nzz] and Fulfulde. The influence of Songhay on Bankan Tey [dbw], and that of Jamsay on Ben Tey, have resulted in fairly substantial lexical differentiation. | |
| dgb | Dogon, Bunoge | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Bandiagara circle, Goundaka township, Boudou, Dakouma, and Sangou villages | 1,000 (2005 D. Douyon and R. Blench) | 6b (Threatened) | Budu-Tagu, Bunoge, Korandabo | None known. Nominal plural suffix aligns it with Ampari Dogon [aqd] and Mombo Dogon [dmb], but lexically quite different (Blench 2005). | |
| nzz | Dogon, Nanga Dama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Douentza circle, 9 villages northeast of Bamba town, southwest of Debere town | 3,000 (2009 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Nanga Dogon | None known. Reportedly similar to Bankan Tey [dbw] and Ben Tey [dbt]. | |
| dto | Dogon, Tommo So | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Diamnati, Kassa, Kendé, Kendié, Metoumou, Ondougou, Segué Iré, Tédié, and Wadouba townships | 60,000 (1998 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Tombo-So, Tommo So | None known. Reportedly similar to Donno So [dds] and Toro So [dts]. | |
| dym | Dogon, Yanda Dom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Koro and Bandiagara circles, southwest of Bamba town | 2,000 (Blench 2005) | 6a (Vigorous) | Yanda Dom | None known. Reporedly similar to Nanga Dama [nzz] with which it shares both lexicon and a final -m on many nouns. | |
| aqd | Dogon, Ampari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Bandiagara circle, Pignari commune, 16 villages | 5,200 (1998 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ambeenge, Ampari, Pignari | None known. Lexical similarity: 40%–53% with Mombo Dogon [dmb]. | |
| dti | Dogon, Ana Tinga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Koro circle, Diankabou township, Ana village | 500 (2005 D. Douyon and R. Blench) | 6b (Threatened) | None known. Reportedly most similar to Yanda Dom Dogon [dym]. | ||
| dbu | Dogon, Bondum Dom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Douentza circle, Borko village | 24,700 (1998 J. Durieux) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bondum-Dom, Najamba-Kindige Dogon | Kindjim, Nadjamba. | |
| dbg | Dogon, Dogul Dom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: 14 villages northeast of Bandiagara, Nandoli is center | 15,700 (1998 J. Durieux) | 6a (Vigorous) | Dogul-Dom | ||
| dds | Dogon, Donno So | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Bandiagara circle, area upstream on Yame river | 45,300 (1998 J. Durieux) | 5 (Developing) | Donno, Donno So, Kamba So, Kamma So | Kamma So, Donno So. | |
| djm | Dogon, Jamsay | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Burkina Faso | Nord region: Yatenga province; Sahel region: Soum province. North border with Mali | 6a* (Vigorous) | Dyamsay Tegu | Domno, Gono, Bama, Guru. | ||
| djm | Dogon, Jamsay | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Koro circle near Burkina Faso border; southwest Koro circle, Kiri town, northwest to Douentza circle | 130,000 in Mali (1998 J. Durieux) | 6a (Vigorous) | Dyamsay Tegu, Gamsaj, Jamsay | Domno, Gono, Bama, Guru, Pomuru. Degree of comprehension between dialects uncertain. | |
| dmb | Dogon, Mombo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Bandiagara circle, 27 villages from Bandiagara to Mopti | 19,000 (1998 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kolu-so, Kolum-so, Pignari | None known. Lexical similarity: 40%–53% with Ampari Dogon [aqd]. | |
| dtu | Dogon, Tebul Ure | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Koro circle, Diankabou township | 3,000 (2005 FEL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Oru yille, Tebul Ure | ||
| dtk | Dogon, Tene Kan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: northeast Bankass circle, near Koro circle border; into Bandiagara circle | 127,000 (1998 J. Durieux) | 6a (Vigorous) | Tene Kan, Tene Tingi, Tengu Kan, Togo Kan | Togo Kan, Giwnri Kan, Woru Kan (Wolu Kan), Tengu Kan, Tene Kan. | |
| tde | Dogon, Tiranige Diga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Kendie, Lowol Gueou, and Pignari Bana townships on northeast Dogon plateau | 4,200 (1998 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Duleri, Duleri Dom | None known. Lexical similarity: about 50% with Mombo [dmb]. | |
| dtm | Dogon, Tomo Kan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Kossi province, Kombori department, near Mali border | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tomo-Kan | |||
| dtm | Dogon, Tomo Kan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Bankass circle far southwest; Ségou region: Tominian circle | 133,000 in Mali (1998 J. Durieux) | 6a (Vigorous) | Tomo-Kan | Bongu, Aa Bara, Aa, Tienwan Ganda, Tie Bara, Nienne, Tanwan Bara, Basara. | |
| dts | Dogon, Toro So | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Bandiagara and Koro circles, Bereli and Madougou town areas | 50,000 (1998 J. Durieux) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1) | Bomu Tegu, Dogoso, Toro So | Yorno, Youga, Ibi, Sangha, Ireli. | |
| dtt | Dogon, Toro Tegu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon | Mali | Mopti region: Douentza circle, Ouro Nguerou town area, 15 villages | 2,900 (1998 J. Durieux) | 6a (Vigorous) | Tandam | None known. Toro Tegu is very different from Jamsay [djm], the other Dogon language widely known by Toro Tegu speakers (2011 J. Heath). | |
| ahp | Aizi, Aproumu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Aizi | Côte d’Ivoire | Lagunes district: Dabou subprefecture, Allaba village; Jacqueville subprefecture, Attoutou A, Attoutou B, Bapo (Allaba B, Taboth), Koko, and Tefredji villages on Ebrié lagoon banks | 6,500 (1999 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ahizi, Apro, Aproin, Aprou, Aproumu, Aprwe, Oprou | ||
| ahm | Aizi, Mobumrin | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Aizi | Côte d’Ivoire | Lagunes district: Jacqueville subprefecture, Ebrié lagoon north bank, Abraco and Abraniamiambo villages | 2,000 (1999 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ahizi, Ed-eyng, Ezibo, Frukpu, Mouin | ||
| ahi | Aizi, Tiagbamrin | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Aizi | Côte d’Ivoire | Lagunes district: Jacqueville subprefecture, Ebrié lagoon banks, Attoutou B, Nigui-Assoko, Nigui-Saff, Tiagba, and Tiémié villages | 9,000 (1999 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ahizi, Ed-eyng, Ezibo, Kropko, Lélémrin, Prokpo, Tiagba, Tiagbamrin | None known. No intelligibility of Mobumrin Aizi [ahm], even though both are Kru languages. | |
| bjw | Bakwé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bakwe | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: San Pedro, Sassandra, and Soubre prefectures | 10,300 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Defa, Deple, Dafa, Nigagba, Nyinagbi. Reportedly most similar to Godié [god]. | ||
| hwa | Wané | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bakwe | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: Kounoukou area on southwest coast | 2,100 (1993 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Hwane, Ngwané | ||
| kyf | Kouya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Eastern | Côte d’Ivoire | Sassandra-Marahoué district: Vavoua subprefecture, Kouya canton; small area west of Bonefla. 12 villages | 10,100 (1993 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Kowya, Kuya, Sokuya, Sokya | Sɔkɔwɛlɩ | None known. Reportedly most similar to Gbadi Bété [btg] and Dida. |
| btg | Bété, Gagnoa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Eastern | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: some in north; Gôh-Djiboua district: Gagnoa subprefecture; Sassandra-Marahoué district: Sinfra subprefecture | 150,000 (1989 SIL). All Bété varieties: 730,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Eastern Bété, Gagnoua-Bété, Shyen | Nekedi, Zadie, Niabre, Kpakolo, Zebie, Gbadi (Badie, Gbadie). | |
| bev | Bété, Daloa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Western | Côte d’Ivoire | Sassandra-Marahoué district: Daloa subprefecture | 130,000 (1993 SIL). All Bété varieties: 730,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Daloua Bété, Northern Bété | ||
| bet | Bété, Guiberoua | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Western | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: Soubre, Buyo, Gregbeu, and Ouaragahio subprefectures; Sassandra-Marahoué district: Daloua, Guiberoua, and Issia subprefectures; Gôh-Djiboua district | 130,000 (1993 SIL). All Bété varieties: 730,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Central Bété, Western Bété, ʼbhɛtegbooʼmë | ʼbhɛtɩgbʋʋ ʼmö | Soubré, Guiberoua. Reportedly most similar to Godié [god]. |
| god | Godié | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Western | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: Fresco and Sassandra subprefectures, Kotrohou canton; some in Gôh-Djiboua district | 26,400 (1993 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Dadjriwalé, Godye | Tiglu, Glibe, Kagbo, Dagli, Nugbo, Dlogo, Jluko, Nyago (Cinyaugogo), Koyo. The Koyo dialect may be more similar to a Dida language than to Godié [god]. Kagbo is the most widely understood dialect. | |
| gud | Dida, Yocoboué | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida | Côte d’Ivoire | Gôh-Djiboua district: Guitry subprefecture, Guitry town area; Lagunes district: Tagbo Lagoon | 102,000 (1993 SIL). 7,100 Guitry, 94,500 Divo. All Dida: 336,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Dida de Yocoboué | Dída | Lozoua (Gakpa, Goudou, Guitry, Kagoué, Yocoboue, Yokouboué), Divo. Lakota Dida [dic] marginally intelligible with Yocoboué Dida. Guitry is prestigious. |
| dic | Dida, Lakota | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida | Côte d’Ivoire | Gôh-Djiboua district: Lakota town area and several small areas; Lagunes district: south of Lake Taabo | 93,800 (1993 SIL). All Dida: 336,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Brabori, Dieko, Gabo, Satro, Ziki | Vata. | |
| gie | Guébie | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida | Côte d’Ivoire | Gôh-Djiboua district: Gnagbodougnoa subprefecture, Dodougnoa, Gnagbodougnoa, Gnamagnoa, and Gragbalilie villages | 7,000 (2015 H. Sande) | 6b (Threatened) | None known. Reportedly most similar to Lakota Dida [dic]. | ||
| ney | Neyo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: Sassandra subprefecture, Kébé and Neyo cantons, from Niégba west to Dagbégo east and Niabayo north | 9,200 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gwibwen, Towi | Reportedly most similar to the Kagbo dialect of Godié [god], but they consider themselves a separate ethnic group. May be more similar to a Dida language than to a Bété language. | |
| kwp | Kodia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Kwadia | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district | 840 (1993 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Kwadia, Kwadya | ||
| blh | Kuwaa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Kuwaa | Liberia | Gbarpolu county: Belleh and Bokomo districts; Lofa county: Zorzor district | 22,500 (2015) | 5* (Developing) | Belle, Belleh, Kowaao, Kwaa | None known. Only minor pronunciation differences exist between the 2 Kuwaa clans: Lubaisu and Gbade. | |
| sif | Siamou | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Seme | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins region: Houet province, Toussiana department; Kenedougou province: Orodara is center, Bandougou, Didéri, Diéri, Diéridéni, Diossogou, Kotoudéni, Lidara, and Tin villages | 17,400 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 46,400 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Seme, Siemu, Siémou, Syémou, Sému | Bandougou. Minor dialect differences between villages and within Orodara. The Bandougou dialect is considered different, but intelligibility among dialects seems adequate. No closely related languages. | |
| bsq | Bassa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Bassa | Liberia | Bong, Grand Bassa, and Montserrado counties; Margibi county: coastal areas and Gibi district inland; River Cess county: west | 648,000 in Liberia (2015). Total users in all countries: 653,730 | 5* (Developing) | Ɓǎsɔ́ɔ̀ | Gbor, Gba Sor, Mabahn, Hwen Gba Kon, Central Bassa, Rivercess Bassa. | |
| bsq | Bassa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Bassa | Sierra Leone | Western Area: Western Urban district, Freetown | 5,730 in Sierra Leone (2006 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | |||
| dee | Dewoin | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Bassa | Liberia | Bomi county: coast between Lofa and Saint Paul rivers; Montserrado county: near coast | 13,500 (2015) | 6a* (Vigorous) | De, Dei, Dewoi, Dey | No significant dialect differences. Lexical similarity: 72% with Bassa [bsq]. | |
| ggb | Gbii | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Bassa | Liberia | Nimba county: west of Cestos river | 9,000 (2015) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gbee, Gbi-Dowlu | Kplor, Dorbor. Lexical similarity: 78% with Bassa [bsq]. | |
| oub | Glio-Oubi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Glio-Oubi | Liberia | Grand Gedeh county: 6 towns | 4,150 in Liberia (2012 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 6,650 | 6b* (Threatened) | Glio, Oubi, Ubi | Lexical similarity: 75% with Twabo dialect of Glaro-Twabo [glr] and 73% with Trepo dialect of Krumen [ted] and Pye [pye] of Côte d’Ivoire. | |
| oub | Glio-Oubi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Glio-Oubi | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: east bank of Cavally north of Tabou | 2,500 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991) | 6b* (Threatened) | Glio, Oubi, Ubi | ||
| ktj | Krumen, Plapo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Ivorian | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: between Bapo and Honpo dialects of Tepo Krumen [ted] | 100 (2004) | 6b (Threatened) | Plapo | ||
| pye | Krumen, Pye | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Ivorian | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: Bereby, San Pedro, and Tai subprefectures | 20,000 (1993 SIL). All Krumen: 48,300 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kroumen, Northeastern Krumen, Southeastern Krumen | Trepo, Wluwe-Hawlo (Haoulo), Gbowe-Hran, Wlepo, Dugbo, Yrewe (Giriwe), Yapo, Pie (Pie-Pli-Mahon-Kuse-Gblapo-Henekwe, Pye). | |
| ted | Krumen, Tepo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Ivorian | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: Grabo and Tabou subprefectures | 28,300 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). All Krumen: 48,300 (1993 SIL). Total users in all countries: 31,450 | 5* (Developing) | Krou tepo, Kroumen, Kroumen tépo, Kru, Krumen, Southern Krumen, Southwestern Kroumen, Tepo Krou | #NAME? | Tepo, Bapo, Wlopo (Ropo), Dapo, Honpo, Yrepo (Kapo), Glawlo. |
| ted | Krumen, Tepo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Ivorian | Liberia | River Gee county: Cote d’Ivoire border area. Glawlo dialect is southeast | 3,150 in Liberia (2012 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Kroumen, Kru, Krumen, Southern Krumen | Tepo, Bapo, Plapo, Wlopo (Ropo), Dapo, Honpo, Yrepo (Kapo), Glawlo. | |
| gry | Grebo, Barclayville | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Liberian | Liberia | Grand Kru county: southeast coast and inland | 40,500 (2015) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Wedebo Grebo | Wedebo, Kplebo. A subgroup of quite distinct dialects. Many phonological differences with Jabo dialect of Southern Grebo [grj]. A member of macrolanguage Grebo [grb]. | |
| grv | Grebo, Central | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Liberian | Liberia | Grand Kru and River Gee counties; Maryland county: central Barrobo district | 49,500 (2015) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Globo, Nyenebo, Dorobo, Borobo, Trembo. Distinct from Gboloo Grebo [gec]. Dialects may be quite distinct. A member of macrolanguage Grebo [grb]. | ||
| gec | Grebo, Gboloo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Liberian | Liberia | Maryland county: east border, north of Jabo Grebo | 104,000 (2015) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gblou Grebo, Gboloo | Gederobo, Nyanoun, Tuobo, Biabo, Dediebo. A member of macrolanguage Grebo [grb]. | |
| gbo | Grebo, Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Liberian | Liberia | Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, Maryland, River Gee, and Sinoe counties; near Cote d’Ivoire border | 131,000 (2015) | 5* (Developing) | Grebo, Klépo | Chedepo, E Je (Eh Je), Palipo, Gbepo (Gbeapo), Jedepo, Tienpo, Klepo, Fopo-Bua, Northeastern Grebo. A subgroup of quite distinct dialects. Subdialects of Northeastern dialect are Ketiepo, Nitiabo, Sabo, Tuobo, Webo. A member of macrolanguage Grebo [grb]. | |
| grj | Grebo, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Liberian | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: near Liberia border | 71,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Seaside Grebo. | ||
| grj | Grebo, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Liberian | Liberia | Grand Kru and Maryland counties: southeast coast and inland | 99,000 in Liberia (2015). Total users in all countries: 170,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Glebo (Seaside Grebo), Jabo, Nyabo, Wrelpo. A subgroup of quite distinct dialects. A member of macrolanguage Grebo [grb]. | ||
| klu | Klao | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Klao | Liberia | Grand Kru, River Cess, and Sinoe counties: southeast Atlantic coast and inland | 342,000 in Liberia (2015). Total users in all countries: 351,620 | 5* (Developing) | Klaoh, Klau, Kroo, Kru | Western Klaoh, West Central Klaoh, Central Klaoh, Eastern Klaoh. | |
| klu | Klao | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Klao | Sierra Leone | Western Area: Western Urban district, Freetown | 9,620 in Sierra Leone (2006 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Klaoh, Klau, Kroo, Kru | ||
| tja | Tajuasohn | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Klao | Liberia | Sinoe county: north of Greenville | 18,000 (2015) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tajuason, Tajuoso, Tajuosohn | 5 clans speak inherently intelligible dialects. Many understand Klao [klu], but the reverse is not true. | |
| glr | Glaro-Twabo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn | Liberia | Grand Gedeh and River Gee counties; border with Cote d’Ivoire | 4,630 in Liberia (2012 J. Leclerc) | 6b* (Threatened) | Glaro, Twabo. Minimal intelligibility between Twabo dialect and some Eastern Krahn [kqo] dialects, but not with Glaro. Lexical similarity: 82% with some Eastern Krahn [kqo] dialects, 87% with Glaro and Twabo dialects. | ||
| krw | Krahn, Western | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn | Liberia | Grand Gedeh county: near Côte d’Ivoire border; Nimba and Sinoe counties | 85,600 in Liberia (2015). Total users in all countries: 97,800 | 5* (Developing) | Krahn, Kran, Northern Krahn, Western Kran | Gbo, Gbaeson (Gbaison, Gbarzon), Plo, Biai, Gbarbo, Gborbo (Gbobo), Kpeaply. Dialects in Côte d’Ivoire have French [fra] influences. | |
| krn | Sapo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn | Liberia | Grand Gedeh and Sinoe counties; River Gee county: small border area | 58,500 (2015) | 5* (Developing) | Sarpo, Southern Krahn | Nomopo (Nimpo), Waya (Wedjah), Juarzon, Sinkon (Senkon), Putu, Kabade (Karbardae). Lexical similarity: 84%–97% between Western Wè [wec] and Sapo dialects, including some Wè dialects in Côte d’Ivoire. | |
| das | Daho-Doo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn | Côte d’Ivoire | Montagnes district: Tai area and south; Bas-Sassandra district: northwest. Doo are in 5 villages south of Guiglo | 4,000 (1996 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Although the Daho and Doo are considered Wè, their speech is not understood by other Wè. Greatest lexical similarity: at least 30%–80% with any Wè variety, 92% with Daho and Doo dialects. | ||
| krw | Krahn, Western | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn | Côte d’Ivoire | Montagnes district: Toulépleu subprefecture | 12,200 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Krahn, Northern Krahn | Pewa (Peewa), Biai. | |
| gxx | Wè Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: Lake Buyo area; Montagnes district: Bangolo, Duékoué, Guiglo, and Tai subprefectures | 422,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Central Guéré, Gere, Guéré | Wèè | Zibiao, Zagne, Zagna, Beu (Zarabaon), Zaa (Zaha), Niao (Neabo, Neao, Niabo), Gboo (Gbobo), Fleo, Nyeo. Southern Wè has 7 more consonants than Northern Wè [wob]. |
| wec | Wè Western | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn | Côte d’Ivoire | Montagnes district: Toulépleu subprefecture | 25,200 (1998 SIL). 20,000 Kaoro (1995 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Gere, Guéré, Neyo | Wèè | Nidrou (Nidru), Kaoro (Kaawlu, Kaowlu). |
| kqo | Krahn, Eastern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Konobo | Côte d’Ivoire | Lacs, Sassandra-Marahoué, and Vallée du Bandama districts: Lake Kossou area; Montagnes district | 10,600 in Côte d’Ivoire | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| kqo | Krahn, Eastern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Konobo | Liberia | Grand Gedeh county: 2 areas along middle Cavally river; River Gee and Sinoe counties; Côte d’Ivoire border area | 85,600 in Liberia (2015). Total users in all countries: 96,200 | 5* (Developing) | Eastern Kran, Kran | Gorbo, Kanneh, Konobo, Tchien (Chiehn). Minimal intelligibility between some dialects and Twabo dialect of Glaro-Twabo [glr]. Distinct from Western Krahn [krw], Sapo [krn], and We Southern [gxx]. Lexical similarity: 93% between Gorbo and Kanneh dialects, 87% between Gorbo and Konobo dialects. | |
| nwb | Nyabwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Nyabwa | Côte d’Ivoire | Bas-Sassandra district: northwest; Sassandra-Marahoué district: Vavoua subprefecture, Kouya canton; Buyo, Daloua, Issia, Vavoua (Nyedebwa), and Zoukougbeu (Nyabwa) subprefectures, 12 southwest villages; all in Lake Buyo area | 72,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Niaboua, Nyaboa, Nyabobɔgo, Nyabwa-Nyédébwa, “Bété” (pej.) | Nyabobɔgʋ | Nyabwa, Nyedebwa (Niédéboua), Kouzii (Kouzié). Lexical similarity: 90% with Nyabwa and Nyedebwa dialects, 74%–80% between them and Wè Southern [gxx] and Wè Northern [wob]. |
| wob | Wè Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Wobe | Côte d’Ivoire | Montagnes district: Fakobly and Kouibly subprefectures | 265,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Ouobe, Wobé, Wèè | Wɛɛ | Tao, Péomé, Sémien (Gbéan). Kouibly dialect intelligible to about half of Wè Southern [gxx] speakers. Lexical similarity: 90%–94% among dialects, Kouibly dialect (Tao and Gbean) has 84%–89% lexical similarity with Wè Southern dialects. |
| nyb | Nyangbo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo | Ghana | Volta region: east of Afeyi | 6,400 (2003) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tutrugbu | None known. A population sample averaged 72% comprehension of Éwé [ewe] mixed discourse types. People who have had no contact with Tafi [tcd] had 67% intelligibility of it on tests; people 30 to 50 years old had nearly perfect comprehension. Reportedly only phonological differences. | |
| avn | Avatime | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo | Ghana | Volta region: center at Amedzofe | 27,200 (2013 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Afatime, Sia, Sideme, Siya, Siyase | Si-yà | None known. Reportedly similar to Nyangbo [nyb] and Tafi [tcd]. |
| tcd | Tafi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Avatime-Nyangbo | Ghana | Volta region: north of Ho, near Togo border | 4,400 (2003) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tegbo | None known. A population sample averaged 73% comprehension of Éwé mixed discourse types. 83% understand Nyangbo [nyb] narrative well. | |
| cib | Gbe, Ci | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Benin | Coufou department: Lalo commune | 25,000 (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ayizo-Ci, Ci, Cigbe, Tchi | None known. Considered the same as Fon [fon] by many Ci Gbe speakers. Lexical similarity: 80% with Fon [fon], 77% with Ayizo Gbe [ayb], 59% with Aja [ajg]. | |
| kef | Kpessi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Togo | Centrale region: Nyamassila area west of Mono river; Plateaux region: Est Mono prefecture | 4,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Kpesi, Kpetchi, Kpési, Kpétsi | None known. Closely related to Éwé [ewe] (1998 SIL). | |
| aug | Aguna | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Benin | Collines department: southern border areas; Coufou department: Aplahoue commune; Zou department: Djidja commune, Agouna village area | 14,000 in Benin (2014 SIL). Total users in all countries: 28,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Aguna-gbe, Agunaco, Awuna | ||
| aug | Aguna | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Togo | Plateaux region: Moyen-Mono prefecture; Maritime region: Lacs and Yoto prefectures, north and south of ‘Forêt de Togodo’, both sides of Mono river; Lomé and other towns south | 14,000 in Togo (2013 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Aguna-gbe, Agunaco, Agunagbe, Agunaný, Awuna | ||
| ewe | Éwé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Ghana | Eastern region: Askuma town area, west of Lake Volta; Greater Accra region: easternmost; Volta region: easternmost | 3,820,000 in Ghana, all users. L1 users: 3,320,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 500,000. Total users in all countries: 4,685,760 (as L1: 4,185,760; as L2: 500,000) | 3 (Wider communication). Recognized language (1951, Laws of the Gold Coast, Vernacular Literature Board Ordinance, as amended by Ordinance No. 44) | Ebwe, Efe, Eibe, Eue, Eve, Gbe, Krepe, Krepi, Popo, Vhe | Èʋegbe (Èwegbe) | Anglo (Anlo), Awuna, Hudu, Kotafoa. Westernmost language of the Gbe language subgroup. |
| ewe | Éwé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Togo | Widespread. Maritime and Plateaux regions: south of Atakpamé. Kpalimé, Notsé, and Tsévié are main centers | 862,000 in Togo (Vanderaa 1991) | 3 (Wider communication) | Ehwe, Eibe, Eve, Krepe, Krepi, Popo, Vhe | Adan, Agu, Anglo (Anlo, Awlan), Aveno, Be, Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Togo, Vlin, Vo. | |
| gbx | Gbe, Eastern Xwla | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Benin | Atlantique department: Lake Nokwe south shore; Littoral department: east Cotonou; Ouémé department: Seme-Kpodji commune east of Cotonou | 80,000 (2002). Total Xwla Gbe: 153,000 (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Houla, Kpla, Offra, Ophra, Phla, Pla, Popo, Xwla | None known. Lexical similarity: 90% with Gun [guw], 82% with Fon [fon], 68% with Gen [gej], 68% with Aja [ajg]. | |
| gbs | Gbe, Gbesi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Benin | Atlantique department: Allada, Kpomassè, and Tori-Bossito communes, individual and mixed villages | 65,000 (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Gbokpa. Lexical similarity: 91% with Kotafon [kqk], 85% with Fon [fon], 73% with Aja [ajg], 70% with Gen [gej]. | ||
| kqk | Gbe, Kotafon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Benin | Coufou department: Djakotomey and Lalo communes; Mono department: Athiémé, Houeyogbe, and eastern Bopa communes, Lake Aheme area | 154,000 (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ko, Kogbe | None known. Lexical similarity: 82% with Gbe Ayizo [ayb], 81% with Fon [fon], 69% with Gen [gej], 65% with Aja [ajg]. | |
| sxw | Gbe, Saxwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Benin | Atlantique department: Kpomasse commune; Coufou department: Lalo commune; Mono department: Bopa and Houéyogbé communes | 279,000 (2016) | 5 (Developing) | Sahouè, Sahouègbe, Saxwɛ, Saxwe, Saxwe-Gbe, Saxwegbe, Tsaphe, Tsaphe -Gbe, Tsáphɛ | Saxwɛgbe | Saxwe, Daxe, Se. |
| wci | Gbe, Waci | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Benin | Mono department: Comè commune; some in Athiémè and Grand-Popo communes | 58,300 in Benin (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ouatchi, Waci, Waci-Gbe, Watyu | ||
| wci | Gbe, Waci | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Togo | Maritime region: Bas-Mono, Lacs, Vo, and Yoto prefectures, mostly Attitogon, Tabligbo, and Vogan | 366,000 in Togo (1991). Total users in all countries: 424,300 | 6a (Vigorous) | Ouatchi, Wachi, Waci, Waci-Gbe, Watyi | ||
| xwl | Gbe, Western Xwla | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Benin | Atlantique department: Ouidah commune; Littoral department: Cotonou; Mono department: Grand-Popo commune | 50,000 in Benin (2002). Total Xwla Gbe: 153,000 (2016). Total users in all countries: 71,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Phla, Xwla, Xwla-Gbe | None known. Lexical similarity: 86% with Gun [guw], 84% with Fon [fon], 73% with Gen [gej], 68% with Aja [ajg], 90% with Eastern Xwela Gbe [gbx], 88% with Saxwe Gbe [sxw]. | |
| xwl | Gbe, Western Xwla | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Togo | Maritime region: southeast Lacs prefecture, along Mono river | 21,000 in Togo (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| xwe | Gbe, Xwela | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Benin | Atlantique department: Kpomassè and Ouidah communes; Mono department: Comé commune near Lake Aheme, southernmost Bopa commune | 80,600 (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Houeda, Peda, Phera, Xwela, Xwela-Gbe | None known. Lexical similarity: 90% with Western Xwla [xwl], 85% with Fon [fon], 71% with Gen [gej], 82% with Saxwe [sxw], 68% with Aja [ajg]. | |
