List of languages of Southern Eurasia

Below is a list of ISO 639-3 codes for languages of southern Eurasia.

List

Code	Language	Classification	Country	Distribution	Population	Status	Alternate names	Autonym	Dialects
gac	Great Andamanese, Mixed	Andamanese, Great Andamanese	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Strait island, about 100 km northeast of Port Blair	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Nao, died in 2009 (2009 A. Abbi). Ethnic population: 55	9 (Dormant)	Andamese, Jeru
abj	Aka-Bea	Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: South Andaman Island except northeast coast, and north and east interiors; Rutland Island except south coast; small islands southeast of Rutland; Labyrinth Islands	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1931 (Van Driem 2001)	10 (Extinct)	Aka-Beada, Aka-Biada, Bea, Beada, Biada, Bogijiab, Bojigiyab, Bojigniji, Bojigyab
akx	Aka-Kede	Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: central and north central Middle Andaman Island	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by 1940 (Van Driem 2001)	10 (Extinct)	Kede
aky	Aka-Kol	Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: southeast Middle Andaman Island	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1921 (Van Driem 2001)	10 (Extinct)	Kol
acl	Akar-Bale	Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Ritchie’s Archipelago, Havelock Island, Neill Island	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by 1940 (Van Driem 2001)	10 (Extinct)	Balawa, Bale, Balwa
apq	A-Pucikwar	Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Loka Raja, survived into the 1950s (Avtans and Abbi 2006)	10 (Extinct)	Aka-pujjukar, Puchikwar, Pucikwar
okj	Oko-Juwoi	Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands, west central and southwest interior Middle Andaman island	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1931 (Van Driem 2001)	10 (Extinct)	Junoi, Juwai, Juwoi, Oku-Juwoi
akm	Aka-Bo	Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Northern	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: east central coast of North Andaman Island, North Reef Island	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Boa Sr., died in 2010	10 (Extinct)	Ba, Bo
aci	Aka-Cari	Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Northern	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: North Andaman Island north coast, Landfall Island, other nearby small islands	No known L1 speakers. 2 ethnic Aka-Cari widows, ages 57 and 59 were reported in 1994; it is unclear whether they had any knowledge of the Aka-Cari language (Sharma 2003). Only 23 Greater Andamese people from the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari, and Aka-Jeru tribes remained in 1951 (Van Driem 2001, pp. 215–216)	10 (Extinct)	Cari, Chari, Chariar
akj	Aka-Jeru	Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Northern	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: interior and south North Andaman island, Sound island	No known L1 speakers. Became extinct in latter 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Jeru, Yerawa
ack	Aka-Kora	Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Northern	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman Island, Smith Island	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Boro, died in 2009	10 (Extinct)	Kora
anq	Jarawa	Andamanese, South Andamanese	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory: interior and south central Rutland Island; central and south interiors of South Andaman Island; Middle Andaman Island, west coast, 70 square km reserve	340 (Kumar 2012). 340 monolinguals (Kumar 2012). Monolingual group, with some language contact with Hindi [hin] (Kumar 2012)	6a (Vigorous)			None known. Different from Önge [oon] and Sentinel [std].
oon	Öñge	Andamanese, South Andamanese	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Little Andaman island, Dugong Creek and South Bay	94 (Abbi 2006). Mainly monolingual. Ethnic population: 110 (1999)	6b (Threatened)	Ong		None known. Reportedly distinct from Sentinel [std].
std	Sentinel	Andamanese, South Andamanese	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Sentinel island, west of South Andaman island	250 (2018 J. Chau)	6a* (Vigorous)	Sentinelese		None known. Reportedly similar to Öñge [oon].
jah	Jah Hut	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Jah Hut	Malaysia	Pahang: south of main Semai [sea] language area and Kuala Krau	Ethnic population: 3,760 (2008 JHEOA)	6a (Vigorous)	Jah Het		Kerdau, Krau, Ketiar Krau (Tengganu), Kuala Tembeling, Pulau Guai, Ulu Ceres (Cheres), Ulu Tembeling.
cwg	Cheq Wong	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Chewong	Malaysia	Pahang: just south of Semai	460 (2008 JHEOA)	6b (Threatened)	Beri, Ceq Wong, Che Wong, Che’wong, Chuba, Siwang
btq	Batek	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern	Malaysia	Pahang, Kelantan, and Terengganu	1,000 (2006 JHEOA), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,160 (2008 JHEOA)	6b (Threatened)	Bateg, Bateq, Batok, Kleb, Nong, Tomo		Batek Teq (Teq), Batek De’ (Deq), Batek Iga, Batek Nong (Nong). Deq and Nong dialects may be separate languages.
jhi	Jehai	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern	Malaysia	Perak: northeast; Kelantan: west	1,250 in Malaysia (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,660 (2008 JHEOA)	6b (Threatened)	Jahai, Pangan		Jehai, Batek Teh.
jhi	Jehai	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern	Thailand	Narathiwat province	Ethnic population: 150 (Bradley 2007b)	7 (Shifting)
mnq	Minriq	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern	Malaysia	Kelantan: southeast, 2 villages	100 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 270 (2008 JHEOA)	6b (Threatened)	Mendriq, Menraq, Menrik, Menriq
mzt	Mintil	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern	Malaysia	Pahang: Lipis district, Tamun river, 3 villages	180 (2005 Lye Tuck-Po)	8a (Moribund)	Mitil
tnz	Ten’edn	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Tonga	Malaysia	Perlis state: northwest tip, north of Kaki	15 in Malaysia (2007)	6b* (Threatened)	Mos Tean-ean, Tonga		Satun.
tnz	Ten’edn	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Tonga	Thailand	Phatthalung, Trang, Satun, and Songkhla provinces	350 in Thailand (2014 SIL). Total users in all countries: 365	6a (Vigorous)	Maniq, Mos, Tean-ean, Ten’en, Tonga, Tonga-Mos		Satun. Probably similar to Kensiu [kns].
kns	Kensiu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western	Malaysia	Kedah: Baling district near Thai border; Perak: Hulu Perak district	250 in Malaysia (2015 N. Bishop). Total users in all countries: 259	6a (Vigorous)	Kenseu, Kensieu, Kensiw, Mendi, Monik, Moniq, Ngok Pa, Orang Bukit, Orang Liar		Ijoh (Ijok), Jarum, Jeher (Sakai Tanjong of Temongoh), Kedah (Quedah), Plus, Ulu Selama, Kensiu Batu (Batuq), Kensiu Siong (Siong), Kentaq Nakil (Nakil), Maniq, Bong.
kns	Kensiu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western	Thailand	Yala province: Thanto district	9 in Thailand (2015 N. Bishop). Ethnic population: 250 (Bradley 2007a)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Belubn, Kansiw, Kense, Kenseu, Kensieu, Kensiw, Maniq, Mawas, Mengo, Meni, Menik, Moni, Monik, Moniq, Mos, Ngok Pa, Orang Bukit, Orang Liar, Tiong, “Sakai” (pej.)
knq	Kintaq	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western	Malaysia	Kedah and Perak border area, Thai border	110 in Malaysia (2008 JHEOA). Ethnic population: 240 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 111	6b (Threatened)	Bong, Kenta, Kintak, Kintaq Bong
knq	Kintaq	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western	Thailand	Southern Yala province	1 in Thailand (2017 N. Bishop)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Kenta, Kintaq Bong, Kintk, Maniq
sbo	Sabüm	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic	Malaysia	Perak: north central	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the late 1970s (Benjamin 1976)	9 (Dormant)			None known. Reportedly most similar to Lanoh [lnh] and Semnam [ssm].
ssm	Semnam	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic	Malaysia	Perak state: north central	670 (2000)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Reportedly similar to Lanoh [lnh] and Sabüm [sbo].
lnh	Lanoh	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic	Malaysia	Perak: north central	Ethnic population: 240 (2008 JHEOA)	6b* (Threatened)	Jengjeng
sea	Semai	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic	Malaysia	Pahang state: northwest; Perak state: south; Selangor state: north	10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 42,400 (2008 JHEOA)	3 (Wider communication). The lingua franca of the Malaysian Aslian military armed forces unit (Bradley 2007a)	Seng’oi, Sengoi, Senoi, “Central Sakai” (pej.)		Jelai, Perak I, Perak II, Cameron (Cameron Highlands), Telom, Bidor, Betau, Lipis, Bil, Ulu Kampar (Kampar), Gopeng, Tanjung Malim, Parit, Tapah (Jalan Pahang). Some dialects not mutually intelligible (2006 T. Phillips).
tea	Temiar	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic	Malaysia	Kelantan, Pahang, and Perak states	15,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 28,000 (Benjamin 2016)	3 (Wider communication). Used as a lingua franca by many northern Aslian groups (Bradley 2007a)	Northern Sakai, Pie, Seroq, Temer		Grik, Kenderong, Kenering, Po-Klo (Sakai Bukit of Temongoh), Sakai of Plus Korbu, Sungai Piah, Tanjong Rambutan, Tembe’ (Tembi), Ulu Kinta (Kinta Sakai), Lanoh Kobak.
mhe	Mah Meri	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian	Malaysia	Putrajaya, Negeri Sembilan, and Selangor: coastal areas; islands off the coasts	2,990 (2003 COAC). Ethnic population: 3,680 (2008 JHEOA)	6b* (Threatened)	Besisi, Cellate, Hma’ Btsisi’, Ma’ Betisek, “Orang Sabat” (pej.)		Kuala Langot Besisi, Malakka Besisi, Ulu Langat Orang Bukit, Selangor Sakai, Betise’ (Betisek), Sisi.
szc	Semaq Beri	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian	Malaysia	Kelantan, Pahang, and Terengganu states	2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 3,970 (2008 JHEOA)	6a (Vigorous)	Semaq Bri, Semoq Beri		2 dialects.
sza	Semelai	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian	Malaysia	Pahang state: southwest; Negeri Sembilan state: northwest; Tasek Bera shores area, along Bera, Teriang, and Serting rivers; Johor state, northwest, Muar river	4,100 (Kruspe 2009). Ethnic population: 6,270 (2008 JHEOA)	6b* (Threatened)
tmo	Temoq	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian	Malaysia	Pahang state: Pekan and Rompin districts on Jeram river		8b (Nearly extinct)
alk	Alak	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric	Laos	Xekong province: Lamam and Thataeng districts; Attapu and Salavan provinces	25,000 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Halak, Harak, Harlak, Hrlak		None known. Reportedly similar to Bahnar [bdq], Tampuan [tpu], and Romam [rmx].
bdq	Bahnar	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric	Viet Nam	Gia Lai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, and Kon Tum provinces, central highlands	228,000 (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ba Na	Bana	Bahnar	Tolo, Golar, Alakong (A-La Cong), Jolong (Gio-Lang, Y-Lang), Bahnar Bonom (Bomam), Kontum, Krem. Other dialects or ethnic names: Roh, Kpang Cong. Reportedly most similar to Alak [alk], Tampuan [tpu], and Romam [rmx].
rmx	Romam	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric	Viet Nam	Kon Tum province: Mo Rai commune, Le village	200 (2013 SIL). Ethnic population: 440 (2009 census)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ro Mam	Ro Mam
tpu	Tampuan	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric	Cambodia	Ratanakiri province: Sesan river area south to Srepok river	31,000 (2009 UNSD)	6a (Vigorous)	Campuon, Proon, Proons, Tamphuan, Tampuen, Tampuon, “Kha Tampuon” (pej.)
cua	Cua	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, East Bahnaric	Viet Nam	Quang Ngai, Kon Tum, and Quang Nam provinces	12,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co	Bong Miew, Bòng Mieu		Kol (Co, Col, Cor, Dot, Kor, Yot), Traw (Dong, Tràu).
kta	Katua	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric	Viet Nam	Kon Tum province, Mang Buk area, west of Kayong [kxy] language area	4,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang	Ca Tua
xkk	Kaco’	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric	Cambodia	Ratanakiri province: Andoung Meas and Veun Sai districts, along Sesan river downstream from Phumi Ba Kham	3,370 (2007)	6a (Vigorous)	Kachah’, Kachok
kxy	Kayong	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East	Viet Nam	Kon Tum province, remote mountains; also Quang Ngai province	25,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang	Ca Giong, Kagiuong, Katang		None known. Reportedly similar to Takua [tkz] and Cua [cua].
tkz	Takua	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East	Viet Nam	Quang Nam and Quang Ngai provinces	6,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co	Langya, Quang Tin Katu		None known. Reportedly most similar to Cua [cua] and Kayong [kxy].
stg	Trieng	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West	Viet Nam	Mainly Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces	15,000 (2002)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Gie Trieng	Dgiéh, Giang Ray, Gie-Trieng, Pin, Strieng, Ta-Rieng, Talieng, Tareh, Treng		None known. May be related to Jeh [jeh] or Talieng [tdf] in Laos. May be the same language as Talieng.
tdf	Talieng	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West	Laos	Savannahkhet province: Phine district; Xekong province: Dak Cheung district near Viet Nam border, Boloven plateau area; into Attapu province	38,400 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Caliang, Calieng, Kaseng, Kasseng, Khon Dak Chueng, Koseng, Kraseng, Taliang, Tariang, Tarieng, Triang, Trieng		None known. May be the same language as Trieng [stg].
hld	Halang Doan	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Duan	Viet Nam	Kon Tum province: between Sedang [sed] and Cua [cua] language areas	2,500 in Viet Nam (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 4,850	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang	Doan, Duan, Halang Duan		None known. May be intelligible of Takua [tkz], Kayong [kxy], Halang [hal], and Rengao [ren].
hld	Halang Doan	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Duan	Laos	Attapu province: Sanxai district, Kasseng plateau, Kamane and Dak Robay rivers’ left banks near Viet Nam border; Xekong province: Dakcheung district	2,350 in Laos (2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Doan, Duan, Halang Duan
hal	Halang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang	Viet Nam	Kon Tum province	13,500 in Viet Nam (2000). Total users in all countries: 17,500	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang	Koyong, Salang		None known. Reportedly similar to Jeh [jeh].
jeh	Jeh	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang	Laos	Attapu province: Sanxai district; Xekong province: Dakchung district; basin of Dak Main, Kamane, and Poko rivers	11,500 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	5* (Developing)	Die, Gie, Yae, Yaeh, Yeh		Jeh Bri La, Jeh Mang Ram.
jeh	Jeh	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang	Viet Nam	Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces	15,200 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 26,700	5 (Developing)	Die, Gie, Yeh	Jeh	Jeh Bri La (Bri-La), Jeh Mang Ram. Related to Halang [hal].
hal	Salang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang	Laos	Attapu province	4,000 in Laos	6b* (Threatened)	Halang
ren	Rengao	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Rengao	Viet Nam	Kon Tum province, northwest of Dak to southeast of Kontum city between Sedang and Bahnar	18,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ba Na	Ro-Ngao		Western Rengao, Sedang-Rengao, Bahnar-Rengao.
hre	Hre	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang	Viet Nam	Binh Dinh, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, and Quang Ngai provinces	94,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 127,000 (2009 census)	5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hre	Cham-Re, Chom, Davach, Davak, Dá Vách, Hrey, Moi, Moi Da Vach, Moi Luy, Tachom	Hrê	Creq (Kare, Kre), Hre, Rabah (Tava). Reportedly most similar to Sedang [sed].
sed	Sedang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang	Viet Nam	Kon Tum, Quang Nam, and Quang Ngai provinces	97,000 in Viet Nam (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 97,900	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: So Dang	Cadong, Dang, Hadang, Hdang, Hotea, Hoteang, Kmrang, Rotea, Roteang, Tang, Xa, Xodang	rơtéang	Central Sedang, Greater Sedang, Dak Sut Sedang, Kotua Sedang, Kon Hring Sedang. Reportedly most similar to Hre [hre].
moo	Monom	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Todrah-Monom	Viet Nam	East Gia Lai and Kon Tum provinces	6,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang	Bonom, Menam, Monam
tdr	Todrah	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Todrah-Monom	Viet Nam	Kon Tum province, northeast of Kon Tum city, Kon Hring to Kon Braih	6,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang	Didra, Didrah, Kodra, Modra, Podra, Todrá
stt	Stieng, Budeh	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric	Viet Nam	Binh Phuoc province, south Stieng area	40,000 (2009 census). Part of the Xtiêng 85,436 (2009 census) official ethnic community which includes Bulo Stieng [sti]	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xtieng	Lower Stieng, Southern Stieng		None known. Different enough from Bulo Stieng [sti] that intelligibility is not functional.
mng	Mnong, Eastern	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Eastern Mnong	Viet Nam	Dat Lak, Dak Nong, and Lam Dong provinces	30,000 (2002 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong			Mnong Rolom (Ralam, Rlam, Rolam, Rolom), Mnong Gar (Gar), Mnong Kwanh, Chil. Biat dialect of Central Mnong [cmo] may be more similar to Eastern Mnong.
mnn	Mnong, Southern	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong	Viet Nam	Mostly Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc provinces, south of Central Mnong [cmo], north of Stieng [stt] language areas; some in Lam Dong province	30,000 (2002)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong
rka	Kraol	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong	Cambodia	Kratié province: Sambour district, Srae Chis commune; Mondolkiri province: Kaoh Nheaek district, Roya commune	4,200 (2009 UNSD). 4,200 monolinguals (2009)	6a (Vigorous)			None known. Not intelligible to speakers of Central Mnong [cmo].
cmo	Mnong, Central	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong	Cambodia	Kratié province: northeast and central; Mondolkiri province	37,500 in Cambodia (2009 UNSD)	5 (Developing)	Budong, Bunong, Phanong, Phnong, Pnong		Biat, Preh, Bunor, Bu Rung, Dih Bri, Bu Dang.
cmo	Mnong, Central	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong	Viet Nam	Mainly Binh Phuoc, Dak Nong, and west Dat Lak provinces	32,500 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 70,000	5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong	Bu Nong, Budang, Budong, Central Bu Nong, Phanong, Pnong	Bunong	Préh (Pre), Biat (Bhiét), Bu Nar, Bu Rung, Dih Bri (Di-Pri), Bu Dang. Biat dialect may be a separate language related to Eastern Mnong [mng].
cma	Maa	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Sre	Viet Nam	Lam Dong, Dong Nai, and Bin Phuoc provinces, widely scattered; possibly in Dac Nong province	41,400 (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ma	Chauma, Che Ma, Ma, Ma Krung, Ma Ngan, Ma To, Ma Xop, Maaq		Sometimes considered a Koho [kpm] dialect.
kpm	Koho	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Sre	Viet Nam	Binh Thuan, Dak Nong, Dong Nai, Lam Dong and Ninh Thuan provinces	166,000 (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	5 (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Ho	Caho, Co Ho, Coho, Kohor	Kơho	Chil (Kil), Tring (Trinh), Sre, Kalop, Sop, Laya, Rion, Nop (Tu-Lop, Xre Nop), Tala (To La), Kodu (Co-Don), Pru, Lac (Lach, Lat).
crw	Chrau	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau	Viet Nam	Dong Nai province: Xuan Loc and Chau Thanh districts; Ba Ria-Vung Tau and Binh Thuan provinces	26,900 (2009 census), decreasing. Based on ethnicity. Few monolinguals	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cho Ro	Chauro, Cho Ro, Choro, Doro, Ro, Tamun		Chalah, Chalun, Dor (Doro), Jro, Mro, Prang, Tamun, Vajieng, Voqtwaq.
hkn	Mel-Khaonh	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau	Cambodia	Kratié province: Kracheh and Sambour districts	Ethnic population: 3,670 (2016 SIL). 3,295 Mel and 375 Khaonh (2016 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			Mel, Khaonh (Khogn). Lexical similarity: 80% with Bulo Stieng [sti], 73% with Kraol [rka], 70% with Central Mnong [cmo].
sti	Stieng, Bulo	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau	Cambodia	Kratié province: Snuol district; possibly southern Mondolkiri province	6,540 in Cambodia (2009 UNSD)	6b* (Threatened)	Kajiang		Budip, Bulo.
sti	Stieng, Bulo	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau	Viet Nam	Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong provinces	45,000 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Part of the Xtiêng 85,436 (2009 census) official ethnic community which includes Budeh Stieng [stt]. Total users in all countries: 51,540	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xtieng	Budíp, Northern Stieng, Rangah, Upper Stieng, Xa-Dieng, Xtieng
lvi	Lavi	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric	Laos	Xekong province: Lavi Fang Daeng village, south of Xekong town. Two other villages	Ethnic population: 1,220 (2015 census)	8a (Moribund)	Lavy, Lawi, Salwoeng, Saveung, Swoeng, “Lak-wi” (pej.)
krr	Krung	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet	Cambodia	Ratanakiri province: Laos border area, mainly between Sesan and Sprepok rivers; Stung Treng province: southeast corner	20,700 (2009 UNSD)	6b* (Threatened)	Brao Krung, Kreung, Kru’ng		Brao Tanap, Lun. Brao [brb] and Kavet [krv] are reportedly inherently intelligible with Krung.
brb	Brao	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet	Cambodia	Ratanakiri province: Ta Veaeng district, north of Sesan river	9,030 in Cambodia (2009 UNSD). About 2,000 of the Brao counted in the census are Brao Tanap, which is actually more similar to Krung [krr]. 4,520 monolinguals (2009). Ethnic population: 9,030 (2009)	5 (Developing)	Braou, Brou, Lave, Laveh, Love, Proue		Ombaa, Ka-nying, Hamong, Jrii, Lun.
brb	Brao	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet	Viet Nam	Kon Tum province, Cambodia-Laos border area	400 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Brau	Braou, Brau, Brou, Lave, Laveh, Love, Proue, Rawe		Palau.
krv	Kavet	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet	Cambodia	Stung Treng province: Siem Pang district; Ratanakiri province: Veun Sai district	6,220 (2009 UNSD)	6b* (Threatened)	Convet, Kaaveat, Khrak, Khvek, Kowet, Kraeth, Kravet, Kraveth
brb	Lave	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet	Laos	Attapu and Champasak provinces: Laos-Cambodia border	26,000 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 35,430	5* (Developing)	Brao, Braou, Brau, Brou, Laveh, Love, Proue, Rawe		Palau. Reportedly similar to Krung [krr], Kavet [krv], and Sou [sqq].
sqq	Sou	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet	Laos	Attapu province: Phouvong and Sanamxai districts	2,500 (Schliesinger 2003b)	6b* (Threatened)	Sawk, Souk, Su, Su’, Suq
lbo	Laven	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Laven	Laos	Attapu province; Champasak province: Paksong district; Salavan province; Xekong province: Thataeng district	56,400 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Boloven, Boriwen, Jaru, Jru, Jru’, Jruq, Laweenjru, Loven, Yrou
nev	Nyaheun	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Nyaheun	Laos	Champasak province: Paksong district; Xekong and Attapu provinces	9,000 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a (Vigorous)	Hin, Hoen, Hun, Nha Heun, Nia Hoen, Niahon, Nyah Heuny, Nyahön, Yaheun
oyb	Oy	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Oi-The	Laos	Attapu province: foot of Bolaven plateau, and near Pakse; Xekong province: Thateng district. Attapu province: Samakkhixai and Sanamxai districts, 7 villages north of Attopeu town; Xekong province: Dakcheung and Lamam districts (Jeng dialect); Attapu, Champasak, and Xekong provinces (Sok dialect)	32,200 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. 23,500 Oy and 8,690 Jeng (2015 census). 8,960 monolinguals (2007)	6a (Vigorous)	Huei, Oey, Oi, Oi-Sok, Thae, The		Riyao, Tamal Euy, Inn Tea, Kranyeu, Khen Sang, Kongsang, La-Nyao, The, Jeng (Cheng, Chiengceng), Sok (Sawk, Sork). Related to Sapuan [spu].
spu	Sapuan	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Oi-The	Laos	Champasak and Xekong provinces: Se Kamane and Se Kong rivers’ banks	1,000 (Sidwell 2003)	6a (Vigorous)	Sapouan
irr	Ir	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih	Laos	Salavan province: east of Salavan town	4,420 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	In, Yiir, Yir		None known. Reportedly most similar to Ong [oog].
oog	Ong	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih	Laos	Champasak province; Salavan province: north of Salavan town	10,300 (2000)	7 (Shifting)	Hantong, Tong		None known. Reportedly most similar to Ir [irr].
tto	Ta’oih, Lower	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih	Laos	Salavan province: northwest of Saravan town; Xekong province: Kaleum district	15,800 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Tong		Tong, Hantong’. Not intelligible of Upper Ta’oih [tth].
tth	Ta’oih, Upper	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih	Laos	Salavan province: Ta-Oy district; Savannahkhet and Xekong provinces	30,900 in Laos (1995 census). 21,600 monolinguals (1995). Total users in all countries: 49,900	6a* (Vigorous)	Katang, Ta Hoi, Ta’oiq, Ta-Oi, Ta-Oy, Ta-oiq, Tau Oi		Pasoom, Kamuan’, Palee’n, Leem, Ha’aang (Sa’ang), Katang Ta’oiq. Not inherently intelligible of Lower Ta’oih [tto]. Intelligibility can be acquired after at least 2 weeks’ contact.
tth	Ta’oih, Upper	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih	Viet Nam	Quang Tri and Thua Thien-Hue provinces	19,000 in Viet Nam (2002). 13,300 monolinguals (2002)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kantua, T-Oy, Ta Hoi, Tau Oi, Toi-Oi, Tà-Oi		Pasoom, Kamuan’, Palee’n, Leem, Ha’aang (Sa’ang).
ktv	Katu, Eastern	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh	Viet Nam	Quang Nam, Thua Thien-Hue, and Da Nang provinces	62,000 (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Tu	High Katu		None known. Western Katu [kuf] is a different language with a different orthography in Laos.
phg	Phuong	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh	Viet Nam	Thua Thien-Hue province: southeast of Pacoh [pac] language area; possibly some in areas further southeast	15,100 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ktu	Phuang, Phuong Catang
kuf	Katu, Western	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh	Laos	Xekong province: upper Xe Kong river border area	28,400 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a (Vigorous)			Dak Kang, Triw, Kantu. A different language, Eastern Katu [ktv], and orthography from Viet Nam.
pac	Pacoh	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh	Laos	Salavan province: Samouay district; Savannahkhet province; Xekong province: Kaleum district	22,600 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. 11,600 monolinguals (2005)	6a (Vigorous)	Bo River Van Kieu, Ganai, Pa Co, Paco, Pako, Poko, Pokoh		Pahi, Kado (Cado, Cadô).
pac	Pacoh	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh	Viet Nam	Laos border, southern Quang Tri and western Thua Thien-Hue provinces	16,000 in Viet Nam (2002). Total users in all countries: 38,600	6b* (Threatened)	Bo River Van Kieu, Paco, Pokoh		Pahi (Ba-Hi), Ka’do, Kanah.
tgr	Tareng	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh	Laos	Xekong province: west of Viet Nam border, east of Kayong, north of Chavane and Thia	5,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)	Tariang
ngt	Kriang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Ngeq-Nkriang	Laos	Champasak province: Ba Chiang Chaleun Souk and Pak Song districts; Salavan province: Salavan district; Xekong province: Kaleum and Tha Taeng districts	16,800 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. 9,030 monolinguals (2005)	6a* (Vigorous)	Griang, Khiang, Kuriang, Ngae, Nge, Nge’, Ngeh, Ngeq, Ngkriang, Nhae, Nkriang		Kriang Koh, Kriang Tha Taeng, Khlor (Klor, Lor).
bru	Bru, Eastern	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru	Laos	Savannahkhet province: Sepone district; Khammouan province: Boulapha district	37,400 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 93,000	5* (Developing)	Bru Tri		Leun (Kaleu, Leung), Tri (Chali, So Tri, So Trii). Partially intelligible with Western Bru [brv] of Thailand. The Mangkong dialect in Viet Nam and eastern Laos is a dialect of Eastern Bru, different linguistically from the Mangkong that are the same as So [sss] of Thailand. Mangkong is also an ethnic group.
bru	Bru, Eastern	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru	Viet Nam	Quang Binh, Quang Tri, and Dat Lak provinces	55,600 in Viet Nam (1999 census)	5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bru Van Kieu	Brũ, Brou, Bru Van Kieu, Quang Tri Bru, Van Kieu		Mangkong, Tri.
brv	Bru, Western	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru	Laos	Khammouan and Savannahkhet provinces: central and southern areas	163,000 in Laos (2015 census). Includes So [sss]. Total users in all countries: 183,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Bru
brv	Bru, Western	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru	Thailand	Ubon Ratchathani, Mukdahan, Nakhon Phanom, and Sakon Nakhon provinces	20,000 in Thailand (1991)	6b* (Threatened)	B’ru, Baru, Bruu		None known. Partially intelligible with Eastern Bru [bru].
ncq	Katang, Northern	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru	Laos	Salavan province: centered in Toumlan district; Savannahkhet province: Nong and Phin districts	65,000 (2016)	6a (Vigorous)	Kataang, Katang		Katang Phin.
sct	Katang, Southern	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru	Laos	Salavan province: Salavan and Tumlan districts	40,000 (2016)	6a (Vigorous)	Kataang Rueal, Katang, Katang Rueal
xhv	Khua	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru	Laos	Khammouan province: Bouarapha district, northwest of Boualapha	2,000 in Laos (1981)	6b* (Threatened)
xhv	Khua	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru	Viet Nam	West central; Quang Binh province, southeast of Giap Tam	3,000 in Viet Nam (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Total users in all countries: 5,000	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bru Van Kieu
sss	So	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru	Laos	Bolikhamxai, Khammouan, Savannahkhet provinces	163,000 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity, includes Western Bru [brv]. Total users in all countries: 233,000	6a (Vigorous)	Bru, Makong, Mang Cong, Mang-Koong, Mangkong, Mankoong, So Makon, Sô, Thro, “Kha So” (pej.)		So Trong, So Slouy, So Phong. Reportedly similar to Bru [bru].
sss	So	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru	Thailand	Kalasin, Nakhon Phanom, Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon provinces: 53 villages	70,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University)	6a (Vigorous)	“Kha So” (pej.)		So Trong, So Slouy, So Phong, So Makon.
kdt	Kuay	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Kuay	Cambodia	Kampong Thom and Preah Vihear provinces: Sen river area; Kratié province: isolated area east of Kratié city on Mekong river; Stung Treng province: west of Mekong river	10,000 in Cambodia. Ethnic population: 37,700 (2007 E. Pawley)	7 (Shifting)	Kui, Kuy		Kuay Ndroe (Kuy Antra), Kuay Ndua (Kuy Anthua), Kuy May (Kuy Ma’ay), Kuay Mla (Kuy Mlor), Kuy Ak, Kuay Oe.
kdt	Kuay	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Kuay	Laos	Champasak, Salavan, and Savannahkhet provinces: both sides of the Mekong river	46,600 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. 34,200 monolinguals (2005)	6b (Threatened)	Aouei, Cuoi, Douon, Dui, Khamen-Boran, Kouy, Kui, Kuoy, Kuy, Old Khmer, Soai, Soay, Soei, Souai, Souei, Suai, Suay, Suei, Sui, Suoi, Xuay, Xuoi		Antra, Na Nhyang.
kdt	Kuay	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Kuay	Thailand	Surin, Buriram, Sisaket, and Ubon Ratchathani provinces: near Cambodian and Laos borders	400,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 456,600	6b (Threatened)	Cuoi, Khamen-Boran, Kui, Kui Souei, Kuoy, Kuy, Soai, Suai, Suay, Suei, Sui, Suoi	กวย‎ (Kuay), กูย‎ (Kuuy)	Chang (Suai Chang), Nheu, Kuay.
nyl	Nyeu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Kuay	Thailand	Sisaket province: Mueang Sisaket district, Phon Kho sub-district; Phrai Bueng district, Prasat Yoe sub-district	3,000 (Phimjun 2004)	6b* (Threatened)	Yeu, Yoe
khm	Khmer	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer	Cambodia	Widespread	16,000,000 in Cambodia, all users. L1 users: 15,000,000 in Cambodia (2015). L2 users: 1,000,000. Total users in all countries: 17,591,230 (as L1: 16,591,230; as L2: 1,000,000)	1 (National). Statutory national language (1993, Constitution, Article 5)	Cambodian, Central Khmer	ខ្មែរ‎ (Khmer)	Khmer Kandal (Central Khmer), Khmer Krom (Southern Khmer), Battambang Khmer, Khmer Keh (Stung Treng), Cardamom Khmer. Distinct from Northern Khmer [kxm] of Thailand.
khm	Khmer	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer	Viet Nam	An Giang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Can Tho, Dong Thap, Hau Giang, Kien Giang, Long An, Soc Trang, Tay Ninh, Tra Vinh, and Vinh Long provinces; Ho Chi Minh City	1,260,000 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized ethnic group: Khmer Krom	Cambodian, Central Khmer, Cu Tho, Cur Cul, Khmer Nam Bo, Kho Me, Khome, Krom, “Viet Goc Mien” (pej.)		Central Khmer, Southern Khmer.
kxm	Khmer, Northern	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer	Thailand	Surin, Buriram, Chanthaburi, Sisaket, and Ubon Ratchathani provinces	1,400,000 (2006 Mahidol University), decreasing. Very few monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Khmer Lue, Thailand Khmer, Upper Khmer	เขมรถิ่นไทย‎ (khmĕ :n thìn thai)	Buriram, Surin, Sisaket. Different from Khmer [khm]. Dialects mutually intelligible. Many local varieties.
pcb	Pear	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Eastern	Cambodia	Preah Vihear province: Rovieng district, 3–4 villages	1,670 (2011). Ethnic population: 1,830 (2008 census)	8a (Moribund)	Por
cog	Chong	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Chong	Thailand	Chanthaburi province: Khao Khitchakut district, 4 villages; Trat province	500 in Thailand (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b)	7 (Shifting)	Chawng, Chuang, Shong, Xong		None known. Related to Somray [smu] in Cambodia.