| wud | Wudu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe | Togo | Plateaux region: Amou prefecture, some near Atakpame | 2000 | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| ajg | Aja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Aja | Benin | Coufou department: Aplahoué, Djakotomè, Dogbo, Klouékanmè, Lalo, and Tovinklin communes on Mono river; Mono department: Athiémè, Houéyogbé communes; Zou department: Agbangnizoun and Djidja communes; Cotonou and many southern mixed-language towns | 943,000 in Benin (2016). Total users in all countries: 1,133,000 | 5 (Developing) | Adja, Hwè | Ajagbe | Dogbo, Hwe (Ehoue), Tado (Tadou), Sikpi (Shikpi), Tala. The Hwe, Sikpi, and Tado dialects are linguistically very similar; Dogbo and Tala distinct from the other 3. Lexical similarity: 92% with Hwe-Sikpi dialect, 89% with Hwe-Dogbo dialect, Hwe-Tado dialect, and Hwe-Tala dialect. |
| ajg | Aja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Aja | Togo | Maritime region: Lacs and Yoto prefectures, east of Mono river; Plateaux region: Haho, Moyen-Mono, and Ogou prefectures, Mono river area, southeast of Atakpame town | 190,000 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Adja, Ajagbe | Dogo, Hwe (Ehoue), Tado (Tadou), Sikpi (Shikpi), Tala. | |
| ayb | Gbe, Ayizo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Aja | Benin | Atlantique department: largest areas; Coufou and Zou departments: Lalo and Zogbodomey communes | 462,000 (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ayizo, Ayizo-Gbe, Ayzo | Ayizo Gbe | Kadagbe (Kada-Gbe), Ayizo-Seto (Sèto), Ayizo-Tori, Ayizo-Kobe. Reportedly similar to Fon [fon]. |
| gbh | Gbe, Defi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Aja | Benin | Ouémé department: Seme-Kpodji commune between Ouémé river north, Cotonou-Porto-Novo railroad west, Gulf of Guinea south | 13,500 (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | None known. Defi is reportedly similar linguistically to Gun [guw]. | ||
| tfi | Gbe, Tofin | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Aja | Benin | Atlantique department: Sô-Ava commune southeast; Ouémé department: Aguegue commune | 136,000 (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Tofi, Tofin, Tofingbe | None known. Lexical similarity: 88% with Gun [guw], 87% with Fon [fon], 82% with Eastern Xwla Gbe [xwe], 75% with Ayizo Gbe [ayb], 66% with Gen [gej]. | |
| wem | Gbe, Weme | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Aja | Benin | Atlantique department: Abomey-Calavi and Zè communes; Ouémé department: Adjohoun, Bonou, Dangbo communes along lower Ouémé river, some in Aguégué, Akpro-Missérété communes; Plateau department: Adja-Ouere commune | 270,000 (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Weme, Weme-Gbe, Wéménugbé | ||
| guw | Gun | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Aja | Benin | Ouémé department: Adjarra, Akpro-Missérété, Avrankou, Porto-Novo communes; Plateau department: Sakete commune | 675,000 in Benin (2016). Total users in all countries: 934,000 | 5 (Developing) | Egun, Goun, Gu, Gugbe, Gun-Alada, Gun-Gbe | Gungbe | Ajra, Alada (Alada-Gbe), Seto (Seto-Gbe), Toli (Toli-Gbe). |
| guw | Gun | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Aja | Nigeria | Lagos state; Ogun state: Ado-Odo-Ota, Badagry, and Idiroko LGAs | 259,000 in Nigeria (2000) | 5* (Developing) | Egun, Gugbe, Gun-Alada, Gun-Gbe, Seto-Gbe | Alada (Alada-Gbe), Asento, Gbekon, Gun (Egun, Goun, Gu), Phela, Savi, Weme, Seto. | |
| fon | Fon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Fon | Benin | Widespread. Atlantique, Littoral and Zou departments | 1,900,000 in Benin (2016). Total users in all countries: 1,935,500 | 3 (Wider communication) | Dahomeen | Fongbe | Agbome, Arohun, Gbekon, Kpase. |
| fon | Fon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Fon | Togo | Plateaux region: north and south Atakpamé, scattered small groups | 35,500 in Togo (1991) | 5 (Dispersed) | Dahomeen, Djedji, Fo, Fogbe, Fon-Gbe, Fonnu | ||
| mxl | Gbe, Maxi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Fon | Benin | Collines department: Bantè, Dassa-Zoume, Glazoué Ouèssèi, and Savalou communes; Donga department: Bassila commune | 342,000 in Benin (2016). Total users in all countries: 367,300 | 6a (Vigorous) | Mahi, Maxi, Maxi-Gbe | None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Fon [fon], 68% with Ayizo Gbe [ayb], 51% with Aja [ajg]. | |
| mxl | Gbe, Maxi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Fon | Togo | Plateaux region: north and south of Atakpamé; isolated villages south | 25,300 in Togo (1991) | 6a (Vigorous) | Mahi, Maxi-Gbe | ||
| gej | Gen | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Mina | Benin | Atlantique and Mono departments | 124,000 in Benin (2016) | 3 (Wider communication) | Ge, Gegbe, Gen-Gbe, Guin, Mina, Mina-Gen, Popo | Anexo, Agoi, Gen, Gliji. | |
| gej | Gen | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Mina | Togo | Maritime region: Lacs prefecture, east of Lomé toward Benin border | 201,000 in Togo (1991). Total users in all countries: 325,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | Ge, Gebe, Guin, Mina, Mina-Gen, Popo | Gen-Gbe | Anexo, Gliji, Agoi, Gen. |
| keu | Akebu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Kebu-Animere | Togo | Plateaux region: Agou and Wawa prefectures east of Ghana, mostly Djon, Kamina, Kougnohou, Sérégbéné, and Yala | 70,300 (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Akebou, Akébou, Ekpeebhe, Ekpeebhibhe, Gakagba, Kabu, Kebu, Kegberike, Kébou, kekpeerike | Kǝkpǝǝ-kǝ | |
| anf | Animere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Kebu-Animere | Ghana | Volta region: enclave north of Jasikan town; Kecheibi and Kunda villages, remote | 700 (2003). Only a few fluent speakers left in an ethnic group of several hundred (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | 8a (Moribund) | Anyimere, Kunda | ||
| adq | Adangbe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili | Ghana | Volta region: south | Ethnic population: 6,000 (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). Total users in all countries: 4,000 | 6b* (Threatened) | Adan, Adantonwi, Agotime, Dangbe | ||
| adq | Adangbe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili | Togo | Plateaux region: Togo, Ghana border directly east of Ho | 4,000 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 6b (Threatened) | Adan, Adantonwi, Agotime, Dangbe | ||
| kpo | Akposo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili | Ghana | Volta region: Jasikan district, near Togo border | 7,500 in Ghana (2003) | 5* (Developing) | Akposso, Ikposo, Ikposso, Kposo | Amou Oblou, Ikponu, Iwi (Uwi), Litime (Badou), Logbo, Uma. | |
| ahl | Igo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili | Togo | Plateaux region: far northwest Danyi prefecture, Bogo-Ahlon canton, Sassanou village area | 7,600 (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). No monolinguals | 5 (Developing) | Achlo, Ago, Ahlon, Ahlon-Bogo, Ahlõ, Ahonlan, Anlo, Bogo | Igo | |
| kpo | Ikposo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili | Togo | Plateaux region: Amou, Ogou, and Wawa prefectures, mostly Amlamé, Amou-Oblo, and Atakpamé | 155,000 in Togo (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 162,500 | 5 (Developing) | Akposo, Akposso, Kposo | Ikposo | Amou Oblou, Ikponu, Iwi (Uwi), Litime (Badou), Logbo, Uma. |
| bov | Tuwuli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-Bowili | Ghana | Volta region: Volta lake east to Amanfro on Hohoe-Jasikan road | 11,400 (2003 GILLBT) | 5 (Developing) | Bawuli, Bowili, Bowiri, Liwuli, Siwuri, Tuwili | Tuwuli | |
| aba | Abé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Agneby | Côte d’Ivoire | Lacs district: Bongouanou subprefecture; Lagunes district: Agboville subprefecture (except Krobou canton), Tiassale subprefecture, Abbe canton, 70 villages | 268,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Abbey, Abbé, Abi | Tioffo, Morie, Abbey-Ve, Kos (Khos). | |
| abi | Abidji | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Agneby | Côte d’Ivoire | Lagunes district: Dabou and Sikensi subprefectures, Agboville area. 12 villages | 85,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Abiji | Enyembe, Ogbru. | |
| adj | Adioukrou | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Agneby | Côte d’Ivoire | Lagunes district: Dabou subprefecture. 49 villages | 140,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Adjukru, Adyoukrou, Adyukru, Ajukru, Mojukru | Mɔjukru | |
| ati | Attié | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Attie | Côte d’Ivoire | Lacs district: southeast; Lagunes district: Adzopé, Affery, Agou, Akoupé, Alépé, Anyama, and Yakassé-Attobrou subprefectures | 642,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | #NAME? | #NAME? | Naindin, Ketin, Bodin. Bodin dialect is the most prestigious and numerous. |
| ald | Alladian | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Avikam-Alladian | Côte d’Ivoire | Lagunes district: Jacqueville subprefecture, plain between the coast and Ebrie lagoon. 21 villages | 23,000 (1993 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Aladian, Alladyan, Allagia, Allagian | Alladian | |
| avi | Avikam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Avikam-Alladian | Côte d’Ivoire | Gôh-Djiboua district: coast west of Tagbo Lagoon; Lagunes district: Grand Lahou coastal plain area, Avikam canton | 21,000 (1993 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Avekom, Brignan, Brinya, Gbanda, Kwakwa, Lahu | ||
| ada | Dangme | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Ga-Dangme | Ghana | Eastern region: Asuogyaman, East Akim municipal, Fanteukwa, Lower Manya Krobo, Upper Manya Krobo, New Juaben municipal, and Yilo Krobo municipal districts; Greater Accra region: Dangme East and West districts, southeast coast and inland; Volta region: North Tongu district | 1,020,000 (2013 UNSD) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1951, Laws of the Gold Coast, Vernacular Literature Board Ordinance, as amended by Ordinance No. 44) | Adaŋgbi, Adangme | Dangme | Ada, Ningo, Osu, Shai, Gbugbla, Krobo. |
| gaa | Ga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Ga-Dangme | Ghana | Greater Accra region: Accra and west | 745,000 (2013 UNSD) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1951, Laws of the Gold Coast, Vernacular Literature Board Ordinance, as amended by Ordinance No. 44) | Accra, Acra, Amina, Gain, Gamei | Ga | |
| ade | Adele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-Adele | Ghana | Volta region: Jasikan and Nkwanta districts; east central border with Togo | 11,000 in Ghana (2003) | 5* (Developing) | Bidire, Gidire | Lower Adele. | |
| ade | Adele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-Adele | Togo | Centrale region: Sotouboua prefecture | 26,400 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). Total users in all countries: 37,400 | 5 (Developing) | Bedere, Bidire, Gadre, Gidere | Gidire | Upper Adele. Intelligibility: 85%–90% between dialects, minor differences in tone and lexicon. Ghana and Togo dialects differ. |
| blo | Anii | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-Adele | Benin | Donga department: Bassila commune northwest, on Togo border, and 18 area villages | 33,600 in Benin (2011 SIL). Total users in all countries: 48,900 | 5 (Developing) | Baseca, Basila, Bassila, Gisida, “Ouinji-Ouinji” (pej.), “Winji-Winji” (pej.) | Anii | Giseda (Bassila), Gifolanga (Guiguisso), Frinyio ka gija (Frignion), Gikodowarja (Kodowari), Gipenesulja (Pénéssoulou), Gipenelanja (Pénélan), Naagayili ka gija (Nagayilé), Gibodija (Bodi), Gibayaakuja (Bayaku), Gideenguja (Dengou), Ngmeelang ka gija (Melan), Gisaramangaja (Saramanga), Agerendebu ka gija (Agéréndébou), Giborokoja (Mboroko), Yaari ka gija (Yarí). Giseda is the main dialect that adults understand. Higher intelligibility among the dialects in the north. Lexical similarity: 89% with the Bodi dialect and 74% with the Balanka dialect. |
| blo | Anii | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-Adele | Togo | Centrale region: Tchamba prefecture, Afem, Balanka, Kouloumi, and Nandjoubi villages | 15,300 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Akpe, Baseca, Basila, Bassila, Gisida, “Ounji-Ounji” (pej.), “Winji-Winji” (pej.) | ||
| ega | Ega | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Ega | Côte d’Ivoire | Gôh-Djiboua district: Diés canton, Borondoukou village near Gly | 2,500 (2001 B. Connell) | 6b (Threatened) | Diés, Egwa | ||
| akp | Siwu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Lelemi-Akpafu | Ghana | Volta region: Mpeasem area north of Hohoé | 71,900 (2013 UNSD) | 5 (Developing) | Akpafu-Lolobi, Lolobi-Akpafu, Mawu, Siwusi | Siwu | Akpafu, Lolobi. Lolobi and Akpafu dialects are inherently intelligible, but have been politically separate since the 1800s. A population sample averaged 66% comprehension of Éwé [ewe] mixed discourse types. |
| lef | Lelemi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Lelemi-Akpafu | Ghana | Volta region: Jasikan district | 48,900 (2003), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Buem, Lafana, Lefana | ||
| lip | Sekpele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi | Ghana | Volta region: north of Hohoe | 23,000 (Ameka 2007) | 5 (Developing) | Bosele, Likpe, Mu, Sekpelé | Sɛkpɛlé | Sekwa, Sekpele. |
| snw | Selee | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-Santrokofi | Ghana | Volta region: Benua, Bume, and Gbodome villages northeast of Ahenkro | 11,300 (2003 GILLBT) | 5 (Developing) | Santrokofi, Sele, Sentrokofi | Bale | |
| lgq | Logba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Logba | Ghana | Volta region: southeast of Date | 7,500 (2003) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ikpana | None known. A population sample averaged 87% comprehension of Éwé [ewe] mixed discourse types. | |
| ebr | Ebrié | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Potou | Côte d’Ivoire | Urban Abidjan and Lagunes districts: Bingerville and Dabou subprefectures. 57 villages, with 27 in Abidjan | 152,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Cama, Caman, Kyama, Tchaman, Tsama, Tyama | None known. Not related to surrounding languages. | |
| gwa | Mbato | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Potou | Côte d’Ivoire | Comoé district: Comoé river east bank; Lagunes district: Petit Alépé subprefecture | 25,000 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Goaa, Gwa, M’bato, Mbatto, Mgbato, N-Batto, Nglwa, Ogwia, Potu | None known. Related to Ebrii [ebr]. | |
| abr | Abron | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan distict: Bondoukou and Tanda subprefectures | 223,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bron, Brong, Doma, Gyaman | ||
| abr | Abron | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: southwest | 1,170,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 1,393,000 | 5* (Developing) | Bron, Doma, Gyaman | Brong | Bono. |
| aka | Akan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan | Ghana | Widespread | 9,100,000 in Ghana, all users. L1 users: 8,100,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD). Population includes 111,000 Agona, 85,900 Ahafo, 626,000 Akuapem, 3,820,000 Asante, 142,000 Asen, 124,000 Dankyira, 2,730,000 Fante, 443,000 Kwawu, and 15,400 other (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 1,000,000. Total users in all countries: 9,231,300 (as L1: 8,231,300; as L2: 1,000,000) | 3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language | Akan | Agona, Anomabo Fanti, Abura Fanti, Akuapem (Akuapim, Akwapem Twi, Akwapi, Twi), Akyem (Akyem Bosome), Asante (Achanti, Asanti, Ashante Twi), Asen, Dankyira, Fante (Fanti, Mfantse), Kwawu (Kwahu), Gomua, Ahafo. All dialects, including Fanti and Twi, are mutually intelligible. | |
| wss | Wasa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan | Ghana | Western region: mainly Wasa Amenfi West and Wasa Amenfi East districts | 273,000 (2013 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Wasaw, Wassa | Amenfi, Fianse. Some intelligibility with Abron [abr]. | |
| any | Anyin | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern | Côte d’Ivoire | Comoé and Lagunes districts; Lacs district: Bongouanou, Daoukro, and M’bahiakro subprefectures; Zanzan district: Bondoukou and Tanda subprefectures | 1,450,000 in Côte d’Ivoire, all users. L1 users: 1,440,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). L2 users: 10,000. Total users in all countries: 1,516,400 (as L1: 1,506,400; as L2: 10,000) | 5* (Developing) | Agni, Agni Sanvi, Agny, Anyi | Anyin | Anyin Sannvin (Sannvin, Sanvi), Abé, Ano, Bona, Bini, Barabo, Ndenye (Anyin Ndenye, Indenie), Juablin (Anyin Juablin, Djuablin). The Northern Anyin dialect area includes the Abé, Ano, Bona, Bini and Barabo dialects. The Central Anyin dialect are includes Ndenye and Juablin. Reportedly most similar to Baoulé [bci]. Also similar to Nzema [nzi] and Sehwi [sfw]. |
| sfw | Sehwi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern | Ghana | Western region | 305,000 (2013 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Asahyue, Sefwi | None known. Reportedly similar to Anyin [any] of Côte d’Ivoire. | |
| cko | Anufo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern | Benin | Atacora department: Boukoumbée and Cobly communes, a few villages | 13,800 in Benin (2002 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Chakosi, Chokosi, Chokossi, Tchokossi | ||
| cko | Anufo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern | Ghana | Northern region: Wawjayga area | 91,300 in Ghana (2013 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 177,200 | 5* (Developing) | Chakosi, Chokosi, Kyokosi, Tchokossi, Tiokossi | Anufo | |
| cko | Anufo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern | Togo | Savanes region: Oti prefecture, Mango town area | 72,100 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Chakosi, Chokosi, Chokossi, Tchokossi, Tiokossi | ||
| any | Anyin | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern | Ghana | Western region: Aowin Suman district | 66,400 in Ghana (2013 UNSD). Designated as Aowin in the 2010 census (2013 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Agni, Anyi | Aowin (Anyin Aowin, Brissa, Brosa). | |
| mtb | Anyin Morofo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern | Côte d’Ivoire | Lacs district: Moronou area; Lagunes district: central, southern, and eastern departments | 300,000 (2002 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Morofo | Anyin Alangua (Alangua). | |
| bci | Baoulé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern | Côte d’Ivoire | Lacs, Lagunes, Gôh-Djiboua, Sassandra-Marahoué, Vallée du Bandama, Woroba, and Yamoussoukro regions. Widespread in the south | 4,650,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Total users in all countries: 4,654,060 | 5* (Developing) | Baoule, Baule, Baule-Ando, Bawule | Ando. Reportedly similar to Anyin [any]. Many subgroups, but all claim to understand the standard variety. | |
| aha | Ahanta | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern | Ghana | Western region: Takoradi to Princes Town on southwest coast | 175,000 (2013 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Ayɩnda | ||
| jwi | Jwira-Pepesa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern | Ghana | Western region; Jwira from Bamiankaw to Humjibere along Ankobra river (18 villages); Pepesa on Wasa land between Agona Junction and Tarkwa; Dompim is main town | 18,000 (2003 GILLBT) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gwira, Pepesa-Jwira | Jwira, Pepesa. 60% intelligibility with Nzema [nzi]. | |
| nzi | Nzema | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern | Côte d’Ivoire | Comoé district: Aboisso department, Tiapoum subprefecture, southeast coast; Abidjan | 113,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Appolo, Nzima | ||
| nzi | Nzema | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern | Ghana | Western region: Jomoro district | 299,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD). Includes 27,800 Evalue (2013 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 412,000 | 5* (Developing). Recognized language (1951, Laws of the Gold Coast, Vernacular Literature Board Ordinance, as amended by Ordinance No. 44) | Appolo, Nzima | Evalue. | |
| kye | Krache | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Volta region: Kete Krachi area near Nchimburu | 58,000 (2004 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Krachi, Krakye | Kaakyi | None known. Considerable mutual intelligibility of Chumburung [ncu] and Dwang [nnu] (Guan languages); less with Guan languages of Gonja [gjn] or Gikyode [acd]. |
| nnu | Dwang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: south of Volta lake, east of Atebubu | 8,200 (2003 GILLBT). 1,600 Bekye, 3,300 Kenyen, 3,300 Wiase | 6a (Vigorous) | Bassa, Dwan, Nchumunu | Bekye, Kenyen, Wiase. Reportedly most similar to Kplang [kph]. Comprehension of Chumburung [ncu] 75%. Krache [kye] is understood well due to contact. | |
| ncu | Chumburung | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: Sene district; Northern region: East Gonja district; Volta region: Krachi district; triangular area with Volta lake south, Daka river northwest, Yeji dialect is south of the lake | 69,000 (2004 SIL), increasing. 2,700 Yeji | 5 (Developing) | Kyo̱ŋbo̱ro̱ŋ, Kyongborong, Nchimburu, Nchumburu, Nchummuru | Kyo̱ŋbo̱ro̱ŋ-nɔ | Northern Chumburung (Banda), Southern Chumburung (Bejamse, Borae, Chinderi, Gurubi, Lonto), Yeji (Yedji). Reportedly somewhat intelligible with Krache [kye]. Lexical similarity: 77% with the Yeji dialect, 79% with Kplang [kph], 78% with Krache, 69% with Dwang [nnu], 67% with Nawuri [naw] and Gikyode [acd], 60% with Gonja [gjn]. |
| acd | Gikyode | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Volta region: Nkwanta district, on Togo border, 9 remote villages | 10,400 (2003), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Achode, Akyode, Chode, Gichode, Kyode | Gikyode | None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Ginyanga [ayg] of Togo. |
| naw | Nawuri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Northern and Volta regions: Lake Volta, mostly Oti river west bank branch, northeast of Katiajeli | 14,000 (2003 GILLBT), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Lexical similarity: 72% with the Buipe dialect of Gonja [gjn] (most similar). | ||
| nlu | Nchumbulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: 3 villages west of Lake Volta near Kplang | 1,800 (2003 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | None known. Similar to Chumburung [ncu] and Dwang [nnu]. | ||
| doy | Dompo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: Banda district, Dompofie quarter | 65 (Blench 1999a), decreasing. Ethnic population: 970 (2000) | 8a (Moribund) | Dumpo, Ndmpo | ||
| fod | Foodo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Benin | Donga department: Ouaké commune, Semere town area | 24,500 in Benin (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 25,500 | 5* (Developing) | Fóodo | ||
| ayg | Ginyanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Togo | Centrale region: Blitta prefecture, west and south of Blitta town | 16,500 (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). Ethnic population: 12,500 | 6a (Vigorous) | Agnagan, Anyanga, Genyanga | None known. Closely related to Gikyode [acd]. | |
| gjn | Gonja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: Kintampa North district, separate area west; Northern region: Volta lake upper basin | 310,000 (2013 UNSD), increasing | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1951, Laws of the Gold Coast, Vernacular Literature Board Ordinance, as amended by Ordinance No. 44) | Ngbanyito | Gonja, Choruba (Choroba). | |
| kph | Kplang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: Sene district, south of Volta lake; Pru district, Yeji town | 1,600 (2003 GILLBT) | 6a (Vigorous) | Prang | 73% intelligibility with Chumburung [ncu]. 96% comprehension of the Yeji dialect of Chumburung due to proximity. Lexical similarity: 92% with the Yeji, 79% with Chumburung [ncu]. | |
| nkq | Nkami | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Eastern region: Afram Plains district, Amankwakrom | 7,000 (2009 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Reportedly similar to Nkonya [nko]. | ||
| nko | Nkonya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Ghana | Central Volta region: east of Lake Volta, north of Ahenkro | 20,400 (2013 UNSD). 11,000 in the language area, the rest in the larger urban areas of Ghana | 5* (Developing) | Nkunyá | Nkunya | |
| bqa | Tchumbuli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North Guang | Benin | Collines department: Ouèssè and Savè communes, Edaningbe, Gbede, and Okounfo villages | 2,500 (2000 SIL) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Basa, Chombulon, Tchombolo, Tshummbuli | Cobecha, Tchumbuli. Lexical similarity: 80% with Chumburung [ncu]. | |
| afu | Awutu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang | Ghana | Central region: Awutu district, coast west of Accra | 129,000 (2013 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Efutu | Awutu | Awutu, Efutu, Senya. |
| cpn | Cherepon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang | Ghana | Eastern region: east of Koforidua town; a few north of Larteh | 132,000 (2013 UNSD) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Chiripon, Chiripong, Kyerepong, Okere | ||
| gwx | Gua | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang | Ghana | Eastern and Volta regions | 17,600 (2013 UNSD) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Anum-Boso, Guan, Gwa | Anu (Anum), Boso. | |
| lar | Larteh | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South Guang | Ghana | Eastern region: Twi area south of Cherepon | 74,000 (2003 GILLBT) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gua, Late, Lete | ||
| kxb | Krobu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Krobu | Côte d’Ivoire | Lagunes district: Agboville subprefecture. 4 villages | 9,920 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Krobou | ||
| abu | Abure | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Western | Côte d’Ivoire | Comoé district: Bonoua subprefecture; Lagunes district: Grand Bassam subprefecture; Abidjan | 93,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Abonwa, Abouré, Abule, Akaplass, Ehie, Eyive, Ossouon | None known. Reportedly similar to Anyin [any] and Baoule [bci]. | |
| eot | Beti | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Western | Côte d’Ivoire | Comoé district: Grand Bassam subprefecture, Vitre I and Vitre II villages | 200 (Blench 1999b). Ethnic population: 3,180 (1988 census) | 8a (Moribund) | Eotile | ||
| fll | Fali, North | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Fali | Cameroon | North region: Mayo-Louti division, Mayo-Oulo subdivision, Dourbeye and Mayo-Oulo area | 16,000 (1982 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Dourbeye (Fali-Dourbeye), Bossoum (Bonum, Fali-Bossoum), Bveri (Bori, Fali du Peske-Bori, Peske). | ||
| fal | Fali, South | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Fali | Cameroon | North region: Bénoué division, northeast of Garoua, Pitoa subdivision, south of Dembo, Hossere Bapara area, Hossere Toro, Ndoudja, and Tsolaram | 20,000 (1982 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Fali | Fali-Tinguelin (Mango, Ndoudja, Ram, Toro), Kangou (Fali Kangou, Kaang, Kangu), Bele (Fali du Bele-Fere, Fali-Bele, Ngoutchoumi). | |
| kdx | Kam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Kam | Nigeria | Taraba state: Bali LGA, 2 villages between Mayo Kam and Garba Chede | 5,000 (1993) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Nyingwom, Nyiwom, Yimwom | ||
| kwb | Kwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Kwa | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Lamurda and Numan LGAs, Gyakan and Kwa towns, near Munga; Taraba state: Karim-Lamido LGA | 7,000 (1992) | 6b (Threatened) | Baa, Kwah | Gyakan, Kwa. | |
| lbi | La’bi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, La’bi | Cameroon | North region: Mayo-Rey division, Touboro subdivision | 4,400, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers (Samarin 1971). L2 users: 4,400 (2006). Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| dur | Dii | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Dii | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Vina division, Ngaoundéré subdivision, north and east of Ngaoundéré; North region: Mayo-Rey division, Tcholliré subdivision | 50,000 (2010 L. Bohnhoff) | 5 (Developing) | Dourou, Durru, Duru, Nyag Dii, Yag Dii, Zaa | Ya̧g dìì | Mambe’, Mamna’a, Goom, Boow, Ngbang, Sagzee (Saadje, Saakye), Vaazin, Home, Nyok. Goom may be a separate language. |
| ndu | Dugun | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Dii | Cameroon | North region: Faro division, Poli subdivision, southeast of Poli | 7,000 (1997 L. Lode) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Pa’non, Pani, Panon, Pape, Saa | Saan, Naan. Reportedly similar to Duupa [dae]. Lexical similarity: 80% with Dii [dur]. | |
| dae | Duupa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Dii | Cameroon | North region: Bénoué and Faro divisions, east of Poli | 5,000 (1991 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Doupa, Dupa, Nduupa, Saa | None known. Related to Dugun [ndu]. | |
| duz | Duli-Gey | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Duli | Cameroon | North region: Bénoué division, near Pitoa town | No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the latter half of the 20th century. Ethnic population: 1,900 (1982 SIL) | 9 (Dormant) | Dui, Duli, Duli-Gewe, Gewe, Gueve | ||
| pfe | Peere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Kutin | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Ganye LGA | 5* (Developing) | Kotofo, Kotopo, Kotpojo, Koutin, Kutin, Kutine, Kutinn, Pare, Patapori, Peer, Pere, Potopo, Potopore | |||
| pfe | Pere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Kutin | Cameroon | Adamawa region: northwest Tignère subdivision between Tignère and Nigeria border, Faro-and-Déo division; Mayo-Banyo division northeast of Banyo | 50,000 in Cameroon (2017 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Kotpojo, Patapori, Peer, Peere, Potopore, “Koutin” (pej.), “Koutine” (pej.), “Kutin” (pej.), “Kutine” (pej.) | Pɛrɛ | Per Muure (Peer Muure), Zongbi (Djonbi), Dan Muure (Kotofo, Kotopo, Kpotopo, Potopo). |
| dow | Doyayo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Dowayo | Cameroon | North region: Bénoué division, north Poli subdivision and Poli area | 15,000 (Wiering and Wiering 1994) | 5 (Developing) | Doayo, Donyanyo, Donyayo, Doohyaayo, Doowaaya̰a̰yɔ, Doowaayo, Dooyaangyo, Dooyaayo, Dooyayo, Dowayayo, Dowayo, Doyaayo, Doyau, Nomai, Tunga, Tungbo, Tuuno, “Namchi” (pej.), “Namci” (pej.), “Namshi” (pej.) | Dooya̰a̰yɔ | Marke, Teere (Poli), Sewe. |
| kmp | Gimme | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Vere-Gimme, Gimme | Cameroon | North region: Faro division, on Saptou plain, west of Poli along Nigeria border in Atlantika Mountains | 3,000 (1982 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Koma Kompana, Kompana, Kompara, Panbe | Gimma | |
| gmn | Gimnime | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Vere-Gimme, Gimme | Cameroon | North region: Faro division, Wangay area in Atlantika Mountains, northwest of Poli along Nigeria border | 3,000 (1982 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Gimbe, Kadam, Koma Kadam, Komlama, Laame, Yotubo | Ritime. Reportedly similar to Gimme [kmp]. | |
| kmy | Koma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Vere-Gimme, Vere | Cameroon | North region: Faro division, northwest of Tchamba in Alantika Mountains along Nigeria border | 3,000 in Cameroon (1984 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kuma | Koma Ndera, Koma Damti, Leelu, Bangru, Zanu, LIU, Yeru. | |
| kmy | Koma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Vere-Gimme, Vere | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Fufore and Ganye LGAs, Alantika and Koma Vomni mountains | 32,000 in Nigeria (1989). Total users in all countries: 35,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kuma | Gomme (Damti, Koma Kampana, Panbe), Gomnome (Gimbe, Koma Kadam, Laame, Mbeya, Youtubo), Ndera (Doobe, Doome, Vomni). 3 subdialects: Koma Vomni, Koma Beiya, and Koma Damti. Ndera and Gomnome barely understand each other, but both understand Gomme. Related to Verre [ver]. | |
| ver | Mom Jango | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Vere-Gimme, Vere | Cameroon | North region: Faro division, Beka subdivision, on Nigeria border north of Tchamba | 6,520 in Cameroon (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kobo, Vere, Verre, Were | ||
| ver | Verre | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Vere-Gimme, Vere | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Fufore and Yole LGAs, Verre hills | 104,000 in Nigeria (2000). Total users in all countries: 110,520 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kobo, Mom Jango, Vere, Were | Mom Jango, Momi (Ziri), Gweri, Bai, Wombi. Mom Jango and Momi are probably separate languages. | |
| wok | Longto | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Voko | Cameroon | North region: Faro division, Poli subdivision, Voko area southwest of Poli to Faro Reserve | 2,400 (1982 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Boko, Gobeyo, Longa, Longbo, Lonto, Voko, Woko | ||
| klc | Kolbila | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko | Cameroon | North region: Faro division, Bantadje canton, southeast of Poli, and east between Ngaoundéré and Garoua | 4,500 (2018 IMB) | 5* (Developing) | Kolbilari, Kolbili, Kolbilla, Kolena, Zoono | ||
| muo | Nyong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko | Cameroon | North West region: Mezam division, Santa subdivision, Baligham village; Ngo-Ketunjia division, Balikumbat subdivision, Baligashu, Baligansin, and Balikumbat villages on Ndop plain | 30,000 in Cameroon (2008 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Daganonga, Daganyonga, Mubako, Mumbake, Ndagam, Nyongnepa, Samba Bali | None known. They consider themselves the same ethnically as Samba Leko [ndi], but intelligibility is low. | |
| muo | Nyong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Mayo Belwa LGA; Taraba state: Zing LGA. 6 villages | 6a* (Vigorous) | Chukkol, Daganyonga, Mubako, Mumbake, Nyoking, Nyongnepa, Peti, Teteka, Yapeli | |||
| ndi | Samba Leko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko | Cameroon | North region: Faro division, south Beka subdivision along Nigeria border, between Tchamba and Mayo-Louti river west of Poli | 5* (Developing) | Chamba Leeko, Samba | Samba Leko (Laeko, Lego, Leko, Lekon, Ndii, Suntai), Deenu (Koola), Bangla, Samba de Wangai, Sampara. | ||
| ndi | Samba Leko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Jada LGA; Benue state: Kwande LGA; Taraba state: Bali, Donga, and Takum LGAs; five separate enclaves | 62,000 in Nigeria (2000) | 5* (Developing) | Chamba Leko, Lego, Leko, Lekon, Ndi, Samba, Samba Leeko, Suntai | None known. Reportedly similar to Kolbila [klc]. | |
| wom | Wom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Fufore LGA | 5,000 (Blench 1989) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Pere, Pereba, Perema | None known. Reportedly similar to Samba Leko [ndi]. | |
| geg | Gengle | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Fufore and Mayo Belwa LGAs | 4000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Momu, Wegele, Yagele | ||
| ksm | Kumba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Fufore and Mayo Belwa LGAs | 3,420 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Isaro, Sate, Yofo | ||
| mzm | Mumuye | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Fufore, Ganye, Mayo Belwa, Numan, and Yola LGAs; Taraba state: Bali, Jalingo, Karim Lamido, Yorro, and Zing LGAs | 400,000 (1993 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Yoro | Zinna (Zing), Dong, Yoro, Lankaviri, Gola (Bajama), Gongla, Kasaa, Saawa, Jalingo, Nyaaja, Jeng, Gnoore, Yaa, Sagbee, Shaari, Kugong, Mang, Kwaji, Meeka, Yakoko. | |
| pgs | Pangseng | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye | Nigeria | Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA | 6a* (Vigorous) | Pangseng, Komo, Jega. | |||
| rax | Rang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye | Nigeria | Taraba state: Zing LGA | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Reportedly similar to Mumuye [mzm]. | |||
| tdo | Teme | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Mayo Belwa LGA, Mayo Belwa river banks | 4,000 (1995) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tema | ||
| wav | Waka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Demsa and Numan LGAs | 5,000 (1992) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| ynq | Yendang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Mayo Belwa; Taraba state: Karim Lamido, Lau, Yoro, and Zing LGAs, Jalingo; a village quarter of Yola | 50,000 (1987) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kuseki, Nya Korok, Nya Yendang, Nyandang, Yadang, Yandang, Yendam, Yundum | None known. Reportedly similar to Yotti [yot] and Waka [wav]. | |
| bcn | Bali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Demsa and Numan LGAs, at Bali on Jalingo road | 2,000 (1991 R. Blench) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bibaali, Ekpali, Ibaali | Abaali, Maya | None known. Adequate intelligibility of Kpasham [pbn]; low intelligibility of Yotti [yot]; no intelligibility of Yendang [ynq]. Lexical similarity: 54% with Kpasham [pbn]; 35% with Yotti [yot]; 8% with Yendang [ynq]. |
| pbn | Kpasham | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Numan LGA, Kpasham town, on Numan-Jalingo road | 3000 | 6a (Vigorous) | ’Balo, Kpasam, Maya, Nyisam, Passam | None known. Similarity: 54% with Bali [bcn], 35% with Yotti [yot], 9% with Yendang [ynq]. | |
| kow | Kugama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Fufore LGA | 5,000 (1995) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kugamma, Wegam, Yamale, Yamalo | ||
| yot | Yotti | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang | Nigeria | Taraba state: south of Mayo-Lope. 8 villages | 3,000 (2011 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Wonkorok, Yoti | None known. Lexical similarity: 35% with Bali [bcn], 35% with Kpasham [pbn], 13% with Yendang [ynq]. | |
| nmr | Nimbari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Nimbari | Cameroon | North region: Bénoué and Mayo-Louti divisions, Badjire, Gorimbari, and Padjara-Djabi villages | No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably died by the 1930s (Sommer 1992). Ethnic population: 130 | 9 (Dormant) | Bari, Niam-Niam, Niamniam, Nimbari-Kebi, Nyam-Nyam du Mayo-Kebi, Nyamnyam | ||
| bvo | Bolgo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua | Chad | Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, southeast of Melfi | 1,800 (1993 census) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bolgo Dugag (Small Bolgo), Bolgo Kubar (Big Bolgo). Lexical similarity: 68% with the 2 dialects and with Bolgo Dugag and a form of Koke [kou] spoken in Daguéla. | ||
| glj | Gula Iro | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua | Chad | Guéra region; Moyen-Chari region: Lac Iro department; Salamat region: Barh Azoum department, Lake Iro, Boum Kabir area. Cheou (Korintal dialect); Boum Kabir, Boum Saher, Karou, Madjok, and Teonen (Pongaal dialect); Badi and Foundouk (Patool dialect); Bouni, Kore, and Masidjanga, (Tiaala dialect); west Salamat region (Tiitaal dialect) | 3,500 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Pongaal, 730 Tiaala, 200 Tiitaal, 350 Patool, 170 Korintal | 6a* (Vigorous) | Goula Iro, Goula d’Iro, Kulaal, Moriil | Pongaal (Ponaal), Tiaala, Tiitaal, Patool, Korintal. Not intelligible of Bon Gula [glc] and Zan Gula [zna]. | |
| glc | Bon Gula | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua | Chad | Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Bon and Ibir villages; Salamat region: west border area | 1,200 (1997 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bon, Bon Goula, Bun, Gula Guera, Poun, Taataal | Êeni | None known. Lexical similarity: 46% with Zan Gula [zna]. |
| bub | Bua | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua | Chad | Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture; Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh subprefecture, Korbol area and northeast | 7,710 (1993 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | ’Ba, Boa, Boua, Bwa | Distinct from Niellim [nie], Fania [fni], Tunia [tug], and Day [dai]. Mana, or Kobe may be an alternate name or dialect. | |
| fni | Fania | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua | Chad | Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, west of Lake Iro; north of Sarh, Mouraye area, Karo, Malakonjo, Rim, Sengué, and Sisi villages | 1,100 (1997 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Fagnia, Fana, Fanian, Fanya, Fanyan, Kobe, Mana | Northern Fania, Southern Fania. Distinct from Bua [bub]. Lexical similarity: 79% between dialects. | |
| kou | Koke | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua | Chad | Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, southeast of Melfi, Daguéla, Djourab, and Sengué village areas | 600 (1993 census) | 7 (Shifting) | Khoke | None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Bolgo Dugag [bvo]. | |
| nie | Niellim | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua | Chad | Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Niellim town area, Chari river southwest bank. Niou on the northeast bank (Niou dialect) | 5,160 (1993 census). 1,000 in Sarh city; 400 in Niou dialect | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lua, Mjillem, Nielim, Nyilem | Niellim, Tchini (Cini, Cuni), Niou. | |
| noy | Noy | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua | Chad | Mandoul and Moyen-Chari regions, Bédaya, Djoli, Koumra, Koumogo, and Sarh villages | 36 (1993 census) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Loo | ||
| tug | Tunia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua | Chad | Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh and 3 small villages north | 2,260 (1993 census) | 6b* (Threatened) | Tounia, Tun, Tunya | Tunya, Perim. Not intelligible of other Bua languages. | |
| zna | Zan Gula | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua | Chad | Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Chinguil; Moyen-Chari region: northwest of Lake Iro | 5,000 (2003 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Goula, Gula Guera, Moriil, Morre | More | Zan, Chinguil. Lexical similarity: 46% with Bon Gula [glc]. |
| dai | Day | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Day | Chad | Mandoul region: Barh Sara department, Moïssala; Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh | 49,900 (1993 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Dai | Bouna, Bangoul, Ngalo, Takawa-Béngoro. | |
| bes | Besme | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Kim | Chad | Tandjilé region: Kélo and Laï subprefectures, Besmé, Bodor, and 3 other villages along Logone river northwest of Lai | 1,230 (1993 census) | 6a (Vigorous) | ’Unar, Beseme, Besemme, Bodor, Hounar, Huner | None known. Lexical similarity: 51% with Kim [kia]. | |
| goy | Goundo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Kim | Chad | Tandjilé region: Kélo and Lai subprefectures, Goundo-Bengli, Goundo-Nangom, and Goundo-Yila villages | 30 (1998) | 8a (Moribund) | None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Besmé [bes], 51% with Kim [kia]. | ||
| kia | Kim | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Kim | Chad | Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo Boneye department, Djouman, Eré, Kim, and Kolobo villages; Tandjilé region | 15,400 (1993 census) | 5* (Developing) | Masa | Garap (Éré), Gerep (Djouman, Jumam), Kolop (Kilop, Kolobo), Kosop (Kim, Kwasap). Dialects listed may be closely related languages. Formerly classified as Chadic. | |
| nzy | Nzakambay | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Chad | Logone Oriental region: Monts de Lam department, Baïbokoum subprefecture on Cameroon border near Baïbokoum. Monts de Lam area (Zoli dialect) | 18,500 in Chad (2000). Total users in all countries: 31,500 | 5* (Developing) | Mboum, Mbum, Mbum Nzakambay, Njakambai, Nzak Mbai, Nzaka Mbay, Nzakmbay | Nzakambay | Nzakambay, Zoli. Reportedly similar to Karang [kzr] and Kuo [xuo]. |
| kzr | Karang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Cameroon | North region: Mayo-Rey division, Madingring district (homeland), south border of Bouba Ndjida National Park, south from Madingring, southeast to Lawzigoy, 25 villages. Displaced: Garoua, Ngaoundéré, Ngong, Tcholliré, and Touboro (and surrounding villages) | 17,000 in Cameroon (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Very few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 18,000 | 6b (Threatened) | Mbum, Mbum-East | Karaŋ | Ngumi. |
| kzr | Karang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Chad | Logone Oriental region: Monts de Lam department, Baibokoum subprefecture, Lawtiko I, Lawtiko II, Loumbogo, Sarkaluki, and 2 Sakpu villages northwest of Baïbokoum | 1,000 in Chad (1995 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Eastern Mbum, Kareng, Laka, Lakka, Lakka Mbum, Mbum Bakal, Nzák Kàráng | Karang, Sakpu, Ngomi, Mbere. | |
| kbn | Kare | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Vina division, Belel area; North region: Mayo-Rey division | 4,460 in Cameroon (2000) | 5* (Developing) | Kali, Kari, Karré | Tale, Kari. | |
| kbn | Kare | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Central African Republic | Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bocaranga and Bozoum subprefectures | 93,000 in Central African Republic (1996). 57,500 Kare, 35,500 Tale. Total users in all countries: 97,460 | 5* (Developing) | Kali, Kareng, Kari, Karré, Kãrɛ̃ | Kare | Tale (Tali), Kari. Intelligible of Mbum [mdd]. |
| nzy | Nzakambay | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Cameroon | North region: Mayo-Rey division, Touboro subdivision, Touboro area | 13,000 in Cameroon (2000) | 5* (Developing) | Mbay, Nzak Mbai, Nzak Mbay, Nzakmbay | Gonge (Ngonge). | |
| pnz | Pana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Cameroon | North region: Mayo-Rey division, Touboro subdivision. Some urban areas | 2,980 in Cameroon (2000), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Pani | Man. | |
| pnz | Pana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Central African Republic | Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bocaranga subprefecture. Diahoke and Giriwon villages (Gonge dialect); Makele village (Pana dialect) | 82,000 in Central African Republic (1996). 63,000 Pana, 10,000 Pondo, 9,000 Gonge. Total users in all countries: 85,980 | 5* (Developing) | Pani | Pana, Pondo, Gonge. | |
| pnz | Pana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang | Chad | Logone Oriental region: Diahoke and Giriwon villages (Gonge dialect); Makele village (Pana dialect) | 1,000 in Chad (1999 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Pani | Pana, Gonge. | |
| xuo | Kuo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Koh | Chad | Logone Oriental region: Monts de Lam department, Baibokoum subprefecture | 12,300 in Chad (2011 SIL). Total users in all countries: 20,250 | 5* (Developing) | Ko, Koh | Kúo | None known. Reportedly similar to Karang [kzr] and Nzakambay [nzy]. |
| xuo | Kuo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Koh | Cameroon | North region: between Sorombeo and Chad border, and Garoua area | 7,950 in Cameroon (2011 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Ko, Koh | ||
| dmm | Dama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Dama-Galke | Cameroon | North region: Bénoué division, Rey-Bouba subdivision, a small enclave | 50 | 8a (Moribund) | May be a dialect of Mono [mru]. | ||
| mru | Mono | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Dama-Galke | Cameroon | North region: Mayo-Rey division, Kongrong area along Mayo-Godi river north of Rey-Bouba | 300 (2001 SIL) | 8a (Moribund) | Mon-Non | None known. Related to Dama [dmm]. | |
| gke | Ndai | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Dama-Galke | Cameroon | North region: Mayo-Rey division, Tcholliré | 5 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Galke, Pormi | ||
| mcs | Mambai | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai | Cameroon | North region: Bénoué division, Bibemi and Pitoa subdivisions; Mayo Louti division, Guider and Figuil subdivisions; all locations along Mayo-Kebi river near Chad border | 12,000 in Cameroon (2011 E. Anonby). Total users in all countries: 14,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Mambay, Mamgbay, Mamgbei, Manbai, Mangbai, Mangbei, Mongbay | dâg tì mà̧mbày | None known. Most similar with Mundang [mua], Mono [mru] and Tupuri [tui]. Lexical similarity: 10% with Mundang [mua]. |
| mcs | Mambai | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai | Chad | Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré department, Cameroon border west of Léré | 2,000 in Chad (2002 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Mambay, Mamgbay, Mamgbei, Manbai, Mangbai, Mangbaï de Biparé, Mangbei, Momboi, Mongbay | ||
| mua | Mundang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai | Cameroon | Far North region: Kaélé division, Kaélé subdivision, near Chad border north and west of Kaélé; North region: Bénoué division, south of Mayo-Kebi near Chad border | 44,700 in Cameroon (1982 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Kaele, Marhay, Moundan, Moundang, Musemban, Nda, záá múndàŋ | Kiziere, Imbana (Bana, Imbara, Mbana), Zasing (Djasing, Jasing, Yasing, Yassing, Zazing), Gelama. | |
| mua | Mundang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai | Chad | Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mont d’Illi department, Léré area, Fianga; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré and Mayo-Dallah departments, Léré and Pala | 282,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 326,700 | 5* (Developing) | Moundan, Moundang, Nda | záá múndàŋ | Kabi (Kieziere), Zasing (Torrock-Kaélé, Yasing). A subdialect of Kabi is Kieziere, of Zasing is Torrock-Kaélé. Lexical similarity: 10% with Mambai [mcs]. |
| tui | Tupuri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai | Cameroon | Far North region: Kaélé division, southeast Moulvouday plain east of Kaélé; Mayo-Danay division, Kar-Hay subdivision | 130,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivision where the Tupuri people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm). Total users in all countries: 284,000 | 5 (Developing) | Dema, Honya, Mata, Ndoore, Ndore, Tongoyna, Toubouri, Toupouri, Tpuri, Tuburi, Wina, jäāk Tpür, jäāk Tüpür | jäāk Tüpürï | |
| tui | Tupuri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai | Chad | Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mont d’Illi department, Fianga area | 154,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Ndore, Toubouri, Toupouri, Tuburi | Bang-Ling, Bang-Were, Faale-Piyew, Podokge. | |
| mdd | Mbum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Southern | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Djérem and Vina divisions, south and southwest of Ngaoundéré; Centre region: Mbam-and-Kim division, border area; East region: Lom-and-Djerem division, Bélabo subdivision, Gbete; North region: Faro division, Ngaoundéré area to border of Faro Reserve | 38,600 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). Total users in all countries: 51,100 | 5* (Developing) | Buna, Mboum, Mboumtiba, Wuna | Mboum (Bum, West Mbum), Gbete (Byrre, Kepere, Kpere, Pere, Pono, Ripere, Vana). | |
| mdd | Mbum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Southern | Central African Republic | Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bocaranga subprefecture, along Cameroon border | 12,500 in Central African Republic (1996) | 5* (Developing) | Mboum | ||
| dek | Dek | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Unclassified | Cameroon | North region | 2,980 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | None known. It may be intelligible of Kari [kbn] or Mbum [mdd]. | ||
| lak | Laka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Unclassified | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Yola LGA; Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA | 5,000 (1995) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Godogodo, Lakka, Lao Habe, Lau | ||
| pmn | Pam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Unclassified | Cameroon | North region: Mayo-Rey division, south of Tcholliré | 30 (2003 SIL) | 8a (Moribund) | |||
| toz | To | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Unclassified | Cameroon | North region: Mayo-Rey division, Touboro subdivision | No known L1 speakers in Cameroon. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: none known | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| toz | To | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Unclassified | Central African Republic | Scattered | No known L1 speakers in Central African Republic. Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| obl | Oblo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Unclassified | Cameroon | North region: Bénoué division, Pitoa subdivision, Gobtikéré, Ouro Badjouma, Ouro Bé areas | 8b (Nearly extinct) | ||||
| bys | Burak | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen | Nigeria | Gombe state: Billiri and Kaltungo LGAs, Burak town | 4,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Buurak | ||
| jen | Dza | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Lamurde and Numan LGAs; Gombe state: Balanga LGA; Taraba state: Ardokola, Gassol, Ibi, Jalingo, Karim Lamido, and Lau LGAs; main town is Dza by Benue river | 100,000 (2014 NBTT) | 6b (Threatened) | E Idza, Janjo, Jen, Jenjo | Ngwa Idza | |
| bka | Kyak | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Lamurda LGA small area; Gombe state: Balanga LGA; Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA | 5,000 (Adelberger 1995) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bambuka, Nyakyak | ||
| ldk | Leelau | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen | Nigeria | Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA, between Bambuka and Karim-Lamido town, near Lake Mungah | 5,000 (Adelberger 1995) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bakula, Lelau, Lelo, Munga, Munga Lelau | ||
| ldo | Loo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen | Nigeria | Gombe state: Kaltungo and Shongom LGAs; Taraba state: Karim Lamido and Lau LGAs, Bambuka to Karim-Lamido road | 8,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 6b (Threatened) | Lo, Loh, Shungo, Shunhu | ||
| gmd | Mághdì | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen | Nigeria | Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA | 2,000 (1992) | 6b* (Threatened) | Tala, Widala | ||
| pbl | Mak | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen | Nigeria | Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA, northeast of Karim Lamido town, Banbuka to Karim-Lamido road | 5,690 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Leemak, Lemak, Panya, Panyam, Zo | Panya, Zo. | |
| mko | Mingang Doso | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen | Nigeria | Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA. 1 village area | 3,000 (1995 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Doso, Munga Doso, Ngwai Mungàn | ||
| gwg | Moo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen | Nigeria | Gombe state: Balanga and Shomgom LGAs, Bambuka to Karim-Lamido road area, near Gomu Mountain | 5,000 (1998) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gomu, Gwom, Gwomo, Gwomu, Ngwaa Móò, Yáá Mòò | ||
| thy | Tha | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen | Nigeria | Taraba state: Lau area | 1,000 (1998 U. Kleinewillinghöfer) | 6b* (Threatened) | Joole Manga, Kapawa | ||
| lnu | Longuda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Longuda | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Guyuk LGA; Gombe state: Balanga LGA | 32,000 (1973 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Languda, Longura, Nunguda, Nungura, Nunguraba | Nya Ceriya (Banjiram, Cirimba), Nya Gwanda (Gwandaba, Nyuwar), Nya Guyuwa (Guyuk, Plain Nya Guyuwa, Turuba), Nya Dele (Jessu), Nya Tariya (Taraba). | |
| kcq | Kamo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Awak | Nigeria | Gombe state: Akko, Billiri, and Kaltungo LGAs | 20,000 (1995 CAPRO) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kamu, Ma, Nubama, Nyima | None known. Reportedly typologically similar to Awak [awo] (no singular-plural noun suffixes). | |
| awo | Awak | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Awak | Nigeria | Gombe state: Akko and Kaltungo LGAs | 6,000 (1995 CAPRO) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Awok, Yebu | ||
| cfa | Dikaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Cham-Mona | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Lamurde LGA; Gombe state: Balanga and Kaltungo LGAs | 25,000 (1998) | 5* (Developing) | Dijim (Cam, Cham), Bwilim (Fitilai, Mona, Mwana, Mwano, Mwomo, Mwona). | ||
| ldp | Tso | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Cham-Mona | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Lamurde LGA; Gombe state: Balanga LGA | 16,000 (1992 CAPRO) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Cibbo, Cuyi Tsó, Kitta, Lotsu-Piri, Pire, Piri, Tsóbó | Berbou, Gusubou, Swabou. | |
| dbd | Dadiya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Dadiya | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Lamurde LGA, between Bambam and Dadiya; Gombe state: Balanga LGA; Taraba state: Karim Lamido LGA | 70,000 (2014 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Daadiya, Dadia, Loodiya | ||
| bsj | Bangwinji | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula | Nigeria | Gombe state: Balanga, Billiri, and Kaltungo LGAs | 6,000 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 5* (Developing) | Bangunji | Bangjinge | Kaalo, Naaban. Noun class system reportedly similar to Waja [wja] and Tula [tul]. |
| tul | Tula | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula | Nigeria | Gombe state: Kaltungo LGA | 30,000 (1998 U. Kleinewillinghöfer) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kotule, Kutule | Kutule, Baule, Yili. | |
| wja | Waja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula | Nigeria | Adamawa state: northern Michika LGA; Borno state: Gwoza LGA; Gombe state: Akko, Balanga, and Yamaltu Deba LGAs; Taraba state: Bali LGA | 60,000 (1989 U. Kleinewillinghöfer) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Nyan Wiyau, Wiyaa, Wuya | Deruwo (Wajan Dutse), Waja (Wajan Kasa). Small dialect differences. | |
| ldl | Kaan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Libo | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Numand, Shellen, and Song LGAs | 10,000 (1992) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kan, Libbo, Libo | ||