cog	Chong	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Chong	Cambodia	Koh Kong province: possibly Areng valley and scattered	No known L1 speakers in Cambodia. Ethnic population: 1,200 (2015 The Cambodian Daily)	9 (Dormant)	Khmer Chong
scq	Chung	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Chong	Cambodia	Preah Sihanouk province: near Kampong Saom bay, east coast, but inland	10 in Cambodia (2009 J. Filipi), decreasing. Ethnic population: 450. Total users in all countries: 30	8b (Nearly extinct)
scq	Khamen Padong	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Chong	Thailand	Kanchanaburi province: Si Sawat district, Ban Thung Na	20 in Thailand (Bradley 2007b)	6b* (Threatened)	Chung, Padong Khmer, Ut
sxm	Samre	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Samre	Cambodia	Siem Reap province: Siem Reap town area north of Lake Sap	No known L1 speakers in Cambodia. Ethnic population: 200 (2000 D. Bradley). Total users in all countries: 10	9 (Dormant)
sxm	Samre	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Samre	Thailand	Trat province: Bo Rai district, Tambon Nonsi	10 in Thailand (Ploykaew 2001). 10–20 semi-speakers (Ploykaew 2001)	8b (Nearly extinct)
smu	Somray	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Samre	Cambodia	Battambang province: Phumi Chhak Rokar area; Koh Kong province: far north; Pursat province: 2 areas, north, east, and west of Phum Tasanh, and Tanyong river around Phum Pra Moi	4,100 (2005 J. Ironside)	8a (Moribund)
syo	Su’ung	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Pearic, Western, Suoy	Cambodia	Kampong Speu and Pursat provinces: Phumi Krang Trachak area	860 (Bradley 2007b), decreasing	8a (Moribund)
mnw	Mon	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Monic	Myanmar	Kayin state and Mon states; Tanintharyi region: north	743,000 in Myanmar (2004), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,000,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 851,000	5 (Developing)	Aleng, Mou, Mun, Peguan, Raman, Rman, Rmen, Takanoon, Talaing, Taleng, Teguan		Martaban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Mon Tang, Northern Mon), Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon). Intelligibility between Mon varieties high; between Mon in Thailand and Myanmar 99% (Huffman 1976). Varieties in Myanmar and Thailand “mutually intelligible” (Bauer 1990) but lexical borrowings from Thai and Burmese may cause miscommunication (Guillon 1999). Lexical similarity: 69% with Mon and Nyah Kur [cbn] (Huffman 1976).
mnw	Mon	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Monic	Thailand	Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Pathom, Pathum Thani, Ratchaburi, and Samut Sakhon provinces	108,000 in Thailand (2000). 70,000–120,000, total population (Bauer 1984). 1983 census estimated 100,000; about 50,000 L1 speakers (Foster 1972; Smalley 1994)	6b* (Threatened)	Aleng, Mun, Peguan, Takanoon, Talaing, Taleng
caq	Nicobarese, Car	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Car	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands state: North Nicobar Islands, Car island	37,000 (2005)	3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca for Nicobar Islands	Car, Pu
crv	Chaura	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Chowra-Teressa	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Nicobar Islands, Chaura island	5,910 (2001 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Chowra, Tutet
tef	Teressa	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Chowra-Teressa	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Bompoka, Central Nicobar islands, and Teressa	2,080 (2001 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Taih-Long		Bompoka (Bompaka, Pauhut).
nik	Nicobarese, Southern	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Great Nicobar	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands state: Little Nicobar and outer Great Nicobar islands	7,500 (2001 census). 350 on Little Nicobar Island, 7,570 total on Great Nicobar, about 400 of these are Shom Peng [sii]	6b* (Threatened)	Nicobara		Condul (Kondul), Great Nicobar, Little Nicobar, Milo.
ncb	Nicobarese, Central	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Nancowry	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands state: Camorta, Katchal, Nancowry, Nicobar Islands, Trinket islands	10,100 (2001 census). 5,310 on Katchal, 3,410 on Kamorta, 930 on Nancowry, 430 on Trinket	5* (Developing)	Muöt, Nicobar		Camorta (Kamorta), Katchal (Kachel, Tehnu), Nancowry (Nancoury), Trinkut (Trinkat). Central Nicobar once regarded as one language but no longer generally accepted. Dialects now regarded as mutually unintelligible with the exception of Trinket and Katchal. (Parkin 1991).
sii	Shom Peng	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Shom Peng	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands state: interior Great Nicobar island	400 (2004). Mainly monolingual	6a* (Vigorous)	Shobang, Shom Pen, Shompen, Shompeng		None known. Distinct from other Nicobarese languages.
aml	War-Jaintia	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian	Bangladesh	Sylhet division: Moulvi Bazar district, Alinagar, Barlekha, Fenchuganj area, Fultala, Goalbari, Islampur, Kamalganj, Khajori, Madhabkunda, Rashidpur, and Satgoan; Sylhet district, Jaflong area, Jaintiapur, north of Raipur, and Tamabil	16,000 in Bangladesh (2003 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 67,600	6a (Vigorous)	War-Khasi		War-Jaintia, War-Khasi. Lexical similarity: 86%–92% with dialects in Bangladesh; 83%–89% with War-Jaintia in India and Bangladesh; India variety 41%–45% with Pnar [pbv] (from scant data); 27%–35% with standard Khasi [kha]; 24%–28% with War dialect of Khasi.
kha	Khasi	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian	Bangladesh	Sylhet division: Brahman Bazar enclave south of Sylhet town, Jaintiapur north border enclave; Barlekha area southwest to Kamalpur	Very few speakers	6b* (Threatened)	Cossyah, Kahasi, Khasie, Khasiyas, Khassee, Khuchia, Kyi
kha	Khasi	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian	India	Assam state: Cachar, Kamrup, Lakhimpur, Nagaon, and North Cachar Hills districts; Meghalaya state: Jaintia Hills, and East and West Khasi Hills districts; Manipur, Tripura, and West Bengal states	1,050,000 in India (2011 census)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Meghalaya State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language	Kahasi, Kassi, Khasa, Khashi, Khasiyas, Khuchia	Khasi	Bhoi-Khasi, Khasi (Cherrapunji, Sohra), Khynrium, War. Bhoi Khasi in East Khasi Hills, Nongpoh block, and Nonglung in East Khasi Hills, Umksning block are very different from standard Khasi, with different word order. Many varieties have only partial mutual inherent intelligibility. War dialect is separate from War-Jaintia [aml]. Cherrapunji (Sohra) is the standard. Lexical similarity: 75% between War dialect and standard Khasi.
lyg	Lyngngam	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian	Bangladesh	Dhaka division: Netrokona district	1,000 in Bangladesh	7 (Shifting)	Megam
lyg	Lyngngam	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian	India	Assam state: Kamrup district; Meghalaya state	11,600 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 12,600	6b* (Threatened)	Khasi, Lyngam, Lyngym		None known. Lexical similarity: 36% with standard Khasi [kha].
pbv	Pnar	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian	Bangladesh	Sylhet division: Sylhet district, Jaflong area, Jaintiapur, north of Raipur, and Tamabil; Moulvi Bazar district, Alinagar, Barlekha, Fenchuganj area, Fultala, Goalbari, Islampur, Kamalganj, Khajori, Madhabkunda, Rashidpur, and Satgoan	4,000 in Bangladesh (2002)	6b* (Threatened)
pbv	Pnar	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian	India	Assam state: North Cachar hills, Borolokha, Dibruchera and Jatinga; Karbi Anglong district, Ulukunchi; Meghalaya state: Khasi and Jaintia hills north of War Jaintia; Mizoram state: north Aizawl district	319,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 323,000	6a* (Vigorous)			Jaintia (Synteng), Nongtung. Formerly considered a dialect of Khasi [kha]. Jaintia dialect has 12 spoken forms: Jowai, Shangpung, Batau, Raliang, Sutnga, Sumer, Nartiang, Barato, Rymbai, Lakadong, Mynso, and Nongtalang. All are intelligible, except for Nongtalang, which is akin to Khmer [khm]. Jowai is standard spoken form. Lexical similarity: 68% with standard Khasi.
aml	War-Jaintia	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian	India	Assam state; Meghalaya state: Jaintia and Khasi Hills area	51,600 in India (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Amwi, Jaintia, Khasi, War, War-Khasi
xao	Khao	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Khao	Viet Nam	Son La and Dien Bien provinces, near Ma River, north of Pa Ma	10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Bit [bgk] in Laos and China.
kjg	Khmu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county, 9 villages, some in Mengla county	1,600 in China (1990)	6b (Threatened)	Chaman, Damai, Damailao, Damaile, Kamhmu, Kammu, Kamu, Kemu, Khamu, Khamuk, Khmu’, Khomu, Lao Terng, Mou, Pouteng, Theng		Damaile, Damailao.
kjg	Khmu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’	Laos	Scattered in the north	708,000 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 798,250	5 (Developing)	Kamhmu, Kammu, Kamu, Khamu, Khamuk, Khmu’, Khomu, Kmhmu, Lao Kang, Lao Terng, Mou, Pouteng, Pu Thenh, Tenh, Theng	ກຶມຫມຸ‎ (Kmhmu’)	Yuan, Khroong (Krong, Kroong), Luang Prabang, Sayabury, Cwaa (Lii, Lyy), Rok, U (Eastern Khmu, Uu), Hat. Dialects are grouped into three: Northern Khmu (Cwaa and Yuan), Western Khmu (Khroong and Rok), and Eastern Khmu (Svantesson and Holmer 2015).
kjg	Khmu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’	Thailand	Chiang Rai, Nan, and Phayao provinces. Scattered throughout Thailand	6,250 in Thailand (Luangthongkum 2007). Based on ethnicity	5* (Developing)	Kamhmu, Kammu, Kamu, Kha Khmu, Khamu, Khamuk, Khmu’, Kmhmu, Luu, Mou, Pouteng, Tmooy
kjg	Khmu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’	Viet Nam	Dien Bien, Son La, Lai Chau, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, and Yen Bai provinces	72,900 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Kho Mu	Cam Mu, Kha Cau, Khamu, Kho Mu, Khomu, Kmhmu, Mun Xen, Xa Cau
khf	Khuen	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Mengla county	1,000 in China (1993)	6a* (Vigorous)	Khouen, Khween, Kween
khf	Khuen	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’	Laos	Luang Namtha province: Nale, Sing, and Viangphoukha districts	8,000 in Laos (1995 L. Chazee). Total users in all countries: 9,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Khouen, Khween, Kween
tyh	O’du	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’	Laos	Xiengkhoang province: Khouone district, 2 villages	600 in Laos (2015 census), decreasing. Based on ethnicity	7 (Shifting)	’Iduh, O Du, Oedou, “Haat” (pej.), “Hat” (pej.), “Tay Hat” (pej.)
tyh	O’du	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’	Viet Nam	Nghe An province: Tuong Duong district, Nga My commune	380 in Viet Nam (2009 census), decreasing. Based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 980	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: O Du	’Iduh, Haat, Hat, O Du, Ơ Đu, “Tay Hat” (pej.)
prt	Prai	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Mal-Prai	Thailand	Nan province: Bo Klua, Chalerm Prakiat, Chiang Klang, Pua and Thung Chang districts	20,000 in Thailand (2001). Possibly 3,000 Ban Wen dialect speakers. Total users in all countries: 48,700	6a (Vigorous)	Lao Prai, Lua Prai, Lua’, Phai, Pray, Thin, “Htin” (pej.)		Southern Prai, Ban Wen. The main dialect of Prai has 2 subvarieties referred to as, R and Y, which are reportedly minimally different. Ban Wen dialect shares cognates with both Mal [mlf] and Prai, but is unintelligible to Mal speakers.
mlf	Mal	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Mal-Prai	Laos	Xiangnabouli province: Phiang district, west of the Mekong	23,200 in Laos (1995 census). Total users in all countries: 26,700	5* (Developing)	Htin, Khatin, Madl, T’in, Thin, Tin	Mal, Ma’di	None known. Not intelligible with Prai [prt].
mlf	Mal	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Mal-Prai	Thailand	Nan province: east of Pua district and Chiang Kam, valley near northern Laos border	3,500 in Thailand (1982 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Ht’in, Khatin, Lua, Ma’di, T’in, Thin, Tin
prt	Prai	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Mal-Prai	Laos	Xiangnabouli province: Hongsa, Nguen, Phiang, Xiang Hon, and Xaignabouli districts	28,700 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Lao Mai, Lao Prai, Lua Prai, Phai, “Htin” (pej.)
mra	Mlabri	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mlabri	Laos	Xiangnabouli province: Phiang district, near Thailand border	40 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003b). Ethnic population: 67 (Schliesinger 2003d)	8a (Moribund)	Ma Ku, Mabri, Mla, Mla-Bri, Mrabri, Yellow Leaf, Yumbri
mra	Mlabri	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mlabri	Thailand	Nan province: Na Noi and Wiang Sa districts; Phrae province: Rong Kwang and Song districts	400 in Thailand (2017 F. Lipsius), increasing. Ethnic population: 400 (2017 F. Lipsius). Total users in all countries: 440	6a (Vigorous)	Luang, Ma Ku, Mabri, Mla, Mrabri, Yumbri, “Phi Thong Lueang” (pej.), “Spirits of the Yellow Leaf” (pej.)	มละบริ‎ (Mlabri), มาลาบรี‎ (Malabri)
puo	Puoc	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul	Viet Nam	North, Lai Chau and Son La provinces, Laos border area	18,000 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 27,870	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xinh Mun	Kha Puhoc, Ksing Mul, Ksingmul, Mun, Pua, Puhoc, Puok, Sing, Xin Mul, Xinh Mul, Xinh-Mun		None known. Related to Kháng [kjm] and Phong-Kniang [pnx].
puo	Ksing Mul	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul	Laos	Houaphan province: Xiangkho district; Xieng Khouang province: Het river, along Viet Nam border	9,870 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Ksingmul, Lao Muh, Pou Hok, Puhoc, Xin Mul, Xing Mun, Xingmoun, Xinh Mul, Xinh Mun, “Kha Puhoc” (pej.), “Puoc” (pej.), “Puok” (pej.)
pnx	Phong-Kniang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul	Laos	Houaphan province: Aet and Xieng Khor districts near Neun river; Xiengkhoang province	30,700 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Keneng, Kenieng, Lao Phong, Pong, “Kha Niang” (pej.), “Khaniang” (pej.)
zng	Mang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Mang	China	Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Jinping county, Mengla district; 4 villages: Dadui Leigongdaniu Zhai, Heping Xia Zhai, Heping Zhong Zhai, and Nanguo Xin Zhai	500 in China. Ethnic population: 1,220 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened)	Ba’e, Chaman, Manbu, Mang U, Nieng Ó, Xamang, Xá Lá Vàng, Xá Mang, Xá Ó
zng	Mang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Mang	Viet Nam	Lai Chau province, Muong Te and Sin Ho districts, triangle-shaped area between Song Da (Black River) and the Nam Na: Nam Nghe, Nam Xung, Nam Ban, Ban Nam Voi, and other communities	3,700 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 4,205	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mang	Ba’e, Chaman, Lá Vàng, Manbu, Mang U, Nieng Ó, Xá, Xá Mang, Xá Ó
uuu	U	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	China	Southwest Yunnan Province, Baoshan municipal prefecture, Shidian and Changning counties. May be in Myanmar	40,000 (2000)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Blang	A’erwa, Awa Blang, P’uman, Puman, Wa, Wu, Wu Blang		Not closely related to Plang [blr] (1990 J-O. Svantesson). May be same as Wu dialect of Wa [wbm] in Myanmar and Hu [huo] of China.
huo	Hu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong and Mengla counties, 5 villages, including Nahuopa village in Mengyang township	1,000 (Li 2006)	6b (Threatened)			Possibly a dialect of U [uuu]. 76% similar lexically with U of Shuangjiang County.
xko	Kiorr	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	Laos	Luang Namtha and Oudomxai provinces: 6 villages	2,360 (1985 F. Proschan)	6b* (Threatened)	Col, Con, Saamtaav, Samtao, Samtao II
kkn	Kon Keu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	China	Yunnan province: Baoshan, Dai Lincang, Simao, and Xishuangbanna autonomous prefectures	6,300 (2000)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Blang	Kong Ge, Kongge
mml	Man Met	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	China	Yunnan province: 5 communities in Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture near the Hu	900 (1990 J-O. Svantesson)	6b* (Threatened)	Manmi, Manmit
mqt	Mok	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	Myanmar	Shan State: Mong Khet, Kengtung and Mong Yang townships, 10 villages	4,000 in Myanmar (2018 S. Devereux). Total users in all countries: 4,700	6a (Vigorous)	A Mŏk, Doi, Loi, Loi Cim, “Hsem” (pej.), “Hsen Hsum” (pej.), “Shim Ceem” (pej.)
mqt	Mok	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	Thailand	Chiang Rai province: 5 villages	700 in Thailand (2018 S. Devereux)	6a (Vigorous)	A Mŏk, Loi, Loi Cim, Muak, ʔape, “Hsem” (pej.), “Hsen Hsum” (pej.), “Shim Ceem” (pej.)
ukk	Muak Sa-aak	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong, 4 villages		6a* (Vigorous)
ukk	Muak Sa-aak	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	Myanmar	Shan state: Mong Yawng township	4,500 in Myanmar (2016 E. Hall)	5 (Developing)	Doi	Muak Sa-aak	None known. Reportedly most similar to Mok [mqt]. Lexical similarity: 42% with U [uuu], 25% with Parauk Wa [prk], and 35% with Blang [blr].
stu	Samtao	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna prefecture	100 in China (1993)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Blang	Samtau, Samtuan
stu	Samtao	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	Laos	Bokeo province: Houay Xai district; Luang Namtha province: Ban Tha Oo	3,420 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6b* (Threatened)	Samtau, Samtuan
stu	Samtao	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	Myanmar	Shan state: east	9,550 in Myanmar (2000). Total users in all countries: 13,170	6a (Vigorous)	Samtau, Samtuan
tlq	Tai Loi	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	Laos	Luang Namtha province: Sing district	Ethnic population: 600 (Schliesinger 2003b)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Doi, Lao Doi, Loi, Monglwe, Tai Doi, Tailoi, Wakut, “Kha Doy” (pej.)		Tai Loi, Doi.
tlq	Tai Loi	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic	Myanmar	Shan state	Population information is not yet available for the other groups known as Tai Loi	6a (Vigorous)	Aw-aak, Bulang-Su, Doi, Khabe, Kon Doi, Kon Loi, Loi, Monglwe, Tai-Loi, Tailoi, Wakut		Considerable dialectal variation between villages.
bgk	Bit	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Bit-Khang	Laos	Luang Namtha province: northeast Namtha district, and south of Boun Neua; Oudomxai province: Namo district; Phongsali province: Boun-Tai, Khua, and Mai districts, 8 villages; near China border	2,370 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 2,570	6a (Vigorous)	Buxinhua, Kha Bet, Khabit, Khbit, Pasing, Phsin, Phsing, Pu Sing
bgk	Buxinhua	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Bit-Khang	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Mengla county	200 in China (1994). Ethnic population: 500 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened)	Boxing, Buxing, Buxing Khmu, Kha Bet, Khabit, Pasing, Phsin, Phsing, Pu Sing
kjm	Kháng	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Bit-Khang	Viet Nam	Son La, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, and Lao Cai provinces	13,800 (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized ethnic group: Khang	Bren, Hang, Khaang, Ksakautenh, Pouteng, Putenh, Quang Lam, Tay Hay, Tayhay, Teng, Theng, Xa, Xa Ai, Xa Bung, Xa Dang, Xa Don, Xa Hoc, Xa Xua, Xá Khao		Kháng Clau, Kháng Ai (Sakau, Xa Cau, Xa Khao).
cno	Con	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Lametic	Laos	Bokeo province: Meung district; Luang Namtha province: southwest of Vieng Pou Kha	1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)
lbn	Rmeet	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Lametic	Laos	Bokeo, Luang Namtha, and Oudomxai provinces	22,400 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Kha Lamet, Khamed, Khamet, Lamed, Lamet, Lemet	Rmeet	Upper Lamet, Lower Lamet.
blr	Blang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county, Damengnong district; Menghai county, Bada, Bulangshan, Daluo, and Xiding districts	42,000 in China (2000 census). Ethnic population: 120,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 55,200	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Blang	Bulang, K’ala, Kawa, Kontoi, Plang, Pula, Pulang		Phang, Kem Degne. In Thailand, the group from Mae Sai came from Sipsongpanna, Yunnan, China, stayed in Myanmar for a while, and have been in Thailand since 1974. 6 to 10 dialects represented in one refugee village in Thailand. Samtao [stu] of Myanmar and China is not intelligible with Blang, but is closely related to Blang and Wa [wbm].
blr	Blang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang	Myanmar	Shan state: Kengtung and Mong Yang townships	12,000 in Myanmar (1994)	5 (Developing)	Bulang, K’ala, Kawa, Kontoi, Plang, Pula, Pulang
blr	Blang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang	Thailand	Chiang Rai province: Mae Sai and Mae Chan districts; some west of Bangkok	1,200 in Thailand (1998 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Bulang, Hkawa, K’ala, K’wa, Kawa, Khon Doi, Kontoi, Plang, Pula, Pulang, Sen Chun, Wa
bvp	Bumang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang	China	Yunnan province: Honghe and Yi autonomous prefectures, Jinping Miao-Yao-Dai autonomous county, Mengla district, Manzhang-Shangzhai and Mangzhang-Xiazhai villages	200 (Jie 2007)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai	Manzhang Dai
lwl	Lawa, Eastern	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Lawa	Thailand	Chiang Mai province: Hot district, Bo Luang and Bo Sali sub-districts, 16 villages	7,000 (Nahhas 2011). Ethnic population: 8,000 (Nahhas 2011)	6a (Vigorous)	Lavua, “Lua” (pej.)	ละเวือะ‎ (Lawa)	Bo Luang, Bo Sangae. Not intelligible of most Western Lawa dialects [lcp].
lcp	Lawa, Western	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Lawa	Thailand	Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son provinces	8,000 (Nahhas 2011). Ethnic population: 8,500 (Nahhas 2011)	5 (Developing)	L’wa, Lava, Lavua, Lavüa, Mae Hong Son Lawa, Mountain Lawa, Omphai Lawa, “Lua” (pej.), “Luwa” (pej.)		La-up, Omphai, Northern Western Lawa. Each village has a distinct accent. Ban Kok Luang, a village of the Northern group, has the most distinct dialect.
wbm	Wa, Vo	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa	China	Southwest Yunnan Province, Lincang prefecture, Yongde and Zhenkang counties; Simao prefecture, Lancang Lahu autonomous county	40,000 in China (Zhou Zhizhi et al 2004). Many monolinguals. Ethnic population: 430,000 (2010 census). Includes Awa [vwa] (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 40,700	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Wa	Ban, K’awa, Kawa, La, Pan, Pinyin, Pun, Va, Vo, Wa Pwi, Wakut	Vax
vwa	Awa	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa	China	Yunnan province: Simao prefecture: Lahu and Va, Lancang Lahu, Menglian Dai, and Ximeng Va autonomous counties	98,000 (Zhou Zhizhi et al 2004). Masan Dialect: 33,000 in Ximeng County; Xiyun Dialect: 2,200 in Lancang and Menglian counties; Dawangnuo Dialect: 30,000 in Menglian and Ximeng counties; Awalei Dialect: 2,200 in Ximeng County; Awa proper: 30,600 In Lancan County	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Wa	Ava, Awa Wa, Va		Masan (’A Vo’, La via’, Ro via’, Vo’), Xiyun (Shixi, Va’), Dawangnuo (Damangnuo, Mangnuo, Vo’, Wangnuo), Awalei (’A vo’ loi, Awalai). Closely related languages: Vo Wa [wbm], Parauk Wa [prk], and Blang [blr].
prk	Wa, Parauk	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa	China	Southwest Yunnan Province, Lincang prefecture, Cangyuan Va autonomous, Shuangjiang Lahu, Blang, Dai autonomous, Gengma Dai, and Yongde counties; Simao prefecture, Lancang Lahu autonomous county; Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Menghai county, Mengman district	399,000 in China (2008 P. Hopple). Speaker population based on 2000 census	5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Around 10,000 Parauk speakers are classified as being within Blang nationality. Language of recognized nationality: Wa. The vast majority of speakers are assigned to the Wa nationality	Baraog, Baroke, Buliu, Bulu, Burao, Phalok, Praok, Wa		Aishuai, Banhong, Dazhai, Alwa.
prk	Wa, Parauk	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa	Myanmar	Shan state: Kengtung and upper Salween river areas; resettling since 2000 in Shan state: Mong Hsat and Mong Ton townships, especially Mong Kyut, Mong Yawn, and Pong Pa Kyin town areas	400,000 in Myanmar (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 805,700	2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Shan state	Baraog, Phalok, Praok, Standard Wa, Wa		Meung, Ien, Bible Wa, Nom Tum, Sau Hin, Panglao, Man Teu (Jo Phyu, Man Teey, Man Ton, Man Tong), Toi Lawng, Pang Yang (Muik Khaox), Khui Ma, Ying Phang (Sigang), La Dah, Ai Cheung, Ai Swa, Ang Krax, Awm Plawk, Caong Naong, Cuan, Kang Seu, Kaung Sang, Kawn Cawng, Kawn Jiem, Kawn Mau, Kawn Poih, Kawn Rao, Kawng Lang, Kha Lax, Kok Lah, La Kong, Lah Kreum, Lhax Tiah, Lung Kua, Man Leen, Man Shiang, Man Tong, Meung Kun, Meung Mao, Meung Yum, Hom, Muik Lhang, Muik Lhax, Muik Nghawng, Muik Nu, Muik Raix, Muik Sime, Nawng Plawx, Pa Tah, Pang Vai, Rho Mawng, Rok Tong, Savaik, Si Gang Rai, Si Nawk, Si Nga, Si Viex, Simung, Taoh Mie, Veng Ngeen, Vui Sai, Yaong Brex, Yaong Khrum, Yaong Krak, Yaong Kua, Yaong Leen, Yaong Lung, Yaong Nong, Yaong O, Yaong Peng, Yaong Raok, Yaong Riex, Yaong Sang, Yaong Soi, Yaong Ting. Over 70 varieties of Wa in Myanmar; 300 varieties in China (2006 Institute of Nationalities, Sun Hong Kai). Wa official nationality standard form in China based on Yong Shuai, one of many Parauk varieties. Bible Wa, a composite language, based on the Yong Shuai, Yong Rauk, Mang Toei, and Toilawng varieties, forms the standard for Myanmar.
prk	Wa, Parauk	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa	Thailand	Scattered; probably north, northwest	6,700 in Thailand (2008 P. Hopple)	5 (Dispersed)
wbm	Wa, Vo	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa	Myanmar	Shan state: Hopang township, 5 villages	700 in Myanmar (2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Meung Hom, Peung Sux, Vax, Vhax
dnu	Danau	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Danau	Myanmar	Shan state: Kalaw township, Ang Pan area, west of Inle lake, on the road to Heho	2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened)	Danaw		None known. Reportedly most similar to Riang Lang [ril].
pll	Palaung, Shwe	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung	Myanmar	Shan state: Nam Hsan is center	231,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 233,000	5 (Developing)	Golden Palaung, Liang, Red Da’ang, Shwe Palaung, Ta’ang Samlung, Ta-Ang Palaung		Ywama. 15 Palaung dialects in Myanmar. Ruching Palaung [pce] and Rumai Palaung [rbb] are related, but distinct languages.
pce	Palaung, Pale	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung	Thailand	Chiang Mai province: Fang district, No Lae village	5,000 in Thailand (1989)	8a (Moribund)	Di-Ang, Ngwe Palaung, Palay, Pale, Silver Palaung, Southern Palaung, Ta-Ang
pce	Palaung, Ruching	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung	China	Yunnan province: Dehong prefecture, Luxi county, east of Rumai	10,300 in China (2010)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang	Bulai, Bulei, Da’ang, Dlang, Ngwe Palaung, Palay, Pale, Pale Palaung, Pulei, Silver Palaung, Southern Ta’ang		Bulei, Raojin, Da’ang.
pce	Palaung, Ruching	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung	Myanmar	Mandalay region: Katha and Pyinoolwin townships; Shan state: Taunggyi district	258,000 in Myanmar (2000). Total users in all countries: 273,300	5 (Developing)	Da’ang, Di-Ang, Ngwe Palaung, Palay, Silver Palaung		Pale, Rulai. Rulai dialect near Lashio has regular phonological changes and some lexical difference from Ruching.
rbb	Palaung, Rumai	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung	China	Yunnan province: Dehong prefecture, Longchuan and Ruili counties, on Myanmar border	4,100 in China (2010 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang	Humai, Rumai, Ta’ang
rbb	Palaung, Rumai	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung	Myanmar	Kachin state: Bhamo district, Mansi township; Shan state: Lashio area, north to the border in Mantong, Muse, Nam Kham, north Hsenwi, and Tawngpeng (the ancient Palaung state)	158,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 162,100	5 (Developing)	Humai, Ngwe Palaung, Rumai, Rumai Humai, Shan Rumai, Silver Palaung, Ta’ang, Ta’ang Rumai, Tai Rumai		Nam Kham Rumai is a different dialect from Lashio Rumai but comprehension is still good.
pll	Palaung, Shwe	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung	China	Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Longyang county; Lincang prefecture, Zhenkang county	2,000 in China (1995 SIL)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang	Golden Palaung, Liang Palaung, Shwe
yin	Riang Lai	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang	Myanmar	Shan state: Langkho district	12,000 (2008), decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Ban Roi, Liang Sek, Ranei, Red Riang, Riang Saek, Riang Sak, Striped Karen, Yang, Yang Lai, Yin Kya, Yinchia, Yinja		None known. Related to Riang Lang [ril]. Traditionally, the 2 groups occupy different social and geographic space and wear different traditional clothing styles. Not related to the Riang [ria] and Kok Borok [trp]-speaking Riang people of India and Bangladesh or to Pa’o [blk], which is Sino-Tibetan.
ril	Riang Lang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang	China	Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Longyang county; Lincang prefecture, Zhenkang county	3,000 in China (1995)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang	Riang		De’ang, Liang, Liang Palaung, Na’ang, Xiaoan’gou, Xiaochanggou, Yang Sek, Yang Wan Kun, Yanglam, Yin.
ril	Riang Lang	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang	Myanmar	Shan state: Hopang district, Pang Long area	12,500 in Myanmar (2008). Total users in all countries: 15,500	6a (Vigorous)	Black Karen, Black Riang, Black Yang, Drum, Riang, Yang, Yang Lang, Yang Wan Kun, Yanglam, Yin, Yin Net, Yinnet	Riang Lang
ply	Bolyu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Palyu	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: borders of Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, Longlin and Xilin counties, in 2 groups; possibly in Yunnan	500 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 1,770 (Bradley 2007b)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao	Baliu, Lai, Lailai, Paliu, Palju, Palyu, Polyu		None known. May be similar to Bugan [bbh], which is the nearest Mon-Khmer language geographically.
bbh	Bugan	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Palyu	China	Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefecture, Guangnan and Xichou counties, Guangnan Nasa township, Laowalong, Nala, Xinwalong, and Xinpingzhai villages; Guangnan county, Zhuanjiao district, Jiuping and Shibeipo villages; Yanshan county, Jijie district, Manlong and 6 other villages	2,700 (Yunbin 2005)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Bengan, Bogan, Bugeng, Hualo, Hualuo, Huazu, Pakan, Pukan, Puqeng		None known. Very minor accent differences between villages.
cbn	Nyahkur	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Southern Monic	Thailand	Bueng Kan, Chaiyaphum, Kalasin, Nakhon Ratchasima, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, and Sakon Nakhon provinces; Possibly in Khorat province	1,500 (2006 C. Shimmin), decreasing. No monolinguals. It appears the last monolingual speakers likely died out no later than the 1950s (2017 C. Shimmin). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Thongkum 1984)	7 (Shifting)	Chao Dong, Chaodon, Lawa, Niakuol, Niakuoll, Nyah Kur, Nyakur, “Chaobon” (pej.), “Chaobun” (pej.), “Chaubun” (pej.)	ญัฮกุ้ร‎ (Nyah Kur), เนียะกวล‎ (Niakuol)	Chaiyaphum users say they understand Petchabun only with difficulty, if at all. At least 91% lexical similarity among all dialects (Diffloth 1984).
kfj	Kemiehua	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county	1,000 (1991)	6b* (Threatened)
xnh	Kuanhua	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county	1,000 (1991)	6b* (Threatened)	Damai
aem	Arem	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut	Laos	Khammouan province: Nam Noy river upper reaches, both sides of Viet Nam-Laos border, west of Phuc Trach	250 in Laos (Enfield and Diffloth 2009). Ethnic population: 500 (1995)	8a (Moribund)	Chombrau, Chomrau, Harème, Kri, Umo		Phòòngq.
aem	Arem	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut	Viet Nam	Quang Binh province, Bo Trach district, Tan Trach, 1 or 2 families of Thuong Trach	20 in Viet Nam (Ferlus 1996). Ethnic population: 100 (Ferlus 1996). Total users in all countries: 270	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chut	A-Rem, Chombrau, Chomrau, Kri, Umo		Other dialects or ethnic names: Tu-vang, Pa-leng, Xo-lang, To-hung, Chà-cu, Tac-cui, Nhà Chút.
scb	Chut	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut	Laos	Khammouan province: Boualapha district, near Viet Nam border	200 in Laos (Bradley 2007a). 50 May, 150 Ruc (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 400 (Bradley 2007b)	7 (Shifting)	May, Ruc, Sach, Salang		May, Ruc.
scb	Chut	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut	Viet Nam	Quang Binh province, Thuong Hoa, Hoa Son, Dan Hoa communes, near Laos border at the same latitude as Mu Gia Pass	1,050 in Viet Nam (Bradley 2007a). 450 May, 95 Ruc, 500 Sach. Ethnic population: 6,020 (2009 census). Total users in all countries: 1,250	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chut	May, Ruc, Sach, Salang		Sach, May, Ruc (Kha Mu Gia, Tac Cui).
pkt	Maleng	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut	Laos	Khammouan province: Nakay district, Nam Theun valley, near Theun river; Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, Lac Sao sub-district, Ban Baga Tan	500 in Laos (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: Less than 1,000. Total users in all countries: 1,700	6b (Threatened)	Malang, Malieng		Maleng, Pakatan (Kha Pakatan), Malang, Hareme.
pkt	Maleng	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut	Viet Nam	Ha Tinh province, Huong Khe district, Huong Lien commune; 3 villages bordering Laos, another southeast. Malieng dialect: Tuyen Hoa district, Thanh Hoa and Lam Hoa communes; Dan Hoa dialect: north Quang Binh province, Minh Hoa district	1,200 in Viet Nam (2013)	6b (Threatened)	Ma Lieng, Malang, Malieng		Malieng (Pa Leng), Kha Phong (Kha Nam Om, Maleng Bro, Maleng Kari), Dan Hoa.