| moi | Mboi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Mboi | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Fufore, Gombi, and Song LGAs | 19,000 (1992) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gena, Mboire, Mboyi | Banga, Mboi, Handa. Dialect cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992). | |
| yun | Bena | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Yungur-Roba | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Gombi, Guyuk, and Song LGAs, Song to Yola road settlements | 95,000 (1992) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Binna, Buna, Ebina, Ebuna, Gbinna, Purra, Yangeru, Yongor, Yungur, “Lala” (pej.) | Ɓə́ná-Yungur | |
| lla | Lala-Roba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Yungur-Roba | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Gombi LGA; Borno state | 46,000 (1993) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gworam | Lala (Lalla), Roba (Robba), Ebode. | |
| vor | Voro | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Yungur-Roba | Nigeria | Adamawa state: Guyuk and Song LGAs, Waltande, area hamlets | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bena, Buna, Ebina, Ebuna, Woro, Yungur | |||
| liy | Banda-Bambari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Bambari | Central African Republic | Basse-Kotto prefecture: Alindao and Mingala subprefectures; Haute-Kotto prefecture: Bria subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Bakala, Bambari, Grimari, and Ippy subprefectures | 183,000 (1996). 4,000 Gbende, 2,000 Joto, mainly Linda | 6a* (Vigorous) | Banda of Bambari, Banda-Linda | Linda | Linda, Joto (Jeto), Ndokpa, Ngapo (Ngapu), Gbende. |
| bpd | Banda-Banda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Banda | Central African Republic | Widespread | 102,000 in Central African Republic (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Banda-Banda, Bereya (Banda de Bria, Banda of Bria, Bria), Buru, Gbaga-South (Gbaga 1), Gbambiya, Hai, Ka, Mbi (Mbiyi), Ndi (Ndri), Ngalabo, Ngola, Vidiri (Mvedere, Vadara, Vidri, Vodere). May be intelligible with Banda-Bambari [liy]. | ||
| bpd | Banda-Banda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Banda | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda, and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages | 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Govoro (Govhoroh), Vidiri (Mvedere, Vadara, Vidri, Vodere), Wundu. | ||
| bqk | Banda-Mbrès | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Mbres | Central African Republic | Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Bamingui subprefecture border small area; Nana-Grébizi prefecture: Kaga Bandoro and Mbrès subprefectures; Ouaka prefecture: Bakala subprefecture, Sabanga and Moruba towns; Ouham prefecture: Bouca subprefecture | 42,500 in Central African Republic (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Banda of Mbrès, Banda-Mbre | Buka (Bouka), Mbre (Mbele, Mbere), Moruba (Maraba, Morouba), Sabanga (Sangbanga), Wada (Ouadda). | |
| bqk | Banda-Mbrès | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Mbres | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages | 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Banda of Mbrès, Banda-Mbre | Buka (Bouka), Mbre (Mbele, Mbere), Moruba (Maraba, Morouba), Sabanga (Sangbanga), Wada (Ouadda). | |
| bfl | Banda-Ndélé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Ndele | Central African Republic | Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Ndélé and Bamingui subprefectures; Haute-Kotto prefecture: Ouadda subprefecture; Nana-Grébizi prefecture: Kaga Bandoro subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Bakala and Ippy subprefectures; Vakaga prefecture: Ouanda-Djalle subprefecture | 35,500 in Central African Republic (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Banda of Ndélé, Nyele | Banda-Ndélé, Junguru (Djingburu, Nguru), Tangbago (Tambaggo, Tambolo, Tangago, Tombaggo), Ngao (Bandangao, Ngau), Ngbala. | |
| bfl | Banda-Ndélé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Ndele | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages | 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Banda of Ndélé, Nyele | Junguru (Djingburu, Nguru), Tangbago (Tambaggo, Tambolo, Tangago, Tombaggo), Banda-Kpaya. | |
| gox | Gobu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province: Bosobolo territory: between Borunu and Duguru on Sidi road, and Pandu area between Bele II and Denbili villages | 12,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1984 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gabou, Gabu, Gubu, Ngobo, Ngobu | None known. Reportedly most similar to Togbo-Vara Banda [tor] and Mono [mnh]. | |
| mnh | Mono | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province: Bosobolo territory; Sud-Ubangi province: some in Libenge territory. Bili is center | 65,000 (1984 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Amono | Bili, Bubanda, Galaba, Kaga, Mpaka. Reportedly most similar to Togbo-Vara Banda [tor] and Gobu [gox], but quite different ethnically from Togbo. | |
| bjo | Banda, Mid-Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern | Central African Republic | Basse-Kotto prefecture: Alindao, Mingala, and Mobaye subprefectures; Mbomou prefecture: Gambo-Ouango subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Kouango subprefecture | 100,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 102,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Banda Central Sud | Bongo, Dukpu, Yakpa (Bayaka, Yacoua, Yakpwa, Yakwa), Wasa (Ouassa). Reportedly most similar to Gubu [gox], but speakers have better relations with Mbandja [zmz]. | |
| bjo | Banda, Mid-Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province: Bosobolo territory, north of Dubulu; Mobaye-Mbongo territory | 2,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1986 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Yakpa (Bayaka, Yacoua, Yakpwa, Yakwa), Bendi. | ||
| bjo | Banda, Mid-Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages | 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Dukpu, Wasa. | ||
| gox | Gubu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern | Central African Republic | Ouaka prefecture: Kouango subprefecture, Oubangui river north bank | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gabou, Gabu, Gobu, Ngobo, Ngobu | |||
| kuw | Kpagua | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern | Central African Republic | Ouaka prefecture: between Ouake and Oubangui rivers | 3,830 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kpagwa | None known. Reportedly most similar to Ngundu [nue]. | |
| nue | Ngundu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province | 5,100 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Reportedly most similar to Kpagua [kuw]. | ||
| tor | Banda, Togbo-Vara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Togbo-Vara | Central African Republic | Haute-Kotto prefecture: Bria subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Bambari subprefecture | 12,000 in Central African Republic (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Togbo (Tagbo, Tagbwali, Tohgboh), Vara (Vera, Vora). | ||
| tor | Banda, Togbo-Vara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Togbo-Vara | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province: Bosobolo territory, Badja and Baya towns, Bandema and Vongba II village areas to Gwara II | 12,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1984 census). Total users in all countries: 24,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Togbo (Tagbo, Tohgboh). Not intelligible of other Banda languages or dialects in South Sudan. | ||
| tor | Banda, Togbo-Vara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Togbo-Vara | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, southeast of Sopo town | 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Togbo (Tagbo, Tohgboh). | ||
| yaj | Banda-Yangere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Western | Central African Republic | Mambéré-Kadéï and Sangha-Mbaéré prefectures: Bambio, Berbérati and Carnot subprefectures; some in Nola subprefecture | 26,500 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Yangere, Yanguere | ||
| lnl | Banda, South Central | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, South Central | Central African Republic | Basse-Kotto prefecture: Alindao, Kembé, Mingala, and Mobaye subprefectures; Mbomou prefecture: Gambo-Ouango subprefecture | 150,000 in Central African Republic (1996). 55,000 Langba, 95,000 Ngbugu. Total users in all countries: 153,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Langba (Lagba), Ngbugu (Ngbougou). May be intelligible with Langbashe [lna]. | ||
| lnl | Banda, South Central | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, South Central | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province | 3,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ngbugu (Ngbougou, Ngubu). | ||
| lna | Langbashe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, South Central | Central African Republic | Kémo prefecture: Sibut subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Kouango subprefecture | 40,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 43,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Langbase, Langbashi, Langbasi, Langbwasse, Langwasi | None known. May be intelligible with South Central Banda [lnl]. | |
| lna | Langbashe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, South Central | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province: Bosobolo territory, along Ubangi river, Bada, Banga, Boduna, Sidi, and Zimango villages, scattered | 3,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1984 census) | 6b* (Threatened) | Langbase, Langbashi, Langbasi, Langbwasse, Langwasi | ||
| zmz | Mbandja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Southern | Congo | Likouala department: Oubangui river area | 12,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Banja, Mbanja, Mbanza | ||
| zmz | Mbandja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Southern | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi, Nord-Ubangi, and west Mongala provinces | 352,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000). Total users in all countries: 365,400 | 5* (Developing) | Mbandza, Mbanja, Mbanza | Mbandja | Kala, Gbado. |
| nuu | Ngbundu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Southwestern | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Libenge territory, north of Libenge, from Boyabo crossroads east to Budu and north to Oro; south of Libenge, mixed with Mbandja [zmz] and other language groups | 16,000 (1984 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| bbp | Banda, West Central | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, West Central | Central African Republic | Kémo prefecture: Sibut (northeast of Dekol town) and southeast Dekoa subprefectures; Ouaka prefecture: Grimari, Bakala, and Bambari subprefectures | 4,500 in Central African Republic (1996). 1,000 Wojo. Total users in all countries: 7,500 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Dakpa, Gbaga-Nord (Gbaga-2), Gbi, Vita, Wojo (Hodjo). | ||
| bbp | Banda, West Central | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, West Central | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga country, between Mboro and Wau | 3,000 in South Sudan (1982). 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL) | 8a (Moribund) | Golo | ||
| sqm | Suma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka | Central African Republic | Ouham prefecture: Bossangoa and Markounda subprefectures; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Paoua subprefecture | 50,000 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Souma | None known. May be intelligible with Gbaya-Bossangoa [gbp]. | |
| gbp | Gbaya-Bossangoa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Central | Central African Republic | Ouham prefecture: Bossangoa and Batangafo (Gbabana) subprefectures; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: south of Ouham river | 200,000 (2005) | 5* (Developing) | Gbɛ́yá, Gbɛa, Gbaya, Gbaya de Bosangoa, Gbaya of Borro, Gbaya of Bossangoa, Gbaya-Borro, Gbea, Gbeya, Gbäyä Bossangoa | Gbɛya | Gbabana, Bossangoa. May be inherently intelligible with Gbaya-Bozoum [gbq] or Suma [sqm]. A member of macrolanguage Gbaya [gba]. |
| bdt | Bhogoto | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Central | Central African Republic | Lobaye prefecture: Boda subprefecture; Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Carnot subprefecture; Nana-Mambéré prefecture: Baoro subprefecture; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Yaloke-Bossembele subprefecture; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bozoum subprefecture, small border areas | 130,000 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bhokoto, Bogodo, Bogoto, Bokodo, Bokoto, Bokpoto | Gbaya of Boda (Gbaya de Boda), Bokpan, Bokoto (Ngata). May be intelligible with Northwest Gbaya [gya]. A member of macrolanguage Gbaya [gba]. | |
| gbv | Gbanu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Central | Central African Republic | Lobaye prefecture: small Ombella-M’poko border areas north of Bodo town; Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Carnot subprefecture; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Yaloke-Bossembélé subprefecture, north of Bogangolo; Ouham prefecture: Bossangoa subprefecture | 95,000 (1996) | 5* (Developing) | Banu, Gbanou | Gbanu | Gbanu, Gbagiri (Bagili, Baguili, Gbagili), Budigri (Bidikili). |
| gbq | Gbaya-Bozoum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Central | Central African Republic | Nana-Mambéré prefecture: Baoro and Bouar subprefectures; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Yaloke-Bossembele subprefecture; Ouham prefecture: Bossangoa subprefecture; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: broad area south of Ouham river | 32,500 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bozom, Gbaya de Bozoum | Diabe, Boyali, Bozom. May be inherently intelligible with Gbaya-Bossangoa [gbp]. A member of macrolanguage Gbaya [gba]. | |
| mzv | Mandja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East | Central African Republic | Kémo prefecture: Dekoa and Sibut subprefectures; Nana-Grébizi prefecture: Kaga Bandoro and Mbrès subprefectures; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Damara subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Grimari subprefecture; Ouham prefecture: Bouca subprefecture | 220,000 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Manja, Manza | None known. Reportedly similar to Ngbaka-Minangende [nga] of Democratic Republic of the Congo. | |
| aiy | Ali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East | Central African Republic | Lobaye prefecture: Boda subprefecture; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Bimbo, Boali, and Yaloke-Bossembele subprefectures; Bangui | 35,000 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| bff | Bofi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East | Central African Republic | Lobaye prefecture: Boda subprefecture; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Bambio subprefecture | 23,500 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Boffi | ||
| nga | Ngbaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East | Congo | Likouala department: Oubangui river west bank, between Impfondo and Congo river confluence | 3,650 in Congo (2000) | 5 (Dispersed) | |||
| nga | Ngbaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Gemena territory area, 850 villages | 1,010,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000). 600,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 1,016,650 | 4 (Educational) | Ngbaka Gbaya, Ngbaka Minagende | Ngbaka | Dialect differences are minor. Related to Gbaya languages of Central African Republic and Cameroon. |
| ngg | Ngbaka Manza | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East | Central African Republic | Kémo prefecture: Sibut subprefecture; Ombella-M’poko prefecture, Boali and Damara subprefectures; Ouham prefecture: Bossangoa and Bouca subprefectures | 29,000 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. May be intelligible with Mandja [mzv]. | ||
| gya | Gbaya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Northwest | Congo | Likouala department: Epena district; Sangha department: scattered on Cameroon border | 2,000 in Congo (Johnstone 1993) | 5* (Developing) | Baya, Northwest Gbaya | ||
| gya | Gbaya, Northwest | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Northwest | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Djerem division, Ngaoundal and Tibati subdivisions; Faro and Deo divisions, Tignere subdivision; Mbere division, Meiganga subdivision; East region: Lom and Djerem divisions, Betare-Oya, Bertoua, and Garoua Boulay subdivisions; Kadey division, Kette subdivision; Boumba and Ngoko divisions, Gari-Gombo subdivision; North region: Mayo-Rey division, south of Touboro | 65,000 in Cameroon (1980) | 5 (Developing) | Baya | Banginda, Mbai, Gaymona, Lai (Lay), Lombu, Mbere, Mombe, Yaáyuwee (Kalla, Yaiwe). | |
| gya | Gbaya, Northwest | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Northwest | Central African Republic | Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: north of Amada Gaza; Nana-Mambéré prefecture: Baboua and Bouar subprefectures; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bocaranga and Bozoum subprefectures | 200,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 267,000 | 5* (Developing) | Gbaya, Gbaya Nord-Ouest | Gbaya Kara (Boar, Gbaya de Bouar), Bodoe, Lai (Lay), Yaáyuwee (Kalla, Yaiwe). A member of macrolanguage Gbaya [gba]. | |
| gya | Gbaya, Northwest | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Northwest | Nigeria | Taraba state: Bali LGA | Very few in Nigeria | 5* (Developing) | Baya | Gbeya (Gbea). | |
| gmm | Gbaya-Mbodomo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Southwest | Cameroon | East region: Lom-and-Djerem division, Bétaré-Oya subdivision, Ngoura district | 8,000 (1992) | 6a (Vigorous) | Mbodomo | None known. 45% with Biyanda [gso], 56% with Yaayuwee (Northwest Gbaya) [gya] among Mbodomo speakers (Tong 2005). Lexical similarity: 70% with Mbodomo and Yaayuwee (Cameroon), and Mbodomo and Biyanda [gso] (Central African Republic) (Tong 2005). A member of macrolanguage Gbaya [gba]. | |
| bgf | Bangandu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Southwest | Cameroon | East region: Boumba-and-Ngoko division, Moloundou subdivision | 2,700 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bagando, Bangando, Bangantu, Southern Bangantu | None known. May be related to Ngombe [nmj] in Central African Republic. | |
| gso | Gbaya, Southwest | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Southwest | Central African Republic | Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Berbérati, Carnot, and Gamboula subprefectures; Nana-Mambéré prefecture: Baboua and Baoro subprefectures; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Nola subprefecture | 220,000 (2007 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Gbaya Sud-Ouest | Gbaya | Biyanda (Bianda), Buli (Boli), Mbondomo (Mbodomo), Bokare (Bokari), Mboundja (Mbunza), Bosoko (Bossouka, Mbusuku), Toongo, Yangele, Mbakolo (Yasua), Budamono, Mbombeleng. A member of macrolanguage Gbaya [gba]. |
| nmj | Ngombe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Southwest | Central African Republic | Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Gamboula subprefecture, Cameroon border | 11,600 (2010 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bagando-Ngombe, Bangando-Ngombe, Ngombe-Kaka | None known. May be intelligible of Southwest Gbaya [gso], Bofi [bff], Bokoto [bdt], and Bangandu [ngd]. | |
| deq | Dendi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi | Central African Republic | Mbomou prefecture: Gambo-Ouango subprefecture | 10,000 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. High intelligibility of Yakoma [yky]. Ngbandi [ngb] and Mbangi [mgn] may be inherently intelligible of Dendi. | ||
| mgn | Mbangi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi | Central African Republic | Basse-Kotto prefecture: Alindao subprefecture; Mbomou prefecture: Bangassou and Gambo-Ouango subprefectures | 2,750 (1996) | 6b* (Threatened) | Mbangui | None known. High intelligibility of Yakoma [yky]. May be intelligible of Ngbandi [ngb] or Dendi [deq]. | |
| ngb | Ngbandi, Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bas-Uele province: Bondo territory; Nord-Ubangi province: Businga, Mobayi-Mbongo, and Yakoma territories | 250,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000 SIL). 75,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 250,290 | 5* (Developing) | Baza, Mongwandi, Ngbandi, Ngbandi du Nord, Ngwandi | 2 dialects, about equal in size. Sango [sag] is derived from Ngbandi. | |
| nbw | Ngbandi, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Budjala, Kungu, and Libenge territories | 105000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Mbati, Mongbandi, Mongwandi, Ngbandi-Ngiri, Ngbandi-Sud, Ngwandi | None known. Different enough from Northern Ngbandi [ngb] that separate literature is needed. | |
| yky | Yakoma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi | Central African Republic | Basse-Kotto prefecture: Kembé subprefecture; Mbomou prefecture: Gambo-Ouango subprefecture; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Bimbo subprefecture; Bangui. Oubangui river area and administrative centers | 100,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 110,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. High intelligibility of Ngbandi [ngb] and Sango [sag]. | ||
| gyg | Gbayi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi | Central African Republic | Basse-Kotto prefecture: north Mingala subprefecture; Haute-Kotto prefecture: Bria subprefecture; Mbomou prefecture: east bank, Kotto river, between Mbeti and Tchola Banar | 5,000 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kpasiya | None known. Related to Ngbandi [ngb]. Ethnically Kpatili, but not intelligible with Kpatili [kym]. | |
| yky | Yakoma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province | 10,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| ndt | Ndunga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Mba | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Mongala province: Lisala territory, 8 villages | 2,500 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bondonga, Modunga, Mondugu, Mondunga | None known. Reportedly similar to Mba [mfc] (Kimanga). | |
| doo | Dongo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Mba | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Uele province: east of Watsa | 12,900 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Donga, Dongo Ko | ||
| msj | Ma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Mba | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Uele province: north of Niangara, near Kapili river | 4,700 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Amadi, Madi, Madyo | ||
| mfc | Mba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Mba | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Banalia territory, Banjwade area | 36,100 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kimanga, Kimbanga, Manga, Mbane | ||
| bbe | Bangba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mayogo-Bangba | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Uele province: Niangara territory, Kopa collectivité; Watsa territory, Tora area | 11,000 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Abangba | Kopa, Tora. Lexical similarity: 70% with Mayogo [mdm], 72% with Mündü [muh], 90% with dialects. | |
| mdm | Mayogo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mayogo-Bangba | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Uele province: Isiro area, mostly Rungu and Wamba territories | 100,000 (1991 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Kiyogo, Madyɵgɵ́, Maigo, Maiko, Majugu, Mayko, Mayugo, Màdìmádòkò | Madyɵgɵ | Madimadoko, Madipia (Mabodese, Mabozo, Madjedje, Magbai). Lexical similarity: 70%–75% with Bangba [bbe], 62% with Mündü [muh]. |
| muh | Mündü | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mundu | South Sudan | Maridi state: Maridi county, south and southeast of Maridi; Yei River state: northwest Yei county | 23,000 in South Sudan. Total users in all countries: 25,800 | 5 (Developing) | Mondo, Mondu, Mountou, Mundo | Mündü | None known. Lexical similarity: close with Mayogo [mdm] and Bangba [bbe] of Democratic Republic of the Congo. |
| muh | Mündü | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mundu | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Uele province: north and northeast of Faradje | 2,800 in Democratic Republic of the Congo | 6a (Vigorous) | Mondo, Mountou, Mundo | ||
| bme | Limassa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi | Central African Republic | Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture; possibly far southwestern corner, along Republic of the Congo border | Few in Ngundi [ndn] villages | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bamassa, Bomasa, Bomassa | ||
| bkc | Baka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi | Cameroon | East region: Boumba, Kadey, Ngoko, and Upper Nyong divisions; South region: Dja-and-Lobo division | 40,000 in Cameroon (2007 Y. Léonard). 15,000 monolinguals. Mainly women. Ethnic population: 40,000. Total users in all countries: 43,200 | 6a (Vigorous) | Babinga, Bebayaga, Bebayaka, Bibaya, Pygmees Baka, Pygmees de l’Est | ||
| bkc | Baka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi | Gabon | Ogooué-Ivindo province: Bélinga, Makokou; Woleu-Ntem province: Minvoul. All along Cameroon border | 3,200 in Gabon (1990 CMA) | 6b* (Threatened) | Babinga, Bayaka, Bebayaka | ||
| gnz | Ganzi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi | Central African Republic | Nana-Grébizi and Kémo prefectures: border region, scattered | 1,400 (1996) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ganzi, Yaka. May be intelligible with Baka [bkc]. | ||
| gdi | Gundi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi | Central African Republic | Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Gamboula subprefecture; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Nola subprefecture, south and east of Nola | 9,000 (1988 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ngondi, Ngundi | None known. May be intelligible with Baka [bkc], Pande [bkj], and Lingala [lin]. | |
| gix | Gilima | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Bwaka | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: north Libenge territory in 3 groups: Bandi southwest, Bogon north, and Mbanza-Balakpa southeast | 12,000 (1984 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Reportedly similar to Ngbaka Ma’bo [nbm]. | ||
| nbm | Ngbaka Ma’bo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Bwaka | Central African Republic | Lobaye prefecture: Mbaiki and Mongoumba subprefectures; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Bimbo subprefecture | 88,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 234,000 | 5* (Developing) | Bouaka, Bwaka, Gbaka, Ma’bo, Mbacca, Mbaka, Nbwaka, Ngbaka Limba | None known. Reportedly similar to Gilima [gix]. | |
| nbm | Ngbaka Ma’bo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Bwaka | Congo | Likouala department: possibly from nearby large language areas in Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo | 135,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Bouaka, Bwaka, Gbala, Ma’bo, Mbacca, Mbaka, Nbwaka, Ngbaka Limba | ||
| nbm | Ngbaka Ma’bo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Bwaka | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Libenge territory, on the road north and south of Zongo town, and a belt north of Libenge | 11,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1984 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bouaka, Bwaka, Gbaka, Gwaka, Ma’bo, Mbacca, Mbaka, Mbwaka, Nbwaka, Ngbaka Limba | ||
| bkg | Buraka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Gbanzili | Central African Republic | Basse-Kotto prefecture: Mobaye subprefecture, along Ubangi river | 2,500 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 3,800 | 6b* (Threatened) | Bolaka, Boraka, Bouraka | None known. May not be inherently intelligible with Gbanziri [gbg]. | |
| bkg | Buraka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Gbanzili | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province: Ubangi river area; north and northeast of Bosobolo | 1,300 in Democratic Republic of the Congo | 6b* (Threatened) | Boraka, Bouraka | ||
| gbg | Gbanziri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Gbanzili | Central African Republic | Ouaka prefecture: Kouango subprefecture, along Ubangi river | 14,500 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 17,500 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Banziri, Gbandere, Gbanzili | ||
| gbg | Gbanziri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Gbanzili | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province: Bosobolo territory, along Ubangi river | 3,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1986 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Banziri, Gbandere, Gbanzili | ||
| kpl | Kpala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Monzombo | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province: Bosobolo territory; Sud-Ubangi territory: Libenge territory, scattered | 3,000 (1986 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Gbakpwa, Kpwaala, Kwala | None known. Reportedly similar to Monzombo [moj]. | |
| moj | Monzombo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Monzombo | Central African Republic | Lobaye prefecture: Mongoumba subprefecture | 1,600 in Central African Republic (1996) | 6b* (Threatened) | Mondjembo, Monjombo, Monzumbo | ||
| moj | Monzombo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Monzombo | Congo | Likouala department: on Oubangui river | 12,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 18,600 | 6b* (Threatened) | Mondjembo, Monjombo, Munzombo | ||
| moj | Monzombo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Monzombo | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Ubangi river east bank, south of Libenge | 5,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1986 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Monjombo, Mono-Jembo, Monzumbo | ||
| yng | Yango | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Monzombo | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Kungu and Libenge territories, Gbendere village, Esobe river area | 3,000 (1986 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Gbendere | None known. Reportedly similar to Monzombo [moj]. | |
| fer | Feroge | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Feroge-Mangaya | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Kapalala east of Raga | 8,000 (1982) | 7 (Shifting) | Feroghe, Ferroge, Kalige, Kaligi, Kalike, Kaliki | ||
| myj | Mangayat | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Feroge-Mangaya | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Zakka, 30 km southeast of Raga on road to Sopo | 400 (1987 SIL). No monolinguals | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Bug, Buga, Mangaya, Mongaiyat | ||
| idr | Indri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Indri-Togoyo | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Sabil Abu Zalah area | 700 | 8a (Moribund) | Yanderika, Yandirika | ||
| tgy | Togoyo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Indri-Togoyo | South Sudan | Lol state: Raga area | No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the mid 1980s | 10 (Extinct) | Togoy | ||
| bdj | Bai | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Bai-Viri | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Wau-Deim Zubeir road; possibly 2 villages north of Tembura | 2,500 (Welmers 1971a) | 7 (Shifting) | Bari | ||
| bvi | Belanda Viri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Bai-Viri | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur River county, Bagari, Bringi, Dadu, Farajallah, Momoyi, Natabo, Ngisa, Ngoku, Ngongba, Ngotakala, and Raffili villages; Raga county, Kuru; Western Equatoria state: Ibba and Tambura counties | 16,000 (Welmers 1971a) | 5 (Developing) | Belanda, Biri, Bviri, Gamba, Gumba, Mbegumba, Mvegumba | Viri | |
| swf | Sere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Ndogo-Sere | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bas-Uele province: northeast of Ango, among the Zande [zne] | 2,500 in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Total users in all countries: 2,528 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Basili, Basiri, Chere, Serre, Shaire, Shere, Sheri, Sili, Siri | Reportedly most similar to Ndogo [ndz] and Tagbu [tbm]. Slight dialect differences in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Central African Republic. | |
| tbm | Tagbu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Ndogo-Sere | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Scattered | 17,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tagba, Tagbo | None known. Reportedly most similar to Sere [swf] and Ndogo [ndz]. | |
| ndz | Ndogo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Ndogo-Sere | South Sudan | Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Wau county, about 10 villages on Wau-Deim Zubeir road between Mboro and Kpango rivers; Western Equatoria state: north of Tembura | 20,000 (2011 SIL). Few monolinguals | 5 (Developing) | Co Ndogo | ||
| brm | Barambu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Barambo-Pambia | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bas-Uele province: Poko territory, between Bomokandi and Uélé rivers | 25,600 (1990 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Abarambo, Amiangba, Amiangbwa, Balambu, Barambo, Duga | Unconfirmed reports of a, Pamiaangba dialect, near Dungu in Niangara Territory. | |
| pmb | Pambia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Barambo-Pambia | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bas-Uele province | 21,000 (1982 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Apambia | ||
| geq | Geme | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara | Central African Republic | Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Ndélé subprefecture, 2 villages north of Ndélé | 550 (1996) | 6b (Threatened) | Gueme, Jeme, Ngba Geme | Geme Tulu, Geme Kulagbolu. | |
| kym | Kpatili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara | Central African Republic | Basse-Kotto prefecture: south Mingala subprefecture; Mbomou prefecture: Bakouma subprefecture | 4,500 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kpatere, Kpatiri, Ngindere | None known. Not intelligible with Gbayi [gyg], who are ethnically Kpatili. | |
| nzk | Nzakara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara | Central African Republic | Mbomou prefecture: Bakouma, Bangassou, and Gambo-Ouango subprefectures | 50,000 in Central African Republic (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ansakara, N’sakara, Sakara, Zakara | ||
| nzk | Nzakara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bas-Uele province: northwest Bondo territory, on Central African Republic border | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ansakara, N’sakara, Sakara, Zakara | |||
| zne | Zande | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara | Central African Republic | Haut-Mbomou prefecture: Obo, Rafaï, and Zémio subprefectures | 62,000 in Central African Republic (1996) | 5* (Dispersed) | Azande, Badjande, Pazande, Sande, Zandi | ||
| zne | Zande | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bas-Uele and northern Haut-Uele provinces | 730,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Total users in all countries: 1,242,000 (as L1: 1,142,000; as L2: 100,000) | 5* (Developing) | Asande, Azande, Badjande, Bazande, Bazenda, Kizande, Pa-Dio, Pazande, Sande, Zandi, pa Zande, paZande | Pa-Zande | |
| zne | Zande | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara | South Sudan | Western Equatoria state: Ezo, Ibba, Nagero, Nzara, Tambura, and Yambio counties; parts of Maridi county | 450,000 in South Sudan, all users. L1 users: 350,000 in South Sudan (1982 SIL). L2 users: 100,000 (2013 SIL) | 3 (Wider communication). LWC across Gbudwe and Tambura states, for church, market, and media domains. Regional language chosen for development by Rejaf Conference 1928 | Azande, Badjande, Pazande, Sande, Zandi | Dio, Makaraka (Odio). | |
| bba | Baatonum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Bariba | Benin | Alibori department: central and southeast; Atacora department: east; Borgou department: Bembereke, Kalale, N’Dali, Nikki, Parakou, Sinende, Perere, and east Tchaourou communes; Donga department: Djougou commune | 896,000 in Benin (2016). Total users in all countries: 996,000 | 3 (Wider communication) | Baatombu, Baatonu, Barba, Barganchi, Bargawa, Bargu, Bariba, Baruba, Berba, Bogung, Burgu | Baatonum | |
| bba | Baatonum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Bariba | Nigeria | Kwara state: Baruten LGA | 100,000 in Nigeria (1995 R. Jones) | 5* (Dispersed) | Baatonun, Baatonun-Kwara, Barba, Bargu, Bariba, Batonnum, Batonu, Berba, Bogung, Borgawa, Borgu, Burgu, Zana | ||
| bwj | Bwamu, Láá Láá | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Bwamu | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Bagassi, Bale province, Boni, and Pâ villages area; Hauts-Bassins region | 69,200 (2000) | 5 (Developing) | Buamu Laa, Buamu-laa, Bwamu Laa, Kàdenbà, Yere | Reportedly similar to Ouarkoye dialect of Buamu [box] and Bwamu Twi [bwy]. | |
| bmq | Bomu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Bwamu | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Mainly Banwa province, Sami department; Hauts-Bassins region: Houet and Kenedougou provinces | 56,000 in Burkina Faso (1991) | 5 (Developing) | Bobo Oule, Boomu, Bore, Boré, Western Bobo Wule | ||
| bmq | Bomu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Bwamu | Mali | Mopti region: Djenne circle; Ségou region: San circle, San area on Bani river south bank; Sikasso region: enclave along Burkina Faso border | 248,000 in Mali (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 304,000 | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1) | Bo, Bobo, Bobo Wule, Boré, Mu Boomu, Western Bobo Oule, Western Bwamu, Western Red | Boomu | Dwemu, Dahanmu, Mao. Dwemu subdialects are Terekongo (Terekoungo), Wahu (between Téné and the Bani river), Togo. Dahanmu subvarieties are Koniko, Mandiakuy, Bomborokuy, and Mao (Mahou). |
| box | Buamu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Bwamu | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Bale, Banwa, Kossi, Mouhoun, and Nayala provinces; Centre-Ouest region: Sissili province; Est region; Hauts-Bassins region: Houet and Tuy provinces; Sud-Ouest region: Bougouriba and Ioba provinces; area 80 km east–west and 200 km north–south | 268,000 (2009 UNSD) | 5 (Developing) | Bobo, Bomo, Bouamou, Bwaba, Bwamu, Eastern Bobo Oule, Eastern Bobo Wule, Red Bobo | Buamu | Ouarkoye. |
| bwy | Bwamu, Cwi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Bwamu | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Bale province, Kabourou area; Est region; Hauts-Bassin region: Tuy province, Founzan; Sud-Ouest region: Ioba province | 24,000 (1999 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Coo, Cwi, Twi | None known. Intelligibility within Cwi area is over 90%, 50%–70% with Láá Láá Bwamu [bwj], 30% with Ouarkoye Buamu [box], and 65%–70% with Dakwi Bwamu. | |
| kfz | Koromfé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Kurumfe | Burkina Faso | Centre-Nord region: Bam and Sanmatenga provinces; Nord region: Loroum province; Yatenga province: Titao subdistrict; Sahel region: Soum province, Djibo-Aribinda subdistrict | 196,000 in Burkina Faso (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Total users in all countries: 202,000 | 5* (Developing) | Fula, Fulse, Kouroumba, Kuruma, Kurumba, Kurumfe | Koromba | Koromba, Fulse. |
| kfz | Koromfé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Kurumfe | Mali | Mopti region: Koro circle, 11 villages on Burkina Faso border | 6,000 in Mali (2011 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Foula, Foulse, Koromba, Kurum-Korey, Tellem | Eastern Koromfe, Western Koromfe. | |
| bwu | Buli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Buli-Koma | Ghana | Upper East region; Northern region: White Volta river area | 168,000 (2013 UNSD), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Builsa, Bulisa, Bulsa, Guresha, Kanjaga | Buli | None known. Reportedly most similar to Konni [kma]. Lexical similarity: 77% with Mampruli [maw]. |
| kma | Konni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Buli-Koma | Ghana | Northern region: West Mamprusi district, 5 villages, Nangruma and Yikpabongo largest, isolated, no roads | 3,800 (2003 GILLBT), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Kɔnni, Koma, Komung, Koni | Kɔmɩŋ | None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Buli [bwu]. |
| beh | Biali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern | Benin | Atacora department: Cobly, Materi, and Tanguieta communes; Collines department: Ouessi commune; Donga department: small border area west of Oueme river | 155,000 in Benin (2016). Total users in all countries: 159,080 | 5 (Developing) | Berba, Bialaba, Bieri, Bjerb, Bjeri, Byali | Biali | Dassari, Gouande, Materi, Pingou, Tihoun, Tangeta, Porga. |
| beh | Biali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern | Burkina Faso | Est region: Kompienga province at Benin border, south of Arli, 3 villages | 1,500 in Burkina Faso (1991). 450 monolinguals | 5 (Developing) | Berba, Bieri, Bjerb, Bjeri, Burba | ||
| beh | Biali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern | Togo | Savanes region: Kpendjal prefecture, along Benin border | 2,580 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| tbz | Ditammari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern | Benin | Atacora department: Boukoumbé and Natitingou communes; Borgou and Donga departments: along Djougou-Parakou road | 141,000 in Benin (2016). Total users in all countries: 175,300 | 5 (Developing) | Ditamari, Tamari, “Somba” (pej.) | Ditammari | Eastern Ditammari, Western Ditammari (Tamberma). |
| tbz | Ditammari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern | Togo | Kara region: Kéran prefecture, mostly Koutougou, Nadoba, Wantema, and Warengo; Savanes region, Oti prefecture, western corner | 34,300 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Bataba, Batammarab, Soma, Some, Tamari, Tamberma, “Somba” (pej.) | Eastern Ditammari, Western Ditammari (Tamberma). | |
| mql | Mbelime | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern | Benin | Atacora department: Boukoumbé commune, Dipoli and Korontière subdivisions, 5 villages; Cobly commune, Cobly, Datori, Kountori, and Tapoga subdivisions, 26 villages | 37,600 in Benin (Tchegnon and Guidibi 2006), increasing. Total users in all countries: 39,900 | 5 (Developing) | Bebelibe, Bèbèdibè, Mbilme, Mbèlimè, Oubièlo, Ubielo, “M’Bermè” (pej.), “Niende” (pej.), “Niendi” (pej.), “Niendé” (pej.), “Nyende” (pej.) | ||
| mql | Mbelime | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern | Togo | Kara region: Kéran prefecture, Koko Tamberma canton | 2,300 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bebelibe, Bèbèdibè, Oubièlo, Ubielo | ||
| wwa | Waama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern | Benin | Atacora department: Mouande, Natitingou, and Toucountouna communes; Pehonko commune, at least 20 villages; Cotonou, Parakou area | 109,000 (2016) | 5 (Developing) | Wama, Yoabou, Yoabu | Waama | Waama, Tangamma. |
| gux | Gourmanchéma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Benin | Alibori department: Banikouara and Karimama communes; Atacora department: Cobly, Kérou, Materi, and Tanguieta communes | 58,200 in Benin (2016) | 5 (Developing) | Goulmancema, Gourma, Gourmantche, Gulimancema, Gurma, Migulimancema | ||
| gux | Gourmanchéma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Burkina Faso | Centre-Est region: Koulpelogo province; Centre-Nord region: Namentenga province; Est region: Gnagna, Gourma, Komandjari, Kompienga and Tapoa provinces; Sahel region: Seno and Yagha provinces | 772,000 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 1,064,200 | 5 (Developing) | Goulmacema, Gourmantche, Gulimancema, Gulmancema, Gurma, Migulimancema | Gourma | Northern Gourmanchema, Central Gourmanchema, Southern Gourmanchema. Central and eastern dialects are inherently intelligible; northern only with difficulty. |
| gux | Gourmanchéma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Niger | Tillabéri region: Say department, Burkina Faso border, south of Niamey | 30,000 in Niger (1998) | 5* (Developing) | Goulimancema, Gourma, Gourmantche, Gurma | ||
| gux | Gourmanchéma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Togo | Savanes region: Kpendjal prefecture; east Tone prefecture, Mandouri subprefecture, mostly Korbongou and Mandouri | 204,000 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Gourma, Gourmantche, Gulimancema, Gurma, Migulimancema | ||
| xon | Konkomba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Ghana | Northern region: Yendi municipal district, Guerin, east border area; many scattered groups | 831,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD), increasing. Total users in all countries: 915,700 | 5 (Developing) | Bikpakpam, Kpankpamba | Likpakpaanl | Limonkpel, Linafiel, Likoonli (Likonl, Liquan), Lichabool, Nalong, Ligbeln, Komba. |
| xon | Konkomba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Togo | Kara region: Dankpen prefecture, Ghana border, Guérin-Kouka, Kidjaloum, and Nawaré; Savanes region: south Oti prefecture | 84,700 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Likpakpaanl | ||
| soy | Miyobe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Benin | Atacora department: Boukombe, Kounde communes; Donga department: Copargo commune | 1,350 in Benin (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 16,250 | 5 (Developing) | Bijobe, Biyobe, Kayobe, Kuyobe, Meyobe, Sola, Solamba, Solla, Sorouba, Soruba, Uyobe | None known. Lexical similarity: 27% with Moba [mfq], 25% with Ditammari [tbz], 47% with Ngangam [gng]. | |
| soy | Miyobe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Togo | Kara region: Solla prefecture | 14,900 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Bijobe, Biyobe, Kuyobe, Kyobe, Sola, Solamba, Solla, Sorouba, Soruba, Uyobe | ||
| ntm | Nateni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Benin | Atacora department: Cobly, Kouandé, Matéri, Tanguiéta, and Toucountouna communes. Cobly, Matéri, and Tanguiéta communes (Kuntemba dialect); Toucountouna commune (Natemba dialect); Tanguiéta and Kouandé communes (Okoma dialect); Matéri, and Tanguiéta communes (Tayaba dialect) | 97,300 (2016) | 5 (Developing) | Naténi | Naàteǹni | Nateni (Natemba, Natimba), Tayari (Tayaba), Kunteni (Kuntemba), Okoni (Okoma). |
| gng | Ngangam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Benin | Atacora department: Cobly commune | 20,000 in Benin (2002 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Dye, Gamgan | ||
| gng | Ngangam | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma | Togo | Kara region: small area in Kéran prefecture; Savanes region: Oti prefecture, Gando-Namoni, Koumongou, Kountouri, and Mogou areas | 57,400 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). Total users in all countries: 77,400 | 5 (Developing) | Dye, Gando, Gangam, Gangum, Migangam, Mijiem, Nbangam, Ngangan | Miganganm | Motiem (Mogou), Koumongou. Reportedly similar to Konkomba [xon], Ntcham [bud], Moba [mfq], and Gurmanchema [gux]. |
| mfq | Moba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Moba | Togo | Savanes region: Tandjoaré prefecture, into Oti and Tône prefectures, mainly Bombouaka and Dapaong towns | 319,000 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). Total users in all countries: 320,800 | 5 (Developing) | Jifelm, Moa, Moab, Moare | Muaba | Natchaba, Ben, Lok, Yanbann. Limited intelligibility of Bimoba [bim] in Ghana, although related. Diverse dialect situation. |
| bim | Bimoba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Moba | Ghana | Northern region: Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo and Sabobal-Chereponi districts; Upper East region: Garu-Tempane district | 176,000 (2013 UNSD). Ethnic population: 200,000 | 6b* (Threatened) | Moar, Moor | ||
| mfq | Moba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Moba | Burkina Faso | Centre-Est region: Koulpelogo province, Ouargaye subdistrict | 1,800 in Burkina Faso (Vanderaa 1991) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ben, Moa, Moab, Moare | ||
| aks | Akaselem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Ntcham | Togo | Centrale region: Tchamba prefecture east of Sokodé | 59,200 (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 6a (Vigorous) | Akasele, Cemba, Chamba, Kamba, Kasele, Tchamba | ||
| bud | Ntcham | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Ntcham | Ghana | Northern region: Zabzugul Tantale district | 169,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Basar, Basare, Basari, Bassar, Bassari, Ncham, Tobote | Bitaapul. | |
| bud | Ntcham | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Ntcham | Togo | Kara region: Bassar and eastern Dankpen prefectures, Bangeli, Bitchabe, Dimori, Kabou, and Kalanga areas | 160,000 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). Total users in all countries: 329,000 | 5 (Developing) | Basar, Basare, Basari, Bassar, Bassari, Ncam, Tobote | Ncham | Ntaapum, Ceemba, Dipiitil. |
| bly | Notre | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Nootre | Benin | Atacora department: Tanguiéta commune, north, northwest, northeast of Tanguiéta town | 1,500 (2002 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Boulba, Bulba, Burusa, Nootre | ||
| gur | Farefare | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest | Ghana | Upper East region: Bolgatanga municipal district, Frafra area, west to Navrongo | 638,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD), increasing. 588,000 Gur and Nankansi, 49,200 Namnam (2013 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 663,100 | 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Upper East Region | Frafra, Gurene, Gurenne, Gurune | Farefare, Gurenɛ | Gurenne (Gudeni, Gudenne, Gurune, Zuadeni), Nankani (Naani, Nankanse, Ninkare), Booni, Talni (Taleni, Talensi), Nabt (Nabdam, Nabde, Nabdem, Nabdug, Nabit, Nabnam, Nabrug, Nabte, Namnam, Nangodi). 5 major dialects and many minor ones. Dialects are divided according to geography and ethnic sub-boundaries. Some named after towns or localities. Consider Southern Dagaare [dga] in particular a sister language. |
| wlx | Wali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest | Ghana | Upper West region: Wa town; Northern region: northwest | 84,800 (2013 UNSD) | 5 (Developing) | Ala, Ouala, Waali, Wala | Waalii | Fufula, Yeri Waali, Cherii, ’Bulengee, ’Dolimi. Distinct from Southern Birifor [biv] and Southern Dagaari [dga]. |
| mos | Mòoré | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest | Burkina Faso | Widespread. Central Ouagadougou area | 6,360,000 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 7,829,300 | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity. Used as a trade language in the central part of the country, with sub-populations in all major cities | Mole, Moose, More, Moré, Moshi, Mossi | Mòoré | Saremdé, Taolendé, Yaadré, Ouagadougou, Yaande, Zaore (Joore), Yana (Jaan, Yanga). Yana dialect has over 90% intelligibility with the Ouagadougou dialect 75%–80% with the Joore dialect. Joore with Ouagadougou varies from 88% in Tibga to 95% in Diabo. Yanga in Togo, completely intelligible with Central Mòoré. |
| mos | Mòoré | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest | Mali | Mopti region: Koro circle on Burkina Faso border, border area south of Koro town | 39,000 in Mali (2013 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Mole, More, Moshi, Mossi | ||
| mos | Mòoré | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest | Togo | Savanes region: Cinkassé prefecture, Cinkassé, Tabi, and Timbou villages north of Dapaong | 33,300 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 6a (Vigorous) | Mole, Moose, More, Moshi, Mossi | Yanga (Jaan, Timbou, Yaan, Yam, Yan, Yana). | |
| gur | Ninkare | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest | Burkina Faso | Centre-Est region: Boulgou province; Centre-Sud region: Narhouri province, Zecco and Ziou subdistricts; Zoundweogo province | 25,100 in Burkina Faso (1991) | 5 (Dispersed) | Farefare, Frafra, Gurenne, Gurne, Gurune, Nankani, Ninkarsé, fãrfãrɛ, gʋrnɛ Ninkãrɛ, nankam, nankana, ninkãrɛ | Gudeni, Ninkare, Booni, Frafra, Nankana. | |
| saf | Safaliba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest | Ghana | Northern region: Gbenfu, Mandari, Manfuli, and Tanyire villages; Bote, Kalba, and Sawla town areas | 5,000 (2013 UNSD), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Safalaba, Safalba, Safali | Safale̱ba | None known. Lexical similarity: 79% with Southern Dagaari [dga]. |
| biv | Birifor, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Birifor | Ghana | Northern region; Upper West region: Wa West district | 125,000 in Ghana (2003), increasing. Total users in all countries: 129,310 | 5 (Developing) | Berfoɔr, Birifo, Birifor, Bɩ rfʊ ɔ r, Ghana Birifor, Lobi | Birfoɔr | None known. A separate language from Wali [wlx], Southern Dagaari [dga], and Malba-Birifor [bfo] of Burkina Faso. |
| bfo | Birifor, Malba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Birifor | Burkina Faso | Sud-Ouest region: Bougouriba, Ioba, Noumbie and Poni provinces; west of Black Volta river | 108,000 in Burkina Faso (1993). Many monolinguals | 5 (Developing) | Birafour, Birifo, Birifor, Malba, Malba-Birifor, Ngmalba, Nmalba, Northern Birifor | Bɩrfʋɔr | Wile, Birifor. |
| biv | Birifor, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Birifor | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan district: northeast corner | 4,310 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Birifo | ||
| dga | Dagaare, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Dagaari | Ghana | Upper West region: northwest corner | 924,000 (2013 UNSD), increasing | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1951, Laws of the Gold Coast, Vernacular Literature Board Ordinance, as amended by Ordinance No. 44) | Dagara, Dagare, Dagari, Dagati, Degati, Dogaari, Southern Dagari | Dagaare | None known. Southern Dagaare and Southern Birifor [biv] are partially intelligible. Distinct from Northern Dagara [dgi] in Burkina Faso. |
| dgi | Dagara, Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Dagaari | Burkina Faso | Centre-Ouest region: Sissili province; Est region; Hauts-Bassins region: Tuy province; Sud-Ouest region: mainly Ioba and Bougouriba provinces; Noumbie and Poni provinces | 247,000 (2009 UNSD) | 5 (Developing) | Dagaara, Dagaare, Dagaari, Dagari, Dagati, Degati, Dogaari, Northern Dagaare | Dagara | Lober (Lobr), Wule, Nura (Lawra Lobi). Dagara and Birifor [bfo] are partly intelligible. |
| dgd | Dagaari Dioula | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Dagaari | Burkina Faso | Centre-Ouest region: Sissili and Zuri provinces, Boromo, Dano, Diébougou, Dissin, Fara, French Hamele, Gao, Leo, Pa, Silly, Soukoulaye, To, and Wessa | 21,000 (1999 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Dagaari Jula, Dagari Dyoula, Jari, Wala, Yari | None known. Not inherently intelligible with Dagaare [dgi], Jula [dyu], or Mòoré [mos]. Lexical similarity: 65%–70% with Northern Dagaare [dgi]. | |
| hag | Hanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast | Ghana | Northern region: Damongo district southeast of Mole Game Reserve; Murugu is largest village | 6,800 (2003 GILLBT), increasing. 4,100 in the traditional area, 2,700 elsewhere | 5* (Developing) | Anga | Northern Hanga, Southern Hanga. Kamara [jmr] is a separate language. Subdialects of Southern Hanga are Langantere, Murugu, Damongo; subdialects of Northern Hanga are Yazori and Bowena. Lexical similarity: 84% with Southern Dagaare [dga] and Farefare [gur]. | |
| jmr | Kamara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast | Ghana | Northern region: Larabanga village on road west of Damongo | 3,000 (2003 GILLBT), increasing. Ethnic population: 5,000 (2003 GILLBT) | 6a (Vigorous) | None known. Significantly different linguistically and culturally from Hanga [hag]. More similar to Dagbani [dag] than to Hanga (1997 G. Hunt). | ||
| dag | Dagbani | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast | Ghana | Northern region: northeast of Tamale, as far as Yendi | 1,160,000 (2013 UNSD), increasing | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1951, Laws of the Gold Coast, Vernacular Literature Board Ordinance, as amended by Ordinance No. 44) | Dagbamba, Dagbane, Dagomba | Dagbanli | Nanuni (Nanumba). Lexical similarity: 95% with Mampruli [maw], 90% with Farefare [gur], 89% with Kusaal [kus]. |
| xkt | Kantosi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast | Ghana | Upper East region: Sandema district, Bolgatonga, Kpaliwogo, Nalerigu, Navrongo, and near Wa | 2,300 (2003 GILLBT). 280–400 in Sandema District, probably about 280 in Kpaliwongo | 6b (Threatened) | Dagaare-Dioula, Kantonsi, Yare, Yarsi | None known. Reportedly similar to Kamara [jmr], Farefare [gur], and Dagbani [dag]. | |
| kus | Kusaal | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast | Burkina Faso | Centre-Est region: Boulgou province, villages south of Zabré. Centre-Sud region: Narhouri province | 12,800 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD) | 6a (Vigorous) | Koussassé, Kusaas, Kusale, Kusasi | Tonde (Toende, Western Kusaal). | |
| kus | Kusaal | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast | Ghana | Upper East region: Bawku district | 535,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD), increasing. 350,000 Agole, 70,000 Toende (2004 SIL). Total users in all countries: 549,000 | 5 (Developing) | Kusaasi, Kusale, Kusasi | Kusaas | Toende (Western Kusaal), Agole (Angole, Eastern Kusaal). Further investigation of the Toende dialect in Burkina Faso is needed. Possible marginal intelligibility with Eastern (Angole) Kusaal. Many claim to be able to understand the related languages: Mòoré [mos], Dagbani [dag], Mampruli [maw], and Farefare [gur]. Kusaal is a member of the Mòoré-Dagbani subgroup. |
| kus | Kusaal | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast | Togo | Savanes region: Cinkassé area, near Burkina Faso and Ghana borders | 1,200 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kusaas | ||
| maw | Mampruli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast | Ghana | Northern region: east and west of Gambaga; Upper East region: scattered border areas north of the White Volta river, between Pwalagu and Zongoiri | 316,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD), increasing. Total users in all countries: 326,000 | 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in northeast North Region | Mampelle, Mamprule, Mamprusi, Mamprussi, Manpelle, Ngmamperli, Nmampurli, Ŋmampəlli | Eastern Mampruli. 50% intelligibility with Dagbani [dag]. Lexical similarity: 95% with Dagbani [dag], 90% with Farefare [gur]. | |