hnu	Hung	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi	Laos	Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district; northeast of Nape and south of Phong river (Toum dialect)	3,630 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 4,130	7 (Shifting)			Toum (Tum), Phong (Pong, Pong 1, Pong 2, Poong).
hnu	Hung	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi	Viet Nam	Nghe An province, Tuong Duong district, Tam Thai commune, Pong; Con Cuong district, Mon Son and Luc Da communes, Dan Lai and Ly Ha	500 in Viet Nam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Bradley 2007b). Less than 1,000 in ethnic population	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tho	Cuói, K’katiam-Pong-Houk		Pong (Khong Kheng, Phong, Pong 1, Pong 2, Poong, Tay Pong, Toum Phong, Xa La Vang), Dan Lai, Ly Ha.
tou	Tho	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi	Viet Nam	North Nghe An province, highland areas, Cuoi Cham dialect in Tan Ky district, Tan Hop commune; also in Thanh Hoa province	75,000 (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tho	Cuoi, Cuoi Cham, Ho Muong Meridional, Keo		Cuoi Cham (Uy Lo), Mon.
bgl	Bo	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong	Laos	Bolikhamxai province: Lak Sao area; Khammouan province: Hinboun district, Nape area	2,950 (2000)	6b (Threatened)	Boe, Bor, Kha Bo, Tai Bo, Thay Bo
mtq	Muong	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong	Viet Nam	Hoa Binh, Thanh Hoa, Phu Tho, Ha Noi, Yen Bai, Son La, and Ninh Binh provinces	1,270,000 (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Muong			Thang, Wang, Mol, Mual, Moi 1, Boi Bi (Moi Bi), Ao Tá (Au Tá). Related to Chut [scb], May [scb], Ruc [scb], Arem [aem], and Aheu [thm].
nuo	Ngoaun	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong	Laos	Khammouan province: Nakai district	760 in Laos (2010 N. Cheeseman)	6a* (Vigorous)	Nguan, Nguane, Nguôn
nuo	Nguôn	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong	Viet Nam	Quang Binh province: An Duk, Ba Nuong, Kwi Dat, Tan Kieu, Than Long and 6 other villages	1,000 in Viet Nam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 1,760	6b* (Threatened)	Ngouan		None known. Diffloth (1992) groups Nguôn as a separate language similar to Vietnamese [vie], but Tran (1996) and Ferlus (1996) group it with Muong [mtq].
thm	Aheu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Thavung	Laos	Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, near Lak Sao	250 in Laos (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 500 (Bradley 2007b)	6b* (Threatened)	Bru, Kha Tong Luang, Phon Soung, Phonsung, So, Thavung
thm	Aheu	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Thavung	Thailand	Sakon Nakhon province: Song Dao district, Thavung, 3 villages	450 in Thailand (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 700	6b (Threatened)	Phon Soung, So, So Thavung, Sotawueng, Thavung
vie	Vietnamese	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese	Cambodia	Phnom Penh; generally dispersed longstanding population; communities in urban areas, including Siem Reap, Preah Sihanouk, Ta Khmau, others	1,072,800 in Cambodia, all users. L1 users: 72,800 in Cambodia (2009 UNSD). L2 users: 1,000,000 (2001 J. Leclerc)	5 (Dispersed)	Tiếng Việt
vie	Vietnamese	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese	China	South coast of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, on Shanxin, Wanwei, and Wutou peninsulas (referred to as the 3 peninsulas), Fangcheng Pan-Nationality autonomous county; Jiangping region	7,200 in China (1999 O. Jueya). Ethnic population: 28,200 (2010 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jing	Annamese, Ching, Gin, Jing, Kinh, Tiếng Việt, Yuenan-yu
vie	Vietnamese	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese	Thailand	Long-established small communities in Bangkok and scattered in southeastern provinces	8,280 in Thailand (2010 census)	5* (Dispersed)
vie	Vietnamese	Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese	Viet Nam	Widespread	73,600,000 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 76,950,770 (as L1: 75,950,770; as L2: 1,000,000)	1 (National). De facto national language. Language of recognized ethnic group: Kinh	Annamese, Ching, Gin, Jing, Kinh, Viet	Tiếng Việt	Northern Vietnamese (Hanoi, Tonkinese), Central Vietnamese (Hue), Southern Vietnamese. Numerous dialects.
ksz	Kodaku	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari	India	Chhattisgarh state: Surguja district; Jharkhand state: Garhwa and Palamau districts; Uttar Pradesh state: Sonbhadra district	15,700 (1991 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Koraku, Korwa		None known. A subgroup of Korwa [kfp] (Parkin 1991). Lexical similarity: 82%–96% between varieties, 50%–70% with Korwa [kfp].
agi	Agariya	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari	India	Chhattisgarh state: Bilaspur district; Madhya Pradesh state: Mandla and Rewa districts, Maikal hills; Uttar Pradesh state: Agra, Mathura, and Mirzapur districts	72,000 (2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Agaria, Agharia, Agoria
bix	Bijori	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari	India	Jharkhand state: Cowerdaga and Ranchi districts; Madhya Pradesh and Odisha states; West Bengal state: Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts	25,000 (1998 GRN)	6a* (Vigorous)	Binjhia, Birijia, Birjia, Brijia, Burja
cdz	Koda	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	India	Bihar state; West Bengal state: Bankura and Bardhaman districts	47,300 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 48,600	6a* (Vigorous)	Kaora, Kora, Korali, Korati, Kore, Mudi, Mudikora		None known. Lexical similarity: 49%–55% with Santhali [sat], 61%–67% with Mundari [unr], 57%–60% with Kol [ekl]; wordlist contained 19% Bengali [ben] words.
kfp	Korwa	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	India	Bihar state; Chhattisgarh state: Bilaspur, Jashpur, Korba, Raigarh, and Surguja districts; Jharkhand state: Gumla, Garhwa, and Palamau districts; Odisha state: Mayurbhanj and Sundargarh districts; Uttar Pradesh state: Mirzapur district; Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and West Bengal states	28,500 (2011 census). Few monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Ernga, Singli		Majhi-Korwa. Lexical similarity: 71%–92% between dialects, 50%–70% with Kodaku [ksz], 26%–36% with local Sadri [sck] spoken by Dihari Korwa. Lexical similarity with Sadri (an Indo-Aryan language) shows noticeable influence of Sadri on Korwa.
asr	Asuri	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	India	Chhattisgarh state: Raigarh district, Jashpur area; Jharkhand state: Gumla, Lohardaga, southern Palamau, and northern Ranchi districts of Chotanagpur Plateau; Maharashtra state; Odisha state: Sambalpur district; West Bengal state	7,000 (Van Driem 2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ashree, Assur, Asura, Maleta		Brijia (Birjia, Koranti), Manjhi.
biy	Birhor	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	India	Chhattisgarh state: Raigarh district; Jharkhand state: southern Hazaribag, southern Palamau, Ranchi, and Singhbhum districts; Maharashtra state; Odisha state: Kalahandi, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, and Sundargarh districts; West Bengal state: Puruliya district	2,000 (Van Driem 2007). Nomadic habits make assessment difficult. Some estimates as low as 1,000 (Parkin 1991)	6a (Vigorous)	Bihor, Birhar, Birhore, Birhul, Mankidi, Mankidia, Mankiria		None known. Lexical similarity: 55%–72% with Santhali [sat], Ho [hoc], Mundari [unr], and Munda [unx].
hoc	Ho	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	India	Bihar state; Jharkhand state: Purbi Singhbhum district, Kolhan, Seraikella; East Singhbhum district, Dhalbhum sub-district; Odisha state: Koenjhar and Mayurbhanj districts; West Bengal state	1,420,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Bihar Ho, Ho haram, Ho jagar, Lanka Kol	Ho kaji	Lohara, Chaibasa-Thakurmunda. Most understand Chaibasa and Thakurmunda dialects well; 90%–92% comprehend narrative discourse. Kherwari (Khanwar, Kharar, Kharoali, Kharwari) is group name for Ho, Mundari [unr], Munda [unx], and Santhali [sat], closely related languages, and other smaller languages or dialects. Lexical similarity: 85% between most dialects, except for 3 on Ho area east and south edges.
cdz	Koda	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	Bangladesh	Rajshahi division: Puthia, Mohonpur and Mundumala districts	1,300 in Bangladesh (2005)	6a (Vigorous)
ekl	Kol	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	Bangladesh	Rajshahi district: Godagari subdistrict	1,660 (2012 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Hor		None known. Lexical similarity: 62%–64% with Santhali [sat], 58% with Mundari [unr], 57%–60% with Koda [cdz], 37% with Ho (Lanka Kol) [hoc].
unx	Munda	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	India	Odisha and Jharkhand states; possibly Bihar and West Bengal	486,000 (2011 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Heriki, Killi, hoɽo jagar, muɳɖa jagar	মুন্ডা‎ (Muɳɖa)	None known. Reportedly most similar to Mundari [unr].
unr	Mundari	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	Bangladesh	Rajshahi division: Naogaon district; Rangpur division: Dinajpur district; Sylhet division: possibly some tea estates	2,500 in Bangladesh (2005 Caritas Bangladesh). Ethnic population: 5,000	6a (Vigorous)	Colh, Horo, Mandari, Mondari, Munari, Munda		Hasada’, Latar, Naguri, Kera’.
unr	Mundari	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	India	Jharkhand state: Ranchi district, south and west; Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tripura, and West Bengal states	1,160,000 in India (2011 census). 1,130,000 Mundari and 27,500 Bhumij (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,170,280	5* (Developing)	Colh, Horo, Kolh, Mandari, Mondari, Munari	Muṇḍari, मुण्डरि‎ (Muṇḍari), মুণ্ডরি‎ (Muṇḍari), ମୁଣ୍ଡରି‎ (Muṇḍari)	Hasada’, Latar, Naguri, Kera’, Bhumij (Bhumij Munda, Bhumij Thar, Bhumji, Sadar Bhumij). 75% intelligibility of Ho [hoc]. Lexical similarity: 70%–84% with the Bhumij dialect.
unr	Mundari	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari	Nepal	Kosi zone: south Morang and south Sunsari districts	7,780 in Nepal (2006 IMB)	5 (Developing)	Horo, Mandari, Mondari, Munari, Munda, Santhali, Satar		Hasada, Latar, Naguri, Kera, Santhai, Satar.
mjx	Mahali	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali	Bangladesh	Rajshahi division: Abirpara, Matindor, and Mundumala-Pachondor villages; scattered	3,000 in Bangladesh (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2004 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Mahle
mjx	Mahali	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali	India	Assam state: tea estates; Bihar state; Jharkhand state: Dhanbad, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Pargana, Ranchi, Santal Lohardaga, Saraikela Kharsawan, East Singhbhum, and West Singhbhum districts in Chota Nagpur area; Odisha state: Balasore, Keonjhar, and Mayurbhanj districts; West Bengal state: Jalpaiguri and West Medinipur districts	26,400 in India (2011 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 278,000 (2007). Total users in all countries: 29,400	6b* (Threatened)	Mahili, Mahle, Mahli		Possible dialect of Santhali [sat]. Lexical similarity: 69%–87% between varieties of Mahali, 68%–93% with Santhali [sat], 53%–59% with Mundari [unr].
sat	Santhali	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali	Bangladesh	Rajshahi and Rangpur divisions: widespread	225,000 in Bangladesh (2011)	5 (Dispersed)	Har, Har Rar, Hor, Sandal, Sangtal, Santal, Santali, Satar, Sonthal
sat	Santhali	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali	India	Bihar state: Bhagalpur and Munger districts; Jharkhand state: Hazaribagh and Manbhum districts; Odisha state: Balasore district; West Bengal state: Bankura and Birbhum districts; Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura states	7,340,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 7,620,280 (as L1: 7,619,300; as L2: 980)	4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Jharkhand State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII), amended 2003	Har, Hor, Samtali, Sandal, Sangtal, Santal, Santali, Santhiali, Satar, Sentali, Sonthal	Har Rar	Karmali (Khole), Kamari-Santali, Lohari-Santali, Manjhi, Paharia. Reportedly similar to Ho [hoc], Mundari [unr], and Munda [unx].
sat	Santhali	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali	Nepal	Kosi zone: Morang district; Mechi zone: Jhapa district	50,880 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 49,900 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 980 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals	5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Satar (Santhal)	Har, Har Rar, Hor, Sainti, Sandal, Sangtal, Santal, Santali, Santhal, Satar, Sentali, Sonthal
trd	Turi	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali	India	Chhattisgarh state: Raigarh district, and scattered throughout; Jharkhand state: Gumla, Lohardaga, and Ranchi districts, Chotanagpur area; Odisha state: Sambalpur and Sundargarh districts; West Bengal state: Bankura, Birbhum, Murshidabad, and Nadia districts	2,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 354,000 (2007)	8a (Moribund)
kfq	Korku	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Korku	India	Madhya Pradesh state: Betul district, Betul city area and north; Hoshangabad and East Nimar (Khandwa) districts; Maharashtra state: Akola, Amravati, and Buldana districts	727,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Bondeya, Bopchi, Korki, Kuri, Kurku, Ramekhera	कोर्कू‎ (Korku)	Bouriya, Bondoy, Ruma (Kurku-Ruma), Mawasi (Muasi, Muwasi). Dialects in northern Maharashtra and south central Madhya Pradesh constitute one language; 82% to 97% intelligibility among them; Bouriya most widely understood. Lexical similarity: 76%–82% with Laki Bouriya dialects.
jun	Juang	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Kharia-Juang	India	Odisha state: north Angul, east Dhenkanal, south Keonjhar districts	30,400 (2011 census). No monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Juango, Patra-Saara, Patua, Puttooas	ଜୁଆଙ୍‌‎ (Juang)	Keonjhar-Pal. Not closely related to other languages. Lexical similarity: 20%–22% with Kharia [khr].
khr	Kharia	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Kharia-Juang	India	Jharkhand state: Ranchi district, Khunti sub-district, Kolebira and Thethaitangar Anchal; Simdega sub-district; Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, Durg, Jashpur, Raigarh, Raipur, East Singhbhum, and West Singhbhum districts; Odisha state: Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, and Sundargarh districts; Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Tripura, West Bengal states. Dhelki dialect mainly in northwest Gangpur (Raigarh), Jashpur, and Sundargarh; Dudh dialect is in south Gangpur (Raigarh) Ranchi, and western Sambalpur	298,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 298,256 (as L1: 298,240; as L2: 16)	5* (Developing)	Haria, Khadia, Khariya, Kharvi, Khatria, Kheria	Khaɽiyā	Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Mirdha-Kharia.
khr	Kharia	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Kharia-Juang	Nepal	Mechi zone: Jhapa district, India border; Kosi zone: Morang district small area	256 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 240 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 16 (2011 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Khadiya, Khariya, Khaɽiyā
gaq	Gata’	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Gutob-Remo-Geta’, Geta’	India	Andhra Pradesh state: east Godavari district; Odisha state: Koraput and Malkangiri districts, Kudumulgumma and Chitrakonda sub-districts south of Bondo Hills; some in Khairput sub-district. 47 villages	3,060 (1991 census). Ethnic population: 7,370 (2001 census). In Odisha	6b (Threatened)	Didayi, Didei, Dire, Gataq, Geta’, Getaq, Gta Asa, Gta’		Plains Geta’, Hill Geta’. Ruhlen treats Plains Geta’ and Hill Geta’ as separate languages. Lexical similarity: 68%–93% among dialects, 27%–37% with Bondo [bfw] varieties, 22%–28% with Gadaba Gutob [gbj] dialect.
bfw	Bondo	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Gutob-Remo-Geta’, Gutob-Remo	India	Odisha state: Malkangiri district, Khoirput sub-district, Bondo Hills	9,000 (2002 SIL). 5,570 Upper Bondo and 3,500 Lower Bondo. Few Lower Bondo are monolingual	6b* (Threatened)	Bhonda Bhasha, Bonda, Bondo-Poraja, Nanqa Poroja, Poraja Katha, Remo, Remosum		Upper Bondo, Lower Bondo. Lexical similarity: 70%–94% with other Bondo varieties, 45%–51% with Gutob Gadaba [gbj], 22%–32% with Upper Gata’ [gaq] (Didayi).
gbj	Gadaba, Bodo	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Gutob-Remo-Geta’, Gutob-Remo	India	Andhra Pradesh state: Visakhapatnam district; Odisha state: Koraput district, Lamtaput sub-district, 40 villages; Malkangiri district, Khoirput sub-district	8,000 (2000 IICCC). All Gadaba: 41,000 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened)	Boi Gadaba, Gadba, Gadwa, Godwa, Gudwa, Gutob, Gutop		Birong Raji, Kinda Raji, Lamtaput, Koraput. Dialects mutually intelligible. Speakers in Lamtaput block have 89%–94% intelligibility in Tikrapada and Audipoda villages. Intelligibility of the Hanumal village variety is less. Lexical similarity: 69%–89% among 7 varieties in Odisha, 90% between listed dialects.
pcj	Parenga	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Sora-Juray-Gorum, Gorum	India	Odisha state: Mayurbhanj district	20 (2011 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 12,600 (2001 census). In Odisha	8b (Nearly extinct)	Gadaba, Gorum, Gorum Sama, Pareng, Parenga Parja, Parengi, Parenji, Poroja
juy	Juray	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Sora-Juray-Gorum, Sora-Juray	India	Odisha state	801,000 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Reportedly most similar to Sora [srb].
srb	Sora	Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Sora-Juray-Gorum, Sora-Juray	India	Andhra Pradesh state: Srikakulam district; Assam state: Plains division; Odisha state: Ganjam, Koraput, and Phulbani districts; Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal states	410,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Sabar, Sabara, Saonras, Saora, Saura, Savara, Sawaria, Shabari, Soura, Swara
kfb	Kolami, Northwestern	Dravidian, Central, Kolami-Naiki	India	Maharashtra state: Nanded, Wardha, and Yavatmal districts; Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh states	128,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Kolam, Kolamboli, Kolami, Kolamy, Kolmi, Kulme	कोलामी‎ (Kolami)	Madka-Kinwat, Pulgaon, Wani, Maregaon. Northwestern [kfb] and Southeastern Kolami [nit] not inherently intelligible. Neither is intelligible of Bodo Parja [bdv], Gadaba [gau], or Pottangi Ollar Gadaba [gdb]. Lexical similarity: 61%–68% with Southeastern Kolami [nit].
nit	Kolami, Southeastern	Dravidian, Central, Kolami-Naiki	India	Maharashtra state: Chandrapur and Nanded districts; Telangana state: Adilabad district	10,000 (1989 F. Blair). 1,500 speakers of Naiki (Van Driem 2007)	6b* (Threatened)			Metla-Kinwat, Utnur, Asifabad, Naiki. Not intelligible with Northwestern Kolami [kfb]. Rao (1950) reports another dialect in Chinnoor and Sirpur taluks of Adilabad District. The Naiki dialect is different from Naikri (Zvelebil 1970:13). Lexical similarity: 85%–88% with Naiki and other Southeastern Kolami dialects, 83% with the Metla-Kinwat and Utnur, 86% with Asifabad and Utnur, 60%–74% with Northwestern Kolami [kfb].
gau	Gadaba, Mudhili	Dravidian, Central, Parji-Gadaba	India	Andhra Pradesh state: Vizianagaram district, Salur and Pachipenta sub-districts; Srikakulam and Vishakhapatnam districts	8,000 (2000 IICCC). All Gadaba: 41,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Gadaba, Gol Gadaba, Kondekar, Kondko		93%–98% intelligibility among dialects. Lexical similarity: 84%–94% between dialects. Different from Dravidian Mudhili Gadaba [gau] and Pottangi Ollar Gadaba [gdb].
gdb	Gadaba, Pottangi Ollar	Dravidian, Central, Parji-Gadaba	India	Odisha state: Koraput district, Nandapur and Pottangi sub-districts	15,000 (2002 M. Kurian). All Gadaba: 41,000 (2011 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Allar, Gadaba, Gadba, Hallari, Hollar Gadbas, Konekor, Konekor Gadaba, Mundli, Ollar Gadaba, Ollari, Ollaro, San Gadaba, Sano		None known. Lexical similarity: 69%–80% with 4 varieties in Odisha; 42%–47% with 1 variety in Andhra Pradesh; 52%–62% with Mudhili Gadaba [gau] in Andhra Pradesh.
pci	Duruwa	Dravidian, Central, Parji-Gadaba	India	Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district, southeast Jagdalpur sub-district; Odisha state: Koraput district	52,300 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 100,000 (1986). 65% in Bastar, 35% in Koraput	6a* (Vigorous)	Dhruva, Dhurwa, Durva, Paraja, Parajhi, Parjhi, Parji, Tagara, Thakara, Tugara		Tiriya, Nethanar, Dharba, Kukanar. Nethanar dialect is central. Lexical similarity: 90%–96% with dialects, 70%–82% with Halbi [hlb].
kru	Kurux	Dravidian, Northern	India	Chhattisgarh state: Raigarh and Surguja districts; Jharkhand state: Ranchi district; Odisha state: Jharsuguda and Sundargarh districts; West Bengal state: Jalpaigiri district; Assam, Bihar, and Tripura states	1,990,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 2,044,200	5* (Developing)	Kadukali, Kurka, Kurukh, Urang, Uraon	कुड़ुख़‎ (Kudukh)	Oraon. Kisan [xis] and the Oraon dialect have 73% intelligibility. Oraon becoming standard. Related to Kumarbhag Paharia [kmj]. Somec differences from Nepali Kurux [kxl], but mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: 70%–80% with Nepali Kurux [kxl].
kxl	Kurux, Nepali	Dravidian, Northern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Bara, Jhapa, Morang, Parsa, Siraha, and Sunsari districts	33,700 (2011 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2002 UNESCO)	6a (Vigorous)	Kurukh, Kurukha, Kurux, Oraon, Orau, Uranw, Uraon, Urau, Uraw, “Dhagar” (pej.), “Dhangar” (pej.), “Jangad” (pej.), “Janghard” (pej.), “Jhangad” (pej.), “Jhangar” (pej.), “Jhanger” (pej.)	उरावँ‎ (urāvam̐), कुडुख‎ (kuḍukh)	None known. 83%–92% intelligible with Kurux [kru] in India and Bangladesh. Lexical similarity: 70%–80% with Kurux [kru].
brh	Brahui	Dravidian, Northern	Afghanistan	Helmand and Kandahar provinces: Chakhansoor to Shorawak among the Balochi [bgn]	200,000 in Afghanistan (Dupree 1980), increasing	6a (Vigorous)	Birahui, Biravi, Brahuiki, Kur Galli, Kurd Gali
brh	Brahui	Dravidian, Northern	Iran	Sistan and Baluchestan province: central, including Zahedan	22,000 in Iran (2014 J. Leclerc), increasing	6b* (Threatened)	Barahui, Birahui, Brahudi, Kur Galli		Jharawan (Jhalawan), Kalat, Sarawan.
brh	Brahui	Dravidian, Northern	Pakistan	Balochistan and Sindh provinces: east in Kalat and Quetta region	3,060,000 in Pakistan (2016). Total users in all countries: 3,283,600	5* (Developing)	Birahui, Brahuidi, Brahuigi, Kur Galli	براہوئی‎ (brāhūʾī)	Jharawan, Kalat, Sarawan. Kalat is standard dialect, Jharawan is lowland. Low percentage of lexical similarity with surrounding languages.
xis	Kisan	Dravidian, Northern	India	Jharkhand state: Palamu district; Odisha state: Sambalpur and Sundargarh districts; West Bengal state: Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts	206,000 (2011 census)	5 (Developing)	Birhor, Koda, Kola, Kora, Kuda, Kunha, Kunhar, Kunna, Kunrukh, Kunuk, Mirdha, Morva, Nagesia, Nageswar
kmj	Kumarbhag Paharia	Dravidian, Northern	India	Jharkhand state: Godda district, Sundar Pahardi sub-district; Pakaur district except southernmost block; Odisha state: Mayurbhanj; West Bengal state: Bankura, Barddhaman, and Murshidabad districts	12,500 (Bhaskararao 2006)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kumar, Mad, Mal, Maler, Malti, Malto, Maltu, Paharia, Pahariya		None known. Low comprehension of Mal Paharia [mkb]. Related to Kurux [kru]. Lexical similarity: 80% with Mal Paharia [mkb].
kru	Kurux	Dravidian, Northern	Bangladesh	Rangpur division: Dinajpur, Panchagarn, Rangpur, Saidpur and Thakurgaon districts’ areas	50,000 in Bangladesh (2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000 (2011)	6b (Threatened)	Kurukh, Oraoan, Uraon
kru	Kurux	Dravidian, Northern	Bhutan	Chhukha and Samtse districts: probably scattered small groups	4,200 in Bhutan (2002)	6b* (Threatened)	Kurukh, Oraoan, Uraon
mjt	Sauria Paharia	Dravidian, Northern	Bangladesh	Rajshahi division: northwest of city, also near Singra; Rangpur division: south of Rangpur city	7,000 in Bangladesh (2007)	7 (Shifting)	Malto, Paharia
mjt	Sauria Paharia	Dravidian, Northern	India	Bihar state: Bhagalpur; Jharkhand state: Godda and Sahibganj districts, Rajmahal hills; Pakaur district, Litipara sub-district; West Bengal state: Murshidabad district	235,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 242,000	5* (Developing)	Malatri, Maler, Malti, Malto, Maltu, Rajmahali, Sawriya Malto	सौरिया पहाड़िया‎ (sauriya pahaadiya)	Sahibganj, Godda, Hiranpur, Litipara (Chatgam). Some intelligibility of Kumarbhag Paharia [kmj]. Lexical similarity: 80% with Kumarbhag Paharia [kmj].
gno	Gondi, Northern	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat, Betul, Chhindwara, Mandla, and Seoni districts; Maharashtra state: Amravati, Bhandara, Nagpur, Wardha, and Yavatmal districts	1,950,000 (1997 BSI). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census)	5 (Developing)	Gaudi, Ghond, Godi, Gondi, Gondiva, Gondu, Gondwadi, Goondile, Goudi, Goudwal		Betul, Chhindwara, Mandla, Seoni, Amravati, Bhandara, Nagpur, Yavatmal. Inherent intelligibility between dialects 94%–97%. Speakers tested in other dialects understood Amravati 94%–97%; Betul 83%–96%, and Seoni 82%–97%. 58%–78% intelligibility of Adilabad Gondi [wsg] and Aheri Gondi [esg]. Different from Muria [hlb], Maria [mrr] of Garhchiroli, Dandami Maria [daq], and Koya [kff]. Lexical similarity: 58%–90% among dialects. A member of macrolanguage Gondi [gon].
nbg	Nagarchal	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat, Chhindwara, Mandla, and Seoni districts	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted to Hindi [hin] or Northern Gondi [gno] by 1981 (Ishtiaq 1999)	10 (Extinct)	Nagar, Nagarchi
wsg	Gondi, Adilabad	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Maharashtra state: south Chandrapur, Nanded, and Yavatmal districts; Telangana state: Adilabad, north Karimnagar, and Warrangal districts	300,000 (2015 M. Penny). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Gunjala Gondi, Koyang, Nirmal, Raj Gond, Telugu Gondi	కోయంగ్‎ (Koyang), గోండి‎ (Gondi)	Utnoor Gondi, Rajura. Intelligibility of Northern Gondi [gno] 49%–58%. A member of macrolanguage Gondi [gon].
mrr	Maria	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district, Narayanpur and Bijapur sub-districts, administrative block of 200 villages known as ‘Abujhmar block’; Maharashtra state: Garhchiroli (Chanda) district, Bhamragad, Etapalli, and Sironcha sub-districts	165,000 (2000). 141,000 Maria and 23,700 Hill Maria; All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Hill Maria, Madi, Madia, Madiya, Modh, Modi		Abujmaria (Abujhmadia, Abujhmaria, Abujmar Maria, Abujmariya, Hill Maria), Adewada, Bhamani Maria (Bhamani), Etapally Maria. Etapally Maria dialect is apparently understood by all. Distinct from Muria, Dandami Maria [daq], Northern Gondi [gno], Adilabad Gondi [wsg], Aheri Gondi [esg], and Koya [kff]. 76%–77% intelligibility of other Gondi varieties. Muria Gondi [mut] is intelligible of Abujmaria around Narainpur area but not elsewhere. Distinct from Maria dialect of Chanda District in Maharashtra (Natarajan 1985). Intelligibility 90%–100% of Bhamragarh dialect by other Maria speakers. Maria is intelligible to the Gatte Maria, an ethnic group. Lexical similarity: 59%–80% among dialects (1991 survey), 65%–98% (1999 survey).
fmu	Muria, Far Western	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Chhattisgarh state: Rajnandgaon district, Mahola and Manpur sub-districts; Maharashtra state: Garhchiroli district, Armori, Dhanora, Korchi, and Kurkheda sub-districts; Gondia district, Jamdi sub-district	400,000 (2007). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Gondi, Koitor Boli, Koitori		None known. 79%–88% intelligibility of other Muria languages; 74% of Dandami Maria [daq], 0% to 34% of Northern Gondi [gno], 6%–50% of Aheri Gondi [esg] and Adilabad Gondi [wsg], 2%–70% of Maria [mrr]. Lexical similarity: 72%–80% with Western Muria [mut]; 65%–75% with Eastern Muria [emu].
mut	Muria, Western	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district, Narayanpur and Uttar Bastar Kanker districts; Maharashtra state: Gadchiroli	400,000 (2000 IICCC). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Jhoria, Mudia, Muria Gondi		Sonapal, Banchapai, Dhanora. 80%–96% intelligibility among dialects, 69%–73% of Eastern Muria [emu], 51%–78% of Far Western Muria [fmu]. No intelligibility of Dandami Maria [daq], Northern Gondi [gno], Adilabad Gondi [wsg], Aheri Gondi [esg] or Maria [mrr]. Lexical similarity: 72%–80% with Far Western Muria [fmu]; 74%–77% with Eastern Muria [emu].
esg	Gondi, Aheri	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Maharashtra state: Gadchiroli district; Telangana state: Adilabad district	150,000 (2015 B. Kurian). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census)	5 (Developing)	Koyam, Raj Gond	कोयम‎ (Koyam), गोंडी‎ (Gondi)	Sironcha, Etapally Gondi, Bhamragarh. Sironcha dialect understood best by the others, with 73%–98% intelligibility. 49%–58% intelligibility of Northern Gondi [gno]. Lexical similarity: 34%–43% with Adilabad Gondi [wsg]. A member of macrolanguage Gondi [gon].
kwx	Khirwar	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Chhattisgarh state: Surguja district, at Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh borders	25,800 (2011 census). Census uses Kalari as the name	6a* (Vigorous)	Kalari, Kherwari, Khirwara
daq	Maria, Dandami	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Andhra Pradesh state: Bijapur, Chhattisgarh, and Daksin Bastar Dantewada districts; Maharashtra state: Garhichiroli district; Telangana state: Khamman district	200,000 (2000). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Bastar Koya, Bison Horn Maria, Dandami Madiya, Dhuru, Madiya, Maria Gond		None known. Those in Geedam and Bailadila have 95%–98% mutual intelligibility, 81% of the Sukma variety, but 18%–21% of Maria [mrr], 18%–45% of Muria in Sukma understood the Geedam variety at 81% or lower; those in Bailadila understood Sukma at 92%. May be more than one language. Distinct from Northern Gondi [gno], Adilabad Gondi [wsg], Aheri Gondi [esg], Maria of Garhchiroli, and Koya [kff].
emu	Muria, Eastern	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district, Keshkal and Kondagaon sub-districts; Odisha state: Nabarangapur district, Raigarh sub-district	200,000 (2007). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous)			Raigarh, Lanjoda. 95% intelligibility between dialects; 73%–83% of Western Muria [mut]; 19%–34% of Northern Gondi [gno]; 35% of Dandami Maria [daq]. Lexical similarity: 74%–77% with Western Muria [mut], 65%–75% with Far Western Muria [fmu].
pch	Pardhan	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi	India	Andhra Pradesh state; Chhattisgarh state: Bilaspur, Raipur, and Surguja districts; Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat, Betul, Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Mandla, and Seoni districts; Maharashtra state: Bhandara, Garhchiroli, Nagpur, Wardha, and Yavatmal districts; Telangana state: possibly in Adilbad district	135,000 (2007). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 347,000	6b* (Threatened)	Pradhan, Pradhani
kfc	Konda-Dora	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Konda	India	Andhra Pradesh state: East Godavari, Srikakulam, and Vizianagaram districts (Konda-Dora); Odisha state: Koraput district (Kubi); Assam state	60,700 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Konda, Kubi, Porja	కొండ‎ (Konda)	Konda-Dora (Konda), Kubi. Konda and Kubi dialects mutually inherently intelligible. Lexical similarity: 83% between Konda-Dora and Kubi dialect, 28%–36% with Telugu [tel].
mmk	Mukha-Dora	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Konda	India	Andhra Pradesh state: Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, and Vizianagaram districts; Adivasi Oriya, scattered	29,700 (1991 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Conta-Reddi, Mukha Dhora, Nooka Dora, Nuka-Dora, Reddi, Reddi-Dora, Riddi
kff	Koya	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Kui-Kuvi	India	Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district; Maharashtra state; Odisha state: Koraput district, Malkangiri subdistrict; Telangana state: south of Godavari river, adjoining districts north of the river	455,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Kavor, Kaya, Koa, Koi, Koi Gondi, Koitar, Koyato, Koyi, Raj Koya	Koya, कोया‎ (Koya), కోయ‎ (Koya)	Malkangiri Koya, Podia Koya (Gotte Koya), Jaganathapuram Koya (Godavari Koya, Gommu Koya), Dorli (Chintoor Koya, Dor Koi, Dora, Dora Koi, Dorla Koitur, Dorla Koya, Korla). Linguistic center is Chintoor. Malkangiri and Podia are more divergent. Separate from Northern Gondi [gno], Adilabad Gondi [wsg], and Aheri Gondi [esg].
kxu	Kui	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Kui-Kuvi	India	Odisha state: Ganjam, Kandhamal, and possibly Koraput districts; Ganjam, Udayagiri area; Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu states	941,000 (2011 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Kanda, Kandh, Khond, Khondi, Khondo, Kodu, Kodulu, Kuinga, Kuy		Khondi, Gumsai.