| maw | Mampruli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast | Togo | Savanes region: Tone prefecture, 2 villages near Ghana border | 10,000 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| nmz | Nawdm | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Yom-Nawdm | Ghana | Greater Accra region: scattered; Volta region: Ho and Kpando districts, scattered | 5* (Developing) | Naoudem, Naudm, Nawdam | |||
| nmz | Nawdm | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Yom-Nawdm | Togo | Centrale region: Sotouboua and Tchamba prefectures; Kara region: Bassar and Doufelgou prefectures, Niamtougou area; Plateaux region: Amou, Est-Mono, Haho, and Wawa prefectures; many in Lomé | 146,000 in Togo (2012 SIL). 7,300 monolinguals | 5 (Developing) | Losso, Losu, Naoudem, Naudm, Nawdam | Nawdm | West Nawdm (Baga, Koka, Niamtougou), East Nawdm (Siou Canton), Central Nawdm (Bana’, Tenega). Reportedly similar to Yom [pil]. |
| pil | Yom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Yom-Nawdm | Benin | Atacora department: Kouande, Natingou, and Pehonko communes; Borgou department: N’Dali commune; Donga department: Copargo and Djougou communes, south into Bassila commune | 352,000, all users. L1 users: 202,000 (2016). Includes 199,000 Yom and 2,880 Taneka (2016). L2 users: 150,000. Almost no monolinguals. Ethnic population: 300,000. 230,000 Yowa; 70,000 Tangma | 5 (Developing) | Kpilakpila, Pila, Pilapila | Yom | Tangerem (Taneka), Yom. Yom and Tangerem dialects are very similar. |
| kqg | Khe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Dogoso-Khe | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province, Boli, Lobo, Moromoro, Noumoukiedougou, Sessagbo, and Tiébata | 1,300 in Burkina Faso (1983 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Bambadion-Kheso, Kheso | None known. Lexical similarity: 56% with Dogoso [dgs] (Bambadion-Dogoso), 14% with Dogosé [dos], 13% with Khisa [kqm]. | |
| dgs | Dogoso | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Dogoso-Khe | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province, Bondokoro, Dandougou, Sakédougou, Sokoura, Tolandougou, and Torokoro | 9,000 in Burkina Faso (1999 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bambadion-Dogoso, Bambadion-Dokhosié, Black Dogose, Dorhosié-Finng, Dorhosié-Noirs, Dorossié-Fing | None known. Lexical similarity: 56% with Khe [kqg], 15% with Dogosé [dos], 16% with Khisa [kqm]. | |
| dya | Dyan | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Dyan | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: small areas in Bale province; Hauts-Bassins region: Houet province; Sud-Ouest region: Bougouriba province, Dolo, near Diébougou | 14,100 (Vanderaa 1991) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Dan, Dian, Dya, Dyane, Dyanu | Zanga. Zanga is a dialect or closely-related language. Reportedly not similar enough to Lobi [lob] to be intelligible. Distinct from Dan [dnj] (Gio, Yacouba). | |
| dos | Dogosé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Gan-Dogose | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province, Sidéradougou subdistrict, Koro, Kouere, Ouo, Sidéradougou, and Sirakoro; Hauts-Bassins region: Houet province; Sud-Ouest region: Poni province | 20,000 (1991 O. Balagassina) | 6a (Vigorous) | Doghose, Doghosié, Dokhobe, Dokhosié, Dorhossié, Dorhosye, Doro Doghosié, Dorobé, Dorosie, Dorossé | Klamaasise, Mesise, Lutise, Gbeyãse, Sukurase, Gbogorose. Different from Bambadion dialects Dogoso [dgs] and Khe [kqg]. Lexical similarity: 82% with Khisa [kqm], 68% with Kaansa [gna], 15% with Dogoso [dgs], 14% with Khe [kqg]. | |
| kqm | Khisa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Gan-Dogose | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan district: north | 5,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Vanderaa 1991). Total users in all countries: 8,000 | 6b* (Threatened) | Khi Khipa, Komono, Kumwenu | Speakers say they can understand Kaansa [gna] and Senoufo, given time. Lexical similarity: 82% with Dogosé [dos], 72% with Kpatogo dialect of Kaansa, 71% with Kaansa [gna], 16% with Dogoso [dgs], 13% with Khe [kqg]. | |
| gna | Kaansa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Gan-Dogose | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province; Sud-Ouest region: Poni province, Gaoua subdistrict, Loropéni department, bounded by Derbi east, Djigoué south, Loropéni west, and Yérifoula north; Bougouriba province | 6,000 (1990 S. Showalter) | 5 (Developing) | Gan, Gane, Gã, Kaan, Kaanse, Kan, Kãasa | Kã́asa | Kaansa, Kpatogo (Bodoro, Gbadogo, Kpatogoso, Padogho, Padorho, Padoro). Lexical similarity: 81% between dialects, 71% with Khisa [kqm], 68% with Dogosé [dos]. |
| kqm | Khisa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Gan-Dogose | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province, Mangodara prefecture, 25 villages near Côte d’Ivoire border | 3,000 in Burkina Faso (1991 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Khi, Khi Khipa, Komono, Kumwenu | ||
| las | Lama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Togo | Widespread. Significant presence in Lomé | 198,000 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). Total users in all countries: 258,000 | 5 (Developing) | Lamba, Losso | Lama | Kande (Kante), Kadjala (Kadjalla), Defale. Reportedly similar to Tem [kdh] and Kabiye [kbp]. |
| bqg | Bago-Kusuntu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Togo | Centrale region: Tchamba prefecture, mostly Bagou and Koussountou | 9,900 (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Koussountou | Bagó, Kusuńtú | Bago, Kusuntu. |
| cll | Chala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Ghana | Northern region: Jadigbe village, near Seipe, is 35% Chala; Volta region: Ago, Nkwanta, and Odomi villages | 3,000 (2003 GILLBT) | 6b* (Threatened) | Cala, Tshala | ||
| ntr | Delo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Ghana | Volta region: Pampawie area, Togo border | 10,900 in Ghana (2003), increasing. Total users in all countries: 18,400 | 5 (Developing) | Ntribou, Ntribu, Ntrubo | ||
| ntr | Delo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Togo | Centrale region: Sotouboua prefecture; Plateaux region: Wawa prefecture, near Ghana border | 7,500 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 6b (Threatened) | Ntribou, Ntribu, Ntrubo | ||
| kbp | Kabiyè | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Benin | Donga department: Bassila, Djougou, and Ouaké communes, scattered villages | 9,300 in Benin (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Cabrai, Cabrais, Kabre, Kabure, Kabye | ||
| kbp | Kabiyè | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Ghana | Northern region: near Togo border | 5* (Developing) | Cabrai, Cabrais, Kabire, Kabure, Kabye | |||
| kbp | Kabiyè | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Togo | Widespread | 975,000 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). Total users in all countries: 984,300 | 5 (Developing) | Cabrai, Cabrais, Kabre, Kabure, Kabye | Kabɩyɛ, Kabɩyɛ Tɔm | Kewe, Kijang, Lama-Tissi, Boufale. Lexical similarity: 60% between Kabiye [kbp], Lama [las], Tem [kdh], and Lukpa [dop]. |
| las | Lama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Benin | Atacora department: Boukoumbé commune, northwest of Boukoumbé town, scattered villages; Donga department: Bassila and Djougou communes | 60,000 in Benin (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lamba, Losso | Kande (Kante), Kadjala (Kadjalla). | |
| las | Lama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Ghana | Northern region: between Tamale and Yendi | Several hundred or perhaps thousands in Ghana (1996) | 5* (Developing) | Lamba, Losso | Kadjala (Kadjalla). | |
| dop | Lukpa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Benin | Borgou department: Tchaouroue commune; Donga department: Bassila, Ouake communes, Kémérida area, border areas west of Djougou town | 133,000 in Benin (2016). Total users in all countries: 150,900 | 5 (Developing) | Dompago, Legba, Logba, Lokpa, Lugba, Yoa-Lokpa | ||
| dop | Lukpa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Togo | Centrale region: a few villages; Kara region: Binah prefecture along Benin border | 17,900 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Dompago, Legba, Logba, Lokpa, Lugba | ||
| kdh | Tem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Benin | Widespread, especially north | 13,300 in Benin (2014 J. Leclerc) | 3 (Wider communication) | Cotocoli, Kotokoli, Tembe, Tim, Timu | ||
| kdh | Tem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Ghana | Greater Accra region | 134,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD) | 5* (Dispersed) | Cotocoli, Kotokoli, Temba, Tim, Timu | ||
| kdh | Tem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Eastern | Togo | Centrale region: Sotouboua and Tchaoudjo prefectures, Bafilo, Sokode, and Sotouboua; Kara region: Assoli and Bassar prefectures; Plateaux region: north Agou prefecture near Badou | 234,000 in Togo (Gblem-Poidi and Kantchoa 2012). Total users in all countries: 381,300 | 3 (Wider communication) | Cotocoli, Kotokoli, Temba, Tim, Timu | Tem | |
| xsm | Kasem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern | Burkina Faso | Centre-Ouest region, Sissili province; Centre-Sud region: Nahouri province, Guiaro, Po, and Tiébélé towns | 83,600 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 232,600 | 5 (Developing) | Kasena, Kasim, Kassem, Kassena | Kasem | East Kasem, West Kasem. West and East Kasem mutually inherently intelligible. Reportedly similar to Nuni [nuv] and Lyélé [lee]. |
| nuv | Nuni, Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Bale and Mouhoun provinces, near Boromo; Centre-Ouest region: Sanguie province. Dialect dividing line is Mouhoun river | 45,000 (1995 SIL). 15,000–25,000 in Northwestern Nuni, 25,000–35,000 in Northeastern Nuni | 6a (Vigorous) | Nibulu, Nouni, Nounouma, Nuna, Nune, Nunuma, Nuruma | Northwestern Nuni, Northeastern Nuni. Northern Nuni users have no comprehension of Southern Nuni [nnw]. Reportedly similar to Kasem [xsm] and Lyélé [lee]. | |
| nnw | Nuni, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Bale province, east Mouhoun province; Centre-Ouest region: Sanguie, Sissili and Zuri provinces; Centre-Sud region: west Narhouri. Over 100 villages | 147,000 (2009 UNSD). Census figure (2009) is for all Nuni | 5 (Developing) | Nibulu, Nouni, Nounouma, Nuna, Nune, Nuni, Nunuma, Nuruma | Nʋnɩ | Micari, Basinyari (Sundoni), Yatini, Gori, Bwana, Sankura. Reportedly similar to Kasem [xsm] and Lyélé [lee]. |
| knz | Kalamsé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Sourou province, Tougan subdistrict, on Mali border | 9,570 in Burkina Faso (1985 census). Total users in all countries: 12,070 | 6a (Vigorous) | Kalemsé, Sàmòmá | Sàmó | Kasoma (East Kalamsé), Logremma (Logma, West Kalamsé). |
| xsm | Kasem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern | Ghana | Upper East region: Navrongo town area; Upper West region: Sissala East and West districts | 149,000 in Ghana (2013 UNSD), increasing | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1951, Laws of the Gold Coast, Vernacular Literature Board Ordinance, as amended by Ordinance No. 44) | Kasena, Kassena, Kassene | Nunuma, Lela, Kasem, Fere. | |
| lee | Lyélé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Nayala province; Centre-Ouest region: Boulkiende province; north and central Sanguie province, Dassa, Didyr, Godyr, Kordie, Kyon, Réo, and Tenado subdistricts, Réo principal center; Nord region: Passore province | 213,000 (2009 UNSD) | 6b (Threatened) | Gurunsi, Lela, Lele, Lyela, Lyele, Lyæ̀læ | Lyélé | Southern Lyélé (Reo), Central Lyélé, Northern Lyélé, Kandéré. Most Central and Northern Lyélé speakers have nearly 100% comprehension of Southern Lyélé dialect. Kandéré have 75% comprehension of Southern Lyélé; Southern Lyélé understand all dialects except Kandéré well. Reportedly similar to Nuni [nuv], but low mutual inherent intelligibility. |
| pnq | Pana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Sourou province, Kassoum subdistrict, Oué town area, Sourou river valley from Mali | 5,000 in Burkina Faso (1998). Total users in all countries: 7,800 | 6a (Vigorous) | Sama | Pana North, Pana South. | |
| pnq | Pana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern | Mali | Mopti region: Bankass circle, Baye township, on Mali-Burkina Faso border | 2,800 in Mali (1982 SIL), decreasing | 6b (Threatened) | Sama | Pana North, Pana South. | |
| knz | Sàmòmá | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern | Mali | Mopti region: Koro circle, Dougoutene and Koro townships, about 12 villages, including Sougou, Zon, Ponghon, Gako, and Soyema | 2,500 in Mali (2014 UNSD) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kalamsé, Kalemsé, Kalenga, Sàmó | Logremma (Logma, West Kalamsé). | |
| pug | Phuie | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins region: Houet and Tuy provinces; Sud-Ouest region: Bougouriba and Ioba provinces north and west of Diébougou, northeast of Dano; possibly Est region | 14,300 (2000) | 6a (Vigorous) | Buguli, Buguri, Phuien, Phuó, Pougouli, Puguli, Pwa, Pwe, Pwie, Pwien, Pwo | Phuie | None known. Phuie is closely related to Winye [kst] and Sisaala [sld]. |
| ssl | Sisaala, Western | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Ghana | Upper West region: between Tumu and Lambusie | 30,000 (2003 GILLBT). 219,000 Sisaala (2010 census) | 5* (Developing) | Busillu Sisala, Hissala, Issala, Sisai | None known. Reportedly similar to Sissala [sld] of Burkina Faso. | |
| cli | Chakali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Ghana | Northern region: West Gonja district, Ducie village is largest; Upper West region: Wa East district | 6,000 (2003 GILLBT) | 6b (Threatened) | None known. Lexical similarity: 62% with Tampulma [tpm], 68% with Vagla [vag]. | ||
| mzw | Deg | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan district | 1,100 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991) | 5* (Developing) | Aculo, Buro, Degha, Janela, Mmfo, Mo | ||
| mzw | Deg | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: Kintampo North district; Northern region: Bole district; west of Volta lake | 42,900 in Ghana (2013 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 44,000 | 5 (Developing) | Aculo, Buru, Degha, Janela, Mmfo, Mo | Longoro, Mangum, Boe. Lexical similarity: 78% with Vagla [vag]. | |
| sig | Paasaal | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Ghana | Northern region: West Gonja district; Upper West region: 18 villages south of Tumu | 36,000 (2003 GILLBT), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Funsile, Pasaale, Pasaale Sisaala, Southern Sisaala | Gilbagala, Pasaali. The dialect in Funsi Kundogo is predominant among the Paasaal villages. | |
| sil | Sisaala, Tumulung | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Ghana | Upper East region: Bulisa district; Upper West region: Tumu area east to Sisili river | 105,000 (2003 GILLBT). 219,000 Sisaala (2010 census) | 5 (Developing) | Hissala, Isaalang, Isaalung, Issala, Sisai, Sisala Tumu | Isala, Gil Bagale (Galebagla), Nsihaa, Potule. | |
| sld | Sissala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Burkina Faso | Centre-Ouest region: Sissili province between Léo and Hamale, 30 villages; Sud-Ouest region: Ioba province, Niego and Ouessa departments | 13,000 (1991 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Isala, Sisaali, Sɩsaala | Sɩ́ssalɩ́ | All one dialect in Burkina Faso. Distinct from Sisaala languages in Ghana, although reportedly most similar to Western Sisaala [ssl]. |
| tpm | Tampulma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Ghana | Northern region: Damongo district, 25 villages south of Sisaala | 16,000 (2003) | 5 (Developing) | Tampele, Tamplima, Tampole, Tampolem, Tampolense, Tamprusi | 2 inherently intelligible dialects. Lexical similarity: 62% with Chakali [cli]. | |
| vag | Vagla | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Ghana | Northern region: Damongo district, near Sawla | 13,900 (2013 UNSD), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Konosarola, Paxala, Vagala | Bole, Buge. Lexical similarity: 68% with Chakali [cli]. | |
| kst | Winyé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Bale province, Boromo subdistrict, Boromo area, halfway between Bobo-Dioulosso and Ouagadougou, 17 to 18 villages; Centre-Ouest region: Sanguie province | 20,000 (1999 SIL). Most are monolingual | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kols, Kolsi, Kõ | None known. Reportedly similar to Sissala [sld]. | |
| cme | Cerma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Kirma-Tyurama | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province | 51,900 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 53,600 | 5 (Developing) | Goin, Gouin, Gwe, Gwen, Kirma | Cerma | Banfora-Sienena, Niangoloko-Diarabakoko, Soubakanedougou, Gouindougouba. The Gouindougouba dialect is spoken in 1 or 2 villages. Turka [tuz] is reportedly the most similar language, but not inherently intelligible. |
| cme | Cerma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Kirma-Tyurama | Côte d’Ivoire | Savanes district: Ouangolodougou area, north of Ferkessedougou. 5 villages along main road to Banfora | 1,700 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991) | 5 (Developing) | Gouin, Guin, Gwe, Gwen, Kirma | ||
| tuz | Turka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Kirma-Tyurama | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province north and west of Banfora; Leraba province; Hauts-Bassins region: Houet and Kenedougou provinces; principal villages are dialect names | 37,000 in Burkina Faso (1998 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Curama, Cuuramã, Tchourama, Tourka, Turuka, Tyurama | Douna, Beregadougou-Toumousseni. Reportedly most similar to Cerma [cme]. | |
| kzc | Kulango, Bondoukou | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Kulango | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan district: Bondoukou subprefecture | 77,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). All Kulango: 372,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Total users in all countries: 104,000 | 5* (Developing) | Bondoukou, Bonduku, Kolango, Koulango, Kulange, Kulango, Nkuraeng, Nkurange | ||
| kzc | Kulango, Bondoukou | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Kulango | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: west of Wenchi | 27,000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT) | 5* (Developing) | Bonduku, Kolango, Koulango, Kulange, Kulango, Nkuraeng, Nkurange | ||
| nku | Kulango, Bouna | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Kulango | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan district: Nassian subprefecture | 14,400 in Côte d’Ivoire (1998). All Kulango: 372,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Total users in all countries: 29,900 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Koulango, Kulange, Nkuraeng, Nkurange | Nabanj. Bouna dialect speakers understand Bondoukou [kzc], but not the reverse. | |
| nku | Kulango, Bouna | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Kulango | Ghana | Northern region: Bole district border area | 15,500 in Ghana (1991) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bouna Koulango, Buna Kulango, Nkuraeng | Sekwa, Nabanj. | |
| lob | Lobi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Lobi | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province; Sud-Ouest region: Bougouriba and Noumbiel provinces; Poni province, Gaoua southwest border area | 220,000 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 490,000 | 5 (Developing) | ’Lobiir, Lobiri, Miwa | ’Lobiiri | Gongon Lobi. |
| lob | Lobi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Lobi | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan district: north strip | 270,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Lobiri, Miwa | ||
| xrb | Karaboro, Eastern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Karaboro | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province, east of main Ferké to Bobo-Dioulosso road and Banfora | 35,000 in Burkina Faso (1995 SIL). Total users in all countries: 40,610 | 5 (Developing) | Kɛ yur, Kai, Kar, Ker, Kler | Kai Yor | Kar dialect averages 70% comprehension by Western Karaboro [kza], but the reverse is 30%. |
| kza | Karaboro, Western | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Karaboro | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province, west of main Ferké to Bobo-Dioulosso road and Banfora | 30,200 (Vanderaa 1991) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Syer-Tenyer | Tenyer, Syer. | |
| plr | Sénoufo, Palaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Kpalaga | Côte d’Ivoire | Savanes district: east of Bandama Blanc river; Vallée du Bandama district: Sikolo area | 8,000 (1995 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kpalagha, Palaka, Palara, Pallakha, Pilara | Lexical similarity: 65%–70% with other Senufo languages and dialects. | |
| nfr | Nafaanra | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Nafaanra | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan district: Transua department | Few in Côte d’Ivoire | 5* (Developing) | |||
| nfr | Nafaanra | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Nafaanra | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: Jaman North, Jaman South, and Tain districts; Northern region: Bole district border area | 61,000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Banafo, Banda, Dzama, Gambo, Nafaara, Nafana, Pantera-Fantera | Pantera, Fantera. | |
| seq | Sénoufo, Senara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Senari | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe and southern Leraba provinces | 50,000 (1995 SIL). All Senoufo languages: 173,000 (2009 UNSD) | 6a (Vigorous) | Niangolo, Sénoufo | None known. Intelligibility testing of Cebaara Senoufo [sef] varies from 51% in Konadougou to 71% in Niankorodougou. | |
| sef | Sénoufo, Cebaara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Senari | Côte d’Ivoire | Denguélé and Woroba districts; Savanes district: Korhogo city area and west; Vallée du Bandama district: west of Bandama Blanc river | 862,000 (1993 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Senadi, Senari, Syenere, Sénoufo-Sénanri, Tiebaara, Tyebala | Kafire, Kasara, Kufuru, Tagbari (Mbengui-Niellé), Patara, Pogara, Tyebara, Tagara, Tenere, Takpasyeeri (Messeni), Southwest Senari, Kandere (Tengrela), Papara, Fodara, Kulere, Nafara. Korhogo dialect is central. The Kulele speak Kulere dialect scattered throughout the Senoufo area. | |
| shz | Sénoufo, Syenara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Senari | Mali | Sikasso region: Kadiolo circle | 155,000 (2010 SIL), decreasing | 6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1) | Senare, Senari, Shenara, Syenara | Sangaar, Kuleele, Loakloho, Tuvunro, Pomporo, Tagbaar. | |
| seb | Sénoufo, Shempire | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara | Côte d’Ivoire | Savanes district: north of Tingréla | 100,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (1996). Total users in all countries: 114,800 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Shenpire, Syempire | 3 or 4 dialects. Relationship to Supyire Senoufo [spp] in Mali is undetermined. | |
| myk | Sénoufo, Mamara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara | Mali | Ségou region: Bla circle, scattered; Sikasso region: Koutiala and Yorosso circles | 738,000 (2000) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1) | Bamaraga, Mamara, Mianka, Minianka, Miniyanka, Minya, Minyanka, Tupiire | Mamaara | Sõghoo, Bàjii, Nafãã, Mìjuu, Kle Noehmõ, Nejuu, Koloo, Kujaa, Suõõ. Reportedly similar to Supyire Senoufo [spp], but intercomprehension difficult. |
| sen | Sénoufo, Nanerigé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins region: Houet province, Bobo-Dioulasso department; Kenedougou province, Djigouera and north | 50,000 (1985 census). All Senoufo languages: 173,000 (2009 UNSD) | 6a (Vigorous) | Naani, Nandereke, Nandergé, Nanergué, Nanergé, Nanerige | Some intelligibility with Sicite Senoufo [sep]. No significant dialects or subgroups. | |
| seb | Sénoufo, Shempire | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara | Mali | Sikasso region: Kadiolo circle, Bagoe river west bank to Cote d’Ivoire border, and Bafini river south bank | 14,800 in Mali (2009 T. Requadt) | 6a (Vigorous) | Gbajere | ||
| sep | Sénoufo, Sìcìté | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Leraba province, Oueleni department; Hauts-Bassins region: Kenedougou province, Koloko and Ouelaní prefectures, Tagouara plateau to Mali border | 35,000 in Burkina Faso (1999 SIL). All Senoufo languages: 173,000 (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 38,000 | 5 (Developing) | Sucite, Sìcìré, Sìcìté, Sìpììté, Tagba | Sìcijuungé | None known. Intelligibility low of Nanerige Senoufo [sen]. |
| sep | Sénoufo, Sìcìté | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara | Mali | Sikasso region: Sikasso circle, 4 villages on Burkina Faso border | 3,000 in Mali (2007 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Sucite, Sìcijuungé, Sìcìré, Sìcìté, Sìpììté, Tagba | ||
| spp | Sénoufo, Supyire | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara | Mali | Sikasso region: Sikasso circle, north from Sikasso city | 350,000 (2007 SIL). 100,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 500,000 (2007 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Sup’ide, Suppire | Supyire | Kampwo, Kadi, Nyana Nyuni, Fanywohoshin. |
| tgw | Sénoufo, Tagwana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini | Côte d’Ivoire | Savanes district: east of Korhogo city; Vallée du Bandama district: north central area; Woroba district: north of Lake Kossou | 138,000 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tagbana, Tagouna, Tagwana | Gbo (Zoro), Tafire, Niediekaha, Niangbo, Niakaramadougou, Fondebougou, Djidanan, Fourgoula, Katiara, Katiola. Lexical similarity: 76%–81% with Djimini [dyi] dialects. | |
| dyi | Sénoufo, Djimini | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini | Côte d’Ivoire | Lacs district: northwest of Kouandkro; Savanes district: Ferkessedougou department; Vallée du Bandama district: Dabakala department, northeast corner | 95,500 (1993 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Djimini, Dyimini, Jinmini | Jinmiire | Diamala (Djamala, Dyamala), Djafolo, Dofana, Foolo, Singala. Prestige dialect in Dabakala is Singala. Lexical similarity: 76%–81% with Tagwana Senoufo [tgw]. |
| sev | Sénoufo, Nyarafolo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini | Côte d’Ivoire | Savanes district: northeast Ferkessédougou area; Vallée du Bandama district: some border areas north | 60,000 (2009 L. Boese) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Niarafolo | ||
| loi | Loma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Teen | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan district: Kulango and Téén areas | 8,010 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lomakka, Lomapo, Lomasse, Malinke | None known. Reportedly similar to Téén [lor] and Kulango [kzc] but not inherently intelligible. More similar to Kulango than Téén is to Kulango. | |
| lor | Téén | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Teen | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan district | 6,100 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991). Total users in all countries: 8,100 | 6b* (Threatened) | Loghon, Lorhon, Loron, Nabe, Tegesie, Touni, Tuni, Ténhé | Téén | None known. Different from Kulango. Reportedly most similar to Loma [loi] and Bouna Kulango [nku]. |
| lor | Téén | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Teen | Burkina Faso | Sud-Ouest region: Poni province, Kampti subdistrict, 2 pockets west of Kampti | 2,000 in Burkina Faso (1999) | 6b* (Threatened) | Loghon, Lorhon, Loron, Nabe, Tegesie, Ténhé | ||
| tiq | Tiéfo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Tiefo | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province, Dramandougou Tiéfo; Hauts-Bassins region: Houet province | 1,000 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 12,000 (1995 SIL) | 8a (Moribund) | Kiefo, Tyefo, Tyeforo | Noumoudara-Koumoudara, Dramandougou-Nyarafo. | |
| tsp | Toussian, Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Tusia | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins region: Houet province west of Bobo-Dioulasso; Kenedougou province north, east, and south of Orodara | 19,500 (1995 SIL). 1,000 in Wenteene dialect, 18,500 in the other dialects | 6a (Vigorous) | Tusia, Tusian, Tusya, Tusyang | Ter, Tru, Kebeenton, Wenteene. Northern region dialects inherently intelligible to speakers but have 45% inherent intelligibility of Southern Toussian [wib]. | |
| wib | Toussian, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Tusia | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe Hauts-Bassins region, Houet province, halfway between Banfora and Bobo-Dioulasso; Toussiana is center area | 19,500 in Burkina Faso (1995 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Tusia, Tusian, Tusya, Tusyang, Win | 40% inherent intelligibility of Northern Toussian [tsp]. Nianha dialect is central. Each village has a separate dialect. | |
| vig | Viemo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Viemo | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Comoe province; Hauts-Bassins region: Houet province, Karankasso Vigué department, southeast of Bobo Dioulasso; Sud-Ouest region: Bougouriba province | 8,000 (1995 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Vige, Vigué, Vigye | ||
| nti | Natioro | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Wara-Natioro | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Leraba province, Sindou subdistrict, Sindou town area west of Banfora; Dinaoro, Kawara, and Timba | 2,400 (Vanderaa 1991) | 6a (Vigorous) | Koo’ra, Natjoro, Natyoro | Kaouara-Timba-Sindou-Koroni, Ginaourou. Reportedly similar to Wara [wbf], but not inherently intelligible. | |
| pnl | Paleni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Wara-Natioro | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Leraba province, Loumana department, Faniagara village | 260 (2012 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Wara | None known. 15%–20% intelligibility of Wara [wbf]. Lexical similarity: 19% with Wara [wbf]. | |
| wbf | Wara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Wara-Natioro | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Leraba province, Sindou town area, Néguéni is main village | 4,500 (Johnstone 1993) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ouala, Ouara, Samoe, Samwé | Negueni-Klani, Ouatourou-Niasogoni, Soulani. The Negueni dialect has over 95% intelligibility of the Niansogoni dialect, but Niansogoni below 80% of Negueni. No intelligibility of Natioro [nti]. Reportedly similar to Paleni [pnl]. | |
| fuj | Ko | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, Eastern | Sudan | South Kordofan state: isolated hills between Talodi and the White Nile | 2,680 (Stevenson 1984) | 6b (Threatened) | Fungor, Fungur, Kau | Kau (Ko), Nyaro. Nyaro and Kau may be the same dialect. Lexical similarity: 67% with Warnang [wrn] (most similar). | |
| wrn | Warnang | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, Eastern | Sudan | South Kordofan state: isolated hills between Talodi and the White Nile | 1,100 (1956 census) | 6b (Threatened) | Werni | None known. Lexical similarity 67% with Ko [fuj] (most similar). | |
| lro | Laro | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Ebang-Laru | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Oya, Rodong (Hajar Medani), Hajar Baco, Gunisaia, Serif, Tondly, Reli, Lagau (Serfinila), Getaw (Hajar Tiya), Orme (Ando) villages in Alleira hills north of Heiban town | 40,000 (Kuku 2012) | 5 (Developing) | Al-Leira, Leera, Liira, Ngwullaro, Yillaro | Laru | Yilaru, Yidundili-Yigoromany. Lexical similarity: 90% with Heiban [hbn] (most similar). |
| hbn | Heiban | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Ebang-Laru | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Abul and Heiban towns | 4,410 (Stevenson 1984) | 7 (Shifting) | Abul, Ebang | None known. Lexical similarity: 90% with Laro [lro]. | |
| lof | Logol | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Logol | Sudan | South Kordofan state: isolated hills between Talodi and the White Nile | 8a (Moribund) | Lukha | None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Otoro [otr] (most similar). | ||
| otr | Otoro | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Utoro | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Otoro hills south of Heiban town | 10,000 (2001) | 6b (Threatened) | Dhitoro, Kawama, Kawarma, Litoro, Utoro | Ḏuṯuɽu | Dugujur, Dukwara, Dorobe, Dogoridi. |
| kib | Koalib | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Rere | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Delami area. Hadra, Nyukwur, and Umm Heitan (Nginyukwur dialect); Abri area villages scattered on the plain (Ngirere dialect); Koalib hills area (Ngunduna dialect); Turum and Umm Berumbita (Nguqwurang dialect) | 100,000 (Quint 2009) | 5* (Developing) | Abri, Kandiza Kethi Koalib, Kawaaliib, Kawalib, Kowalib, Lgalige, Nirere, Rere | Kwɐ̀ɐlîp | Nguqwurang, Ngunduna, Nginyukwur, Ngirere, Ngemere. Lexical similarity: 75% with most similar Heiban languages. |
| shw | Shwai | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Shirumba | Sudan | South Kordofan state: 20 km west of Heiban town | 3,500 (1989) | 6b (Threatened) | Ludumor, Shirumba, Shuway | Cwaya | Shabun, Cerumba (Shirumba), Ndano. |
| mor | Moro | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Western | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Moro hills | 30,000 (1982 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Dhimorong | Umm Dorein (Longorban), Umm Gabralla (Toberelda), Nderre, Laiyen, Nubwa, Ulba, Werria, Thetogovela. Lexical similarity: 75% with Tira [tic] (most similar). | |
| tic | Tira | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Western | Sudan | South Kordofan state: hills between Kauda and Talodi | 40,000 (1982 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Lithiro, Littiro, Thiro, Tiro | Zittiro | Kinderma (Kanderma), Tira El Akhdar (Tira Dagig), Tira Lumum (Luman), Tira Mandi. Slight variations among dialects. Lexical similarity: 75% with Moro [mor] (most similar). |
| kcr | Katla | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Katla | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Katla hills southwest of Dilling. Kabog, Kabog North, Kabosh, Kambai, Karkando, Karkarya, Kary, Kimndang, Kitanngo, Kolbi, Koto Kork, Octiang, Rumber, Sabba, Tolot, (Julud dialect); Bombori, Karoka, Kateik, Kiddu, Kirkpong, and Koldrong (Katla dialect) | 25,000 (2009). Population for Julud | 6b (Threatened) | Akalak, Kalak | Katla, Julud. Julud speakers understand almost everything spoken in Katla, and some Tima [tms]. | |
| tms | Tima | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Katla | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Jebel Tima village, 15 km southwest of Katla, north of Lagawa | Ethnic population: 5,000 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | 8a (Moribund) | Domurik, Lomorik, Lomuriki, Tamanik, Yibwa | ||
| tag | Tagoi | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Rashad | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Moreb, Tagoi, Tukum, Tuling, Tumale, Turjok, and Turum | 13,000 (1982 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Tagoy | Moreb, Tumale, Tagoi. | |
| ras | Tegali | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Rashad | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Tegali and Rashad hills and Rashad town | 35,700 (Stevenson 1984) | 6b (Threatened) | Orig, Tagale, Tegele, Tekele, Togole, Turjok | Rashad (Kom, Kome, Ngakom), Tegali, Tingal (Kajaja, Kajakja). | |
| tlo | Talodi | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Jomang | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Talodi town, Tasomi and Tata villages | 1,500 (1989) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Ajomang, Gajomang, Jomang | Dialects nearly identical. Lexical similarity: 70% with most similar Talodi languages. | |
| eli | Nding | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Nding | Sudan | South Kordofan state: East Nuba hills, south Eliri range | 400 (Welmers 1971a) | 6b (Threatened) | Eliri | None known. Lexical similarity: was 70% with most similar Talodi languages. | |
| dec | Dagik | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Ngile-Dengebu | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Mesakin hills, Buram, Kamlela, Reikha, Taballa, and Tosari villages | 55,000 (2012 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Dagig, Dharuwa, Duwa, Masakin Dagig, Ruwa, Thakik, “Masakin” (pej.), “Masakin Gusar” (pej.) | Dhaduwa | Arreme, Adobu, Tosari. Lexical similarity: 74% with Ngile [jle] (most similar). |
| jle | Ngile | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Ngile-Dengebu | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Mesakin hills. Masakin and Togosilu villages (Masakin Tuwal dialect); Daloka and El Aheimar villages (Daloka dialect) | 11,700 (Stevenson 1984). Including Dagik [dec] speakers | 6b* (Threatened) | Angire, Arra, Daloka, Darra, Masakin, Mesakin, Taloka | Daloka (Taloka), Masakin Tuwal. | |
| acz | Acheron | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Saraf Aj-Jaamous area, east of Moro hills | 20,000 (2006 R. Norton). 9,830 speakers in home area (2006 R. Norton) | 5 (Developing) | Aceron, Achurun, Asheron | Garme | Gandok (Eastern Acheron), Gathuk (Western Acheron), Garong. |
| lmd | Lumun | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Canya’ru, Toromathan, and To’ri villages in Limon hills | 15,000 (2014 SIL). Home area population 9,500 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2014 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Kuku-Lumun, Lomon | Lumun | |
| taz | Tocho | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho | Sudan | South Kordofan state: 15 villages near Saraf aj Jamus, and Delabaya | 2,650 (2013 T. Alaki and R. Norton). Home area population: 2,000 | 6b (Threatened) | Tacho, Toicho | None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with closest Talodi languages. | |
| tqr | Torona | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho | Sudan | South Kordofan state: Limon hills | No known L1 speakers. The last known proficient speaker died in January 2014 (Norton and Alaki 2015) | 9 (Dormant) | |||
| laf | Lafofa | Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Tegem | Sudan | South Kordofan state: central Eliri hills | 5,140 (Stevenson 1984) | 6b (Threatened) | Kidie Lafofa | Jebel El Amira (El Amira), Jebel Tekeim (Jebel, Tegem, Tekeim), Lafofa. | |
| bib | Bisa | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Bissa | Burkina Faso | Centre-Est region: Boulgou, Koulpelogo, and Kouritenga provinces; Centre-Sud region: Bazega province; Zoundweogo province, Garango, Gomboussougou, Tenkodogo, and Zabré cities; Plateau-Central region: Ganzourgou province, Boudry department | 399,000 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 704,000 | 5 (Developing) | Bissa, Bissa-Barka, Boussanse | Bɩsa | Barka, Lebir, Lere, Gormine. Related to Samo languages. |
| bib | Bisa | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Bissa | Ghana | Upper East region: Bawku Municipal district | 166,000 in Ghana (2003) | 5* (Developing) | Bissa, Busansi | Lebir (Western Bisa), Baraka (Eastern Bisa). | |
| bib | Bissa | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Bissa | Togo | Savanes region: Tone prefecture, Burkina Faso border | 12,000 in Togo (2013 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bisa | ||
| bqp | Bisã | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Busa | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Bagudo LGA, 35 villages; Kwara state: south of Kanji reservoir; Niger state: Borgu LGA | 15,000 (2015 R. Jones). 20,000 ethnic Laaru, Lupa and Kambari | 5 (Developing) | Bariba, Bisayã, Busa, Busa-Bisã, Busano, Bussanchi, Bussawa | Bisã | New Busa, Wawa. New Busa and Wawa dialects inherently intelligible. New Busa is prestigious, but Wawa dialect is viewed as purer and used for literature. New Busa has Hausa [hau]-influenced phonology. Illo Busa dialect has Boko [bqc] influence. Lexical similarity: 91% with Bokobaru [bus], 85% with Boko [bqc], 57% with Kyanga [tye], 56% with Shanga [sho], 50% with Bisa [bib] in Burkina Faso and Ghana. |
| bus | Bokobaru | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Busa | Nigeria | Kwara state: Kaiama LGA, some in Baruten LGA; 35 villages | 62,000 (2012 R. Jones). 10,800 in Kaiama, 51,200 in surrounding villages | 5 (Developing) | Bariba, Busa-Bokobaru, Bussanchi, Bussawa | Zogben | Kaiama, village Bokobaru. Kaiama dialect speakers and those in other villages have good mutual inherent intelligibility. Distinct from Boko [bqc] of Benin or Busa [bqp]. Lexical similarity: 86% with Boko [bqc], 91% with Bisã [bqp], 62% with Kyanga [tye], 54% with Shanga [sho], 50% with Bisa [bib] of Burkina Faso and Ghana. |
| bqc | Boko | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Busa | Benin | Alibori and Borgou departments: Kalale and Segbana communes | 100,000 in Benin (2013 R. Jones). 28,800 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 150,000 | 5 (Developing) | Bokonya | Bo’o | None known. Lexical similarity: 87% with Bisã [bqp], 89% with Bokobaru [bus], 62% with Shanga [sho], 59% with Kyanga [tye], 62% with Bisa [bib] in Burkina Faso and Ghana. |
| bqc | Boko | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Busa | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Bagudo LGA, Senji north to Demmo, Kaoje, and Kenugbe, 35 villages; Niger state: Borgu LGA; possibly in Kwara state | 50,000 in Nigeria (2012 R. Jones) | 5 (Developing) | Bo’o, Bokonya | Illo Busa (Busa). | |
| sho | Shanga | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Kyanga | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Lopo, Sakace, Kawama, and Sawa villages, within a km of the Niger river | 5,400 (2015 R. Jones). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2010 R. Jones). There is ethnic Shanga population speaking Hausa [hau] in Shanga, Dugu Tsofo, and some other villages in Kebbi State between Kaoje and Yauri, Niger river, both sides | 6a (Vigorous) | Shangawa, Shonga, Shongawa | None known. Not inherently intelligible with the Busa group. Lexical similarity: 78% with Kyanga [tye], 54%–65% with the Busa group. | |
| tye | Kyanga | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Kyanga | Benin | Alibori department: Segbana commune, Kasati, Tungan Bage, and Tungan Noma towns | 1,000 in Benin (1995 R. Jones) | 6b* (Threatened) | Cenka, Kyenga, Tyenga | ||
| tye | Kyanga | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Kyanga | Nigeria | Kebbi state: Tungan Bage, Tungan Noma, Kasati, Tondi, Sarahu, Samba, and Kangiwa villages | 14,000 in Nigeria (2015 R. Jones). Ethnic population: 200,000. Total users in all countries: 15,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Canga, Changa, Kenga, Kyangawa, Kyenga, Kã, Tienga, Tyanga, Tyenga | Kyanga | None known. Not inherently intelligible with the Busa group. Lexical similarity: 78% with Shanga [sho], 57%–62% with the Busa group. |
| sym | Samo, Maya | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Samo | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Sourou province; Nord region: Yatenga and Zoundma provinces. North central | 38,000 (1999). All Samo (San) languages: 233,000 (2009 UNSD) | 6a (Vigorous) | Northeastern Samo, Sa, San | Bounou, Kiembara (Northeastern Goe), Bangassogo, Gomboro. Intelligibility of Matya Samo [stj] varies between 28% and 50%, depending on the village and text tested; of Southern Samo [sbd] less than 10%. | |
| stj | Samo, Matya | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Samo | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Kossi province; Sourou province, Mouna and Solenzo areas; Bobo-Diolaso, Dedougou, Koudougou, and Ouagadougou cities | 105,000 in Burkina Faso (1995 R. Jones). All Samo (San) languages: 233,000 (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 106,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Northwestern Samo, San, Sane, Sànán, Tougan, West Central Goe | ||
| stj | Samo, Matya | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Samo | Mali | Mopti region: Bankass circle, southeast Baye township, Dissa and 12 other villages | 1,000 in Mali (2013 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Samogho, San, Sànán, Sã | ||
| sbd | Samo, Southern | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Samo | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: mainly Nayala province, Nouna and Solenzo areas; Sourou province; Centre-Ouest region: Sanguie province; Nord region: Passore province; Bobo-Dioulasso, Dedougou, Koudougou, and Ouagadougou cities. Gassan, Gossina, Kougny, Toma, Yaba, and Ye departments (Toma dialect) | 85,000 (1998). All Samo (San) languages: 233,000 (2009 UNSD) | 5 (Developing) | Sa, Samo, Sane | San | Toma (Makaa, Nyaana). Intelligibility low across Samo varieties. |
| goa | Guro | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Guro-Yaoure | Côte d’Ivoire | Mainly Sassandra-Marahoué and Gôh-Djiboua districts: Bouaflé, Gouitafla, Oumé, Sinfra, Vavoua, and Zuénoula subprefectures; smaller areas in Lacs, Vallée du Bandama, and Woroba districts | 500,000 (2012 V. Vydrin) | 5* (Developing) | Baba, Dalo, Dipa, Gouro, Ku, Kweni, Kwéndré, Lo | Golo | |
| yre | Yaouré | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Guro-Yaoure | Côte d’Ivoire | Sassandra-Marahoué district: Bouaflé department, Bouaflé subprefecture, Yaouré canton, bounded south by Red Bandama, east by White Bandama river, north by Lake Kossou, west by Bouaflé | 40,000 (2012 V. Vydrin) | 5* (Developing) | Yaure, Yohowré, Youré | Yɔwlɛ | Klan, Yaan, Taan, Yoo, Bhoo. Reportedly most similar to Guro [goa]. |
| mev | Maan | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Mano | Liberia | Bong, Grand Bassa, and Nimba counties | 305,000 in Liberia (2012 V. Vydrin). Total users in all countries: 390,000 | 5* (Developing) | Maa, Mah, Mann, Mano, Manon, Mawe | Mã́ã́ | |
| mev | Mano | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Mano | Guinea | Nzérékoré region: Lola prefecture south of Lola town; Nzérékoré prefecture; Yomou prefecture, Dieke subprefecture | 85,000 in Guinea (2012 V. Vydrin) | 5* (Developing) | Maa, Maan, Mah, Manon, Mawe | ||
| neb | Toura | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan | Côte d’Ivoire | Montagnes district: east Biankouma department, mountainous region east of Man to Touba main road, north of Man to Séguéla main road, north of Bafing river; Bafing and Sassandra rivers from north and east borders | 67,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 5* (Developing) | Tura, Ween | Wɛɛn | Naò, Boo, Yiligele, Gwéò, Wáádú, Guse. Probably most similar to Dan [dnj]. Reportedly also similar to Guro [goa], Gban [ggu], and Maan [mev] (in Liberia). |
| dnj | Dan | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan | Côte d’Ivoire | Montagnes district: Biankouma, Danané, and Man prefectures, Liberian border area west of Touba. 19 villages | 1,300,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2012 V. Vydrin). 650,000 in Eastern Dan, 650,000 in western Dan. Total users in all countries: 1,534,800 | 5 (Developing) | Da, Gio, Gio-Dan, Ya, Yacouba, Yakuba | Dan | Gweetaawu (Dan-Gwɛɛtaa, Eastern Dan), Blowo (Western Dan). At least 38 subdialects. In Liberia speakers in Garplay understood Côte d’Ivoire Yacouba dialect recordings as follows: Danane, Koulinle, Kale: very well; Blosse: quite well; Bloundo: reasonably well; dialects east of Blouno: considerable difficulty (Bolli and Frick 1971). |
| dnj | Dan | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan | Guinea | Nzérékoré region: Lola prefecture, Kogota village on Côte d’Ivoire border | 800 in Guinea (2001 G. Pruett) | 5 (Developing) | Da, Gio, Gio-Dan, Gyo, Yacouba, Yakuba | ||
| dnj | Dan | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan | Liberia | Nimba county | 234,000 in Liberia (2015) | 5* (Developing) | Da, Gio, Gio-Dan, Guio, Gyo, Yacouba, Yakuba | Upper Gio, Lower Gio, River Cess Gio. | |
| lda | Kla-Dan | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan | Côte d’Ivoire | Montagnes district: Biankouma department, Zouzoupleu village; Woroba district: Touba department, 25 villages | 25,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2001 V. Vydrin) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kla | Santa, Zouzoupleu. Reportedly similar to Dan [dnj]. | |
| lda | Kla-Dan | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan | Guinea | Nzérékoré region: Fakolidou, Farakouroudougou, Gbogboda, and Goh villages near Côte d’Ivoire border. About 30 villages between Beyla and Sinko | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kla | |||
| nhb | Beng | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Ben-Gban | Côte d’Ivoire | Lacs district: M’bahiakro subprefecture, northeast corner; Prikro subprefecture. 22 villages | 17,000 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ben | ||
| ggu | Gban | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Ben-Gban | Côte d’Ivoire | Gôh-Djiboua district: Oume subprefecture, also area south of Laouda | 60,000 (2012 V. Vydrin) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gagou, Gagu, Kago, Sodua | Boka, N’da, Bokabo, Touka. N’da dialect is central. | |
| gnj | Ngen | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Ben-Gban | Côte d’Ivoire | Lacs district: M’bahiakro subprefecture, Djonkro village | 770 (2016 V. Vydrine) | 6b (Threatened) | Gan, Ngɛn, Ngain, Ngan, Ngin, Nguin | None known. Most closely related to Beng [nhb]. | |
| moa | Mwan | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Wan-Mwan | Côte d’Ivoire | Woroba district: Kongasso and south Mankono subprefectures | 20,000 (2012 V. Vydrin) | 5* (Developing) | Mona, Mouna, Muan, Muana, Mwa | Mwan | |
| wan | Wan | Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Wan-Mwan | Côte d’Ivoire | Sassandra-Marahoué and Vallée du Bandama districts: Lake Bossou north shore; Woroba district: west Beoumi and Kounahiri subprefectures | 22,000 (1993 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Nwa | Miamu, Kemu. | |
| jek | Jeri Kuo | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri | Côte d’Ivoire | Savanes district: Korhogo area, 3 enclaves | 1,500 (1990 R. Kastenholz). Ethnic population: 20,000 (1990 R. Kastenholz) | 8a (Moribund) | Celle, Jeli Kuo | None known. Related to Ligbi [lig] of Ghana and Tongon, an extinct blacksmith argot of the Djimini Senoufo. | |
| bxl | Jalkunan | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jeri-Jalkuna | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Leraba province west of Banfora, Blédougou near Sindou town | 500 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 800 (1995 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Blé, Dyala, Dyalanu, Jalkuna | None known. Lexical similarity: 19% with Jula [dyu], 17% with Bolon [bof]. | |
| lig | Ligbi | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jogo | Côte d’Ivoire | Zanzan district: Bouna department, Bineto village; Woroba district: Slil town near Boundoukou | 4,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Vanderaa 1991) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| lig | Ligbi | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jogo | Ghana | Brong-Ahafo region: Numasa east of Sampa | 15,000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). Total users in all countries: 19,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Banda, Dzowo, Jogo, Ligwi, Namasa, Nigbi, Nigwi, Tsie, Tuba, Weela, Weila, Wiila | Bungase, Gyogo, Hwela (Vwela, Weela, Weila, Wiila), Dwera (Manji-Kasa), Atumfuor (Atumfuor-Kasa), Ntoleh. | |
| tjn | Tonjon | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jogo | Côte d’Ivoire | Vallée du Bandama district | No known L1 speakers | 10 (Extinct) | |||
| bof | Bolon | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins region: Houet and Kenedougou provinces, N’Dorola and Samorogouan areas. 12 villages | 17,000 in Burkina Faso (1998 SIL). Total users in all countries: 22,920 | 6a (Vigorous) | Bo, Boka, Boon, Boron | Black Bolon (Northern Bolon), White Bolon (Southern Bolon), Bon. The White Bolon dialect has higher inherent intelligibility with Jula [dyu] (81%) than the Black Bolon dialect (52%). Bon and Samalen varieties are highly similar to Bambara [bam]. | |
| bof | Bolon | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding | Mali | Ségou region: San circle, 2 villages; Tominian circle, 7 villages | 5,920 in Mali (1998 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Bo, Boka, Boon, Boron | Bon, Samalen. | |
| jad | Jahanka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding | Guinea | Boké region: central Gaoual prefecture, more than 60 villages on Tamine river upper reaches between Boké and Sangea towns | 35,000 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a). Total users in all countries: 35,500 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Diakhanke, Diakkanke, Dyakanke, Jahanque, Jahonque, Jaxanka | Jahanka in Gambia may be same language, or a dialect of Western Maninkakan [mlq]. Jahanka in Senegal and Guinea-Bissau is a dialect of Western Maninkakan [mlq]. Lexical similarity: 75% with Mandinka [mnk]. | |
| jad | Jahanka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding | Guinea-Bissau | Gabu and Tombali regions | 6a* (Vigorous) | ||||
| jad | Jahanka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding | Mali | Kayes region: Kéniéba circle, Kofoulabé, a few other villages | 500 in Mali (2001), decreasing | 6b* (Threatened) | Diakhanke, Diakkanke, Dyakanke, Jahanque, Jahonque, Jakankalou | ||
| skq | Sininkere | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding | Burkina Faso | Centre-Nord region: Sanmatenga province near Pensa | 6,000 (1999 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Silanke, Silinkere | ||
| rkm | Marka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Marka-Dafin | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Bale, Banwa, Nayala, and Sourou provinces; Kossi and Mouhoun provinces: Nouna and Dedougou areas | 135,000 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 185,800 | 6a (Vigorous) | Dafing, Marka Dafing | Safané, Nouna, Gassan. More than 80% inherent intelligibility of southeastern dialect around Safané; however, northwestern dialect region is 70%. The central dialect around Dembo village is well understood. Reportedly similar to Bambara [bam] or a variant of Jula [dyu]. Comprehension of Jula ranges from 45% in a southeastern villages to 85% in the northwest. | |
| rkm | Marka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Marka-Dafin | Mali | Mopti region: Bankass circle, south of Dialassagou town; Ségou region: northeast Tominian circle, along Burkina Faso border | 50,800 in Mali (2014 UNSD) | 6a (Vigorous) | Dafing, Marka-Dafin, Meka | ||
| bam | Bamanankan | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana | Mali | Widespread. Kayes, Koulikoro, and Ségou regions; Sikasso: north, middle Niger river watershed | 14,000,000 in Mali, all users. L1 users: 4,000,000 in Mali (2012 V. Vydrin), increasing. 75,000 Ganadugu (Vanderaa 1991), 164,000 Wasulu (2009 census). L2 users: 10,000,000 (2012 V. Vydrine). Total users in all countries: 14,102,320 (as L1: 4,102,320; as L2: 10,000,000) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1) | Bamanakan, Bambara | Bamanankan | Standard Bambara, Somono (Kombye), Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu, Sikasso, Wasulunkakan (Maninkakan, Eastern, Wassulu, Wassulunka, Wassulunke, Wasulu, Wasuu). Many local dialects. The main division is standard Bambara, influenced heavily by Eastern Maninkakan [emk], and rural dialects. Bamanankan dialects are spoken in varying degrees by 80% of the Mali population. In Mali, Wasulunkakan is shared by both Bamanankan and Eastern Maninkakan, but in Guinea it is only a dialect of Eastern Maninkakan. |
| bam | Bambara | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana | Côte d’Ivoire | Denguélé district: center and northeast; Savanes district: Tingréla department, Ségélon subprefecture; Malian diaspora in all major cities | 5,500 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL) | 3 (Wider communication) | Bamako, Bamana, Bamanakan, Bamanankan | ||
| dyu | Jula | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Kossi province; Cascades region: Comoe and Leraba provinces; Hauts-Bassins region: Houet province; Kenedougou province, scattered | 3,616,000 in Burkina Faso, all users. L1 users: 616,000 in Burkina Faso (2009 UNSD). L2 users: 3,000,000 (2012 V. Vydrine) | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity. Used as a trade language in the western half of the country, and sub-populations in all major cities | Dioula, Dioula Véhiculaire, Diula, Djula, Dyoula, Dyula, Jula Kong, Julakan, Kong Jula, Tagboussikan, Trade Jula | ||
| dyu | Jula | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana | Côte d’Ivoire | Savanes and Zanzan districts; widespread in all major cities | 8,500,000 in Côte d’Ivoire, all users. L1 users: 1,500,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2012 V. Vydrin). L2 users: 7,000,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Total users in all countries: 12,486,000 (as L1: 2,208,000; as L2: 10,278,000) | 3 (Wider communication). Widespread in all major cities | Dioula, Diula, Djula, Dyoula, Dyula, Jula Kong, Kong Jula, Tagboussikan | Julakan | None known. Spoken as L1 or L2 by millions of people of diverse ethnic backgrounds in West Africa. Mutually intelligible with Bambara [bam], Kita Maninkakan [mwk], and Eastern Maninkakan [emk]. |
| dyu | Jula | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana | Mali | Widespread, in southeast | 370,000 in Mali, all users. L1 users: 92,000 in Mali (2013 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 278,000 (2013 SIL) | 3 (Wider communication). Used for travel, market, and business communication | Dioula, Diula, Djula, Dyoula, Dyula, Julakan | ||
| emk | Maninkakan, Eastern | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding | Guinea | Widespread and in all urban areas | 3,000,000 in Guinea (2012 V. Vydrin). 73,500 Wasulu. Total users in all countries: 3,591,000 | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity | Eastern Malinke, Kankan Maninka, Malinké, Mande, Maninga, Maninkakan, Maninkaxan, Southern Maninka | Maninka | Baliya, Amana (Kourousa), Gbereduu, Maninka-Mori (Mori), Wasulunkakan (Wasolon Maninka, Wassulu, Wassulunka, Wassulunke, Wasuu), Toron. Maninka of Liberia is the same as Maninka of Guinea (Eastern Maninkakan). Bambara [bam] of Mali and parts of Senegal is not vastly different. Eastern Maninkakan of Côte d’Ivoire is reportedly similar to Bambara; Western Maninkakan [mlq] of south central and southeast Senegal is considerably different. Lexical similarity: 92% with Wasulunkakan dialect, 79% with Sankaran Maninka [msc], 72% with Konyanka Maninka [mku]. A member of macrolanguage Mandingo [man]. |