kxv	Kuvi	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Kui-Kuvi	India	Odisha state: Ganjam, Kalahandi, Koraput, and Phulbani districts; Andhra Pradesh state: Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, and Vizianagaram districts	176,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Jatapu, Khondh, Khondi, Kond, Kuvi Kond, Kuvinga, Kuwi	కువి‎ (Kuvi)	Laxmipur, Rayagada, Dongria Khond.
mha	Manda	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Manda-Pengo	India	Odisha state: Kalahandi district, Thuamul Rampur subdivision	4,040 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)
peg	Pengo	Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Manda-Pengo	India	Odisha state: Kalahandi district; Koraput district, Dasamantapur and Nandapur sub-districts; Nabarangapur district, Pappadahandi sub-district; Rayagada district, Kashipur sub-district	Ethnic population: 350,000 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Hengo, Pengu		Indi, Awe.
cde	Chenchu	Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu	India	Karnataka and Odisha states; Telangana state: mostly Kurnool district, Nallamalla hills	26,000 (2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Chenchucoolam, Chenchwar, Chensulu, Chenswar, Choncharu
mju	Manna-Dora	Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu	India	Andhra Pradesh state: Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, and Vizianagaram districts, scattered in East Godavari and West Godavari districts; perhaps in Tamil Nadu state	Ethnic population: 30,000	8b (Nearly extinct)
tel	Telugu	Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu	India	Mainly Andhra Pradesh state; Chhattisgarh state: Bijapur; Karnataka state: Bangalore Rural, Bellary, east Bidar, Chikkaballapura, Chitradurga, Gulbarga, all of Kolar, Raichur, Tumkur, and Yadgir; Maharashtra state: Gadchiroli district, eastern enclaves; Puducherry union territory; Odisha state: Gajapati, Koraput, Malkangiri, and Rayagada; Tamil Nadu state: Thirvallur and Vellore	91,900,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 80,900,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 11,000,000 (2001 census). Total users in all countries: 93,040,340 (as L1: 82,040,340; as L2: 11,000,000)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Andhra Pradesh State; Puducherry Union Territory, Andaman and Nicobar islands (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII)	Andhra, Tailangi, Telangire, Telegu, Telgi, Tengu, Terangi, Tolangan, “Gentoo” (pej.)	తెలుగు‎ (Telugu)	Berad, Dasari, Dommara, Golari, Kamathi, Komtao, Konda-Reddi, Salewari, Telangana, Telugu, Vadaga, Srikakula, Vishakhapatnam, East Godaveri, Rayalseema, Nellore, Guntur, Vadari, Yanadi (Yenadi).
tel	Telugu	Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu	Singapore	Scattered	540 in Singapore (2004 J. Leclerc)	5* (Dispersed)
wbq	Waddar	Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu	India	Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states; Maharashtra state: Jalgaon district	198,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: In India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka about 3 million (2003 IMA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Od, Orh, Vadari, Vadda Beldar, Werders, Wodde
pty	Pathiya	Dravidian, Southern	India	Kerala state: Wayanad district, Cheramkolli, Kazhambu, Mathamangalam, Thekkumpatta, and Thelampatta villages	1,000 (2004 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. It has been reported that they speak Malayalam [mal] mixed with Kannada [kan] words (Menon 1996:313; Shashi and Shri 1994, Vol. 11). Lexical similarity: 88% with Kalanadi [wkl], 83% with Kunduvadi [wku], 72% with Malayalam [mal], 79% with Paniya [pcg], 76%–80% with Mullu Kurumba [kpb], 70%–74% with Wayanad Kurichiya.
wkb	Kumbaran	Dravidian, Southern	India	Kerala state: Kozhikode, Malappuram, and Wayanad districts, Ernakkulam, Kannur, Palakkad, and Trissur; all states in peninsular India	10,000 (2004 NLCI)	6b (Threatened)	Adi Andhra, Kusavan		None known. Reportedly cannot understand Telugu [tel] on Wayanad District radio. Lexical similarity: 48% with Telugu [tel].
wku	Kunduvadi	Dravidian, Southern	India	Kerala state: Kozhikode district, Vythiri sub-district, Cheeyambam, Irulambam, Manaluvayal, Pakkam, and Porakady villages; Wayanad district, Pulpalli, Purakkadi, and Puthadi villages	1,000 (2004 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			Similar to Malayalam [mal] but with peculiar intonation and dialect virtually unintelligible to others (Shashi and Shri 1994, Menon 1996). Lexical similarity: 65% with Malayalam [mal], 61% with Aranadan [aaf], 83% with Pathiya [pty], 81% with Kalanadi [wkl].
pkr	Kurumba, Attapady	Dravidian, Southern	India	Kerala state: Palakkad district, Attapady sub-district	1,370 (1991 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Kurumba, Pal Kurumba		None known. Separate from Alu Kurumba [xua] and Kurumba Kannada [kfi]. Despite dissimilarity between Kurumba, Muduga [udg], and Irula [iru], each group uses their mother tongue to communicate with each other. Lexical similarity: 82% with Muduga [udg]; 61%–70% with Irula [iru], 50% with Alu Kurumba [xua], 52% with Kurumba Kannada, 55% with Malayalam [mal], 58% with Tamil [tam].
udg	Muduga	Dravidian, Southern	India	Kerala state: Palakkad district, Mannarkad sub-district, Attapady block, Abbannuru, Chandakulam, Chitturu, Chundakki, Kakkuppady, Kallamale, Karuvare, Koravanpady, Kottamale, Kottiyuru, Molakambi, Mukkali, Ommale, Pettikkallu, Thazhachundakki, Thekkumpanna, Ummathupadiga, and Veeranuru; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore and Nilgiris	3,370 (1991 census). National census population figures combine Muduga of Attapady with Muthuvan, who, despite the similarity of the spelling of their ethnonym, are entirely different and separated by geographic and cultural distance (Menon 1996)	6a (Vigorous)	Mudugar		Also influenced by Kannada [kan] and Tulu [tcy]. Has grammatical similarities with Tamil [tam], but cannot be treated as a dialect. It is distinct in the Dravidian family (Menon 1996:274 citing Rajendran). No dialects determined on survey. Lexical similarity: 55%–57% with Malayalam [mal], 59% with Muthuvan [muv], 60% with Tamil [tam], 75% with the Attapady dialect of Irula [iru], 82%–83% with Attapady Kurumba [pkr].
wkl	Kalanadi	Dravidian, Southern	India	Kerala state: Wayanad district, southwest	750 (2004 survey)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Malayalam [mal], 74% with Paniya [pcg], 72%–75% with Wayanad Kurichiya [kfh], 79%–83% with Mullu Kurumba [kpb], 88% with Pathiya [pty], 81% with Kunduvadi [wku].
kfh	Kurichiya	Dravidian, Southern	India	Kerala state: Kannur, Kozhikode, and Wayanad districts, Mananthavady and Vythiri sub-districts in Wayanad	29,400 (2004 survey). Ethnic population: 32,800 (2001 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Kowohans, Kurichchan, Kurichchia, Kurichia, Kurichiyars, Kuruchans		Kunnam, Wayanad. Lexical similarity: 60%–66% between dialects; Wayanad dialect 67%–71% with Malayalam [mal].
kan	Kannada	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada	India	Mainly Goa and Karnataka states; Andhra Pradesh state: Anantapur; Maharashtra state: Latur district; Tamil Nadu and Kerala states; small border areas of last 4 states	56,400,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 43,500,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 12,900,000 (2001 census). Total users in all countries: 56,463,310 (as L1: 43,563,310; as L2: 12,900,000)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Karnataka (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII)	Banglori, Canarese, Havyaka, Kanarese, “Madrassi” (pej.)	ಕನ್ನಡ‎ (Kannaḍa)	Bellary, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Kumta, Aine Kuruba, Jeinu Kuruba, Nanjangud. About 20 dialects; Badaga [bfq] may be one.
url	Urali	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada	India	Kerala state: Idukki district, Memari and Vanchivayal villages	No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 6,440 (2001 census)	9 (Dormant)	Oorazhi, Uraly, Urli		None known. Shares features with Tamil [tam], Irula [iru], and Kannada [kan] (Lal 1991). Lexical similarity: 60%–71% with Malayalam [mal], 54%–58% with Tamil [tam].
bfq	Badaga	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada	India	Kerala state: Malappuram district; Tamil Nadu state: Nilgiris district, Kunda hills, 200 villages	134,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Badag, Badagu, Baduga, Badugu, Vadagu	Badaga, ಬಡಗ‎ (Badaga)
hoy	Holiya	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada	India	Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat and Seoni districts; Karnataka and Maharashtra states	500 (2002 survey)	6b* (Threatened)	Gohllaru, Golari-Kannada, Holar, Holari, Hole, Holian, Holu
xuj	Kurumba, Jennu	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Kodagu	India	Andhra Pradesh state; Karnataka state: Mysore and Kodagu districts; Kerala state: Wayanad district. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states’ border; east of Kerala state border; North Nilgiri Hills	35,000 (IMA 1997)	6a* (Vigorous)	Jen Kurumba, Jennu Kurumba, Jennu Nudi, Kattu Nayaka, Naik Kurumba, Naikan, Nonstandard Kannada, Shola Nayakan, Ten Kurumba		Possibly the same as Jeinu Kuruba dialect of Kannada [kan]. Lexical similarity: 61%–83% among varieties called Jennu Kurumba, less than 60% with Betta Kurumba [xub] dialects.
kfa	Kodava	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Kodagu	India	Karnataka state: Coorg (Kodagu) and Mysore districts, Mercara area; Kerala state: Wayanad district	114,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 200,000. 100,000 in Kodagu District; 100,000 in Karnataka District and major cities	5* (Developing)	Coorg, Coorgi Kodava, Kadagi, Khurgi, Kodagu, Kotagu, Kurja, Kurug	ಕೊಡವ‎ (Kodava)	None known. May be more than 1 language. 66% intelligibility of Malappuram [pcg]. Lexical similarity: 72% with Malappuram Paniya [pcg].
xua	Kurumba, Alu	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Kodagu	India	Tamil Nadu state: east Nilgiri Hills	2,500 (1997)	6a* (Vigorous)	Alu Kurumba Nonstandard Kannada, Hal Kurumba, Pal Kurumba		None known. Lexical similarity: 80% between Alu Nonstandard Kannada and Pal varieties.
kfi	Kurumba, Kannada	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Kodagu	India	Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district, Pollachi; Dindigul district, Sirumalai and Palani; Teni district, Cumbum Valley; Chingalpattu, Dharmapuri, Salem, and Vellore districts; Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh states	180,000 (2000)	5 (Developing)	Canarese, Kannada, Korambar, Kuramwari, Kuremban, Kuruba, Kuruban, Kurubar, Kurubas Kuruma, Kuruman, Kurumans, Kurumar, Kurumba, Kurumban, Kurumbar, Kurumbas, Kurumvari, Palu Kurumba, Southern Nonstandard Kannada	கன்னட‎ (Kannada)	Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Pudukottai.
kpb	Kurumba, Mullu	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Kodagu	India	Kerala state: Wayanad district, Sulthan Bathery and Vythiri sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: Nilgiri district, Gudalur sub-districts, Cherangodu and Erumad villages, 10 hamlets	26,000 (2004 survey). 25,000 in Wayanad; 1,000 in Gudalur of Nilgiri	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Lexical similarity: 89%–92% between Mullu Kurumba varieties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, 73%–77% with Malayalam [mal], 56%–65% with Tamil [tam], 22%–36% with Kannada Kurumba [kfi], 29%–41% with other Kurumba languages.
mjv	Mannan	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam	India	Kerala state: Idukki district, Devikulam, Pirmed, and Udumpanchola sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: scattered in Madurai district	7,850 (2001 census). 7,760 in Kerala, 82 in Tamil Nadu. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Shaw 2008)	6b (Threatened)	Inavan petch, Mannan Pasha, Manne, Mannyod		Little variation between varieties with 92% intelligibility, 70% intelligibility of Malayalam [mal]. Lexical similarity: 86%–96% between varieties, 57%–61% with Tamil [tam], 56%–64% with Malayalam [mal].
kej	Kadar	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam	India	Kerala state: Thrissur district; Palakkad district, Chittoor sub-district; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district	1,960 (2004 survey), decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Kada		None known. Phonology related to Tamil [tam] and vocabulary related to Malayalam [mal] (Menon 1996). Lexical similarity: 56%–62% with Tamil [tam], 62%–65% with Malayalam [mal], 67% with Mala Malasar [ima], 61%–63 % with Kanikkaran [kev].
pcg	Paniya	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam	India	Karnataka state: Kodagu district; Kerala state: Kannur, Kozhikode, Malappuram, and Wayanad districts; Tamil Nadu state: west of Nilgiris hills	22,800 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Nil, Pania, Paniyan, Panyah	பணிய‎ (Paniya), പാണിയ‎ (Paniya)	Intelligibility of Malappura Paniya by Kodava [kfa] is 66%. Lexical similarity: 79%–88% between dialects and Malappuram Paniya, 71% with Kodaku [ksz] and Kodava [kfa].
aaf	Aranadan	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam	India	Kerala state: Kozhihkode district, Ernad sub-district; Malappuram district, Nilambur sub-district; Palakkad district; Karnataka and Tamil Nada states	200 (2001 census). Census did not include all people in interior settlements	6b (Threatened)	Aranatan, Arnatas, Eranadans		None known. Lexical similarity: 63%–69% with Malayalam [mal], 53%–55% with Tamil [tam].
mjp	Malapandaram	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam	India	Kerala state: Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts, some in Kottayam and Palakkad districts; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore, Maduari, and Villupuram districts	5,850 (2001 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Hill Pantaram, Malapantaram, Malepantaram, Pandaram Basha		None known. Lexical similarity: 83%–94% between varieties in Kerala, 63%–68% with Malayalam [mal], 64%–68% with Tamil [tam].
mjq	Malaryan	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam	India	Kerala state: scattered in Ernakulam, Idukki, Kottayam, and Thrissur districts	No known L1 speakers. Dormant by 2000s. Ethnic population: 35,000 (2001 census)	9 (Dormant)	Arayans, Karingal, Malai Arayan, Malayarayan, Malayarayar, Male Arayans, Maley Arayan, Vazhiyammar
mjr	Malavedan	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam	India	Kerala state: Ernakulam, Idukki, Kollam, Kottayam, Pathanamthitta, and Trivandrum districts; Tamil Nadu state: scattered in Dindigul, Kanniyakumari, Madurai, Nilgiris, Salem, and Tirunelveli districts	Ethnic population: 12,600 (2001 census). Total population unknown. 6,190 in Kerala, 6,410 in Tamil Nadu (2001 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Malai Vedan, Malavetan, Towetan, Veda Bhasha, Vedans, Vettava Bhasha		Vetan, Vettuvan. Lexical similarity: 64%–68% with Malayalam [mal], 48%–52% with Tamil [tam].
mal	Malayalam	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam	India	Karnataka state: Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, and Mysore districts; Kerala and Lakshadweep states; Puducherry state: Mahe; Tamil Nadu state: Colimbatore, The Nilgiris, and Tirunelveli districts	35,495,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 34,800,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 695,000 (2001 census). Total users in all countries: 37,829,870 (as L1: 37,134,870; as L2: 695,000)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Kerala State; union territories Lakshadweep and Puducherry (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII)	Alealum, Malayalani, Malayali, Malean, Maliyad, Mallealle, Mopla	മലയാളം‎ (Malayāḷam)	Malabar, Nagari-Malayalam, Malayalam, South Kerala, Central Kerala, North Kerala, Kayavar, Namboodiri, Moplah (Mapilla), Pulaya, Nasrani, Nayar, Kasargod. Caste and communal dialects: Namboodiri, Nayar, Moplah, Pulaya, Nasrani. Mapilla is among the most divergent dialects, differing considerably from literary Malayalam.
mal	Malayalam	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam	Singapore	Scattered	26,300 in Singapore (2010 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Alealum, Malayal, Malayalani, Malean, Maliyad, Mallealle, Mopla
pcf	Paliyan	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam	India	Karnataka state; Kerala state: Idukki district, Pirmed sub-district, Chakkupallam, Kumily, and Vandanmedu areas; Ernakulam and Kottayam districts; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore, Dindigul, Madurai, Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Thanjavur, and Tirunelveli districts	9,520 (2001 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Makkal, Malai Paliyar, Palani, Palaya, Palayan, Paliyar, Palleyan, Palliyar, Poliyar, Seramar, Tamil		Mala Pulayan (Hill Pulaya, Karavazhi). Lexical similarity: 71%–75% with Tamil [tam], 62%–65% with Malayalam [mal], 79%–85% with Mala Pulayan [pcf].
yea	Ravula	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam	India	Karnataka state: Kodagu district; Kerala state: Kannur district; Wayanad district, Mananthavadi sub-district	26,900 (2007). 25,000 Yerava and 1,900 Adiya. Ethnic population: 47,000 (2007)	5* (Developing)	Adiya, Adiyan, Iryavula, Panjiri Yerava, Yerava, Yoruba		Adiya, Pani Yerava, Panjiri Yerava. 93%–94% dialect intelligibility between Yerava and Adiya dialects. Pani Yerava may be a dialect of Ravula or of Paniya [pcg]. Lexical similarity: 83%–98% among Yerava and Adiya varieties, 53%–61% with standard Malayalam [mal], 35%–40% with Badaga [bfq], 32%–42% with colloquial Kannada [kan], 66%–74% Pani Yerava dialect with the Adiya and Yerava dialects.
iru	Irula	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	India	Kerala state: Palakkad district, Attapady and Walayar sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Periyar districts; Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states	11,900 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 200,000 (2003 E. Udayakumar)	7 (Shifting)	Erukala, Irava, Irulan, Irular, Irular Mozhi, Irulavan, Iruliga, Iruligar, Kad Chensu, Korava	இருளா‎ (Irula)	Mele Nadu Irula (Malanadu, Southern Irula), Northern Irula (Kasaba, Kasava, Kasuba), Vette Kada Irula (Irula Pallar, Vettakada), Irula Urali, Attapady Irula, Walayar Irula (Urali Irula).; Vette Kada 73% intelligibility of Mele Nadu; Northern Irula 83% of Mele Nadu; no intelligibility of Tamil [tam] (1993 Irula survey); Vette Kada 94% of Attapady; Walayar 84% of Attapady. (2004 Palakkad survey). Lexical similarity: 78%–86% between Mele Nadu dialect varieties, 67%–70% with Northern Irula, 64%–66% with Vette Kada, 47%–50% with Tamil [tam]. Attapady has 73%–75% with Mele Nadu and 85%–89% with Vette Kada. Walayar has 74%–79% with Attapady, 76% with Vette Kada, and 69% with Mele Nadu.
xub	Kurumba, Betta	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	India	Karnataka state: Chamrajnagar district, Gundlupet sub-district; Kodagu district, Somvarpet and Virarajendrapet sub-districts; Mysore district, Heggadadevanakote and Piriyapatna sub-districts; Kerala state: Wayanad district, Bathery, Mananthavady and Vythiri sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: Nilgiri district, Gudalur and Panthalur sub-districts	32,000 (2003 NLCI), increasing	5* (Developing)	Kadu Bhasha, Kadu Kurumba, Kurubara Bhashe, Nanga Man Pagi, Urali Kurumba	பெட்டக் குறும்பர்‎ (Peṭṭak kuṟumpar)	A nonstandard variety of Tamil [tam] or Kannada [kan]. May be same as Betta Kurumba dialect in Coorg District. Lexical similarity: 59%–77% among groups that are called Betta Kurumba.
era	Eravallan	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	India	Kerala state: Palakkad district, Chittoor sub-district; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district	5,000 (2001). Ethnic population: 5,440 (2001 census). 3,890 in Kerala and 1,560 in Tamil Nadu	6b (Threatened)	Ambuvilluvedar, Villu Vedan, Vilvedan		None known. Lexical similarity: 91% between Eravallan of Coimbatore and of Palakkad, 70%–74% with Tamil [tam], 59%–77% with Irula [iru], 77%–86% with Malasar [ymr].
kep	Kaikadi	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	India	Madhya Pradesh state: Betul district; Maharashtra state: Amravati district	25,900 (2011 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kaikadia, Kaikai, Kokadi
kev	Kanikkaran	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	India	Kerala state: Ernakulam, Koliam, Kozhikode, and Trivandrum districts, Nedumangadu and Neyyattinkara sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: Kanniyakumari and Tirunelveli districts	19,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 19,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Kanikkar, Kannikan, Kannikaran, Kannikharan, Malampashi		None known. Lexical similarity: 71%–80% between Kanikkaran varieties in Kerala, 67%–71% between Kanikkaran in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, 66%–75% with Malayalam [mal], 59%–65% with Tamil [tam].
muv	Muthuvan	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	India	Andhra Pradesh state; Kerala state: Idukki district, Devikulam sub-district, Adimali and Devikulam blocks; Ernakulam, Kannur, Kottayam, Kozhikode, and Thrissur districts; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district, Udumalpet and Valparai sub-districts, Anaimalai hills; Madurai district, Cardamom hills	16,800 (2006 IMB)	6a (Vigorous)	Mudavan, Muduva, Muduvan, Muduvar, Mutuvar, Paanti naattu peeccu		Western Muthuvan (Malayalam Muthuvan, Nattu Muthuvan), Eastern Muthuvan (Pandi Muthuvan, Tamil Muthuvan). Intelligibility 82%–87% between dialects, eastern dialect more intelligible to western than vice versa, 80% intelligibility of Malayalam [mal]. Lexical similarity: 77%–88% between dialects, 62%–67% with Tamil [tam], 58%–68% with Malayalam [mal].
sle	Sholaga	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	India	Karnataka state: Mysore district, Biligiri Rangana hills; Tamil Nadu state	24,000 (2006 IMB)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kadu Sholigar, Sholanayika, Sholiga, Sholigar, Solaga, Solagaru mattu, Solanayakkans, Solega, Soliga, Soligar		None known. Lexical similarity: 65% with Kannada [kan].
tam	Tamil	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	India	Andhra Pradesh state: Chittoor and Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore districts, east Puducherry enclaves; Karnataka state: Chamarajana district; Kerala state: south; assorted border areas; Tamil Nadu state	74,850,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 68,900,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 5,950,000 (2001 census). Total users in all countries: 80,989,130 (as L1: 75,039,130; as L2: 5,950,000)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Tamil Nadu State; union territories Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII)	Damulian, Tamal, Tamalsan, Tambul, Tamili	தமிழ்‎ (Tamiḻ)	Adi Dravida, Aiyar, Aiyangar, Arava, Burgandi, Kongar, Madrasi, Madurai, Tamil, Sri Lanka Tamil, Malaya Tamil, Burma Tamil, South Africa Tamil, Tigalu, Harijan, Sanketi, Hebbar, Mandyam Brahmin, Secunderabad Brahmin. Burgandi are nomadic. Aiyar and Aiyangar are Brahmin dialects. Southern dialect around Madurai is literary standard. Eastern dialect is colloquial standard (Zvelebil 1998). Sanketi dialect in Karnataka used by immigrants from Madurai and Shenkotta in Tamil Nadu. Lexicon greatly influenced by Kannada.
tam	Tamil	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	Malaysia	Widespread: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Putrajaya, Selangor, and Terengganu states	1,300,000 in Malaysia (2012 J. Leclerc). Ethnic population: 1,800,000 (2012 J. Leclerc)	4 (Educational). Statutory language of national identity (1996, Education Act, No. 550, Articles 2 and 18)
tam	Tamil	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	Mauritius	Flacq, Plaines Wilhems, and Savanne districts	1,130 in Mauritius (2012 UNSD)	5* (Dispersed)
tam	Tamil	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	Réunion	Scattered		8a (Moribund)
tam	Tamil	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	Singapore		186,000 in Singapore (2016 census)	1 (National). Statutory national working language (1963, Constitution (amended), Article 153A(1))
tam	Tamil	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	South Africa	KwaZulu-Natal province	250,000 in South Africa (2015 V. Sivasupramaniam). Ethnic population: 1,030,000 (2012 J. Leclerc)	4 (Educational)
tam	Tamil	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	Sri Lanka	Anurdhapura district: north and southwest; Batticaloa, south Baddulla, Galle, Jaffna, west Kandy, Matale, Mannar, northwest Moneragala, Mullaitivu, Nuwara Eliya, Polonnaruwa, Ratnapura, Tincomalee, and Vavuniya districts	3,630,000 in Sri Lanka (2015)	1 (National). Statutory national language (1987, Constitution (amended), Articles 22(1), 24(1)), concentrated in North and East provinces; also in local administration and courts elsewhere
yeu	Yerukula	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil	India	Karnataka, Kerala, and Maharashtra states; Telangana state: Karimagar and north Nizamabad districts; Tamil Nadu state: Chengai Anna, Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Periyar, and Salem	68,500 (2011 census). 10,400 Korava and 58,100 Yerukula (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Erukala, Eruku Bhasha, Korava, Korchi, Kurru Bhasha, Kurutha, Yarukula, Yerkula, Yerukala, Yerukala-Korava, Yerukla, Yerukula-Bhasha		Parikala, Sankara-Yerukala. Lexical similarity: among varieties ranges from 53%–81%, 33%–38% with Irula [iru], 28%–45% with Ravula [yea], 27%–45% with Tamil [tam].
kfe	Kota	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Toda-Kota	India	Tamil Nadu state: Gudalur, Kilkotagiri, Kollimalai, Kotagiri, Kundah, Sholur Kokkal, Trichicady settlements; a few in Aravankavu, Coonoor, Indunagar, Ooty, and Wellington; Chennai	930 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 1,400	6a* (Vigorous)	Knof, Kohatur, Kotar, Kotha, Kother-Tamil, Kotta, Kov, Kowe-Adiwasi, Kuof		Ko Bashai. Lexical similarity: 35% with Badaga [bfq], 38% with Tamil [tam], 36% with Malayalam [mal], 24% with Toda [tcx].
tcx	Toda	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Toda-Kota	India	Tamil Nadu state: Kunda and Nilgiri hills	1,560 (2001 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Todi, Tuda		None known. Lexical similarity: 24% with Kota [kfe], the most similar language.
ctt	Chetti, Wayanad	Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Unclassified	India	Karnataka state: Bavali; Kerala state: Wayanad district, Appapara, Chekadi, Kattikkulam, Panavalli, Pulpalli, Thirunelli, and Tholpetti villages; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore, Nilgiri and Periyar districts	5,000 (2004)	6b* (Threatened)	Chetti, Chetty		None known. Lexical similarity: 62%–76% with Gowder, 65% with Jennu Kurumba [xuj], 52% with Kannada [kan].
brw	Bellari	Dravidian, Southern, Tulu	India	Karnataka state: Mysore district; Kerala state: Wayanad district; scattered in Tamil Nadu state	1,000 (Van Driem 2007)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Related to Tulu [tcy] and Koraga [kfd].
kfg	Kudiya	Dravidian, Southern, Tulu	India	Karnataka state: Dakshina, Kannada, and Kodagu districts; Kerala state: Kannur, and Kasargod districts; Tamil Nadu state	2,800 (2007)	6b* (Threatened)	Male Kudiya
tcy	Tulu	Dravidian, Southern, Tulu	India	Karnataka state: Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts; Kerala state: Kasargod district; scattered in other states	1,850,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Tal, Tallu, Thalu, Thulu, Tilu, Tullu, Tuluva Bhasa	ತುಳು‎ (Tulu), ತುಳು ಭಾಷೆ‎ (Tuḷu bhāṣe)	Northwest Tulu (Mangalore, Udipi), Northeast Tulu (Belthangadi, Kerala), Southwest Tulu (Kasaragod, Manjeswara), South Central Tulu (Bantwal, Puttur), Southeast Tulu (Sullia Subrahmanya), Brahmin Tulu, Common Tulu.
kfd	Koraga, Korra	Dravidian, Southern, Tulu, Koraga	India	Karnataka state: Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi districts; Kerala state: Kannur, and Kasargod districts; possibly Tamil Nadu state	14,000 (2007 census)	6b (Threatened)	Koragar, Koragara, Korangi, Korra		Ande, Onti, Tappu. Related to Tulu [tcy], Bellari [brw]. Not intelligible with Mudu Koraga [vmd], Tulu [tcy], or Kannada [kan]. Structural differences in phonology with Mudu Koraga. According to Bhat (1968), there are 4 dialects: Onti (spoken in Udupi), Tappu (in Hebri), Mudu (in Coondapur), Ande (in Mangalore).
vmd	Koraga, Mudu	Dravidian, Southern, Tulu, Koraga	India	Kerala state: Kasaragod district		6b* (Threatened)	Muudu		None known. Distinct from Korra Koraga [kfd], Tulu [tcy], or Kannada [kan]. Structural differences in phonology with Korra Koraga.
ymr	Malasar	Dravidian, Southern, Unclassified	India	Karnataka state; Kerala state: Palakkad district, Chittoor and Palakkad sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district, Pollachi sub-district	7,760 (2001 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Malayar		None known. Lexical similarity: 68%–74% with Tamil [tam], 79%–83% with Walayar Irula [iru], 77%–86% with Eravallan [era], 57%–61% with Malayalam [mal], 68%–75% with Mala Malasar [ima] (2004 survey); 52%–56% with Malaryan [mjq], 77%–82% between Malasar and Kollimalakkar, Kollimalakkar 80% with Malapulaya (2006 survey).
ima	Mala Malasar	Dravidian, Southern, Unclassified	India	Kerala state: Palakkad district, Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district, Annamalai hills	1,000 (2004)	6a (Vigorous)	Maha Malasar, Malai Malasar, Malasir		Lexical similarity: 68%–74% with Malasar [ymr], 70% with Eravallan [era], 70% with Muduga [udg], 65% with Tamil [tam], 61% with Malayalam [mal], 67%–72% with the Attapady dialect of Irula [iru], 75% with the Walayar dialect of Irula.
thn	Thachanadan	Dravidian, Southern, Unclassified	India	Kerala state: Malappuram district, Nilambur area; Wayanad district, Ambalavayal, Kalpetta, Meppadi, and Muttil sub-districts	3,000 (2004 survey)	6b (Threatened)	Moopan, Thacchanadens, Thachanad Muppans		None known. Lexical similarity: 60%–64% with Malayalam [mal], 50%–54% with Tamil [tam], 66%–72% with Mullu Kurumba [kpb].
ull	Ullatan	Dravidian, Southern, Unclassified	India	Kerala state: Alleppey, Ernakulam, Idukki, Koliam, Kottayam, Palakkad, Pathanamthitta, Thrissur, and Trivandrum districts	No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1990s. Ethnic population: 16,700 (2001 census)	9 (Dormant)	Katan, Kattalan, Kochuvelan, Ulladan
bha	Bharia	Dravidian, Unclassified	India	Chhattisgarh state: Bilaspur, Durg, and Surguja districts; Madhya Pradesh state: Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Datia, Jabalpur, Mandla, Panna, Rewa, Sidhi, and Tikamgarh districts; Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal states	197,000 (1981 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bhar, Bharat, Bhumia, Bhumiya, Paliha		None known. They speak a variety of Hindi [hin] (Singh and Manoharan 1993).
all	Allar	Dravidian, Unclassified	India	Kerala state: Malappuram district, Manjeri and Perinthalmanna sub-districts, Aminikadu, Mannarmala, and Tazhecode; Palakkad district, Mannarkkad and Ottappalam sub-districts	350 (Shashi and Shri 1994)	7 (Shifting)	Aalan, Alan, Alanmar, Alar, Allan, Chatans		None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Malayalam [mal], 59% with Tamil [tam].
bfr	Bazigar	Dravidian, Unclassified	India	Haryana state: Ambala, Kaithal, Karnal, and Kurukshetra; Punjab state: Fatehgarh Sahib district and Patiala; Uttar Pradesh state: Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur	58,200 (1981 census). Ethnic population: 800,000	7 (Shifting)
mjo	Malankuravan	Dravidian, Unclassified	India	Kerala state: Kollam, Kottayam, and Trivandrum districts, Chittar, Kattachira, and Rajanpara in Ranni Range, Pathanamthitta sub-district, Nottakal in Pathanapuram sub-district, Pampa river, Neduvanged sub-district forest tracks; Tamil Nadu state: Kanniyakumari district	18,600 (2001 census). 260 in Kerala, 18,300 in Tamil Nadu	6a* (Vigorous)	Mala Koravan, Malaikuravan, Malakkuravan, Male Kuravan		Malayadiars.
ptq	Pattapu	Dravidian, Unclassified	India	Andhra Pradesh state: Guntur, Prakasam, and Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore districts	200,000 (2013 R. Rebbavarapu)	6a (Vigorous)	Pattapu Bhasha		None known. Lexical similarity: 28% with Tamil [tam].
vis	Vishavan	Dravidian, Unclassified	India	Kerala state: Ernakulam, Kottayam, and Thrissur districts, Parana and Perumuzhi, Moovatupuzha sub-district on Idamala river, Idyara range; Chalakudi river area near Ittyani	150 (Shashi and Shri 1994)	6b (Threatened)	Malankudi, Malarkuti
bwx	Bunu, Bu-Nao	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 22 counties, Bama, Bose, Dahua, Debao, Donglan, Du’an, Fengshan, Hechi, Laibin, Leye, Lingyun, Long’an, Luocheng, Mashan, Nandan, Pingguo, Shanglin, Tiandeng, Tiandong, Tianlin, Tianyang, and Xincheng; Guizhou province: Libo county; Hunan province: near Guangxi border; Yunnan province: Funing county	258,000 (McConnell 1995). 97,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 439,000 (1982 census). 100,000 ethnic Bunu speak Central Hongshuihe Zhuang [zch] as L1	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Bunao, Po-Nau, Punu		Dongnu (Bunu, Punu, Tung Nu), Nunu, Bunuo (Pu No), Naogelao (Baonuo, Nao Khalo, Nao Klao, Nau Klau, Pounou), Numao (Hong Yao, Nu Mhou), Cingsui Longlin, Hontou Longlin. The dialects listed may be at least 5 languages (Strecker 1987), communication is difficult (McConnell 1995).
pnu	Bunu, Jiongnai	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Jinxiu Yao autonomous county	1,080 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 270 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Bunu, Hualan Yao, Jiongnai, Jiongnaihua, Kiong Nai, Kjong Nai, Punu, Qiungnai		None known. Very different from and unintelligible to surrounding Yao and other Bunu speakers. Lexical similarity: 52% with Bu-Nao Bunu [bwx].