| mku | Maninka, Konyanka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding | Guinea | Kankan and Nzérékoré regions: national reserve; Beyle, Kankan, Kerouane, Lola, and Macenta prefectures; Balanfe, Boukorodou, Diatela, Dyibarou, Kabadian Mallerou, and Ouanino villages along Beyla-Sinko road and north of Sinko (Gbasando dialect); Lola (Karagba dialect); Sokourala (Woroduu dialect) | 210,000 in Guinea (2012 V. Vydrin) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Konya, Konyakakan, Konyanka, Maninya | Konya, Gbeeka, Gbasando, Woroduu, Karagba. Gbasando speakers are believed to be Fulbe by origin. Woroduu is different from Worodougou [jud] in Côte d’Ivoire, reportedly similar to Wojenaka [jod]. Lexical similarity: 95% with Manya [mzj], over 90% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk]. A member of macrolanguage Mandingo [man]. | |
| mzj | Manya | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding | Guinea | Faranah and Nzérékoré regions: west Beyla and southeast Kissidougou prefectures; Macenta-Centre to Liberia border; Kankan region: Keroane prefecture, Diarradou | 25,000 in Guinea (1997 G. Pruett). Ethnic population: 77,000 (Leclerc 2014a) | 5* (Developing) | Mandingo, Maninya, Maninyakan, Maniya, Manya Kan, “Toma Maninya” (pej.), “Tuu Kɔlɔ Maninya” (pej.) | Duamaka, Gbuseka, Kuaduka, Kuegbalamaka, Kɔnɔkoloka. Kɔnɔkoloka seems to be a transitional dialect which shares many phonological features with Konyaka Maninka [mku] (2017 J.M. Sheppard). Lexical similarity: 95% with Konyanka Maninka [mku], over 90% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk]. Dialects have over 98% shared vocabulary (2017 J.M. Sheppard). | |
| mku | Maninka, Konyanka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding | Liberia | Lofa county: bordering Guinea | 6a* (Vigorous) | Konya, Konyakakan, Konyanka, Maninya | None known. Lexical similarity: 95% with Manya [mzj], over 90% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk]. | ||
| msc | Maninka, Sankaran | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding | Guinea | Kankan region: east Kouroussa prefecture; Faranah region and prefecture; along Niger tributary, Serekoroba area | 6a* (Vigorous) | Faranah, Sankarankan | None known. Lexical similarity: 79% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk], 59% with Kuranko [knk]. A member of macrolanguage Mandingo [man]. | ||
| emk | Maninkakan, Eastern | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding | Mali | Koulikoro region: Kati circle, into Kangaba circle, 5 communes; Sikasso region: Yanfolila circle | 390,000 in Mali (2014 UNSD) | 6a (Vigorous) | Maninga, Maninka, Maninkakan, Maninkaxan | ||
| emk | Maninkakan, Eastern | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding | Sierra Leone | Northern province: Koinadugu district, Kabala area; small groups throughout the country | 138,000 in Sierra Leone (2016) | 3 (Wider communication) | Eastern Malinke, Kankan Maninka, Madingo, Malinké, Mande, Mandingo, Maninga, Maninka, Maninka-Mori, Maninkakan, Maninkaxan, Southern Malinke | ||
| mzj | Manya | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding | Liberia | Lofa county: bordering Guinea | 81,100 in Liberia (2015). Total users in all countries: 106,100 | 5* (Developing) | Mandingo, Maninya, Manya Kan, “Toma Maninya” (pej.), “Tuu Kɔlɔ Maninya” (pej.) | Maninyakan | Gboninga, Kuaduka. Lexical similarity: 95% with Konyanka Maninka [mku], over 90% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk]. Dialects have over 98% shared vocabulary (2017 J.M. Sheppard). |
| jod | Wojenaka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori | Côte d’Ivoire | Denguélé district: Odienné department; Woroba district: Boundiali department | 147,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Malinké, Odiennekakan, Odienné Jula | Odienneka, Sienkoka, Nafana, Bodougouka, Toudougouka, Vandougouka, Wasulu (Wassoulounka, Wassulunka, Wassulunke), Samogo, Juraba. Some dialects listed may be separate languages. The Barala dialect of Mahou [mxx] may be a dialect of Wojenaka. | |
| kfo | Koro | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori | Côte d’Ivoire | Woroba district: Mankono department, Tiéningboué subprefecture | 58,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Koro Jula | None known. High comprehension of Koyaga [kga]. | |
| kga | Koyaga | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori | Côte d’Ivoire | Woroba district: Mankono department, 4 subprefectures west | 84,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Koya, Koyaa, Koyaga Jula, Koyagakan, Koyaka, Koyara | Koyaga, Siaka, Sagaka, Nigbi. High comprehension of Koro [kfo]. | |
| mxx | Mahou | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori | Côte d’Ivoire | Denguélé district: south of Bako; Montagnes district: northeast; Woroba district: Touba department | 300,000 (2012 V. Vydrin) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Mahu, Maou, Mau, Mauka, Mauke, Mawu, Mawukakan | Mahouka, Koroka, Tenenga, Finanga, Baralaka (Barala). Some listed dialect speakers may not be able to use Mahou literature. Barala may be dialect of Wojenaka [jod]. | |
| jud | Worodougou | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori | Côte d’Ivoire | Denguélé, Montagnes, and Sassandra-Marahoué districts; Woroba district: Mankono and Séguéla departments, Tiéningboué subprefecture | 115,000 (Leclerc 2017c) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bakokan, Ouorodougou, Worodougou Jula, Worodougoukakan, Worodugu | Worodougouka, Karanjan, Kanika. Karanjan dialect may be a separate language. | |
| xkg | Kagoro | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West | Mali | Kayes region: Diema, northeast Kita, south Nioro circles; Koulikoro region: Kolokani and Nara circles; Ségou region: Kadiolo circle. 88 villages | 15,000 (2001 V. Vydrin). Ethnic population: 30,000 (2001 V. Vydrin) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kakolo | Mogola, Kamiko, Sébékoro, Jumara, Diéma, Guissimbiné, Séféto. Similar to Xaasongaxango [kao]. Bambara [bam] have poor comprehension of Kagoro. Western dialects (Séféto, Guissimbiné) are reportedly similar to Maninka-Bagè, a dialect of Kita Maninkakan [mwk]. Lexical similarity: 86% with Kita Maninkakan [mwk]. | |
| mnk | Mandinka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West | Senegal | Kolda region: Oussadou area on southeast border with Guinea; Sédhiou region: Casamance river north to The Gambia; Ziguinchor region: south of Casamance river | 669,000 in Senegal (2006 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 1,325,000 | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Decree No. 982 of 21 October) | Mande, Manding, Mandingo, Mandingue, Mandinque, Socé | Mandi’nka kango, لغة مندنكا (Mandi’nka kango) | None known. Mandinka, Eastern Maninkakan [emk], and Western Maninkakan [mlq] are separate languages. Lexical similarity: 79% with Kalanke, 75% with Jahanka [jad], 70% with Xaasongaxango [kao], 59% with Western Maninkakan [mlq], 53% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk], 48% with Bambara [bam]. A member of macrolanguage Mandingo [man]. |
| kao | Xaasongaxango | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West | Mali | Kayes region: Bafoulabé, Kayes, and Kéniéba circles | 700,000 in Mali (2012 V. Vydrin). Total users in all countries: 711,310 | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1996, Law 96-049 of 14 December) | Kasonke, Kasso, Kasson, Kassonke, Khasonke, Khassonka, Khassonké, Malinke, Maninka, Xaasonga, Xasonga, Xasonke | Xasongo | Xaasonga, Kéniéba Maninka. High intelligibility of Western Maninkakan [mlq], less of Bamanankan [bam], but for sociolinguistic reasons they are considered separate languages. 90% inherent intelligibility of Loma [loi]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Mandinka [mnk] of Gambia and Senegal. |
| mnk | Mandinka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West | Gambia | Widespread | 482,000 in Gambia (2001 J. Leclerc) | 3 (Wider communication) | Manding, Mandingo, Mandinque, Mandé, Socé | ||
| mnk | Mandinka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West | Guinea-Bissau | Bafata region: Contuboel, north Gamamundo, and Sonaca sectors; Cacheu region: Bigene, Cacheu, and São Domingos sectors; Gabu region: Pirada and Sonaco sectors; Oio region: Farim and north Mansaba sectors | 174,000 in Guinea-Bissau (2016) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Manding, Mandinga, Mandingo, Mandingue, Mandinque | ||
| mwk | Maninkakan, Kita | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West | Mali | Bamako capital district; Kayes region: Kita circle except far east; Koulikoro region: west of Bamako; Ségou region: Baroueli circle | 434,000 (2014 UNSD) | 6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (1996, Law 96-049 of 28 December) | Central Malinke, Kita Maninka, Malinke | Bagè, Kita, Biriko (Birgo), Sagabari. Kita have 64% intelligibility of Bamanankan [bam]. A member of macrolanguage Mandingo [man]. | |
| mlq | Maninkakan, Western | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West | Gambia | Upper River division | 6b* (Threatened) | Malinka, Malinke, Northwestern Maninka | Jahanka. | ||
| mlq | Maninkakan, Western | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West | Mali | Kayes region: Bafoulabé circle and Baking-Baloy drainage area; Kayes circle north to Kayes, north Kéniéba circle | 433,000 in Mali (2009 census) | 5 (Developing) | Malinka, Malinké, Northwestern Maninka, Western Malinke | Kouroudougou, Konkodougou, Djébé, Niagala. | |
| mlq | Maninkakan, Western | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West | Senegal | Kédougou and Tambacounda regions: north of Gambia river; Kolda region: near easternmost point of The Gambia | 1,300,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 1,733,000 | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2001, Constitution, Article 1) | Malinka, Malinké, Maninga, Maninka, Maninka-Western, Maninkakan, Maninkaxan, Western Malinke | Jahanka (Diakhanke, Diakhonké, Diakkanke, Jahanque, Jahonque, Jaxanka, Kyakanke). Lexical similarity: 59% with Mandinka [mnk]. A member of macrolanguage Mandingo [man]. | |
| kao | Xasonga | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West | Senegal | Tambacounda region | 10,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kasonke, Kasso, Kasson, Kassonke, Khasonke, Xaasonga, Xaasongaxango, Xasongo, Xasonke | ||
| llc | Lele | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Mokole | Guinea | Faranah and Nzérékoré regions: main centers are Kassadou, Tangalto, and Yombiro | 48,000 (Leclerc 2014a) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Yombiro Lele (North Lele), Tangalto Lele (East Lele), Kassadou Lele (South Lele), Kounte Lele (Central Lele). Kassadou cannot understand Tangalto. Lexical similarity: 55% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk] and Mogofin [mfg], 73% with Kuranko [knk] of Sierra Leone, 62% with Kuranko of Guinea. | ||
| kke | Kakabe | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Mokole | Guinea | Faranah region: Dabola prefecture, west and southwest of Faboula and Koumboulou towns; Mamou region: Sokotoro, Wure Kaba, and 33 other villages | 10,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Ethnic population: 50,000 (2012 V. Vydrin) | 6b* (Threatened) | Fulajon Kan, Fulajonkan, Jon Kule, Ourekabakan | Kankalabe Kakabe, Kuru-Maninka, Sokotoro Kakabe, Wure-Maninka. Reportedly similar to Mogofin [mfg], but 250 km apart. Lexically similarity: 50% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk], 58% with Mogofin [mfg] (2002 D. Rainwater). | |
| knk | Kuranko | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Mokole | Sierra Leone | Northern province: Kabala area | 356,000 in Sierra Leone (2016). Total users in all countries: 461,000 | 5* (Developing) | Koranko | Barrawa, Nieni, Mankaliya, Sambaya, Ney, Sengbe, Mongo. Guinean Kuranko varieties represent a dialectal continuum between the Sierra-Leonean Kuranko and Eastern Maninkakan [emk]. Lexical similarity: 51% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk], 59% with Sankaran Maninka [msc], and 62% with Lele [llc] (2000 D. Rainwater). | |
| knk | Kuranko | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Mokole | Guinea | Faranah region: south Faranah and southeast Kissidougou prefectures; Kerouane prefecture, south Kouroussa; Kankan region: southwest | 105,000 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a) | 5* (Developing) | Koranko | Faranah, Fineriya, Sankaran. | |
| mfg | Mogofin | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Mokole | Guinea | Boké region: Boffa and Boké prefectures | 20,000 (2012 V. Vydrin) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Mikifore, Mixifore | None known. Mutually intelligible of Kakabe [kke], but 250 km apart. Apparently similar to the Vai-Kono-Kuranko subgroup (1995 V. Vydrin). Lexical similarity: 51% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk], 55% with Lele [llc], 54%–58% with varieties of Kuranko [knk]. | |
| vai | Vai | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Vai-Kono | Liberia | Bomi county: southwest coast; Grand Cape Mount county: coast and inland | 167,000 in Liberia (2015). Total users in all countries: 186,800 | 5* (Developing) | Gallinas, Gallines, Vei, Vy | None known. Different from Kono [kno] of Sierra Leone. | |
| kno | Kono | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Vai-Kono | Sierra Leone | Eastern province: west and central Kona district; Northern province: Koinadugu district, south of Bagbe river | 295,000, all users. L1 users: 270,000 (2016). L2 users: 25,000 (1981 D. Cranmer) | 5* (Developing) | Konnoh | Kɔnɔ | Northern Kono (Sando), Central Kono (Fiama, Gbane, Gbane Kando, Gbense, Gorama Kono, Kamara, Lei, Mafindo, Nimi Koro, Nimi Yama, Penguia, Soa, Tankoro, Toli). Not intelligible with Vai [vai]. Dialects have minor differences. |
| vai | Vai | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Vai-Kono | Sierra Leone | Southern province: Pujehun district, south corner | 19,800 in Sierra Leone (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Gallinas, Gallines, Vei, Vy | ||
| yal | Jalunga | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Susu-Yalunka | Mali | Kayes region: Kéniéba circle, 3 enclaves | 9,000 in Mali (2002 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Dialonke, Djallonke, Dyalonke, Jalonke, Jalunga xuwiina’, Jalunganéé, Jalungas, Yalunka, Yalunke | Bafing, Yalunka, Jalunga, Fontofa. | |
| yal | Jalunga | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Susu-Yalunka | Senegal | Kédougou region: intersection of Mali, Guinea, and Senegal borders | 10,000 in Senegal (2007 NTM), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Dialonké, Djallonke, Dyalonke, Jalonké, Jalunga xuwiina’, Jalungas, Yalunka, Yalunke | ||
| sus | Susu | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Susu-Yalunka | Guinea | Widespread in southwest | 1,410,000 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a). Total users in all countries: 1,610,110 | 4 (Educational). De facto language of national identity | Sose, Soso, Soussou, Susoo | Sosoxui | None known. Distinct from Yalunka [yal]. |
| sus | Susu | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Susu-Yalunka | Sierra Leone | Northern province: interspersed throughout western sections | 158,000 in Sierra Leone (2016) | 5* (Dispersed) | Sose, Soso, Sosoxui, Soussou, Susoo | ||
| yal | Yalunka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Susu-Yalunka | Guinea | Faranah region: south toward Sierra Leone border, and Dinguiraye prefecture, Bafing river, Boukaria area; Labé region: northwest Mali prefecture; north Koubia and north Tougue subprefecture, Senegal-Mali border; Dinguiraye prefecture, Bafing river, Boukaria area; Boké region: Gaouala prefecture, enclave between Guinea-Bissau border and Koumbia | 111,000 in Guinea (Leclerc 2014a). Total users in all countries: 169,600 | 5* (Developing) | Dialonke, Djallonke, Dyalonke, Jalonke, Jalunga, Jalungas, Yalunke | Jalunga xuwiina’ | Sulima, Firia. Reportedly similar to Susu [sus], but only marginally intelligible. Lexical similarity: 83%–92% among dialects. |
| yal | Yalunka | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Susu-Yalunka | Sierra Leone | Northern province: Balaki subprefecture, Falaba and Yifin areas, Balaki, Bouria, Foulaya, Jouloubaya, Kunsi, and Solia villages | 39,600 in Sierra Leone (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Dialonke, Djallonke, Jalonke, Jalunga, Jalunga xuwiina’, Jalungas, Kjalonke, Yalunke | Musaia, Firia, Sulima. | |
| gkp | Kpelle, Guinea | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Kpelle | Guinea | Nzérékoré region: between Dondano and Nzebola towns | 460,000 (2012 V. Vydrin) | 5* (Developing). De facto language of national identity | Akpese, Gbese, Gerse, Gerze, Guerze, Kpele, Kpelese, Kpelesetina, Kperese, Kpese, Kpwessi, Northern Kpele, Pessa, Pessy | Kpɛlɛwoo | Central Kpelle, Gbali, Heghe. Different enough from Kpelle [xpe] of Liberia to need separate materials. Lexical similarity: 52%–67% with Kono [knu]. A member of macrolanguage Kpelle [kpe]. |
| xpe | Kpelle, Liberia | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Kpelle | Liberia | Widespread | 760,000 (2012 V. Vydrin) | 5* (Developing) | Gbese, Kpele, Kpwessi, Pessa, Pessy | Kpɛlɛwoo | Nyawokole, Fuama, Boopolu. Dialect differences slight. Different from Kpelle [gkp] of Guinea. A member of macrolanguage Kpelle [kpe]. |
| knu | Kono | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Kpelle | Guinea | Nzérékoré region: Lola prefecture, east of Morissimandougou to Cote d’Ivoire border | 158,000 (Leclerc 2014a) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Klo, Guu, Lora, Mohuru Ta, Zokota, Vee Po, Nanaa. Lexical similarity: 52%–67% with Kpelle [gkp]. | ||
| zil | Zialo | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Mende-Loma | Guinea | Nzérékoré region: Macenta prefecture, Zembezou and Panziazou subprefectures. 45 villages. About third of Zialo speakers live in the cities of Guinea | 25,000 (2010 V. Vydrin) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Shialu, Ziolo, Ziyolo | Kelighigo, Bayawa, Wolo-Ziolo, Woyjawa, Lawolozu. Reportedly similar to Bandi [bza] and Toma [tod]. | |
| lom | Loma | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Mende-Loma, Loma | Liberia | Gbarpolu county: Belleh district; Lofa county | 266,000 (2015) | 5* (Developing) | Loghoma, Logoma, Looma, Lorma, Toa, “Bouze” (pej.), “Busy” (pej.), “Buzi” (pej.) | Gizima, Wubomai (Wubomei), Ziema (Siama), Gbunde (Bonde, Bunde), Briama (Bulima, Buluiema, Buluyiema, Bulyama). Distinct from Toma [tod] of Guinea and Loma [loi] of Côte d’Ivoire. Northern and southern dialects are different enough to make mutual intelligibility difficult. | |
| tod | Toma | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Mende-Loma, Loma | Guinea | Faranah and Nzérékoré regions: Macenta, Kissidougou, and Gueckedou prefectures, between Macenta and Kissidougou towns | 220,000 (2012 V. Vydrin) | 5* (Developing). De facto language of national identity | Toa, Toale, Toali, Tooma | Yala, Koima, Weima, Vekema, Gizima, Konokoro, Lulama, Manyaka. Distinct enough from Loma [lom] of Liberia to need separate literature. | |
| bza | Bandi | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Mende-Loma, Mende-Bandi, Bandi | Liberia | Gbarpolu county: Belleh district; Lofa county | 131,000 in Liberia (2015). Total users in all countries: 143,000 | 5* (Developing) | Bande, Gbande, Gbandi, Gbunde | Tahamba, Wawana, Wulukoha, Hasala, Lukasa, Hembeh. Tahamba dialect used for literature. Lexical similarity: 96% with the 6 dialects, 83% with the most similar Mende [men] dialect. | |
| lok | Loko | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Mende-Loma, Mende-Bandi, Mende-Loko | Sierra Leone | Northern province: Bombali district; Bumpe, Koya, and Ribbi chiefdom areas; Sanda Loko chiefdom | 178,000 (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Landogo | Magbiambo, Gbendembu, Ngoahu, Nagbanmba, Sanda, Laia, Libisegahun, Koya, Ribbi, Buya. Reportedly similar to Mende [men]. | |
| men | Mende | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Mende-Loma, Mende-Bandi, Mende-Loko | Liberia | Grand Cape Mount county: Porkpa district; Lofa county: Vahun district. Sierra Leone border area | 36,000 in Liberia (2015) | 5* (Dispersed) | Boumpe, Hulo, Mɛnde, Mɛnde yia, “Kossa” (pej.), “Kosso” (pej.) | ||
| men | Mende | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Mende-Loma, Mende-Bandi, Mende-Loko | Sierra Leone | Eastern province: Kailahun, Kenema, and Pujehun districts; Northern province: Bombali and Moyamba districts’ border areas; along the coast and south and east; Southern province: most of interior | 1,940,000 in Sierra Leone (2016). Total users in all countries: 1,976,000 | 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in Eastern and Northern provinces; also in Southern province interior (2004, Local Government Act, Article 16(1)) | Boumpe, Hulo, “Kossa” (pej.), “Kosso” (pej.) | Mɛnde, Mɛnde yia | Kpa, Ko, Waanjama, Sewawa. Lexical similarity: 92%–98% among dialects. |
| cpo | Kpeego | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Leraba province, Kankalaba department, Noumousoba and Tourny villages; southwest | 2,000 (2012 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Noumou, Noumoukan, Numu | ||
| bxw | Bankagooma | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo | Mali | Sikasso region: Sikasso circle, 2 areas northeast of Sikasso town; Danderesso, 7 other townships | 6,000 (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Banka, Bankagoma, Bankagoroma, Bankaje, Samogho | ||
| dux | Duungooma | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo | Mali | Sikasso region: Kadiolo and Sikasso circles; Bafini river north basin | 125,000 (2013 J. Leclerc) | 6a (Vigorous) | Du, Duungo, Mali Duun, Samogho, Samogo, Samoro, Western Duun | ||
| dnn | Dzùùngoo | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins region: Kenedougou province, Samogohiri and Samorogouan departments, Orodara town area, Diomou, Gnalé, Samogo-Iri, Samogogouan, Saraba, Sokouraba, and Todié. Cascades region: Leraba province, Sindou and Kankalaba departments (Kpeengo dialect) | 13,400 (1998 P. Solomiac). 4,020 monolinguals | 6a (Vigorous) | Dzùùn, Eastern Duun, Samogho, Samogo, Samoro | Dzùùngoo, Kpankagooma | Kpankagooma, Dzùùngoo, Kpeengo. |
| jow | Jowulu | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo | Burkina Faso | Cascades region: Leraba province, Noussoun and Tena villages near Mali boundary | 1,000 in Burkina Faso (1999 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Jo, Samogho | ||
| jow | Jowulu | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo | Mali | Sikasso region: Kadiolo circle, Loulouni commune, 12 villages on Burkina Faso border | 10,000 in Mali (2002 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 12,000. Total users in all countries: 11,000 | 5 (Developing) | Jo, Samogho | Jowulu | |
| sos | Seeku | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins region: Houet province, Bobo-Dioulasso department, Bama, Banzo, Bouendé, Karankasso, Tiara, and Torosso villages; Kenedougou province | 16,000 (2009 UNSD) | 6a (Vigorous) | Sambla, Samogho, Seenku, Sembla, Southern Samo | Northern Seeku (Timiku), Southern Seeku (Gbeneku). Dialects have good inherent intelligibility. 3 minor dialects. | |
| bwq | Bobo Madaré, Southern | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Bobo | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Banwa province; Est region; Hauts-Bassins region: Houet province, Bobo Dioulasso area; Kenedougou and Tuy provinces | 181,000 (2009 UNSD) | 5 (Developing) | Black Bobo, Bobo, Bobo Fi, Bobo Fing | Boboda | Benge, Sogokiré, Voré, Syabéré (Sya), Zara (Bobo Dioula, Bobo Jula). |
| bbo | Konabéré | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Bobo | Burkina Faso | Boucle du Mouhoun region: Banwa province, Tansilla area; Kossi province | 35,000 in Burkina Faso (1995 SIL). Total users in all countries: 60,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Black Bobo, Bobo, Bobo Fi, Bobo Madaré, Boboda, Northern Bobo Madaré, “Bobo Fing” (pej.) | Kʋnabɩrɩ | Yaba, Sankuma (Sarokama), Jèrè, Tankri, Kure, Kukoma (Koma). Northern Bobo Madaré has 20%–30% intelligibility of Southern Bobo Madaré. All dialects of Northern understand Yaba, centered in Tansilla. Separate literature may be needed for the Mali dialect. Some linguists treat Bobo as a separate major branch of Mande. |
| bbo | Konabéré | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Bobo | Mali | Sikasso region: east Yorosso circle, on Burkina Faso border; some in Ségou region | 25,000 in Mali (2007 SIL). Few monolinguals | 6a (Vigorous) | Black Bobo, Bobo, Bobo Da, Bobo Fi, Boboda, Konakuma, “Bobo Fing” (pej.) | San, Yaba, Tankire. | |
| boz | Bozo, Tieyaxo | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern | Mali | Mopti region: Tenenkou circle, northwest of Kouakourou town on Niger river; upriver into Ségou region: Machina circle | 118,000 (1987 census). Population may include Tiemacèwè Bozo [boo] and Kelengaxo Bozo [bzx] | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1) | Boso, Tie, Tiemaxo, Tigemaxo, Tiguémakho, Tiéyakho, Tyeyaxo, Tégué | Tieyaxo | None known. Lexical similarity: 53%–76% with Jenaama Bozo [bze] (most similar), 30% with Soninke [snk]. |
| bzx | Bozo, Kelengaxo | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern | Mali | Ségou region: Macina and Ségou circles, Ke-Maacina area upstream to Tamani, both sides of Niger river | 30,000 (2009 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Boso, Hain, Hainyaxo Bozo, Hanyaxo, Kelenga, Kelengaxo, Kélinga, Kéllingua, Xan, Xanyaxo | None known. Lexical similarity: 48%–66% with Tieyaxo Boso [boz] (most similar). | |
| boo | Bozo, Tiemacèwè | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern | Mali | Mopti region: Youwarou circle, where Niger river leaves Lake Debo, 6 villages | 2,500 (1991) | 6a (Vigorous) | Boso, Bozo, Tiema Ciewe, Tiemacewe, Tièma Cièwè, Tièma Cèwè, Tièmacèwè, Tié | None known. Lexical similarity: 60%–79% with Tieyaxo Bozo [boz]. | |
| bze | Bozo, Jenaama | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Jenaama | Mali | Mopti region: Djenné and Mopti circles on Niger river, Tenenkou and Youwarou circles; Ségou region: Niger river, upstream from Mopti | 197,000 in Mali (2003 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Boso, Corogaama, Djenaama, Nononke, Sarkanci, Sarkawa, Sorko, Sorogaama, Sorogoye | Sorogama | Pondori, Kotya (Kotyaxo), Korondougou, Débo. Lexical similarity: 53%–76% with Tieyaxo Bozo [boz] (most similar). |
| bze | Sorko | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Jenaama | Nigeria | Kebbi, Kwara, and Niger states, Lake Kainji | 6a* (Vigorous) | Corogama, Jenaama Bozo, Jenama, Nononke, Sarkanci, Sarkawa, Sorogama, “Boso” (pej.), “Bozo” (pej.) | |||
| snk | Sarakolé | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Soninke | Guinea | Boké region: Boké and Koundara; Kankan region: Kankan; Kindia region: Conakry and Kindia; Labé region: Badougoula, Linsan, and Manda | 12,000 in Guinea (2018 M. Dramé) | 7 (Shifting) | |||
| snk | Serahule | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Soninke | Gambia | Southeast corner, mainly MacCarthy Island and Upper River divisions. 17 villages | 166,000 in Gambia (2006 World Factbook), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Sarakole, Sarakule, Sarakulle, Saraxuli, Soninke, Sooninkanxanne | Kinxenna, Kinbakka. | |
| snk | Soninke | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Soninke | Guinea-Bissau | Gabu region: Pirada and Sonaco sectors; scattered in other major towns and cities | 5,110 in Guinea-Bissau (2014 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Maraka, Marka, Sarakole, Sarakolle, Sarakule, Sarakulle, Serahule, Soninkanxanne | ||
| snk | Soninke | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Soninke | Mali | Kayes region: Kayes, Nioro, and Yélimané circles; Koulikoro region: Banamba, Kolokani, Koulikoro, and Nara circles; Ségou region: Baraouéli and Ségou circles. 6 principal towns, 163 villages | 1,280,000 in Mali (2009 census), increasing. Total users in all countries: 2,138,110 | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1) | Aswanek, Aswanik, Azer, Ceddo, Cheddo, Gangara, Genger, Kwara, Maraka, Marka, Markaajo, Markakan, Sarakole, Sarakolle, Sarakule, Sarakulle, Sarangkole, Sarangkolle, Saraxuli, Sebbe, Serahule, Serecole, Sooninke, Wakkore, Wankara | Sooninkanxanne | Kinbakka, Kinxenna, Geriga (Giriga). Giriga dialect heavily influenced by Hassaniya Arabic [mey]. |
| snk | Soninke | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Soninke | Mauritania | Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, and Guidimaka regions: Kaedi and Selibaby towns; 45 villages | 204,000 in Mauritania (2016), increasing | 5 (Developing). Statutory language of national identity (1991, Constitution, Article 6) | Aswanek, Aswanik, Azer, Gangara, Genger, Maraka, Marka, Sarakole, Sarakolle, Sarakule, Sarakulle, Serahule, Soninkanxanne | Azer (Adjer, Aser), Kinxenna, Kinbakka. | |
| snk | Soninke | Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Soninke | Senegal | Kolda region: north of Velingara; Matam region: Kanel district; Tambacounda region: Koudi area along Senegal river south bank (Kinxenna dialect). 42 villages, Bakel, Moudéri, Ouaoundé, and Yaféra are principal towns | 281,000 in Senegal (2015 J. Leclerc), increasing | 6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (2001, Constitution, Article 1) | Sarakole, Sarakolle, Sarakule, Sarakulle, Sarangkolle, Saraxuli, Serahule, Soninkanxanne | Kinxenna. | |
| mka | Mbre | Niger-Congo, Unclassified | Côte d’Ivoire | Vallée du Bandama district: Marabadiassa area, Bondosso village | 50 (Tiote 2017). Ethnic population: 700 | 8a (Moribund) | Bɛrɛ, Bere, Bre, Pɛrɛ, Pɛrɛpisjà, Pre, Pre Pisia | None known. Considerably different from surrounding Mande and nearby Kwa languages. |
References[edit]
- Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