bwn	Bunu, Wunai	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: small area; Hunan province: Chengbu, Chenxi, Dongkou, Longhui, Tongdao, Xinning, and Xupu counties	5,800 (Shearer and Sun 2002), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,000 (Bradley 2007a)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Hm Nai, Ngnai, Punu, Wunai
buh	Bunu, Younuo	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Longsheng and Xing’an counties	9,720 (McConnell 1995)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Pu No, Punu, Younuo, Yuno, Yunuo
mww	Hmong Daw	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guangxi province: northwest; Guizhou province: south and southwest; Yunnan province: southeast and southwest	233,000 in China (2004). Ethnic population: All Hmong in China: 8,950,000 (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 1,700,400	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Bai Miao, Banded Arm Hmong, Forest Miao, Hmong Dao, Hmong Dleu, Hmong Qua Mpa, Hmong Rongd, Meo Do, Meo Kao, Mong Do, Mong Trang, Pe Miao, Peh Miao, Striped Arm Hmong, Striped Hmong, White Hmong, White Lum, White Meo, White Miao	Hmongb Dleub, Hmoob Dawb	None known. Hmong Daw and Hmong Njua [hnj] are largely mutually intelligible, but there are sufficient sociolinguistic, phonological, and lexical differences to require separate literature. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hnj	Hmong Njua	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	Laos	North, widespread	100,000 in Laos (Hattaway 2003). Total users in all countries: 312,450	6a* (Vigorous)	Blue Hmong, Ching Miao, Green Hmong, Hmong Leng, Hmong Nzhua, Hmoob Leeg, Lu Miao, Mong Leng, Mong Njua, Mong Ntsua, Qing Miao, Tak Miao, “Blue Meo” (pej.), “Green Meo” (pej.), “Meo Dam” (pej.), “Meo Lai” (pej.)	Hmongb Nzhuab, Moob Leeg	None known. Speakers in Myanmar understand border speakers in China well. Hmong Daw [mww] and Hmong Njua are largely mutually intelligible, but there are sufficient sociolinguistic, phonological, and lexical differences to require separate literature. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hrm	Miao, Horned	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Dafang, Nayong, and Zhijin counties, Anshun, Bijie, Guiyang, and Qingzhen municipalities; Yunnan province: Zhenxiong county	50,000 (Hattaway 2003)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	A-Hmo, Bai Miao, Changjiao Miao, Forest Miao, Hmo, Hmong Khua Shua Ndrang, Hmong Ndong, Hmong Ndou, Hmong Sou, Jiao Miao, Jiaojiao Miao, Kha-Nzi, Longhorn Miao, Qing Miao, White Miao		None known. May have inherent intelligibility of Small Flowery Miao [sfm] (1998 M. Johnson); not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmj	Ge	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Huangping county, Chong’an township; Longchang township, Kaili municipality	60,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Chonganjiang Miao, Ge Jia, Ge-Mong, Gedang, Gedong, Gedou, Gedou Miao, Gedoudiu, Gedu, Gejia, Gho-mhon, Keh Deo		None known. Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Miao. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
mww	Hmong Daw	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	Laos	Widespread in the north	170,000 in Laos (1995 census)	5* (Developing)	Bai Miao, Hmong Der, Hmoob Dawb, White Hmong, White Lum, White Miao, “Meo Kao” (pej.), “White Meo” (pej.)		Hmong Gu Mba (Hmong Qua Mba, Striped Hmong).
mww	Hmong Daw	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	Thailand	Phetchabun, Tak, Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Nan, Chiang Rai, Phitsanulok, Loei, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Phrae, Phayao, Uttaradit, and Lampang provinces	32,400 in Thailand (2000)	5* (Developing)	Bai Miao, Chuan Miao, Hmong Der, Hmoob Dawb, Pe Miao, Peh Miao, White Hmong, White Lum, White Miao, “Meo Kao” (pej.), “White Meo” (pej.)		Hmong Gu Mba (Hmong Qua Mba, Miao Lai, Striped Hmong), Petchabun Miao.
mww	Hmong Daw	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	Viet Nam	North, Son La, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, and Lai Chau provinces; others resettled in south	1,070,000 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong	Bai Miao, Meo Kao, Mán Tráng, White Lum, White Meo		Hmong Xi (Meo Do).
hmv	Hmong Dô	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province: Dong Van and Meo Vae districts; Lao Cai province: Bac Ha district		6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Hmong Daw [mww].
hmf	Hmong Don	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	Viet Nam	Hoa Binh, Yen Bai, and Son La provinces		6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong
hnj	Hmong Njua	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guangxi province: far west; Guizhou province: southwest; Sichuan province: south; Yunnan province: Maguan and Malipo counties, scattered areas west	40,000 in China (Hattaway 2003)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Blue Hmong, Blue Meo, Ching Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Hmong Leng, Hmong Nzhua, Hmoob Leeg, Lu Miao, Meo Dam, Meo Lai, Mong Leng, Mong Ntsua, Qing Miao, Tak Miao
hnj	Hmong Njua	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	Myanmar	Kachin state: Bhamo district, Momauk township; Shan state: Hseni, Kunlong, and Namtu townships, 6 villages	10,000 in Myanmar (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	Blue Hmong, Blue Meo, Ching Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Hmong Leng, Hmong Nzhua, Hmoob Leeg, Lu Man Zi, Meo Dam, Meo Lai, Miao Tsi, Mong Leng, Mong Ntsua, Qing Miao, Tak Miao
hnj	Hmong Njua	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	Thailand	Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Kamphaeng Phet, Loei, Mae Hong Son, Nan, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phrae, Sukhothai, Tak, Uthai Thani, and Uttaradit provinces	60,000 in Thailand (Hattaway 2003)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ching Miao, Green Hmong, Hmong Leng, Hmong Nzhua, Hmoob Leeg, Lu Miao, Mong Leng, Mong Ntsua, Qing Miao, Tak Miao, “Blue Meo” (pej.), “Green Meo” (pej.), “Meo Dam” (pej.), “Meo Lai” (pej.)
hnj	Hmong Njua	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	Viet Nam	Son La, Nghe An, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, Thanh Hoa, Lai Chau, and Hoa Binh provinces; scattered areas		6a* (Vigorous)	Mong Leng
hmc	Miao, Central Huishui	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Changshun and Huishui counties, south Guiyang municipality suburbs	40,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Central Huishui Hmong		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. 30 to 40 different Hmong (Miao) languages in China. Great linguistic differences. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmm	Miao, Central Mashan	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Luodian, Wangmo, and Ziyun counties	70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Central Mashan Hmong		None known. Not inherently intelligible of other varieties of Miao. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
cqd	Miao, Chuanqiandian Cluster	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: west; Guizhou province; Sichuan province: south; Yunnan province: southeast and northeast	1,400,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Chuanchientien Miao, Chuanqiandian Miao, Core Farwestern Hmongic, Hua Miao, Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan Miao, Western Miao		Hmong Dou, Downhill Hmong, Hongxian Miao, Red Thread Miao, Dananshan Miao, Hua Miao, Hwa Miao, Mong Hoa, Flowery Meo, Variegated Mong, Mong Leng, Mong Lenh, Hmong Len, Mong Shi, Mong Si, Hmong Shi, Light Hmong, Bai Miao, Qing Miao, Blue Hmong, Blue Meo, Tak Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Ching Miao, Lu Miao, Meo Dam, Black Meo, Meo Lai, Striped Hmong, Hmong Dle Ncha, Qingshui Miao, Clear Water Hmong, Hmong La, Red Mong, Mong La Hou, Red-headed Hmong, Paddyfield Miao, Hmong Shua Bua, Sa Pa Hmong, Meo Den, Hmong Den, Hmong Dlo, Hmong Bua, Hmong Sou, Hei Miao, Black Mong, Black Hmong, Hmong Be, Mountain Hmong, Chuan Miao, River Miao, Sichuan Miao, Yaque Miao, Magpie Miao, Hmong Drout Raol, Six Village Miao, Liuzhai Miao, Luzhai Miao, Dianxi Miao, Western Yunnan Miao, White Miao. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hme	Miao, Eastern Huishui	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Huishui, Luodian, and Pingba counties	14,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Eastern Huishui Hmong		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmd	Miao, Large Flowery	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Hezhang, Pu’an, Shuicheng, Weining, Zhenning, and Ziyun counties, Liupanshui municipality; Sichuan province: Panzhihua municipality; Yunnan province: Zhaotong area, Daguan, Fumin, Lufeng, Luquan, Qiaojia, Suijiang, Wuding, Xundian, Yongshan, and Yiliang counties, Anning, Chuxiong, Kunming, Qujing, and Xuanwei municipalities	300,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	5* (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	A-Hmaos, Ad Hmaob lul, Big Flowery Miao, Da Hua Bei Miao, Da Hua Miao, Diandongbei Miao, Flowery Miao, Great Flowery Tribe, Hua Miao, Hwa Miao, Northeastern Dian Miao, Northeastern Yunnan Miao, Ta Hwa Miao	A-Hmao	None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hml	Miao, Luopohe	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Guiding, Kaiyang, Longli, and Weng’an counties, Fuquan and Kaili municipalities	61,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Most officially classified within Miao nationality, except for Xijia group	Lobohe Miao, Luobo River Miao, Luobohe Hmong, Luopohe Hmong, Xi, Xijia Miao, Ximahe Miao		2 dialects. Not inherently intelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
huj	Miao, Northern Guiyang	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Jinsha, Kaiyang, Pingba Guiding, Qianxi, Xifeng, and Xiuwen counties, west Guiyang municipality suburbs	84,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Northern Guiyang Hmong		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmi	Miao, Northern Huishui	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Guiding, Huishui, and Longli counties, Gaopo district, Guiyang municipality	70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Northern Huishui Hmong		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmp	Miao, Northern Mashan	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Changshun, Huishui, and Luodian counties	35,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Northern Mashan Hmong		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
sfm	Miao, Small Flowery	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Guanling, Hezhang, Nayong, Shuicheng, and Zhenning counties	84,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Atse, Gha-Mu, Ghab-Mvb Ghab-Svd, Ghuab-Hmongb Ghuab-Soud, Hsiao Hwa Miao, Xiao Hua Miao		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties (Hattaway 2003). A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmy	Miao, Southern Guiyang	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Changshun, Zhenning, and Ziyun counties, Anshun municipality	28,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Southern Guiyang Hmong		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hma	Miao, Southern Mashan	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Wangmo county	10,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Southern Mashan Hmong		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmg	Miao, Southwestern Guiyang	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Changshun and Pingba counties, suburbs of Guiyang, Anshun and Qingzhen municipalities	70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Southwestern Guiyang Hmong		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmh	Miao, Southwestern Huishui	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Changshun, Huishui, and Sandu counties	56,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Miao, Southwestern Huishui Hmong		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmw	Miao, Western Mashan	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guizhou province: Wangmo and Ziyun counties	14,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Western Mashan Hmong		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmz	Sinicized Miao	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Longlin county; Guizhou province: Dafang, Guanling, Nayong, Pu’an, Puding, Qianxi, Qinglong, Shuicheng, Xingren, Zhenning, Zhijin, and Ziyun counties, Anshun municipality; Yunnan province: Funing, Guangnan, and Jinping counties, Gejiu municipality	250,000 in China (Hattaway 2003). Total users in all countries: 252,000	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Biantou Miao, Changshu Miao, Curved Comb Miao, Flat Head Miao, Han Miao, Hmong Nzi, Hmong Sa, Hmong Shua, Hmong Sua, Long Comb Miao, Lopsided Comb Miao, Mushu Maio, Piān Miáo, Shuixi Miao, Sinicised Hmong, Waishu Miao, Water Miao, West of the Water Miao, Wooden Comb Miao	Hmongb Shuat	None known. Not inherently intelligible with other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hmz	Sinicized Miao	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province. 3 villages	2,000 in Viet Nam (Hattaway 2003)	6a* (Vigorous)	Hmong Shua
pha	Pa-Hng	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Pa-hng	China	Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefecture	26,800 in China (McConnell 1995). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 50,000 (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 33,610	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Baheng, Bahengmai, Man Pa Seng, Meo Lai, Pa Hng, Pa Ngng, Pa Then, Paheng, Tóng		Northern Pa-Hng, Southern Pa-Hng.
pha	Pa-Hng	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Pa-hng	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province: Bac Quang district; Tuyen Quang province: Chiem Hoa and Yen Son districts	6,810 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Pa Then	Baheng, Bahengmai, Pa Hng, Paheng, Pà Hung, Pà Then
hmq	Miao, Eastern Qiandong	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong	China	Guizhou province: Jianhe, Jinping, and Liping counties; Hunan province: Huitong, Jingzhou, and Tongdao counties	350,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, Eastern East-Guizhou Miao, Eastern Hmu, Hei Miao, Hmu, mo˧		None known. Not intelligible of other Miao varieties. Corresponds more or less to Ma’s Central Miao and Purnell’s Eastern Miao. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hea	Miao, Northern Qiandong	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Longlin county; Guizhou province: Anlong, Danzhai, Fuquan, Guanling, Huangping, Jianhe, Leishan, Majiang, Pingba, Sansui, Shibing, Taijiang, Xingren, Zhenfeng, Zhenning, Zhenyuan, and Ziyun counties, Kaili and Qingzhen municipalities	1,250,000 (Wang and Mao 1995), decreasing	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, East Guizhou Miao, Eastern Guizhou Hmu, Gha Ne, Gha Ne Dlai, Heh Miao, Hei Miao, Hmu, Kuv tsis has lug Moob tau, Northern East Guizhou Miao, Northern Hmu, Qián-Dōng fāngyán, m̥ə˧, m̥hu˧		Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. Corresponds more or less to Ma’s Central Miao and Purnell’s Eastern Miao. At least 4 dialects (vernaculars). The official standard variety of Qiandong Miao is based on Yanghao, but with some similarities to other varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
hms	Miao, Southern Qiandong	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Rongshui and Sanjiang counties; Guizhou province: Danzhai, Libo, Rongjiang Congjiang, and Sandu counties	500,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). All Miao in China: 8,950,000 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, Hei Miao, Hmu, Southern East-Guizhou Miao, Southern Hmu		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. Corresponds more or less to Ma’s Central Miao and Purnell’s Eastern Miao. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
neo	Ná-Meo	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong	Viet Nam	Cao Bang province: Thach An district, Ca Liec village; Lang Son province: Trang Dinh district, Cao Minh and Khuoi Phu Dao villages, Khanh Long hamlet; Tuyen Quang province: Yen Son district, Kim Quan sub-district, Khuan He village	1,000 (2015 A. Hsiu)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong
muq	Miao, Eastern Xiangxi	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi	China	Hunan province: Guzhang, Jishou, Longshan, and Luxi counties; some in Chongqing, Guizhou, and Hubei provinces; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region	80,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Eastern Ghao-Xong, Eastern Miao, Eastern West-Hunan Miao, Ghao-Xong, Hsianghsi Miao, Meo Do, Northern Miao, Red Meo, Red Miao		None known. Not inherently intelligible of other varieties of Miao. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
mmr	Miao, Western Xiangxi	Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Nandan county, Hechi municipality; Guizhou province: Songtao county, southeast Chongqing and Tongren municipalities, Xiushan and Youyang counties; Hubei province: Xuan’en county; Hunan province: Baojing, Fenghuang, Guzhang, Huadan, Jishou, Longshan, and Xinhuang Mayang counties	820,000 (Wang and Mao 1995), decreasing	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Eastern Miao, Ghao-Xong, Hsianghsi Miao, Huayuan Miao, Meo Do, Northern Miao, Red Meo, Red Miao, West Hunan Miao, Western Ghao-Xong, Western West-Hunan Miao		None known. Inherently unintelligible of other Miao varieties. A member of macrolanguage Hmong [hmn].
shx	She	Hmong-Mien, Ho Nte	China	Guangdong province: Boluo, Haifeng, Huidong, and Zengcheng counties. More than 10 villages	910 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 580 Luofu, 390 Lianhua (McConnell 1995). 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 709,000 (2010 census)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: She	Ho Nte, Huo Nte		Luofu (Eastern She), Lianhua (Western She). Major linguistic differences with Iu Mien [ium]. Reportedly most similar to Jiongnai Bunu [pnu]. Dialects inherently intelligible. Classification within Hmong-Mien is in dispute (McConnell 1995:1320).
bje	Biao-Jiao Mien	Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Biao-Jiao	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Gongcheng Yao, Guanyang, and Quanzhou autonomous counties; Hunan province: Daoxian and Shuangpai counties	43,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Biaomin (Dongshan) has a much larger speaker population (approximately 35,700) than Jiaogong (Shikou; approximately 10,900)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Ao Biao, Biao Chao, Byau Min, Dongshan Biao Min		Biao Min (Ao Yao, Biao Mien, Biaomin, Byaumin, Dongshan Yao), Jiaogong Mian (Chao Kong Meng, Shikou, Tsaukongmeng). Dialects Biaomin (Dongshan) and Jiaogong (Shikou) reportedly mutually unintelligible. Quite different from and unintelligible with Biao Mon [bmt] (Biaoman). Lexical similarity: 70% with Iu Mien [ium], 67% with Kim Mun [mji], 58% with Dzao Min [bpn].
ium	Iu Mien	Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin	China	Guangdong province: Ruyuan county; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Dayao mountains; Guizhou province: Congjiang, Libo, and Rongjiang counties; Hunan, Jiangxi, and Yunnan provinces	383,000 in China (Wang and Mao 1995). Ethnic population: 2,800,000 (2010 census). Includes Biao Mon [bmt], Biao-Jiao Mien [bje], Bu-Nao Bunu [bwx], Jiongnai Bunu [pnu], Wunai Bunu [bwn], Younuo Bunu [buh], Dzao Min [bpn], Kim Mun [mji], Lakkia [lbc], Pa-Hng [pha], and Yerong [yrn] languages. Total users in all countries: 813,600	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Ban Yao, Highland Yao, Man, Mian, Mien, Mienh, Mjen, Myen, Pan Yao, Yao, Yao Mienh, Yiu Mien, Youmian	Iu Mienh	Guoshan Yao. Dialects may not be intelligible. Biao Mon [bmt] may be a dialect of Iu Mien. Differences from other Mienic languages are in the tone system, consonants, vowel quality, vowel length. Chinese linguists consider the Iu Mien spoken in Changdong, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County, Guangxi to be the standard. May be most similar to Mandarin Chinese [cmn]. Lexical similarity: 78% with Kim Mun [mji], 70% with Biao-Jiao Mien [bje], 61% with Dzao Min [bpn].
bmt	Biao Mon	Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Gongcheng, Lipu, Mengshan, Pingle, and Zhaoping counties	20,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Biao Mien, Biao-Mian, Biaoman, Changping, Min Yao, Sida Min Yao		Biao Mon (Min Yao), Shi Mun (Sida Min Yao). May be intelligible with some dialects of Iu Mien [ium]. Quite different from and unintelligible with Biao Jiao Mien [bje] or its dialect Biaomin, also called Biao Mien.
ium	Iu Mien	Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin	Laos	Bokeo province: Houay Xay and Pak Tha districts; Luang Namtha province: Long, Namtha, and Sing districts; Phongsali province: Yot Ou district; Xiangnabouli province: Khop and Xienghone districts	32,400 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	5* (Developing)	Ewmien, Highland Yao, Iu Mienh, Man, Mien, Mienh, Myen, Yao, Yao Mienh
ium	Iu Mien	Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin	Thailand	Chiang Rai, Phayao, Lampang, Kamphaeng Phet, and Nan provinces; possibly in Chiang Mai and Sukhothai provinces. 159 villages	21,200 in Thailand (Luangthongkum 2007). Based on ethnicity	5* (Developing)	Highland Yao, Iu Mienh, Mian, Mien, Mienh, Myen, Pan Yao, Yao, Yao Mienh, Yiu Mien, Youmian		Chiangrai.
ium	Iu Mien	Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin	Viet Nam	Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Hoa Binh, Lai Chau, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Phu Tho, Quang Ninh, Son La, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Phuc, and Yen Bai provinces, scattered settlements in northern regions; Dac Lak province south	350,000 in Viet Nam (1999 H. Purnell)	5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Dao	Dao Do, Dao Thanh Phan, Dìu, Highland Yao, Iu Mienh, Kim Mien, Mien, Mienh, Myen, Red Dao, Yao, Yao Kimmien, Yao Mienh, Yao Ogang, Yu Mien, “Dong” (pej.), “Mán” (pej.), “Trai” (pej.), “Xá” (pej.)		Dao Do, Deo Tien, Dao Lan Tien, Dao Lo Gang, Cham, Quan Chet, Quan Trang.
mji	Kim Mun	Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin	China	Guizhou province: 17 counties	200,000 in China (Wang and Mao 1995). 61,000 in Hainan Province (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 374,500	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. The majority officially classified within Yao nationality	Chasan Yao, Gem Mun, Hainan Miao, Jim Mun, Jinmen, Kem Mun, Kimmun, Lan Tin, Lanten, Lowland Yao, Man Lantien, Men, Mun, Shanzi Yao	Kem di mun	Dao Quan Trang, Dao Ho. Not intelligible with Iu Mien [ium]. Lexical similarity: 78% with Iu Mien [ium], 67% with Biao-Jiao Mien [bje], 59% with Dzao Min [bpn].
mji	Kim Mun	Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin	Laos	Luang Namtha province: Long district, 21 villages	4,500 in Laos (1995 L. Chazee)	6a* (Vigorous)	Jim Mun, Kem di mun, Lan Tin, Lanten, Lowland Yao, Man Lan-Tien, Mun
mji	Kim Mun	Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin	Viet Nam	Bac Giang, Dak Nong, Dien Bien, Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Quang Ninh, Tuyen Quang, and Yen Bai provinces	170,000 in Viet Nam (1999 J. Edmondson)	6a* (Vigorous)	Coc Mun, Dao Ao Dai, Dao Lam Dinh, Dao Quan Trang, Dao Thanh Y, Great Tunic Yao, Jinmen, Kem di mun, Lan Ten, Lanten, Lantin, Lowland Yao, Mun, Red Trouser Yao, San Chi, “Man Lan-Tien” (pej.)
bpn	Dzao Min	Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Zaomin	China	Guangdong province: Liannan and Yangshan counties; Hunan province: Yizhang county	60,000 (Wang and Mao 1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Ba Pai Yao, Yao Min, Yau Min, Zaomin, dzau min		None known. Not intelligible with other Mienic languages. Lexical similarity: 61% with Iu Mien [ium], 59% with Kim Mun [mji], 58% with Biao-Jiao Mien [bje].
kgg	Kusunda	Language isolate	Nepal	Gandaki, Lumbini, and Rapti zones: scattered	1 (2018), decreasing. No monolinguals	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Kusunda	Kusanda		Rolpa-Dang, Gorkha, Tanahun. The Kusunda speakers of Rolpa, Dang and possibly Arghakhanchi districts of Midwestern Nepal belong to the same family. For this reason, their historical dialects (created by generation and geographical separation) are mutually intelligible.
nll	Nihali	Language isolate	India	Madhya Pradesh state: Burhanpur; Maharashtra state: Buldana district, Jamod Jalgaon sub-district	2,000 (Parkin 1991). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1987)	6b (Threatened)	Nihal		None known. Lexical similarity: 25% between Nihal in Chikaldara taluk and Akola District and Korku [kfq] (Munda).
eee	E	Mixed language	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Rongshui Hmong autonomous county, Yongle district, Simo, Xiatan, Xinglong (Xingyou) and other villages; Luocheng Mulam autonomous county border areas	30,000 (Edmondson 1992)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Eahua, Kjang E, “Wuse Hua” (pej.), “Wusehua” (pej.)		A mixed language, with large amounts of Tuguai Hua (also called Pinghua, a Yue Chinese [yue] dialect) and Guiliu Hua (a southwest Mandarin [cmn] dialect) vocabulary, tone category, voice quality, and some word structure. The grammar has been more resistant to Chinese influence. Chinese scholars consider E a mixture of Northern Zhuang languages, Mulam [mlm], Dong [doc] and Chinese.
wuh	Wutunhua	Mixed language, Chinese-Tibetan-Bonan Mongour	China	Qinghai province: Huangnan Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Tongren county, Longwu township, Jiangchama and Upper and Lower Wutun villages	2,000 (1995)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tu	Ngandehua, Sanggaixiong, Wutong, Wutun
hsn	Chinese, Xiang	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Hunan province: over 20 counties; parts of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Guizhou and Hubei provinces	37,300,000 (2017)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Hsiang, Hunan	湘语‎ (Xiang)	Changyi, Luoshao, Jishu, Changsha, Yiyang, Loudi, Shaoyang, Jixu, Xupu, Jishou. Linguistically between Mandarin [cmn] and Wu [wuu] Chinese and marginally intelligible with them. Reportedly becoming more similar to (southwestern) Mandarin [cmn] and is losing non-northern features. 3 main dialect groups: Changyi (includes Changsha and Yiyang), Luoshao (includes Loudi and Shaoyang), and Jixu (Jishu) (includes Xupu and Jishou). A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
gan	Chinese, Gan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Hubei and Jiangxi provinces: including parts of Anhui, Chongyang, Dachi, Jiahu, and Xianning; Fujian and Hunan provinces. Jing’an, Nanchang city, and Xiuhui (Chang-Jing); Hunan (Liuyang); Yichun (Ichun), Jiangxi (Yi-Liu)	22,100,000 (2017)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Jiangxinese, Kan, Xi	Jiangxi hua	Chang-Jing, Yilu (Yi-Liu), Ji-Cha, Fu-Guang, Ying-Yi, Nanchang, Datong, Leizi, Dongsui, Hauiyue. Marginally intelligible with Mandarin [cmn] and Wu [wuu] Chinese. Lexical similarity: with Hakka Chinese [hak]. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Thailand	Krung Thep province: dispersed through provincial towns and south in Kra peninsula	5,880 in Thailand (1984). There are 112,000 people who use Chinese at home (2010 census), the majority being Mandarin with some Yue Chinese [yue] speakers	5* (Dispersed)			Ho (Cin Haw, Haw, Hui, Hui-Tze, Hwei, Panghse, Pantha, Panthe, Pathee, Western Mandarin, Yunnanese).
dng	Dungan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek city; Chuy region: 2 small nearby border areas; Osh region; Ysyk-Kol region: Karakol area	56,300 in Kyrgyzstan (2009 census). Ethnic population: 58,100 (2009 census). Total users in all countries: 108,400	7 (Shifting)	Dzhunyan, Huizu, Kwuizwu, Tungan, Zwn’jan		Ganzu (Gansu), Shaanxi (Shensi), Yage. Shaanxi and Ganzu varieties have difficult mutual inherent intelligibility. Debate over whether Dungan has 3 tones (a merging of 2 standard Mandarin tones) or 4 tones (with only a partial merging of the 2 standard Mandarin tones). Different from Mandarin [cmn] in phonology and lexicon.
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Brunei	Major cities	3,000 in Brunei (2004 J. Leclerc)	5* (Developing)
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Cambodia	Ratanakiri and Stung Treng provinces: border areas, 2 enclaves along Sesan river	500 in Cambodia (2011 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Guangdong province: greatest concentrations east and northeast; Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, south Jiangxi, and Sichuan provinces: west and southwest. Widespread with other dialects	43,500,000 in China (Asher and Moseley 2007). Total users in all countries: 48,467,490 (as L1: 48,219,490; as L2: 248,000)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Hokka, Ke, Kechia, Kejia, Majiahua, Tu Guangdonghua, Xinminhua	客家話‎ (Hakkafa)	Yue-Tai (Meixian, Raoping, Taiwan Kejia), Yuezhong, Huizhou, Yuebei, Tingzhou (Min-Ke), Ning-Long (Longnan), Yugui, Tonggu, Huayang, Hailu, Changting, Pingdong. Yue-Tai (Meixian) is standard dialect. Lexical similarity: with Gan Chinese [gan]. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	French Guiana	Cayenne, Kourou, Macouria, Matoury, and Remire-Montjoly communes, especially in urban concentrations. Central coast	13,800 in French Guiana (2016)	5* (Developing)
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	French Polynesia	Windward Islands	1,100 in French Polynesia, all users. L1 users: 100 in French Polynesia (2015 census). L2 users: 1,000 (2015)	7 (Shifting)
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Hong Kong	New Territories	289,300 in China–Hong Kong, all users. L1 users: 42,300 in China–Hong Kong (2016 census). L2 users: 247,000 (2016 census)	6b (Threatened)
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Indonesia	Widespread. Provinces: Aceh, Bangka-Belitung, Java (5 provinces), Lampung, Maluku (Ambon island), Papua (Jayapura city), Riau Islands (Batam island), North and South Suluwesi, North and South Sumatra; West Kalimantan: Singkawang city; South Kalimantan: Banjarmasin city	640,000 in Indonesia (1982)	8a (Moribund)
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Malaysia	Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor: scattered, especially in major towns	1,090,000 in Malaysia (2000). Ethnic population: 2,920,000 (2014)	5 (Developing)			Loong Chun, Her Po.
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Panama	Panamá province: Salsipuedes, a suburb of Panama City	27,000 in Panama (2017 JoshuaProject)	6a* (Vigorous)
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Singapore	Scattered	233,000 in Singapore (2010 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Hokka, Ke, Kechia, Kehia, Kek, Khek
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Suriname	Saramacca district: scattered	7,300 in Suriname (2005 J. Leclerc), decreasing. Ethnic population: 12,000 (1971). Includes Yue [yue]	8a (Moribund)	Kejia
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Taiwan	Hsinchu, Kaohsiung, Miaoli, Pingtung, and Taoyuan counties; New Taipei Municipality	2,580,000 in China–Taiwan (2015)	5* (Developing)			Hailu (Hi-Lu, Hoilluk, Hoiluk), Sanhsien (Shi Xien, Shigen, Shixien).
hak	Chinese, Hakka	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Thailand	Chiang Mai province; Krung Thep province: Samphanthawong district; Nakhon Ratchasima and Udon Thani provinces: urban areas; Nan province: Mueang district and municipal districts	58,800 in Thailand (1984)	5* (Developing)
czh	Chinese, Huizhou	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Anhui province: Dongzhi, Jingde, Jixi, Ningguo, Qimen, She (Xi), Tunxi, Xiuning, and Yi, counties, Huizhou region; Jiangxi province: Dexing, Fuliang, and Wuyuan counties; Zhejiang province: Chun’an county, Jiande municipality	4,600,000 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han			Jixi, Xiuyi, Qide, Yanzhou, Jingzhan, Tunxi. Formerly considered part of Jianghuai dialect of Mandarin Chinese [cmn], but now considered by many a major dialect of Chinese. Dialects reportedly differ greatly from each other. Different from Huizhou dialect of Hakka Chinese [hak]. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
cjy	Chinese, Jinyu	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Shaanxi, and Shanxi provinces; some in Beijing, Gansu, west Hebei, and Henan provinces	46,900,000 (2017)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Jinese, Jinhua, Jinyu	晋语‎ (Jin)	Pingyao, Changzhi. Formerly considered part of Xibei Guanhua dialect of Mandarin Chinese [cmn], but now considered by many a separate major dialect of Chinese. Unlike Mandarin, it has contrastive glottal-checked syllables and other distinctive features. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Australia	Widespread	597,000 in Australia (2016 census)	5* (Dispersed)
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Brunei	Major cities	13,200 in Brunei (2004 J. Leclerc)	5* (Dispersed)
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: northwest; Guizhou province; Hubei province: except southeast corner; Hunan province: northwest; Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. Widespread north of Changjiang river, from Jiujiang (Jiangxi) to Zhenjiang (Jiangsu)	1,082,000,000 in China, all users. L1 users: 904,000,000 in China (2017), increasing. 70% of Chinese language users speak a Mandarin dialect as L1. L2 users: 178,000,000. Total users in all countries: 1,116,596,640 (as L1: 917,868,640; as L2: 198,728,000)	1 (National). De facto national language	Beifang Fangyan, Beijinghua, Mandarin, Northern Chinese, Standard Chinese, Zhongguohua	普通话‎ (Putonghua)	Huabei Guanhua (Northern Mandarin), Xibei Guanhua (Northwestern Mandarin), Xinan Guanhua (Southwestern Mandarin), Jinghuai Guanhua (Eastern Mandarin, Jiangxia Guanhua, Lower Yangtze Mandarin). Speakers of Kokang variety in Myanmar are reportedly most similar to the dialect spoken in Yunnan Province, China. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Hong Kong		3,421,000 in China–Hong Kong, all users. L1 users: 131,000 in China–Hong Kong (2016 census). L2 users: 3,290,000 (2016 census)	1 (National). De facto national language
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Indonesia	Scattered	466,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc), increasing	3 (Wider communication)
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Macao		362,800 in China–Macao, all users. L1 users: 34,800 in China–Macao (2016 census). L2 users: 328,000 (2016 census)	1 (National). De facto national language. Statutory provincial language in Macao Special Administrative Region (1999, Basic Law, Article 9)
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Malaysia	Scattered, especially urban areas	1,230,000 in Malaysia, all users. L1 users: Recent census figures do not detail the number of Mandarin speakers. L2 users: 1,230,000 (2015)	1 (National). Statutory national working language (1996, Education Act, No. 550, Articles 2 and 18)
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Mongolia	Uvs province: Tarialan and Ulaangom districts	43,700 in Mongolia (2016). 11,300 ethnic Khoton speak a form of Mandarin Chinese [cmn]	5* (Dispersed)	Hoton, Hui, Hui-Zu, Hytad, Khoton, Mandarin, Northern Chinese, Qotong, Xui
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Myanmar	Shan state: large China border area, Kokang Self-Administered Zone in Laukkai and Konkyan townships, and Muse township	994,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d)	5 (Dispersed)	Tayok		Kokang (Kokant).
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Philippines	Major cities	500 in Philippines. Ethnic population: All ethnic Chinese are 53,300 (1990 census)	3 (Wider communication)
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Singapore		2,840,000 in Singapore, all users. L1 users: 1,960,000 in Singapore (2016 census). L2 users: 880,000	1 (National). Statutory national language (1963, Constitution (amended), Article 153A(1))
cmn	Chinese, Mandarin	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Taiwan	Major cities	19,710,000 in China–Taiwan, all users. L1 users: 4,710,000 in China–Taiwan (2015). L2 users: 15,000,000	1 (National). De facto national language	Mandarin		Taibei Mandarin.
mnp	Chinese, Min Bei	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Fujian province: 7 counties around Jian’ou; some in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces	11,000,000 in China (2017). Total users in all countries: 11,015,200	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Min Pei, Northern Min		None known. The Chinese now divide Chinese Min into 5 major varieties: Min Nan [nan], Min Bei [mnp], Min Dong [cdo], Min Zhong [czo], and Pu-Xian [cpx]. Others say there are at least 9 varieties which are inherently mutually unintelligible. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
mnp	Chinese, Min Bei	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Singapore	Districts 23 and 24, Bukit Batok area northwest; scattered elsewhere	15,200 in Singapore (2004 J. Leclerc). Ethnic population: 16,600 (2010 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Min Pei		Hokchia (Hockchew).
cdo	Chinese, Min Dong	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Brunei	Major cities	6,000 in Brunei (2004 J. Leclerc)	5* (Developing)			Foochow.
cdo	Chinese, Min Dong	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Fujian province: Fu’an northeast to Fuzhou; Zhejiang province: border area near Luoyang	10,000,000 in China (2017). Total users in all countries: 10,297,520	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Eastern Min	平話‎ (Bangua), 闽东话‎ (Mindongyu)	Fuzhou (Foochow, Fuchow, Guxhou). The prestige dialect is spoken in Fujian. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
cdo	Chinese, Min Dong	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Indonesia	Bali and Java provinces: scattered throughout	Few speakers	8b (Nearly extinct)	Foochow, Hokchiu, Min Dong		Xinghua (Hsinghua).
cdo	Chinese, Min Dong	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Malaysia	Sarawak: mostly Bintangor, Sarikei, and Sibu towns	252,000 in Malaysia (2004)	6b (Threatened)			Foochow (Fuzhou).
cdo	Chinese, Min Dong	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Singapore	Scattered	34,200 in Singapore (2000). Ethnic population: 54,200 (2010 census)	5* (Developing)			Fuzhou (Foochow, Fuchow, Guxhou).
cdo	Chinese, Min Dong	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Thailand	Chumphon and Nakhon Si Thammarat provinces: main towns Chandi, Nabon, and Lamae		5* (Developing)	Eastern Min		Fuzhou (Foochow, Fuchow).
nan	Chinese, Min Nan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Brunei	Major cities	13,300 in Brunei (2004 J. Leclerc)	5* (Dispersed)	Banlamgi, Min Nan, Minnan		Hainan, Teochew (Chaochow, Tiuchiu), Hokkien (Fujian).
nan	Chinese, Min Nan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Cambodia	Scattered	350,000 in Cambodia (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001)	3 (Wider communication)	Banlamgi, Minnan, Southern Min		Hainan, Hokkien, Teochiu.
nan	Chinese, Min Nan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Fujian and Jiangxi provinces: Xiamen; Hainan (Hainan); Guangdong province: Chaozhou-Shantou far east corner (Chao-Shan), Leizhou peninsula (Leizhou), Shaxi and Zhongshan city south of Guangzhou (Longdu dialect island); Zhejiang province: Pingyang and Cangnan area, and Zhoushan archipelago (Zhenan Min)	27,600,000 in China (2017). Total users in all countries: 50,462,190 (as L1: 50,075,190; as L2: 387,000)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Banlamgi, Minnan, Southern Min	闽南语‎ (Minnanyu)	Xiamen (Amoy), Leizhou (Lei Hua, Li Hua), Chao-Shan (Chaozhou, Choushan, Teochew), Hainan (Hainanese, Qiongwen Hua, Wenchang), Longdu, Zhenan Min, Quanzhou (Chinchew), Zhangzhou (Changchew), Mai, Shantou (Swatow). Amoy is the prestige dialect. Amoy and Taiwanese are easily mutually intelligible. Chao-Shan has difficult intelligibility with Amoy; Hainan quite different from other dialects and mutually unintelligible with Hokkien and Teochew. Most speakers in Thailand use Chaoshou dialect. Min Nan most widely distributed and influential Min variety. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
nan	Chinese, Min Nan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Hong Kong	Scattered	493,000 in China–Hong Kong, all users. L1 users: 106,000 in China–Hong Kong (2016 census). 70,500 Fukien and 35,200 Chiu Chau (2016 census). L2 users: 387,000 (2016 census)	5* (Dispersed)	Banlamgi		Chiu Chao (Teochew).
nan	Chinese, Min Nan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Indonesia	Bali, Java, Kalimantan, and Sumatra provinces: Scattered	766,000 in Indonesia (2015)	8a (Moribund)	Banlamgi, Min Nan, Minnan		Teochew (Chaochow, Tiu Chiu), Hokkien (Fujian).
nan	Chinese, Min Nan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Malaysia	Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu	2,660,000 in Malaysia (2000). 497,000 Teochew, 141,000 Hainanese, 2,020,000 Hokkien (2000). The population figures given here are for Peninsular Malaysia only. The corresponding figures for Sabah and Sarawak are not currently available. Ethnic population: 6,410,000 (2014)	6a* (Vigorous)	Banlamgi, Min Nan, Minnan		Hainanese, Teochew (Chaochow, Teochow), Hokkien (Amoy, Fujianese, Fukienese).
nan	Chinese, Min Nan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Philippines	Widespread in Manila and other cities	1,000,000 in Philippines (2010 J. Leclerc). 99% of Chinese population in the Philippines (1982)	5* (Dispersed)	Banlamgi, Min Nan
nan	Chinese, Min Nan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Singapore	Mostly Telok Ayer area	625,000 in Singapore (2015 World Factbook). Includes 448,000 Hokkien and 177,000 Teochew. Ethnic population: 1,860,000 (2010 census). Includes 1,120,000 Hokkien, 562,000 Teochew, 178,000 Hainanese	3 (Wider communication)	Banlamgi, Min Nam, Southern Min		Hokkien (Amoy, Fujian, Fukienese, Xiamen), Teochew (Chaochow, Chaozhou, Taechew), Hainanese.
nan	Chinese, Min Nan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Taiwan	Widespread: east coast cities, western plain	15,600,000 in China–Taiwan (2015)	3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity	Bân-lâm-gú, Min Nan, Minnan, Taiwanese		Hokkien (Amoy, Chaenzo, Sanso).
nan	Chinese, Min Nan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Thailand	Krung Thep province; used in capital cities of Chiang Mai, Nakhon Ratchasima, and Udon Thani provinces; used in other urban areas. Southern Min constitute the majority of Thai Chinese and speak the Teochew dialect	1,080,000 in Thailand (1984). 1,060,000 Chaochow (18%), 17,600 Fujian (less than 1%), 5,880 Hainanese (less than 1%) (1984)	5* (Dispersed)	Banlamgi, Min Nan, Minnan		Hainan, Teochew (Chaochow, Chaozhou, Techu, Teochow, Tiuchiu), Hokkien (Fujian, Fukien).
czo	Chinese, Min Zhong	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Fujian province: Sha county, Sanming and Yong’an municipalities	3,530,000 (2017)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Central Min, Minzhonghua		A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
cpx	Chinese, Pu-Xian	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Fujian province: Putian and Xianyou counties	2,520,000 in China (2000). Total users in all countries: 2,568,000	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Henghua, Hinghua, Hsienyu, Hsinghua, Putian, Putten, Xianyou, Xinghua		A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
cpx	Chinese, Pu-Xian	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Malaysia	Selangor	24,700 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006). Ethnic population: 24,700 (2000 census). In Peninsular Malaysia	6a (Vigorous)			Xinghua (Hinghua, Hsinghua).
cpx	Chinese, Pu-Xian	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Singapore	Scattered	23,300 in Singapore (2004 J. Leclerc). Ethnic population: 25,600 (2010 census)	5* (Developing)			Henghua (Hinghua, Xinghua).
wuu	Chinese, Wu	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Anhui province; Fujian province: Shangrao area; Jiangsu province: Chongming Island, Haimen, Qidong, and Qingjiang at mouth of and north of the Changjiang in Nantong area; Jiangxi province: northeast; Shanghai municipality; Zhejiang province: Jinhua, Quzhou, and Wenzhou	81,400,000 in China (2017). Total users in all countries: 81,501,290 (as L1: 81,437,890; as L2: 63,400)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Changzhou, Goetian, Wu, Wúyuèyǔ	Wúyǔ, 吴语‎ (wúyǔ)	Taihu, Jinhua (Kinhwa), Taizhou, Oujiang, Wuzhou, Chuqu, Xuanzhou, Shanghai (Shanghainese), Hangzhou, Wenzhou, Youngkang, Quzhou, Suzhou, Shaoxing, Danyang, Chongming, Zhenhai, Tangxi, Wenling. Varieties of Taihu dialect are Piling, Su-Hu-Jia, Tiaoxi, Hangzhou, Lin-Shao, and Yongjiang; Chuqu subdialects are Chuzhou and Longqu; Xuanzhou varieties are Tongjing, Taigao, and Shiling. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Australia	Major cities	281,000 in Australia (2016 census)	5* (Dispersed)
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Brunei	Major cities	6,300 in Brunei (2004 J. Leclerc)	5* (Dispersed)	Cantonese
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Canada	Major cities	565,000 in Canada (2016 census)	4 (Educational)	Guangfu		Vancouver Cantonese.
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	China	Guangdong province: most except Hakka-speaking areas northeast, and Min Nan-speaking areas east; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: east; Hainan and Hunan provinces	62,000,000 in China (Asher and Moseley 2007). Total users in all countries: 73,538,610 (as L1: 73,136,610; as L2: 402,000)	2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Guangdong Province. Language of recognized nationality: Han	Cantonese, Yue, Yueh, Yuet Yue, Yueyu	粵語‎ (Yuht Yúh)	Siyi (Hoisan, Schleiyip, Seiyap, Taishan, Toisan), Gaolei (Gaoyang), Qinlian, Guinan, Ping, Bobai, Tengxian, Cangwu, Yangjiang, Zhongshan, Guangzhou. The Guangzhou variety considered the standard. A member of macrolanguage Chinese [zho].
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Hong Kong	Widespread	6,662,000 in China–Hong Kong, all users. L1 users: 6,260,000 in China–Hong Kong (2016 census). L2 users: 402,000 (2016 census)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Hong Kong (1997, Basic Law, Article 9)	Cantonese, Hong Kong Cantonese, Shatou, Shiqi, Wancheng
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Indonesia	Jakarta Raya, Kalimantan, and central Sumatra: Scattered	182,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc)	8a (Moribund)	Cantonese, Konghu, Yue, Yueh
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Macao	Widespread	507,000 in China–Macao (2016 census)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in Macao (1999, Basic Law, Article 9)	Macau Cantonese
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Malaysia	Johor: largest concentration	1,070,000 in Malaysia (2000 census). Ethnic population: 3,220,000 (2014)	2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Johor State	Cantonese, Yue, Yueh		Cantonese, Toishanese.
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Philippines	National Capital Region: Manila	9,780 in Philippines (2000)	5* (Dispersed)
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Singapore	Scattered	227,000 in Singapore (2015 World Factbook). Ethnic population: 409,000 (2010 census)	5* (Dispersed)	Cantonese
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Suriname	Para, Paramaribo, and Wanica districts	5,300 in Suriname (2005 J. Leclerc)	7 (Shifting)
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Thailand	Scattered in Suphan Buri province: north of Bangkok	29,400 in Thailand (1984)	5* (Dispersed)	Cantonese, Yue, Yueh
yue	Chinese, Yue	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Viet Nam	Mekong river delta area, Soc Trang, Can Tho, Vinh Long, Tra Vinh, Dong Nai, and Kien Giang provinces; Ho Chi Minh, Ha Noi, and Hai Phong cities; north Viet Nam-China border regions	500,000 in Viet Nam (2004 J. Leclerc)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hoa	Chinese Nung, Ha Xa Phang, Hai Nam, Han, Hoa, Kién, Liem Chau, Lowland Nung, Minh Huong, Nung, Phúc, Quang Dong, Samg Phang, Suòng Phóng, Trièu Chau
dng	Dungan	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese	Kazakhstan	Jambyl region: Korday and Jambyl districts	50,000 in Kazakhstan (2009 census). Ethnic population: 51,900 (2009 census)	7 (Shifting)	Huizu		Shaanxi.
nbi	Naga, Mao	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri	India	Manipur state: Senapati district; Nagaland state	97,200 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Emela, Imemai, Maikel, Mao, Sopfomo, Sopvoma, Sopwama, Southern Angami	Memi	Paomata. Paomata dialect and Poumei Naga [pmx] may be the same (Breton 1997).
pmx	Naga, Poumei	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri	India	Manipur state	51,000 (1997)	5* (Developing)	Paumei, Pomai, Pome, Poumei	Poula	Similar to Mao Naga [nbi]. Different from Puimei Naga [npu] (Breton 1997:217). Paomata dialect of Mao Naga and Poumei Naga may be the same (Breton 1997).
nre	Naga, Southern Rengma	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri	India	Assam state: Karbi-Anglong district, 15 villages; Manipur state; Nagaland state: Kohima district, Tseminyu sub-district	21,000 (1997). 65,300 total Rengma (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Injang, Moiyui, Mon, Mozhumi, Nzong, Nzonyu, Rengma, Rengma Naga, Southern Rengma, Unza, Western Rengma		Keteneneyu, Azonyu (Nzonyu, Southern Rengma). Tseminyu principal dialect main center. Southern Rengma and Northern Rengma [nnl] are reportedly inherently unintelligible.
njm	Naga, Angami	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri	India	Nagaland state: Kohima district; Maharashtra and Manipur states	153,000 (2011 census)	3 (Wider communication). Trade language used by about 30,000 Naga of other groups	Angami, Angamis, Gnamei, Monr, Ngami, Tendydie, Tsanglo, Tsoghami, Tsugumi	Tenyidie	Dzuna, Kehena, Khonoma, Chakroma (Western Angami), Mima, Nali, Mozome, Tengima (Kohima). Tengima (Kohima) dialect is standard. Naga Chokri and Naga Khezha are eastern Angami groups with their own dialects. 2 southern varieties (Viswemal, Jakhama) are not intelligible with dialects listed. Tenyidie is an umbrella term for all the dialects spoken by the Angami people.
nri	Naga, Chokri	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri	India	Nagaland state: Phek district, Cheswezumi is main village; Manipur state: some in Senapati district	111,000 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Chakhesang, Chakrima Naga, Chakru, Chokri, Eastern Angami
nkh	Naga, Khezha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri	India	Nagaland state: Khezhakhonoma, Kohima, and Phek districts	41,600 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Kezami, Khezha, Khezhama, Kozale, Kuzale, Közhale	Kuzhale	None known. An east Angami group with its own language.
nnl	Naga, Northern Rengma	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri	India	Nagaland state: Kohima district, north Rengma	13,000 (1997). 65,300 total Rengma (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Northern Rengma, Ntenyi, Ntenyi Naga, Nthenyi
npo	Naga, Pochuri	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri	India	Manipur state: Ukrul district; Nagaland state: Phek district, Meluri sub-district, 27 villages	21,700 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Eastern Rengma, Meluri, Pochuri	Pochury
nsm	Naga, Sumi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri	India	Assam state: Tinsukia district, 7 villages. Nagaland state: Kohima, Mokokchung, Tuensang, and Zunheboto districts. Dayang is near Dayang river	10,800 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Sema, Simi, Sumi	Sümi	Dayang (Western Sumi), Lazemi, Zhimomi, Zumomi.
njo	Naga, Ao	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Naga	India	Assam state; Nagaland state: central Mokokchung district	260,000 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Ao, Aorr, Cholimi, Hatigoria, Nowgong, Paimi, Uri	Ao Naga	Mongsen Khari, Changki, Chongli (Chungli), Dordar (Yacham), Longla. Chongli and Mongsen border on mutual unintelligibility (Burling 2003).
njh	Naga, Lotha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Naga	India	Nagaland state: west central, Wokha district	179,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Chizima, Choimi, Hlota, Lhota, Lotha, Lutha, Miklai, Tsindir, Tsontsii	Kyong	Live, Tsontsu, Ndreng, Kyong, Kyo, Kyon, Kyou.
nsa	Naga, Sangtam	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Naga	India	Nagaland state: Tuensang district, Kiphire sub-district, Chare circle	76,000 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Isachanure, Lophomi, Sangtam		Kizare, Pirr (Northern Sangtam), Phelongre, Thukumi (Central Sangtam), Photsimi, Purr (Southern Sangtam). Standard based on Tsadanger village dialect. Kizare north of Meluri, and not known how much it differs from other Sangtam.
yim	Naga, Yimchungru	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Naga	India	Nagaland state: Tuensang district, between Namchik and Patkoi	83,300 (2011 census). Includes 12,300 Chirr and 11,100 Tikhir (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Tozhuma, Yachumi, Yanchunger, Yimchunger, Yimchungre	Yimchungrü	Tikhir, Wai, Chirr, Minir, Pherrongre, Yimchungru. The last 3 dialects listed are in the south.
mhu	Darang Deng	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Digarish	China	Xizang Autonomous Region: Chayu (Zayü) county along Dulai river valley, Gayao, Qu’antong, and Xiazayu townships, Nyingchi prefecture	850 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 750 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Darang, Darang Dengyu, Digaro, Digaro-Mishmi
mhu	Digaro-Mishmi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Digarish	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Lohit district, Changlagam, Goiliang, and Hayuliang circles, Dibang Valley district; Assam state	44,100 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 44,950	6a* (Vigorous)	Darang Deng, Digaro, Digaru, Mishmi, Taaon, Taraon, Taying		None known. May not be in the Tani group, but is related. Lexical similarity: 25% with Idu-Mishmi [clk], 10% with Miju-Mishmi [mxj].
clk	Idu-Mishmi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Digarish	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Dibang Valley district; Assam and West Bengal states	11,000 in India (2001 census). 2,200 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 11,080	6a (Vigorous)	Ida, Idu, Midhi, Nedu, Yidu Luoba, “Chulikata” (pej.), “Chulikotta” (pej.), “Sulikota” (pej.)		Midu, Mithu. Reportedly most similar to Digaro-Mishmi [mhu]. Different from Adi [adi]. May be a dialect of Mising [mrg]. Lexical similarity: 7% with the Miju-Mishmi dialect of Miju-Mishmi [mxj], 25% with Digaro-Mishmi [mhu].
clk	Luoba, Yidu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Digarish	China	Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi prefecture, Chayu county, Xia Chayu (Zayu) zone, Ba’antong and Xia Chayu (Zayu) townships, in Danba river valley and adjoining mountain slopes, near Bhutan border	80 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 50 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Lhoba (Luoba)	Idu Lhoba, Idu Mishmi, Lho-Pa, Lhoba, Yidu, “Chulikata” (pej.)
hru	Hruso	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Hrusish	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Thrizino sub-district, Balipho, Bhalukpong, Buragaon, Dijungonia, Gijiri, Gohainthan, Husigaon, Jamiri, Karangonia, Khuppi, Palizi, Polatari, Raghupam, Raindogonia, Tania, Tulu, and Yayom villages; East Kameng district, Seppa sub-district, Pisang village	3,000 (Van Driem 2007)	6b (Threatened)	Aka, Angka, Angkae, Gusso, Hrusso, Tenae		Hruso, Levai (Bangru). No apparent wider affiliation within Tibeto-Burman. Varieties sometimes grouped under Tibeto-Burman as Hruish. Levai is similar to Miji [sjl] and may be a distinct language. Lexical similarity: 9% between Koro [jkr] and the Hruso dialect [hru]. Both are highly dissimilar to neighboring languages.
sjl	Miji	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Hrusish	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: East Kameng district, Bameng and Lada sub-districts, Besai, Dongko, Drackchi, Gerangzing, Kampaa, Kojo, Nabolong, Naschgzang, Panker, Pego, Rojo, Sachung, Salang, Sekong, Wakke, and Zarkam villages; West Kemang district, Nafra sub-district, 25 villages including Chalang, Debbing, Dibrick, Dichik, Khellong, Lower Dzang, Nachinghom, Nafra, Najang, Naku, Nizong, Rurang, Upper Dzang, and Zangnaching in Bichom and Pakesa river valley	6,500 (2001)	6a (Vigorous)	Dammai, Dhammai, Namrei, Sajalong, Sajolang		None known. Generally considered in the Mirish subgroup. Reportedly completely dissimilar to any surrounding language. Lexical similarity: 54%–65% between varieties of West and East Kameng; 54%–83% between all varieties.
zkr	Zakhring	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Keman	China	Xizang Autonomous Region: Zayul county, Lower Zayul township, 3 villages: Lading, Songgu, and Tama	600 in China (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 900	7 (Shifting)	Charumba, Zaiwa, Zha		None known. Similar to Tibetan [bod] (Singh 1994b), Miju-Mishmi [mxj] (Bradley 2007a). Not related to Zaiwa [atb] in Yunnan.
zkr	Zakhring	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Keman	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Lohit district, Kibithoo and Walong, Lohit river area	300 in India (2002)	7 (Shifting)	Charumba, Eastern Mishmi, Meyor, Zaiwa
suv	Puroik	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: East Kameng, Kurung Kumey, Papumpare, and Lower Subansiri districts, along Par river, 53 villages	20,000 (2011 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. A divergent language which may not be Sino-Tibetan but possibly Austro-Asiatic. Intelligible of Bugun [bgg] (Chowdhury 1996). Burling (2003) groups it with Sherdukpen [sdp] and Bugun; possibly also with Lish [lsh] and Sartang [onp]. Lexical similarity: 54%–67% between varieties; 57%–68% with Chug [cvg]; less than 15% with Bugun [bgg] and Nyishi [njz].
bgg	Bugun	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Nafra and Singchung sub-districts, Bichom, Diching, Dikiang, Lichini, Mangopom, Namphri, New Kaspi, Ramu, Sachita, Singchung, Situ, and Wangho villages; in mountains on both sides of Rupa river, interspersed among the Aka	900 (2001 Asia Harvest)	6b* (Threatened)	Kho, Khoa, Khowa	Bugun	None known. May be mutually intelligible with Puroik [suv] (Chowdhury 1996); Burling (2003) groups it with Puroik and Sherdukpen [sdp] and possibly also with Lish [lsh] and Sartang [onp]. Lexical similarity: low with all neighboring languages.
sdp	Sherdukpen	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Rupa (Kupa), Shergaon, and Thungrao villages; Maharashtra state: Jigaon; Assam state	3,100 (2001)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ngnok		None known. Lexical similarity: 49%–60% with Sartang. Burling (2003) groups it with Puroik [suv] and Bugun [bgg] and possibly also with Lish [lsh] and Sartang [onp].
cvg	Chug	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Chug village	850 (2005)	6b* (Threatened)	Chug Monpa, Chugpa, Monpa		None known. Reportedly most similar to Lish [lsh].
lsh	Lish	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Lish, Lish Gompache, Lish Gompalok villages	2340	6b* (Threatened)	Kishpignag, Lish Monpa, Lishpa, Monpa		None known. Reportedly most similar to Chug [cvg].
onp	Sartang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Nafra and Dirang sub-districts, Darbu, Jerigaon, Khoina, Khoitam, Rahung, and Sellary villages	1,000 (2005)	6a (Vigorous)	Bootpa, But Monpa, But Pa, Matchopa	Sartang	None known. Lexical similarity: 49%–60% with Sherdukpen [sdp].
lep	Lapcha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Lepcha	Nepal	Mechi zone: Ilam district	7,730 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 7,500 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 230 (2011 census). No monolinguals	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Lepcha	Lepcha, Nünpa, Rongke, Rongpa, Róng, Róngkup, “Lapche” (pej.)		Ilammu, Tamsangmu, Rengjongmu.
lep	Lepcha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Lepcha	Bhutan	Samtse district: Amo river area, east and south lower valleys	11,700 in Bhutan (2013 J. Leclerc)	6b (Threatened)	Lapcha, Nünpa, Rongke, Rongpa, Róng, Róng-ríng, Róngkup		Ilammu, Tamsangmu, Rengjongmu.
lep	Lepcha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Lepcha	India	Sikkim state: Dzongu district; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district, Kalimpong	47,300 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 66,730 (as L1: 66,500; as L2: 230)	6b* (Threatened)	Lapche, Nünpa, Rongke, Rongpa, Róng, Róng-ríng, Róngkup		Ilammu, Tamsangmu, Rengjongmu. Classification uncertain; has been classified both in Himalayan and Naga groups.
mxj	Miju-Mishmi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Mijish	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Lohit district, 25 villages, high altitudes of east, upper Lohit and Dau valleys; Assam state	18,000 in India (2006 Arunachal Tourism). Total users in all countries: 18,200	6a* (Vigorous)	Eastern Mishmi, Geman Dend, Geman Deng, Kaman, Miji, Miju, Mishmi	Kman	None known. Conflicting reports about Miju-Mishmi similarity to Idu-Mishmi [clk] and Digaro-Mishmi [mhu]. Reportedly intelligible but recorded lexical similarity is too low for this to be possible. Ethnically related, but may not be linguistically similar. Related to Kachin, Chin and Lepcha [lep] languages (Chowdhury 1996). Some linguists believe the language is similar to Jingpho [kac]. Lexical similarity: 7% with Idu-Mishmi [clk], 10% with Digaro-Mishmi [mhu] (IICCC).
mxj	Geman Deng	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Mijish	China	Southeast Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi prefecture, Chayu (Zayü) county, townships on lower Chayu (Zayü) river in small villages	200 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai), decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Kaman, Keman, Miji, Miju, Mishmi
raw	Rawang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish	Myanmar	Kachin state: Putao district, Kawnglangphu, Machanbaw, Naungmaw, Pannandin, and Putao townships	62,000 in Myanmar (2000). Total users in all countries: 63,000	3 (Wider communication). Matwang dialect is L2 or church language used by other dialect speakers	Ch’opa, Chiutse, Ganung-Rawang, Kiutze, Nung Rawang, Qiuze, “Hkanung” (pej.)	Nung, Rawang	Kyaikhu (Dangraq-Mashang, Northern Lungmi), Matwang, Daru-Jerwang, Khrangkhu-Thininglong (Southern Lungmi), Tangsar West (Langdaqgong, Renyinchi), Thaluq, Tangsar East (Changgong). Most reportedly understand Matwang, a central, written dialect. Part of a chain of related varieties with the Drung [duu] people of Nu nationality in China. Dialects near Tibet border more divergent. Lungmi varieties of Mashang and Dangraq are especially divergent. Rawang speakers from the Kunglang variety of Daru live in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Some Rawang dialects, especially Kyaikhu Lungmi and Changgong Tangsar, have less intelligibility with the standard written dialect of Matwang. Anong (Khingpang) [nun] and Drung (Thrung) [duu] are related to Rawang and are sometimes included as Rawang varieties (Morse 1989). Lexical similarity: 82%–99% among Matwang-related dialects. Lexical similarity between Matwan and the following varieties or languages: 74% with Drung [duu], 79%–80% with Anong [nun], 81%–87% with Renyinchi (Langdaqgong Tangsar), 77% with Changgong Tangsar, 74%–85% with Lungmi, 74%–80% with Daru-Jerwang.
duu	Drung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish	China	Yunnan province: Gongshan Dulong-Nu autonomous county (Dulong River dialect (5,500)); Xizang Autonomous Region: Gongshan Dulong-Nu autonomous county west to Chayu (Zayü) county; Gongshang county, Bingzhongluo; Tibet: Chayu county, Chawalong district (Nu River dialect (8,500)	14,000 in China (2000 census). 8,500 in Nu River dialect, 5,500 in Dulong River dialect. Total population all countries: 14,000. 13,300 monolinguals (2000). Total users in all countries: 14,225	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dulong	Dulong, Kiao, Kiu, Kiupa, Kiutze, Qiu, Qiuzi, Taron, Trung, Tvrung		Dulong River (Central Dulongjiang, Derung River, Northern Dulongjiang, Southern Dulongjiang), Nu River (Nujiang Dulong). Dialects reportedly inherently intelligible (Thurgood and LaPolla 2003). Nu River Drung is not the same as Tibeto-Burman Anong [nun], which is also in Myanmar. Different from Rawang [raw] in Myanmar. Other possible dialect names are Melam, Metu, Tamalu, and Tukiumu. Lexical similarity: 74% with Matwang dialect of Rawang [raw].
nun	Anong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish	China	Yunnan province: Nujian Lisu autonomous prefecture, central Fugong county, Shangpa town, Mugujia village cluster; Thanlwin (Salween) (Nu) river area	50 in China (Bradley 2007a). One-third of ethnic group are speakers and another one-third have passive knowledge (Bradley 2007a). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,300 (Bradley 2007a)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Nu	Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuch’ye, Khanung, Khupang, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Lu, Lutze, Lutzu, Nu, Nung		Cholo, Gwaza, Miko.
nun	Anong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish	Myanmar	Kachin state: Kawnglangphu, Myitkyina, Putao, Machanbaw, and Tanai townships	400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 450	8a (Moribund)	Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuch’ye, Fuchve, Khingpang, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Naw, Nawpha, Nu	Anong	Byabe, Kizolo, Nora. Slightly different dialects of Anong spoken in China and Myanmar, although no reported difficulty communicating with each other. Low inherent intelligibility with the Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Lexical similarity: 87%–89% with Anong in Myanmar and Anong in China, 73%–76% with T’rung [duu], 77%–83% with Matwang variety of Rawang [raw].
duu	Drung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish	Myanmar	Kachin state: Pannandin township, Talatu and Khraung villages far north	225 in Myanmar (2013 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Derung, Dulong, Durung, Qiu, Rawang, T’rung, Tarong, Thrung, Trone, Trung, Tulung, Tvrung
raw	Rawang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: near Myanmar and Tibet border (Kunlang)	1,000 in India (2011 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Ch’opa, Chiutse, Ganung-Rawang, Hkanung, Kiutze, Krangku, Taron		Kunlang.
mrg	Mising	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Lower Subansiri district, Ziro subdistrict, villages near Pasighat, both sides of Kamla river; Upper Subansiri district, Daporizo sub-district; Assam state: Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Jorhat, North Lakhimpur, Sibsagar, Sonitput, and Tinsukia districts	630,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Miching, Miri, Mishing, Missing, Takam	Mising	Idu-Mishmi [clk] may be a dialect.
nbt	Na	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Upper Subansiri district; Taksing sub-district, Dadu, Esnaya, Gumsing, Lingbing, Redi, Reding, Taying, Tongla, and Yeja villages	1500	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Affinity with Tagin [tgj] (Singh 1994b).
njz	Nyishi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: lower Subansiri district	299,000 (2011 census). 23,000 speakers of Bangni dialect (Van Driem 2007)	5* (Developing)	Bangni, Dafla, Daphla, Lel, Nishi, Nisi, Nissi, Nyising	Nil	Aka Lel, Bangni, Nishang. Reportedly similar to Tagin [tgj]. Apatani [apt] may be a dialect.
adi	Adi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: East, West, and Upper Siang districts, Upper Subansiri and Dibang Valley districts; Assam state: Assam valley north hills, between Bhutan and Buruli rivers	150,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 151,090	5* (Developing)	Abhor, Abor, Boga’er Luoba, Bori-Karko, Lhoba, Luoba	Adi	Ashing, Bokar (Boga’er Luoba), Bori, Karko, Komkar, Milang (Milan), Minyong, Padam, Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam.
adl	Adi, Galo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: west and east Siang, Dibang Valley (south), Lohit (east), Changlang (northeast), Upper Subansiri (west) districts; Assam state	29,200 (2011 census). A few older adult monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Adi, Adi-Gallong, Adi-Galo, Gallong, Galong	Galo	Lare, Pugo, Karka. Lare is the main dialect and is accepted by all Galo.
apt	Apatani	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: lower Subansiri district, Billa, Dutta, Hari, Hija, Hong, Michi Bamin, and Mudang-Tage villages in Ziro valley; Assam and Nagaland states	44,800 (2011 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Apa		None known. May be intelligible with Nyishi [njz].
adi	Luoba, Boga’er	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani	China	Xizang Autonomous Region: Lhunze and Mainling counties, south of Yaluzangjiang river, Luoyu area	1,090 in China (1999 O. Jueya). 400 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,680 (2010 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lhoba (Luoba)	Abor, Adi, Adi-Bokar, Bengni-Boga’er, Boga’er, Bokar, Lho-Pa, Lhoba
tgj	Tagin	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: upper Subansiri district	62,900 (2011 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Nil		None known. Reportedly similar to Nyishi [njz].
ajz	Amri Karbi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karbi	India	Assam state: Kamrup district, Basbistha, Chandubi, Jalukbari, Jorabat, Kahi Kusi, Khetri, Loharghat, Pandu, Panikhaith, Rani block, Sonapur, and south of Brahmaputra river; Meghalaya state: Ri-Bhoi district, Nongpoh area, Barni Hat and Umling	125,000 (2003)	5 (Developing)	Amri	Amri Karbi	Lower Amri, Upper Amri. Reportedly unintelligible with Karbi [mjw]; intelligibility testing inconclusive regarding whether Guriaghuli area dialect is well understood in Meghalaya. Lexical similarity: 57%–68% with Karbi; 70%–86% between dialects.
mjw	Karbi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karbi	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Papumpare district, Balijan sub-district; Assam state: Cachar, Darrang, Karbi Anglong, Lakhimpur, Marigaon, Nagaon, and Sonitpur districts in Mikir and Rengma hills; Meghalaya state: Jaintia district; Nagaland state: Dimapur area foothills	529,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Karbi Karbak, Manchati, Nihang, Puta, “Mikir” (pej.), “Mikiri” (pej.)	Arleng Alam	Chingthang (Jynthong), Mirlong, Rong Kethang (Rengkhang, Rongkhang). Lexical similarity: 82%–96% between dialects.
bwe	Karen, Bwe	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central	Myanmar	Bago region: Taungoo and Hpa-Ana townships; Kayah state: Hpruso township; Kayin state: Thandaung township, about 100 villages	17,200 (1997 F. Bennett), decreasing. No monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Baghi, Bghai Karen, Blimaw, Bwe, Dareh, Manaw		Western Bwe Karen, Eastern Bwe Karen. Most comprehend Western Bwe Karen dialect; some comprehend Geba [kvq] and Kayaw [kvl]; no inherent intelligibility with Kayah [eky] or Geko [ghk]. Lexical similarity: 82%–100% with Geba Karen [kvq].
kvq	Karen, Geba	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central	Myanmar	Bago region; Mandalay region: Pyinmana township; Kayah state; Kayin state: Thandaunggyi township, 140 villages; Shan state: Pekon and Pinlong townships	40,000 (2010 Geba Literature and Culture Committee)	5 (Developing)	Daneh, Geba, Kaba, Karenbyu, Kayinbyu, Kayinpyu, Kebar, Kono, Koo-ong, Northern Bwe, White Karen		Sawkho, Gerkho-Geba, Thamitaik (Sawkeepho). May be same subgroup with Bwe Karen [bwe] and Kayaw [kvl]. Some comprehension of Bwe Karen [bwe]. Sawkho and Gerkho-Geba varieties slightly divergent. Lexical similarity: 82%–100% with Bwe Karen [bwe].
kvl	Kayaw	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central	Myanmar	Kayah state: 30 villages east; Kayin state: Yado area; Shan state: Pekon township	20,100 (Leclerc 2017d)	5 (Developing)	Deleh, Ka-yaw, Laku, Pramano, “Bre” (pej.), “Brec” (pej.), “Brek” (pej.), “Kayaw Brek” (pej.), “Paret” (pej.), “Pre” (pej.), “Pret” (pej.)	Kayaw	Bwe-Kayaw, Upper Kayaw, Lower Kayaw. Upper Kayaw dialect is the basis for Kayaw literature. Some intelligibility with Bwe Karen [bwe], though some Kayaw who speak with the Bwe Karen may use S’gaw Karen [ksw] to communicate.
ghk	Karen, Geko	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central	Myanmar	Bago region: Toungoo district; Mandalay region: Yamethin district; Kayin state: Thandaunggyi township; Shan state: Pekon township	17,000 (Manson 2010)	6a (Vigorous)	Gaikho, Gek’o, Gekho, Ghekhol, Ghekhu, Gheko, Kakhau, Kayan, Kayan Kakhau, Kekaungdu, Kekhong, Keku, Yathu Gekho		Geker, Gekho, Thaidai (Htideh).
kxf	Kawyaw	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central	Myanmar	Kayah state: West Kyèbogyi area, border of Bawlake and Hpruso townships, 23 villages	10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley)	6a (Vigorous)	Kayah-Munu, Kayàw, Manaw, Manu, Manu Manaw, Manumanaw, Manumanaw Karen, Manö, Monu	Kawyaw	Tawkhu, Doloso. Reports of comprehension difficulty between the 2 dialects.
eky	Kayah, Eastern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central	Myanmar	Kayah state: Shadaw township east of Thanlwin river; Shan state: Langkho district	8,000 in Myanmar (2007). Total users in all countries: 26,000	6a (Vigorous)	Karenni, Karennyi, Kayah, Kayah Li, Kayay, Kayeh, Red Karen		Upper Eastern Kayah, Lower Eastern Kayah. Upper Eastern Kayah and Lower Eastern Kayah are mutually intelligible; Huai Sua Thaw village (Lower Eastern) is prestigious in both dialect groups. Difficulty understanding Western Kayah [kyu].
eky	Kayah, Eastern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central	Thailand	Mae Hong Son province: east of Salween river	18,000 in Thailand (2000). 2 camps of 15,000 refugees from Myanmar	6b* (Threatened)	Karennyi, Kayah, Kayay, Kayeh, Red Karen, “Yang Daeng” (pej.)
kyu	Kayah, Western	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central	Myanmar	Kayah state and Kayin state: east of Thanlwin river; Shan state: Pekon township south. Shan state: north of Loikaw (northern dialect); Dimawso and Hpruso townships south of Loikaw (southern dialect)	150,000 (2007). 2,000 refugees in Thailand	5 (Developing)	Karenni, Karennyi, Karieng Daeng, Kayah, Kayah Li, Red Karen, Yang Daeng		Northern dialect of Western Kayah, Southern dialect of Western Kayah, Dawtama, Dawnnyjekhu, Sounglog, Chi Kwe, Wan Cheh. Part of a dialect continuum of Central Karen varieties stretching from Thailand (Eastern Kayah [eky]) to western Kayah state.
kvt	Lahta	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Northern	Myanmar	Nay Pyi Taw region: Pyinmana township; Shan state: Pekon and Pinlaung townships	9,550 (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	Kayan Lahta, Khahta, Lahta Karen, Peu, Taru, Tarulakhi, Yan Wohta		Socially related to Kayan [pdu] but not intelligible. Zayein [kxk] may be a dialect of Lahta.
kvu	Yinbaw	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Northern	Myanmar	Kayah state; Shan state: east	9,240 (Leclerc 2017d)	6a (Vigorous)	Yeinbaw, Yinbaw Karen		None known. Consider themselves part of Kayan ethnic group. Reportedly similar to Kayan [pdu] and Geko [ghk].
pdu	Kayan	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Northern	Myanmar	Kayah state; Kayin state: Thandaung township; Shan state: Pekon township; Mandalay region: Pyinmana township. Kayah state: Lahwi and northwest Dimawso townships. Shan state: south Pekon (Kayan Lahwi dialect); northwest Kayah state: Dimawso area (Kayan Kangan dialect)	133,000 in Myanmar (2005 E. Phan). Total users in all countries: 133,180	5 (Developing)	Ka-Yun, Kayang, Lahwi, “Long-Necked Karen” (pej.), “Padaung” (pej.), “Padaung Karen” (pej.)	Kayan	Standard Pekon, Kayan Lahwi, Kayan Kangan (Yeinbaw, Yinbaw). Significant dialectal variation. Most seem to understand standard Pekon (prestige) dialect. Lexical similarity: more than 90% among dialects, 71%–76% with Lahta [kvt].
kvy	Yintale	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Northern	Myanmar	Kayah state: Bawlakhè district, Hpasawng township, 3 villages	1,000 (2000 D. Bradley), decreasing. Wa Awng village is main village, with 100 households. Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley)	6b (Threatened)	Taliak, Yangatalet, Yangtadai, Yintale Karen, Yintalet		Bawlake, Wa Awng. Reportedly a variety of Western Kayah [kyu].
kxk	Zayein	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Northern	Myanmar	Shan state: south between Mobyè and Phekon towns	11,800 (Leclerc 2017d)	6a (Vigorous)	Gaungtou, Khaungtou, Zayein Karen		None known. May be subgroup of Latha [kvt].
kjt	Karen, Phrae Pwo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral	Thailand	Phrae, Lampang, and Chiang Rai provinces	6,000 (Dawkins and Phillips 2009a). Total Karen: 441,000 (2010 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Northeastern Pwo Karen, Phrae, Prae, Pwo Phrae		None known. Not intelligible with other Pwo Karen languages. Lexical similarity: 87% with Northern Pwo Karen [pww] of Thailand, 67%–71% with other Pwo Karen varieties.
pww	Karen, Pwo Northern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral	Thailand	Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Tak provinces; Mae Hong Son province: Mae Sarieng town, Mae Ngaw along Salween river, 15–25 villages, Hot to Mae Sarieng	60,000 (1983 SIL). Total Karen: 441,000 (2010 census)	5* (Developing)	Phlon, Phlong		Mae Ping, Omkoi (Hod), Mae Sarieng. Dialects mutually intelligible. Pwo Karen of Phrae [kjt], Kanchanaburi, and Hua Hin are not intelligible with these. Lexical similarity: 87% with Phrae province Pwo Karen [kjt] of Thailand, 68%–73% with other Pwo Karen.
kjp	Karen, Pwo Eastern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral	Myanmar	Bago region: Bago and Toungoo townships; Kayin state and Tanintharyi region: large area near Thai border	1,000,000 in Myanmar (1998). Total users in all countries: 1,050,000	5 (Developing)	Moulmein Pwo Karen, Phlong, Phlou, Pho		Pa’an (Inland Eastern Pwo Karen, Moulmein), Kawkareik (Eastern Border Pwo Karen), Tavoy (Southern Pwo Karen). Not intelligible with Pwo Western Karen [pwo]. Reportedly fairly high comprehension among Eastern Pwo Karen dialects. Lexical similarity: 91%–97% among dialects; 63%–65% with Pwo Western Karen [pwo].
kjp	Karen, Pwo West-Central Thailand	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral	Thailand	Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ratchaburi, Suphan Buri, and Uthai Thani provinces; Tak province: Umphang and Phop Phra districts. Kanchanaburi dialect is north, Ratchaburi-Phetchaburi dialect is south	50,000 in Thailand (1998). Total Karen: 441,000 (2010 census	5* (Developing)	Phlou, Southern Pwo Karen		Kanchanaburi Pwo Karen, Ratchaburi Pwo Karen (Phetchaburi Pwo Karen).
pwo	Karen, Pwo Western	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral	Myanmar	Ayeyarwady region: Einmeh, Maubin, Pathein, Twante, others; Bago region: Kyonpyaw and Hinthada, others; Yangon region: Twante	210,000, decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Bassein Pwo Karen, Delta Pwo Karen, Mon Karen, Mon Kayin, Mutheit, Pathein Pwo Karen, Phlong, Phlong Sho, Pho, Shu, Talaing Karen		Very little dialectal variation among Western Pwo Karen.
blk	Pa’o	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral	Myanmar	Kayah state: Loikaw; Kayin state: Shan state border area; Mon state: near Thaton; Shan state	858,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 858,740	5 (Developing)	Black Karen, Northern Taungthu, Pa Oh, Pa’o Karen, Pa-O, Pa-U		Southern Pa’o, Northern Pa’o. Reportedly fairly high comprehension among dialects.
blk	Pa’o	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral	Thailand	Mae Hong Son province	740 in Thailand (2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Black Karen, Pa Oh, Pa’O, Pa’o Karen, Pa-Oh, Pa-U, Taungtu		Southern Pa’o.
jkm	Karen, Mobwa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Southern	Myanmar	Kayin state: Thandaung township, western foot of Thandaung mountains, 9 villages; some in Bago region: Taungoo township	4,000 (2010 SIL). Also live mixed with Bwe Karen [bwe] and Paku Karen [jkp] in some villages	6b (Threatened)	Bilichi, Blimaw, Dermuha, Maleh, Mobwa Karen, Monpwa, Mopwa, Pa-Le-Chi, Palachi, Palakhi, Palaychi		Palaychi (Southern Mobwa), Dermuha (Southern Mobwa). Reportedly similar to Paku Karen [jkp].
jkp	Karen, Paku	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Southern	Myanmar	Bago region: east near Kayin state border; Kayah state: south; Kayin state: hills southeast of Taungoo	6,710 (Leclerc 2017d)	6a (Vigorous)	Mogpha, Mogwa, Monebwa, Monnepwa, Mopaga, Mopha, Pagu, Paku, Paku Karen, Thalwepwe		Shwe Kyin, Mawchi, Kyauk Gyi, Bawgali. Dialects based on villages: Kyauk Gyi and Shwe Kyin are spoken in east Bago region, Taungoo district near Kayin state border; Mawchi is spoken in Kayah state; Bawgali is spoken in north Kayin state. Some Paku dialects are reportedly quite similar to S’gaw Karen [ksw], while others are more similar to Bwe [bwe] and Geba [kvq].
ksw	Karen, S’gaw	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Southern	Myanmar	Ayeyarwady, Bago, and Yangon regions and Kayin state; scattered in Ayeyarwady delta area, generally among Western Pwo Karen [pwo] speakers	2,050,000 in Myanmar, all users. L1 users: 1,970,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). L2 users: 80,000 (2013 SIL). Total users in all countries: 2,250,000 (as L1: 2,170,000; as L2: 80,000)	3 (Wider communication). S’gaw Karen used in the church domain for many Karen languages	Burmese Karen, Kanyaw, Kayinpyu, Kyetho, Paganyaw, Pchcknya, Pwakenyaw, S’gau, S’gaw, White Karen, Yang Khao	S’gaw Kayin	Eastern dialect of S’gaw Karen (Pa’an), Southern dialect of Western Kayah (Dawei), Delta dialect of S’gaw Karen. Reportedly similar to Paku Karen [jkp].
ksw	Karen, S’gaw	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Southern	Thailand	Tak, Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, and Kamphaeng Phet provinces, near Myanmar border	200,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Total Karen: 441,000 (2010 census)	5* (Dispersed)	Burmese Karen, Kanyaw, Karen, Paganyaw, Pwakanyaw, S’gau, S’gaw, S’gaw Kayin, White, Yang Khao		Panapu, Palakhi (Palachi).
wea	Wewaw	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Southern	Myanmar	Bago region: Karen hills, near Taungoo, Bago Yoma range between Ayeyarwady and Sittang rivers	No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by late 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Wewau		Reportedly similar to and may be a dialect of S’gaw Karen [ksw].
cth	Chin, Thaiphum	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin	Myanmar	Chin state: Matupi township, 4 villages	1,000 (2005 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Thui Phum	Thaiphum	Very little dialectal variation among the Thaiphum villages. Thaiphum is intelligible to some extent with neighboring languages, such as the Eastern Khumi [cek] varieties of Khenlak, Asang, and Rengcaa. Lexical similarity: 72%–75% with Eastern Khumi [cek], 69%–71% with Khumi [cnk], 65%–68% with Mro-Khimi [cmr], 66%–71% with Matu Chin [hlt].
cnw	Chin, Ngawn	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central	Myanmar	Chin state: north Falam township	18,600 (Leclerc 2017d)	5 (Developing)	Ngawn, Ngon, Ngorn
tcp	Chin, Tawr	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central	Myanmar	Chin state: Hakha township, Laamtuk and Ruavan villages	700 (1996 D. van Bik)	6a (Vigorous)	Tawr, Torr	Thawr, Thor Chin
pkh	Pangkhua	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Rangamati district	2,400 in Bangladesh (2015 Z. Akter)	6b (Threatened)	Pangkhu, Pankho, Pankhu, Panko
pkh	Pankhu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central	India	Mizoram state: Chhimtuipui and Lunglei districts, 12 villages	Current population unknown. Ethnic population: 230 (1971)	6a* (Vigorous)	Paang, Pang, Pang Khua, Pangkhu, Pankho, Pankhua, Panko, Pankua
bgr	Chin, Bawm	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai	India	Assam state; Mizoram state: Aizawl, Chhimtuipui, and Lunglei districts; Tripura state	4,440 in India (2004). Total users in all countries: 15,140	6b (Threatened)	Bawn, Bawng, Bom	Bawm	None known. Linguistically and ethnically a subgroup of the Laizou (Anal) [anm] (Matisoff et al 1996:8).
cfm	Chin, Falam	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai	Myanmar	Chin state: Falam township	69,000 in Myanmar (1983). 9,000 Taisun, 16,000 Zanniat, 7,000 Khualsim, 4,000 Lente, 14,400 Zahau, 18,600 Laizo (1983). Total users in all countries: 107,900	5 (Developing)	Falam, Fallam, Halam, Hallam Chin	Falam Chin	Zanniat (Zahnyiet, Zanniet), Taisun (Shunkla, Sunkhla, Taishon, Tashom, Tashon), Laizo (Laiso, Laizao, Laizo-Shimhrin), Zahau (Lyen-Lyem, Yahow, Za-How, Zahao, Zahau-Shimhrin), Khualsim (Khualshim, Kwelshin), Lente (Gunte, Lyente), Sim, Tapong, Hlawnceu. Collectively called Baro Halam. Tapong reportedly has difficult intelligibility for other dialect speakers. 75% lexical similarity with Zanniat dialect. Ngawn [cnw], Bualkhaw [cbl], and the Hualngo dialect of Mizo [lus] are often included as sub-groups of Falam, since they live in Falam township.
bgr	Chin, Bawm	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Bandarbar and south Rangamati districts, near Myanmar border	10,000 in Bangladesh (2011)	5 (Developing)	Bawm, Bawn, Bawng, Bom
bgr	Chin, Bawm	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai	Myanmar	Chin state: Paletwa township, Bahun Taung, Pi Taung, Mawtalar, and Rakan villages	700 in Myanmar (2016 LSDO), decreasing	5 (Developing)	Bawm, Bawn, Bawng, Boam, Bom, Laisaw, Laizo, Langkay
cbl	Chin, Bualkhaw	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai	Myanmar	Chin state: Falam township, north of Falam town, Bualkhua, Phaizawl, and Khuang villages	2,500 (2006)	5 (Developing)	Bualkhaw-Chin, Bualkhua, Phadei		None known. Reportedly most similar to Falam Chin [cfm].
cfm	Chin, Falam	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai	India	Assam state: Karimganj district, a few villages in Cachar and North Hills districts; Mizoram, Tripura, and West Bengal states	38,900 in India (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Fallam, Halam Chin, Hallam, Tipura		Chorei, Chari Chong, Halam, Kaipeng (Kaipang, Keipang), Kalai (Koloi), Molsom (Mursum), Rupini, Tapong, Bongcher (Bawngcher, Bondcher, Bongshi).
cnh	Chin, Hakha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai	India	Assam and Meghalaya states; Mizoram state: Aizawi district, Champhai subdistrict, southernmost tip; Chhimtuipui district, 41 villages	28,600 in India (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Baungshe, Haka Chin, Hakha Lai, Lai, Lai Hawlh, Lai Pawi, “Haka” (pej.)		Klangklang (Thlantlang), Zokhua.
cnh	Chin, Hakha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai	Myanmar	Chin state: Hakha township; Magway region: 2 small border areas extreme north	177,000 in Myanmar, all users. L1 users: 137,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). L2 users: 40,000 (2013 SIL). Total users in all countries: 210,410 (as L1: 170,410; as L2: 40,000)	3 (Wider communication). Used as an LWC in church, market, business, and some media in parts of Chin state: Hakha township, Thantlang township, and parts of Matupi township	Baungshe, Haka, Haka Chin, Hakha, Hakha Lai	Lai, Lai Chin	Thantlang (Klangklang), Zokhua.
biu	Biate	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo	India	Assam state: North Cachar Hills district; Manipur state; Meghalaya state: Jaintia hills district; Mizoram state: Aizawl district, Darlawn, New Vervek, and Ratu villages	19,000 (IMA 1997)	5* (Developing)	Baite, Bedesa, Beite, Bete, Beteh, Biete, Hadem	Biate	None known. Reportedly similar to Hrangkhol [hra], and similar enough to Mizo [lus] and Hmar [hmr] that they can be read with comprehension.
lus	Mizo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo	India	Assam state; Manipur state: Churachandpur district; Mizoram and Nagaland states; Tripura state: Jampui Hill range	831,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 843,750	4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Mizoram State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language	Duhlian Twang, Dulien, Hualngo, Lukhai, Lusago, Lusai, Lusei, Lushai, Lushai-Mizo, Lushei, Sailau, Whelngo	Mizo ṭawng	Fannai, Mizo, Ngente, Tlau. Related to Hmar [hmr], Pangkhua [pkh], and Falam Chin [cfm] (Zahao dialect).
lus	Chin, Mizo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo	Myanmar	Chin state: northwest Falam, west Tedim and Tonzang townships, near India border	12,500 in Myanmar (1983 census)	5 (Dispersed)	Haulngo, Hualngo, Ka-Lin-Kaw, Le, Lusai, Lushai, Lushay, Lushei, Mizo, Whelngo		Dulien, Ngente, Mizo, Hualngo.
hmr	Hmar	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo	India	Assam state: Cachar district; Manipur state: south, Churachandpur, Tipaimukh, 35 villages; Mizoram state: Aizawl district; Tripura state	99,000 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Hamar, Hmari, Mhar	Hmar	None known. Reportedly similar to Zou [zom].
hra	Hrangkhol	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo	India	Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura states	18,700 (2000), decreasing	5* (Developing)	Hrangkol, Rangkhol		Hadem. Reportedly most similar to Biate [biu].
lus	Mizo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Rangamati, Sajek	250 in Bangladesh (2007 census)	6b (Threatened)	Hualngo, Lei, Lusai, Lushai, Lushei, Sailau, Whelngo
sch	Sakachep	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo	India	Assam state: Cachar Hills, North Cachar Hills, and Karbi Anglong districts; Meghalaya state: Jaintia Hills district, Mongor, Rumphung, and Saithsma villages; Nagaland state: Kohima district, Khelma village; Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura states	25,000 (2003)	6a (Vigorous)	Khelma, Sakechep		Khelma, Thangkachep, Sakachep (Sakechep). Dialects may be simply alternate names for Sakechep depending on the region.
sez	Chin, Senthang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic	Myanmar	Chin state: Hakha township; Thantlang township, 2 villages; Magway region: Gangaw township, 15 villages; Sagaing region: Kaleymyo township, 2 villages	33,000 (2007 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Hsemtang, Sentang	Senthang Chin	Surkhua/Lungrang, Shoneshi (Shonshe), Sakta, Central Senthang (Bungzung, Khuapi, Lei-Um, Phaipha). High intelligibility among all Senthang villages, except possibly outlying dialects of Shoneshi, Surkhua (Lungrang), and Sakta. Lexical similarity: 79%–95% within Senthang.
czt	Chin, Zotung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic	Myanmar	Chin state: Reizwa sub-township	40,000 (1990 UBS)	5 (Developing)	Yotun, Zo Mingphuin, Zobya	Zotung, Zotung Chin	None known. Reportedly intelligible with Hakha Chin [cnh].
zyp	Chin, Zyphe	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic	India	Mizoram state: Saiha district, Iana and Siata villages	3,000 in India (2000)	5* (Developing)	Vawngtu, Zophei, Zoptei, Zyphe		Lower Zyphe, Upper Zyphe.
zyp	Chin, Zyphe	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic	Myanmar	Chin state: Thantlang township	17,000 in Myanmar (1994). Total users in all countries: 20,000	5 (Developing)	Zo-pe, Zophei, Zoptei	Zyphe	Lower Zyphe, Upper Zyphe. Reportedly similar to Mara Chin [mrh]. Myanmar and India varieties reportedly mutually intelligible.
clt	Chin, Lautu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic, Mara	Myanmar	Chin state: Matupi and Thantlang townships, 17 villages	15,000 (2005 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Lautu, Lawhtu	Lautu Chin	None known. High intelligibility within Lautu. Some differences between the northern Surngen variety and the southern varieties. Lexical similarity: 90%–97% within Lautu Chin, 87%–94% with Mara Chin [mrh], 82%–85% with Zophe Chin [zyp], 80%–86% with Senthang Chin [sez].
mrh	Chin, Mara	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic, Mara	India	Mizoram state: Chhimtuipui district. 60 villages	42,400 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 62,400	4 (Educational)	Lakher, Maram, Mira, Zao	Mara	Tlongsai (Tlosai-Siaha), Hlawthai. Reportedly similar to Shendu [shl]. Affiliated with Lai (Hakha Chin) [cnh]. Tlosai-Siaha dialect is lingua franca of all Mara (Singh 1994b, Singh 1995a).
mrh	Chin, Mara	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic, Mara	Myanmar	Chin state: Paletwa, Matupi, and Thantlang townships, border area with Mizoram in India, 70 villages	20,000 in Myanmar (1994)	5 (Dispersed)	Lakher, Mara, Maram, Mira, Miram, Zao		Tlongsai, Hlawthai, Sabeu.
anm	Anal	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern	India	Manipur state: Chandel district, Chakpikarong, Chandel, and Engnoupal sub-districts, on Chakpi river banks	27,200 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 27,250	5* (Developing)	Namfau		Laizo, Mulsom. Reportedly most similar to Lamgang [lmk] (Kuki Naga).
nmh	Naga, Monsang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern	India	Manipur state: Chandel district, Chandel sub-district, Heibunglok, Japhou, Liwa Sarei, Liwchangning, and Monsang Pantha villages; Nagaland state: near Myanmar border	3,200 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,200	5* (Developing)	Mawshang, Mongsang, Monshang, Moshang, Mushang	Si:rti	None known. Reportedly most similar to Moyon Naga [nmo] and Anal Naga [anm].
aim	Aimol	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern	India	Assam state; Manipur state: Bishnupur district, Kha-Aimol; Chandel district, Aimol Tampak, Chandonpokpi, Chingunghut, Khodamphai, Khomayai (Khunjai), Kumbirei, Ngairong Aimol, Satu, Soibong (Khudengthabi), and Unapal; Churachandpur district, Luichungbum (Louchulbung); Senapati district, Tuikhong	2,640 (2001 census)	6b* (Threatened)		Aimol	Langrong. Langrong may be a distinct language. Reportedly intelligible to Koireng [nkd].
anm	Anal	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Tamu town, 10 households	50 in Myanmar (2010)	6b* (Threatened)	Namfau
cdf	Chiru	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern	India	Assam state: Cachar district, a village near Jirbom; Manipur state: Bishnupur district; Churachandpur district, Charoi Khullen village; Tamenglong district, Bungte, Dolang, Dolang Khunou, Kangchup, Lamdangmei, Nungshai, Sadu, Senapati, Thangzing, and Uram villages; Thoubal district, Vaithou; Nagaland state. Scattered	7,000 (2000 A. Khorong)	5 (Developing)	Chhori	चीरू‎ (Cīrū)	None known. Reportedly most similar to Chin Mizo [lus].
kmm	Kom	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern	India	Manipur state: Churachandpur, Seanapati, and Tamenglong districts, 22 villages	15,100 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Kom Rem	Kom-tong	Kolhreng. Kolhreng may be a distinct language.
lmk	Lamkang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern	India	Manipur state: Chandel district, 6 villages near Shuganu; 6 villages in Chalong area; 18 villages in Palel, Chandel town, and Sibong area; Nagaland state: Dimapur	10,000 (1999 census)	5 (Developing)	Lamkang Naga, “Hiroi-Lamgang” (pej.), “Lamgang” (pej.)	Lamkaang	None known. Reportedly most similar to Anal Naga [anm].
nct	Naga, Chothe	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern	India	Manipur state: Bishnupur district, Lamlang Hupi village; Chandel district, 15 villages; Nagaland state: near Myanmar border	3,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,600	6a* (Vigorous)	Chawte, Chote, Chothe, Chowte		None known. Reportedly most similar to Tarao Naga [tro]. Reported intelligibility of Aimol [aim]. Lexical similarity: less than 60% with any neighboring languages.
kfw	Naga, Kharam	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern	India	Manipur state: Senapati district, Kharam Pallen, Laikot, Phaijol, and Thuisenpai villages	1,400 (2000 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Duisalongmei, Thinglong		None known. Lexical similarity: 71%–73% with Purum [pub], 58%–60% with Kom [kmm], 64% with Koireng [nkd].
tro	Naga, Tarao	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern	India	Manipur state: Chandel district, Palel sub-district, Heikakpokpi, Khuringmul Laiminei, and Leishokching villages; Ukhrul district, Sinakeithei village	870 (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	Tarao, Taraotrong, Tarau		None known. Reportedly most similar to Chothe Naga [nct], 70% intelligibility. Lexical similarity: less than 60% with any neighboring language; 43%–46% with Chothe Naga [nct].
smt	Simte	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern	India	Manipur state: Churachandpur district, Dumsao, Khungung, Leikangpai, Lungthul, Maokot, Mingjang, Moijin, Monjon, New Bazar, Pamjal, Sasinoujang, Shumtuk, Simveng, Singhat, Suangdai, Suangpuhmun, Tallian, Thanlon, Tubuong, and Zouthang	10,200 (2001 census)	5* (Developing)		Simte	None known. An alternate name for Paite [pck] (Singh 1994b).
nmo	Naga, Moyon	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern	India	Manipur state: Chandel district, 14 villages including Heigru Tampak, Khongjom, Komlathabi, Mitong, Moyon Khullen, Penaching; Nagaland state: near Myanmar border	3,700 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,700	5* (Developing)	Mayol, Mayon Naga, Moyon	Bujuurchong
pub	Purum	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern	India	Manipur state: Chandel district, Chandanpokpi, Khongkhang Chothe, Lamlang Huipi, Loirang Talsi, New Wangparan, Salemthar, and Zat’lang; Senapati district, Moibunglikli, Purumkhulen, Purumkhunou, Purumlikli, and Waicheiphai villages	500 (2001 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Puram, Purum Naga		None known. 95% intelligibility of Kharam Naga [kfw]. Lexical similarity: 60%–65% with Kom [kmm], 60%–66% with Koireng [nkd], 57%–60% with Aimol [aim], 71%–73% with Kharam Naga [kfw].
ral	Ralte	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern	India	Mizoram state: mainly Aizawl district, scattered in Chhimtuipui and Lunglei districts; Manipur and Tripura states; a few in Jampui hills	900 (2007). Ethnic population: 34,000	8a (Moribund)			None known. Related to Tedim Chin [ctd], Paite Chin [pck], Thado Chin [tcz], and Zo [zom].
csy	Chin, Siyin	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Sizang	Myanmar	Chin state: south Tedim township	10,700 (Leclerc 2017d)	5 (Developing)	Siyang, Siyin	Sizang	None known. Reportedly similar to Tedim Chin [ctd] and Paite Chin [pck].
gnb	Gangte	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Sizang	India	Manipur state: south Churachandpur district, 37 villages; Assam and Meghalaya states	16,500 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Gante		None known. Related to Thado Chin [tcz]. Differs little from Vaiphei [vap], Paite [pck], or Zou [zom].
vap	Vaiphei	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Sizang	India	Manipur state: Churachandpur district, 30+ villages; Assam, Meghalaya, and Tripura states	42,700 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Bhaipei, Vaipei, Veiphei, Zomi	Vaiphei
zom	Zo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Sizang	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Kalay, Khampat, and Tamu townships; Chin state: Hakha, Tedim, and Tonzang townships	61,000 in Myanmar (2012 P. Tungdim). Total users in all countries: 87,500	5 (Developing)	Jou, Yo, Yos, Zohâm, Zome, Zomi, Zou, Zou Chin	Zokam	None known. Reportedly similar to Tedim [ctd], Paite Chin [pck], Vaiphei [vap], and Simte [smt].
zom	Zou	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Sizang	India	Assam state; Manipur state: Chandel district, Singngat sub-district, Sugnu area; Churachandpur district	26,500 in India (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Jou, Yo, Zo, Zohâm, Zokam, Zome, Zoukam
tcz	Chin, Thado	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Thado	India	Assam state; Manipur state: Chandel, Churachandpur, Senapati, and Tamenglong districts; Mizoram state: northeast; Nagaland state: Kohima district; Tripura state	313,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 346,100	4 (Educational)	Kuki, Kuki-Thado, Thaadou Kuki, Thado, Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thadou		Changsen, Jangshen, Kaokeep, Khongzai, Kipgen, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngen, Hawkip, Shithlou, Singson (Shingsol). Several varieties, but high mutual intelligibility among dialects. Related to Kamhau (Tedim Chin [ctd] dialect), Ralte [ral], Paite Chin [pck], Zou [zom].
pck	Chin, Paite	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Thado	India	Assam state; Manipur state: Churachandpur district, Khuga valley, Copur Bazar; Mizoram state: Aizawl district, Champhai sub-district, 20 villages; Tripura state	79,500 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Haithe, Paite, Paithe, Parte, Vuite, Zomi, Zoukam	Paite Chin	Bukpi (Bukpui), Dapzal (Dapzar), Dim, Dimpi, Lamzang, Lousau, Saizang, Sihzang, Telzang (Teizang), Tuichiap.
ctd	Chin, Tedim	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Thado	India	Assam, Manipur (south), and Mizoram (north) states	155,000 in India (1990)	5* (Developing)	Tedim, Tiddim		Sokte, Kamhau (Kamhao, Kamhow).
ctd	Chin, Tedim	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Thado	Myanmar	Chin state: Tedim and Tonzang townships; Sagaing region: Kale and Mawlaik townships	256,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 411,000	5 (Developing)	Hai-Dim, Tedim, Tiddim, Zomi	Tidim	Sokte, Kamhau (Kamhao, Kamhow).
tcz	Chin, Thado	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Thado	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Homalin, Khamti, Layshi, and Tamu townships, India border area	33,100 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d)	5 (Dispersed)	Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thadou, “Kuki” (pej.), “Kuki-Thado” (pej.)		Baite, Paite, Changsen, Jangshen, Kaokeep, Khongzai, Kipgen, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngen, Hawkip.
weu	Chin, Rawngtu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern	Myanmar	Chin state: Mindat township; Magway region: Htilin township, 2 villages	5,000 (2008)	6a (Vigorous)	Rongtu, Shimi, Welaung		Kyonnam, Welaung, Boishi, Shitwanu. Most Rawngtu in Mindat township adequately comprehend the Kyonnam variety, but nearby Matu [hlt] villages in Matupi township do not. These villages also do not consider themselves Rawngtu. Lexical similarity: more than 90% within Rawngtu; 84%–89% with Matupi Daai [dao], 67%–74% with Kaang Chin [ckn], 71%–83% with Matu varieties [hlt], less than 70% with Rungtu [rtc].
csj	Chin, Songlai	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern	Myanmar	Chin state: Paletwa township (Doitu, Hettui, and Mang Um dialects); Rakhine state: Mrauk-U township (Lai dialect); along Phunglaung river	7,300 (2012 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Hio		Doitu, Hettui, Mang Um (Song), Lai. Lexical similarity over 90% with Laitu Chin [clj] but low intelligibility.
csv	Chin, Sumtu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern	Myanmar	Rakhine state: Ann, Minbya, and Myebon townships	14,000 (2007 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Ahmyo, Chang, Hmyo, Settu, Settu Hmyo, Sungtu	Cumtu, Sumtu Chin	Some variation between Minbya and Myebon townships, more variation with Ann township. Lexical similarity: 91%–96% with Laitu Chin [clj] (but other factors block comprehension since they must use another language to communicate), 84%–87% with Uppu Chin [cnb].
cek	Chin, Eastern Khumi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern	Myanmar	Chin state: Matupi township, 4 villages; Paletwa township, Sami area, 85 villages	12,000 (2009 SIL). Total for all the Eastern Khumi groups	5 (Developing)	Khami		Nisay (Nise, Palyng, Tao Cha), Nideun (Amlai, Ghu, Laungtha, Maru, Paru, Tahaensae, Taheunso, Uiphaw), Lemi (Akelong, Aki Along, Kaja, Kajauk, Lemi Chin), Khongtu, Likhy (Likhaeng), Rengcaa (Namboi, Nangbwe), Khenlak, Asang (Kasang, Sangtha). High degree of intelligibility among the dialect groups, although strong attitudes against sharing the same literature. Lexical similarity: Nisay, Nideun, and Khongtu dialects share 92%–97%; Khenlak and Asang dialects also share 92%–97%; all dialects share at least 74% with each other; 75%–87% with Khumi Chin [cnk]; Likhy variety shares 86%–90% with Mro-Khimi Chin [cmr].
cnk	Chin, Khumi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Bandarban district, Rowanchari, Ruma, and Thanchi subdistricts	4,000 in Bangladesh (2018)	6a (Vigorous)	Khami, Khuni, “Khweymi” (pej.)		Khimi, Yindi (Yindu), Khami.
cnk	Chin, Khumi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern	India	Mizoram state		5* (Developing)	Kami, Khami, Khumi, Khuni, Kumi, “Khweymi” (pej.)		Khami, Khimi.
cnk	Chin, Khumi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern	Myanmar	Chin state: Paletwa township, Kaladan river area; Rakhine state: Kyauktaw township, a few villages	60,000 in Myanmar (2006). Total users in all countries: 64,000	5 (Developing)	Kaladan Khumi, Khami, Yangpan, “Khweymi” (pej.)	Khumi, Khumi Chin	Pi Chaung, Kaladan, Eastern Kaladan, Southern Paletwa. Little dialect variation within Khumi. Lexical similarity: 76%–87% with Eastern Khumi varieties, 78%–81% with Mro-Khimi.
rtc	Chin, Rungtu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern	Myanmar	Magway region: Htilin, Kyaukhtu, and Saw townships, 35 villages	4,000 (2016 LSDO), decreasing. Ethnic population: 20,000 (2016 LSDO)	6b* (Threatened)	Rungtu, Taungtha		Northern Rungtu, Central Rungtu, Southern Rungtu. Lexical similarity: 94%–96% within Rungtu, 60%–66% with Rawngtu Chin [weu].
cmr	Mro-Khimi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern	Myanmar	Chin state: Paletwa township; Rakhine state: Buthidaung, Kyauktaw, Maungdaw, Mrauk U, Pauktaw, and Ponnagyun townships	75,000 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 200,000 (2018)	6b (Threatened)	Awa Khami, Khami, Khumi Awa, Mro, Mro-Khimi Chin, “Kwe Myi” (pej.)	Khimi, Mro-Khimi	Arang (Ahraing Khami, Areung, Aroeng), Xengna (Hrengna), Xata, Vakung (Wakun, Wakung). Generally high comprehension of Vakung dialect among other dialect speakers. Vakung is the largest dialect and basis of literature. Lexical similarity: 91%–98% within Mro-Khimi varieties, 86%–90% with Likhy variety of Eastern Khumi [cek], 81%–85% with Lemi variety of Eastern Khumi [cek], 77%–81% with Kaladan Khumi [cnk].
shl	Shendu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern	India	Mizoram state		6a* (Vigorous)	Khieng, Khyen, Sandu, Shandu
csh	Chin, Asho	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Asho	Myanmar	Ayeyarwady, Bago region, and Magway regions; Rakhine state. Rakhine state; Magwe region: Mindon township (Hill Asho dialect); Magway region, Bago region, and Ayeyarwady region: most of the townships; Rakhine state: Tounggup township and townships further south (Plains Asho dialect)	170,000 in Myanmar (2015 LSDO). Total users in all countries: 174,000	5 (Developing)	Asho, Ashu, Hyow, Khamaw, Khamoe, Khyang, Kyang, Qin, Saingbaung, Sho, Shoa	Asho Chin	Hill Asho, Plains Asho. Hyow (Khyang) variety in Bangladesh is more similar to Laitu [clt] than Asho [csh] and is likely a separate language.
clj	Chin, Laitu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Asho	Myanmar	Rakhine state: Sittwe district, Minpya, Mrauk-U, and Myepung townships; Chin state: Paletwa township	15,000 (2007 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Daitu, Hio Bei, Hle-tu, Laikhy, Laitu Kheu, Ledu, Leitu	Laitu Chin	Panmyaunggyi Stream (Kongtu), Phuntha Stream (Daaitu), Kanni Stream, Yaw Stream. Dialects tend to differ by stream. High intelligibility within the main dialect area along the Kanni Stream and Yaw Stream. Lower intelligibility with more distant dialect areas, such as Dalet Stream. Intelligibility to some extent with Sumtu Chin [csv]. Low intelligibility with Uppu Chin [cnb]. Low intelligibility with Songlai [csj]. Lexical similarity: 91%–96% with Sumtu Chin [csv] and Songlai Chin [csj] (but other factors block comprehension since they must use another language to communicate), 85%–89% with Uppu Chin [cnb], 82%–84% with Asho [csh].
cey	Chin, Ekai	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Asho	Myanmar	Rakhine state: northern Ann township	6,000 (2018 P. Nan)	6a (Vigorous)	Ekai, Lawktu		Khulai, Daitu. Lexical similarity: 76% with Asho Chin [csh] and with Sumtu Chin [csv], 74% with Laitu Chin [clj], and 73% with Uppu Chin [cnb].
csh	Chin, Asho	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Asho	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Bandarban, Chittagong, and Rangamati districts. plains area (Laitu); hill area (Kongtu)	4,000 in Bangladesh (2011)	6a (Vigorous)	Khyang, Khyeng, Qin, Sho, Shoa		Laitu, Kongtu, Khyang.
ckn	Chin, Kaang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho	Myanmar	Chin state: Mindat township, 3 villages	1,000 (2010 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Kang, M’kaang, Makaang, Mgan, Mkan	Kaang Chin	Some dialectal variation among Kaang villages. Lexical similarity: 73%–80% with Rawngtu Chin [weu], 77%–79% with Müün Chin [mwq], 67%–80% with Daai [dao] varieties.
dao	Chin, Daai	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho	Myanmar	Chin state: Kanpetlet, Matupi, Mindat, and Paletwa townships, 142 villages	37,000 (2010)	5 (Developing)	Dai, Khyo, Kkhyou	Daai, Daai Chin	Ngxang, Nghngilo (Yang), Ma-Tu, Shiip, Vet (Yet), Daa Yindu, Duk-Msang, Kheng, Mkui. Intelligibility among Nghngilo (Yang), Daa Yindu, and Mkui groups is high, but is lower among other groups. Lexical similarity: more than 90% with Daa Yindu, Yang, Mkui, Duk, and Msang, 81%–88% with Ngxang (Paletwa township) and Kheng, 80% with Shiip (Matupi township), 91%–94% with Gah/Ng-Gha (part of Müün [mwq]), and 81%–87% with Müün [mwq].
hlt	Chin, Matu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho	India	Mizoram state	10,000 in India (2012)	5* (Developing)	Matupi, Nga La		Haltu, Thui Phum.
hlt	Chin, Matu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho	Myanmar	Chin state: Matupi township	30,000 in Myanmar (2012). Total users in all countries: 40,000	5 (Developing)	Nga La	Matu Chin	Ciing (Langle-Tamtlaih, Ngaleng, Phaneng, Siing, Vuitu), Doem (Ngatu, Valang), Langle-Tamtlaih, Ngaleng, Phaneng, Thlangpang (Changpyang), Ngala (Batu). Not intelligible with Hakha Chin [cnh]. Mizoram Matu reportedly not intelligible with Myanmar varieties. There are many Matu varieties in Myanmar, all intelligible to some extent with each other. Lexical similarity: 78%–89% within Matu varieties in Myanmar, 65%–76% with Rawngtu Chin [weu], 66%–71% with Thaiphum Chin [cth].
mwq	Chin, Müün	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho	Myanmar	Chin state: Mindat township; Magway region: Saw and Htilin townships	15,000 (2011)	5 (Developing)	Cho, K’cho Chin, Mindat, Mün, Müün	K’cho	Ng’men (Hletlong, Hmong-K’cha, Nitu), Hngiyung, Gah (Ng-Gha). Related to Daai Chin [dao]. The Daai who live close to the Müün understand Müün due to contact.
cnb	Chin, Uppu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho	Myanmar	Chin state: Kanpetlet and Paletwa townships; Magway region: Saw and Sidoktaya townships; Rakhine state: Minbya township	44,400 (Leclerc 2017d)	6a (Vigorous)	Chin Pong, Chin Pung, Chinbon Chin, Chindwin Chin, Chinpon, Oo-pu, Sho, Tuishiip, Tuiship, Ütbü	Uppu, Uppu Chin	Doitu. Lexical similarity: 50% with Asho Chin [csh].
atb	Zaiwa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Bangwa, Longchuan, Luxi, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties	80,000 in China (1999 X. Xijian). 20,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 110,000	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo	Aci, Aji, Atshi, Atsi, Atsi-Maru, Atzi, Azi, Szi, Tsaiva, Tsaiwa, Xiaoshanhua	Zaiwa	Longzhun, Tingzhu, Bengwa. Some consider Pela [bxd] (Bola, Polo, Pala), Lashi [lsi] (Leqi), and Maru [mhx] (Langsu, Langwa) to be dialects of Zaiwa. Dialects have only minor phonological differences.
acn	Achang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Longling and Tengchong counties; Dali Bai autonomous prefecture, Yunlong county; Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture and Baoshan district, Liangge, Longchuan, Luxi, and Yingjiang counties, Myanmar border area	27,700 in China (1990 census). Ethnic population: 39,600 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 62,700	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Achang	Acang, Ach’ang, Achung, Ahchan, Atsang, Maingtha, Mönghsa, Ngac’ang, Ngacang, Ngachang, Ngatsang, Ngo Chang, Xiandao	Ngochang	Longchuan, Lianghe, Luxi, Husa (Chintaw, Xiandao). Each of the 3 main counties has a distinctive dialect (Statistical Bureau of Yunnan Province 2004). No reported intelligibility between dialects. Longchuan differs more from the others, with more Dai loanwords. Lianghe and Luxi use many Chinese loanwords. There are also Burmese [mya] loanwords. Related to Hpon [hpo], Maru [mhx], Lashi [lsi], Zaiwa [atb].
hpo	Hpon	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern	Myanmar	Kachin state: Bhamo district, upper Ayeyarwady gorges	No known L1 speakers, decreasing. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bradley 2007a)	9 (Dormant)	Hpön, Megyaw, Phon, Phun, Phön, Samong		North Hpon, South Hpon.
lsi	Lacid	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern	Myanmar	Kachin state: east border area	30,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Total users in all countries: 31,800	5 (Developing)	Ac’ye, Chashan, La Chit, Lachi, Lachik, Lachikwaw, Lacik, Lashi, Lashi-Maru, Lasi, Lechi, Leqi, Letsi	Lacid
lsi	Lashi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Longchuan, Luxi, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties	1,800 in China (1997)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo	Acye, Chashanhua, Lachik, Lachikwaw, Lacid, Laji, Laqi, Lasi, Leqi, Leshi, Letsi
mhx	Lhao Vo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern	Myanmar	Kachin state: Chiphwe, Sawlaw, and Waimaw townships widely dispersed in east border area; Shan state: Kutkai township north	121,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 124,500	5 (Developing)	Diso, Lang, Laungaw, Laungwaw, Lawgore, Lawng, Lhaovo, Liangsu, Lovo, Malu, Mulu, Zi, “Maru” (pej.)	Lhao Vo	Dago’ Lawng Bit, Zagaran Mran, Gawan Naw’, Hlo’lan, Laking, Wa Khawk, Lawng Hsu. Lawng Hsu may have difficult intelligibility with the other dialects.
mhx	Lhaovo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Lianghe, Longchuan, Luxi, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties	3,500 in China (2000)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo	Diso, Lang’e, Langsu, Langwa, Laungaw, Laungwaw, Lawng, Liangsu, Lovo, Malu, Maru, Matu, Nyky, Zi
acn	Ngochang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern	Myanmar	Kachin state: Japhwi and Waimaw townships, west of Ayeyarwaddy river near Bhamo (locally known as Manmaw); China border area	35,000 in Myanmar (2007)	5 (Developing)	Acang, Achang, Anchan, Atsang, Chung, Maingtha, Manmaw, Mönghsa, Ngac’ang, Ngachang, Tai Sa’
bxd	Pela	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Dehong prefecture, Luxi county, Santaishan township; Lianghe and Yingjiang counties	400 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2001 J. Edmondson)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo	Bela, Bola, Bula, Pala, Polo		Reportedly similar to Zaiwa [atb]. Considered by some a Zaiwa dialect.
atb	Zaiwa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern	Myanmar	Kachin state: Waimaw township, Sedan area; Shan state: Kentung district	30,000 in Myanmar (1997)	5 (Developing)	Aci, Atshi, Atsi, Atzi, Azi, Tsaiva, Tsaiwa, Zi
int	Intha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern	Myanmar	Shan state: Taunggyi district, Shwe Nyaung township, Inle lake area. Important Intha-speaking villages: Heha Ywama (largest), In Chan, Nan Pan, Paw Kon, and Tha Lay	90,000 (2000 D. Bradley)	6a (Vigorous)	Inntha, Insa, Naung Ma		Well-known nonstandard variety of Burmese [mya] with major pronunciation and vocabulary differences. Some dialect variation between Intha villages; however, intelligibility reportedly high. Some comprehension of Danu [dnv] and Taungyo [tco]. Lexical similarity: 95% with standard Burmese [mya], 93% with Danu [dnv], 89% with Taungyo [tco], 90% with Rakhine [rki].
tco	Taungyo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern	Myanmar	Shan state: Taunggyi district, Kalaw, and Pinlong townships	40,000 (2000 D. Bradley)	6a (Vigorous)	Taru, Taung Yoe, Taung-yo, Toru, Twing Reu, Twinreu		None known. Nonstandard variety of Burmese [mya]. Intelligibility low between distant villages; low comprehension of Intha [int]; high comprehension of Danu [dnv]. Lexical similarity: 89% with standard Burmese [mya] and Intha [int], 91% with Danu [dnv], 84%–92% with Rakhine [rki].
mya	Burmese	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern	Myanmar	Widespread in central Myanmar	42,000,000 in Myanmar, all users. L1 users: 32,000,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a), increasing. 250,000 Beik, 20,000 Yaw. L2 users: 10,000,000. Total users in all countries: 42,912,350 (as L1: 32,912,350; as L2: 10,000,000)	1 (National). Statutory national language (1974, Constitution, Articles 102, 152(b), 198)	Bama, Bamachaka, Myamasa, Myanma, Myanmar, Myen		Beik (Merguese, Mergui), Yaw, Mandalay Burmese, Yangon Burmese. Diglossic high and low varieties.
dnv	Danu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern	Myanmar	Shan state: Danu Self-Administered Zone, Pindaya and Ywa Ngan townships; Aung Ban, and Kalaw, Taunggyi, Yak Sauk, and Ye Oo townships	100,000 (Bradley 2007a)	6a (Vigorous)	Taruw		Some dialect variation between Danu villages; however, intelligilibility is quite high. Lexical similarity: 93% with standard Burmese [mya], 93% with Intha [int], 91% with Taungyo [tco], 85%–94% with Rakhine [rki].
rmz	Marma	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Bandarban, Khagrachari, and Rangamati districts	150,000 in Bangladesh (2007). Total users in all countries: 186,700	3 (Wider communication). Largest and earliest language group to settle in the area. Used in Cox’s Bazar and Bandarban districts in religious ceremonies, market, stores, and churches	Mraima, “Mogh” (pej.)
rmz	Marma	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern	India	Mizoram and Tripura states	36,700 in India (2011 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Mraima, “Mogh” (pej.)
rki	Rakhine	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern	Bangladesh	Barisal division: Patuakhali district; Chittagong division: Cox’s Bazar, Maheshkhali island and south	200,000 in Bangladesh (2011 SIL)	5 (Dispersed)	Mogh, Rakhain, Rakkhaine		Rakhine, Sitwe.
rki	Rakhine	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern	Myanmar	Chin state: Paletwa township; Rakhine state: widespread; Bago region, Shwegyin and Waw townships	1,820,000 in Myanmar, all users. L1 users: 800,000 in Myanmar (2013 SIL). L2 users: 1,020,000 (2013 SIL). Total users in all countries: 2,020,000 (as L1: 1,000,000; as L2: 1,020,000)	3 (Wider communication). Throughout Rakhine state and in Paletwa township, Chin state. Especially in market, business, oral language at school, and in some media. Rakhine is the largest ethnic group and dominant language in the area and Rakhine people control most business, transport, and trade	Arakanese, Mogh, Moghi, Rakhain, Rakhaing, Rakkhaine		Sittwe (Akyab), Mrauk-U, Chaungtha, Yangbye (Rambree, Yanbe, Yanbye, Yangye), Kyaukphyu, Man Aung (Chebuda Island). Intelligibility in Rakhine state of prestigious Sittwe dialect seems fairly high. Slight variations in north Rakhine speech in Sittwe, Kyauktaw, Mrauk-U, Minpya, Ponnagyun, Buthidaung, and Maungdaw townships. The variety spoken in south Rakhine state townships of Kyauk Phyu, Yangbye, Thandwe, and Toungup is noticeably different from the northern variety. The southern variety, particularly in Thandwe township, is more similar to standard Burmese [mya]. Lexical similarity: among Rakhine and Marma varieties in both Myanmar and Bangladesh is over 85%. Lexical similarity: 91% with standard Burmese [mya].
tvn	Tavoyan	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern	Myanmar	Tanintharyi region: southeast	400,000 (2000 D. Bradley)	6a (Vigorous)	Dawai, Dawe, Dawei, Tavoya, Tawe-Tavoy		None known. A well-known nonstandard Burmese with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from Burmese [mya].
anl	Chin, Anu-Hkongso	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Mru	Myanmar	Chin state: Paletwa township, between Kaladan and Michaung rivers	4,000 (2008), decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Kaungso, Kaungtso, Khaungtso, Khawngso, Khong, Khongso, No		Anu, Hkongso. Lexical similarity: 96%–98% and high intelligibility between Anu and Hkongso dialects, 72%–76% with Mru [mro] but intelligibility is low, 23%–37% lexical similarity with all neighboring Chin languages, but bilingualism is high.
mro	Mru	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Mru	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Bandarban district	30,000 in Bangladesh (2007). Total users in all countries: 50,000	5 (Developing)	Maru, Mrung, Murung		Anok, Dowpreng, Sungma. Lexical similarity: 13% with Mro-Khimi Chin [cmr], 72%–76% with Anu-Hkongso Chin [anl]; lexical similarity with Anok, Dowpreng, and Sungma dialects in Bangladesh is high: 91%–98%.
mro	Mru	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Mru	India	West Bengal state: Hoogly, Jalpaiguri, and Nadia districts	Ethnic population: 2,100	5* (Developing)	Mro, Mrung, Murung, Niopheng
mro	Mru	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Mru	Myanmar	Rakhine state: Buthidaung, Maungdaw, and Ponnagyun townships	20,000 in Myanmar (1999 ABWE)	6a (Vigorous)	Dak, Launghu, Mro, Mrucha, Mrung, Mrusa, Murung, Niopreng, Taung Mru		Anok, Dowpreng (Doumrong, Pongmi, Tamsa), Sungma, Launghu.
lhu	Lahu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Lincang prefecture, Gengma Dai, and Va autonomous counties; Simao prefecture, Lahu, Lancang Lahu, Menglian Dai, and Va autonomous counties	280,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 486,000 (2010 census). Includes Kucong [lkc], Lahu Shi [lhi], Lamu [llh], Laomian [lwm], and Lawu [lwu] (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 540,850	4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu	Black Lahu, Kaixien, Kucong, Kutsong, Lahu Na, Lahuna, Laku, Moso, Muhso, Muhsur, Mussar, Musser Dam, Musso, Mussur, Na, Namen, Northern Lahu, “Lohei” (pej.)	Ladhof	Standard dialect: Na. Black Lahu dialect and Lahu Shi [lhi] have difficult intelligibility. Lahu Shi and Kucong Lahupu (White Lahu dialect, in Zhenyuan County, China) are distinct.
yta	Talu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Huaping county, Tongda township; Ninglang county, Ninglangping townhip; Yongsheng county, mainly 4 villages of Liude township	13,600 (2007), decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Tagu, Taliu, Tazhi		None known. Similar to Lolopo [ycl] (Bradley 2007a).
hle	Hlersu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Eshan county, 6 villages; Shiping county, 5 villages; Shuangbai and Zhenyuan counties, scattered mountaintop locations; Xinping county, 40 villages; Yuanjiang county, 38 villages	15,000 (2007), decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Lesu, Sansu, Shansu		None known. Related to Lolopo [ycl].
jiy	Jinuo, Buyuan	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, east of Jinghong in Youle mountains. 40 villages	1,000 (1994). Most monolingual. Ethnic population: All Jinuo: 23,100 (2010 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jinuo	Buyuan, Jino		Buyuan and Youle dialects not inherently intelligible. Chinese used for communication.
jiu	Jinuo, Youle	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, east of Jinghong in Youle mountains. 40 villages	10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 23,100 (2010 census). Includes Buyuan Jinuo [jiy]	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jinuo	Jino, Youle		Youle and Buyuan dialects not mutually inherently intelligible. Chinese used to communicate.
lkc	Kucong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Jiangcheng, Jinggu, Jinping, Luchun, Mengla, Xinping, Yuanjiang, and other counties	40,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Ethnic population: 53,000 (2003)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu	Cosung, Lahlu
lkc	Kucong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Viet Nam	Lai Chau province, Muang Te district	5,400 in Viet Nam (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 45,400	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Hu	Cosung, Lahlu		None known. Reportedly most similar to Lahu [lhu].
lhu	Lahu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Laos	Bokeo province: Houayxay, Peung, and Tonpheung districts; Luang Namtha province: Long district	19,200 in Laos (2015 census), increasing. Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Muhso, Museu, Musso, Mussur		White Lahu (Lahu Phu).
lhu	Lahu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Myanmar	Shan state: Kentung district	200,000 in Myanmar (2012 D. Bradley), increasing	3 (Wider communication)	Black Lahu, Lahu Na, Lahuna, Launa, Muhso, Museu, Musser Dam, Musso, Mussur, Na, “Lohei” (pej.)
lhu	Lahu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Thailand	Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Hong Son, Yala provinces: 119 known villages	32,000 in Thailand (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001)	4 (Educational)	Muhso, Muhsur, Mussar, Musso, Mussuh, “Lohei” (pej.)		Lahu Na (Black Lahu, Loheirn, Musser Dam, Northern Lahu), Nyi (Lahu Nyi, Lahunyi, Musseh Daeng, Red Lahu, Southern Lahu), Shehleh (Lahu Shehleh).
lhu	Lahu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Viet Nam	Lai Chau province: northwest border with Laos. North of Muong Te city near China border, at Ban Kiem Tra, Phu Nam Ma, Phu Nam Cau, and Phu Nam Ha (Black Lahu); Muong Te, east of Nha Ca, 1 village (White Lahu)	9,650 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Hu	Kaixien, Lahuna, Laku, Launa, Mooso, Muhso, Mussar, Musso, Mussuh, Namen, “Lohei” (pej.)		Black Lahu (Khucong, Lahu Na, Musser Dam, Na), Red Lahu (Lahu Nyi, Musseh Daeng, Nyi), Shehleh, White Lahu (Lahu Phung).
lhi	Lahu Shi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Menghai county, Menghai district, Menghai township; Simao prefecture, Lancang Lahu autonomous county, Nuofu district, other areas	117,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 120,000. Total users in all countries: 196,200	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu	Kur, Kwi, Lahu Si, Lahu Xi, Lahu-Xi, Lahu-shi, Lahusi, Shi, Yellow Lahu	Lad hur Si	Banlan (Lahu Shi Balan), Bakeo (Lahu Bakeo). Reportedly most similar to Lahu [lhu].
lhi	Lahu Shi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Myanmar	Shan state: Kentung district	60,000 in Myanmar (2007)	6a (Vigorous)	Kwi, Yellow Lahu
lhi	Lahu Si	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Laos	Bokeo province: Kentung	3,000 in Laos (2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kui, Kui Lung, Kui Sang, Lahu Shi, Yellow Lahu
lhi	Lahu Si	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Thailand	Chiang Rai, Lampang, and Chiang Mai provinces; near Pua and Nan; separate enclaves in Tak and Phayao provinces	15,000 in Thailand (2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Lahu Shi
ywt	Lalo, Central	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Changning, Fengqing, Jingdong, Midu, Nanjian, Weishan, Yangbi, and Yunlong counties	213,000 (2010 SIL). Over 500,000 in subgroup; many living further west, south or east do not speak the language; less than half are speakers, not all fluent and not many children (Bradley 2007a)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Lalaw, Lalo, Lalopa, Lalu, Laluo, Misapa, Western Yi, Xishanba Lalo		None known. Not intelligible with other Lalo languages.
yik	Lalo, Dongshanba	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Baoshan, Lancang, Midu, Weishan, Xiaguan, Yangbi, and Yongping counties	30,000 (2002). Over 500,000 in the ethnic group	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Jiantou, Lalu, Lalupa, Lalupu, Maganfang
yit	Lalu, Eastern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Mojiang, Xinping, Yuanjiang, and Zhenyuan counties	38,000 (2002)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Lalu
ywl	Lalu, Western	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Baoshan, Longling, Luxi, Shidian, and Zhenkang counties	38,000 (2002)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Lalu
llh	Lamu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Dali prefecture, northeast Binchuan county	120 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 300	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu
yne	Lang’e	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: southwest Yongsheng county	2,000 (2007)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	La’u
lwu	Lawu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Yuxi prefecture, Xinping county, Shuitang district, Jiuha village; possibly in Pu’er prefecture, Zhenyuan county, Jijujia district	50 (2012 C. Yang)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu			None known. Related to Central Lalo [ywt], Kucong [lkc], Lahu [lhu], and Lisu [lis].
ylm	Limi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Fengqing, Yongde, and Yunxian counties	29,000 (2002)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Liumi
lpo	Lipo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Sichuan province: Renhe county; Yunnan province: Binchuan, Dayao, Lufeng, Luquan, Wuding, Yao’an, Yongren, Yongsheng, and Yuanmo counties	250,000 (Bradley 2007b). Few monolinguals	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Only those in Dayao and Yongren counties of Western Chuxing Prefecture. Language of recognized nationality: Lisu	Central Lisu, Dayao, Eastern Lisu, Lolongo, Lolopo		Western Lipo, Eastern Lipo. Both dialects are reportedly similar to Lisu [lis], but neither is intelligible with Lisu.
lis	Lisu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Sichuan province: southwest Liangshan prefecture; Yunnan province: 11 prefectures, 63 counties, upper reaches of Mekong and Salween rivers	600,000 in China (2000 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 703,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 942,700	3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Lisu. Some 7,000 members of the Nu nationality in China, and more in Myanmar, speak only Lisu	Chedi, Cheli, Chung, Khae, Leisu, Leshuoopa, Lesuo, Li, Li-Hsaw, Li-Shaw, Lip’a, Lisaw, Lishu, Liso, Lissu, Loisu, Lu-Tzu, Lusu, Yao Yen, Yaw Yin, Yaw-Yen, Yeh-Jen	LI-SU‎ (Li-su), Lisu	Bai Lisu (White Lisu), Dechang Lisu, Hei Lisu (Black Lisu), Hua Lisu (Flowery Lisu), Lu Shi Lisu, Ninglang Lisu, Northern Lisu, Nujiang Lisu, Shibacha Lisu, Western Lisu. Much dialectal variation; some do not understand each other.
lis	Lisu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Changlang district, Miao and Vijoynagar sub-district, 6 villages, Gandhigram being largest	2,700 in India (Bradley 2007b)	5* (Dispersed)
lis	Lisu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Myanmar	Kachin state: Putao township toward Assam border, also Myitkyina; Mandalay region: Mogok township; Sagaing region: Katha and Tygyaing townships; Shan state: Lashio and Loilen townships	300,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a)	3 (Wider communication). Many use Lisu as L2	Central Lisu, Li-Hsaw, Li-Shaw, Lisaw, Lu-Tzu, Southern Lisu, Yao Yen, Yaw Yin, Yaw-Yen, Yeh-Jeh		Hwa Lisu (Flowery Lisu), Black Lisu, Lu Shi Lisu.
lis	Lisu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Thailand	Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Hong Son, Phayao, Sukhothai, and Tak provinces	40,000 in Thailand (Bradley 2007b)	5* (Dispersed)	Li-Hsaw, Li-Shaw, Lisaw, Liso, Lu-Tzu, Southern Lisu, Yao Yen, Yaw Yin, Yaw-Yen, Yeh-Jen		Lu Shi Lisu.
ycl	Lolopo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Chuxiong, Jingdong, Lufeng, Mouding, Nanhua, Shuangbai, and Yao’an counties primarily	380,000 (2007)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Bai Yi, Central Yi, Gaoshanzu, Hei Yi, Lolopho, Lulupu, Luolu		Nanhua Lolopo, Shuangbai Lolopo, Yao’an Lolopo.
ysp	Lolopo, Southern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Jingdong, Jinggu, Lancang, Pu’er, Simao, and Zhenyuan counties	190,000 (2002)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi
ymh	Mili	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Jingdong, Xinping, Yunxian, and Zhenyuan counties	23,000 (2002)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi
yiq	Miqie	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Wuding county, Chadian, Jincheng, and Jiuchang districts; Dayao, north Fumin, Jingdong, Jinggu, north Lufeng, south Luquan, Nanhua, Yao’an, Yimen, Yongren, and Zhenyuan counties	30,000 (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Micha, Mielang, Minqi
nuf	Nusu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture, southern Fugong county, Pihe town area. Kongtong, Wawa, and Youduoluo villages (Northern Nusu); Guoke, Jiajiu, Puluo, and Tuoping (Tongping) villages (Southern Nusu); Laomudeng, Miangu, Shawa, Zhiziluo, and Zileng villages (Central Nusu)	12,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). 2,000 Northern Nusu; 4,000 Southern; 6,000 Central. 1,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 12,670	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Nu			Other dialect speakers comprehend the prestige dialect Miangu (Central Nusu, Miangu, Laomudeng) fairly well.
nuf	Nusu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	Myanmar	Kachin state: Myitkyina district, Chipwi, and Hsawlaw townships, about 22 villages	670 in Myanmar (2011), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500 (2011)	6b (Threatened)	Nang Tsu, No Tso, No Tsu, “Naw” (pej.), “No” (pej.), “No Pha” (pej.), “No Shi” (pej.), “Nu” (pej.)		Northern Nusu (Wawa, Yuoduoluo), Central Nusu (Miangu/Laomudeng), Southern Nusu (Puluo, Tuoping).
ysn	Sani	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Luxi, Mile, Qiubei, Shilin, and Yilang counties	100,000 (2007)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Gni Ni		Northern Sani, Southern Sani.
ytl	Tanglang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: south Lijiang county, Tai’an district, Hongmai community. Locals call this area Tanglangba or Tanglang basin	950 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Tholo		None known. Reportedly similar to Lisu [lis].
zal	Zauzou	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central	China	Yunnan province: Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture, Lanping county, Biji, Guoli, Jiangmo, Tu’e, Wupijiang, and Xiaocun districts; Lushui county, Liukuzhen, Luzhang, and Shuilizhai districts and townships	2,100 (Bradley 2007b). 210 monolinguals. Mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 2,500 (1999 Sun Hong Kai)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Nu	Jaojo, Raorou, Rourou		Bijilan, Wupijiang.
ysd	Samatao	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Guandu district, Kunming municipality, Zijun; elderly speakers in Yongde and Zhenkang	400 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,810 (Bradley 2007b)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Samadu, Samaduo, Samou		None known. Similar to Samei [smh] and Sanie [ysy], but not mutually intelligible (Bradley 2007a).
yna	Aluo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Sichuan province: Huili and Miyi counties; Yunnan province: Luquan, north Wuding, and Yuanmou counties	25,000 (2007 J. Pelkey). Ethnic population: 40,000 (Bradley 2007b)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Gan Yi, Laka, Lila, Niluo, Yala
yiu	Awu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Yunnan province: north Honghe prefecture, Luxi and Mile counties; south Qujing prefecture, Luoping and Shizong counties	20,000 (2002)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Luowu, Luwu		Northern Awu, Southern Awu.
yyz	Ayizi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Shilin county, Beidacun district, Aimalong village; some Banqiao and Beidacun districts’ villages	50 (2007 J. Pelkey), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Yi
ych	Chesu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Yunnan province: areas in Eshan, Shuangbai, and Xinping counties	3,300 (2007 J. Pelkey), decreasing. Ethnic population: 6,600 (Bradley 2007b)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi			None known. Related to Samtao [stu].
ygp	Gepo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Dongchuan, Fumin, Huize, Luoping, Luquan, Luxi, Malong, Mile, Shilin, Shizong, Songming, and Xundian counties	100,000 (2007), decreasing	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Baiyi, Gepu, Guo, Gupu, Guzu, Jiantouyi, Kopu, Köpu, Nasu, Pingtouyi		Luquan Naso, Wuding Naisu. Related to Nasu [ywq].
kaf	Katso	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Yuxi prefecture, Tonghai county, Xingmeng Mongolian autonomous township	4,000 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. Most young people are semi-speakers, speaking Chinese instead (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 6,340 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian	Gazhuo, Gezhuo, Kazhuo		None known. All are proficient in Southwest Mandarin [cmn].
ylo	Naluo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Sichuan province: western Panzhihua city; Yunnan province: southern Huaping and eastern Yongsheng counties	15,000 (Bradley 2007a). Mostly in Yunnan, with about 2,000 in Pingjiang and Futian townships of Panzhihua (Bradley 2007a)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Aluo Naluo, Gan Yi, Laluo, Naruo, Shui Yi, Shuitian
ywu	Nasu, Wumeng	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Yunnan Province: Zhaotong prefecture, Huize and Xuanwei counties	150,000 (2018 M. Gerner). Ethnic population: 200,000	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Nesu, Wumeng Yi, Wusa Yi, Yuan-Mo Yi		Weining Yi, Hezhang Yi, Hen-Ke Yi.
yig	Nasu, Wusa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Guizhou Province: Hezhang, Nayong, Shuicheng, Weining, and Zhijin counties	600,000 (2018 M. Gerner), decreasing. Ethnic population: 700,000	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Eastern Yi, Wusa Nesu		Qian Xi, Bijie, Dafang. Reported low intelligibility between dialects.
iii	Nuosu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Sichuan and Yunnan provinces: over 40 counties mainly in Greater and Lesser Liangshan mountains	2,000,000 (2000 census), increasing. 1,200,000 monolinguals (Jiafa 1994)	4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Black Yi, Liangshan Yi, Northern Yi, Nosu Yi, Sichuan Yi	Nuosu	Northern Shypnra, Southern Shypnra, Yynuo, Suondi (Adu). Chinese linguists recognize 3 primary dialects: Shengzha (standard), Northern (Lindimu-Yinuo), and Southern (Adur-Suondi) (Bradley 2007b). Some dialects, such as Lindimu, are likely distinct languages.
smh	Samei	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Guandu district, Ala and surrounding communities, Kunming, 47 villages; west Yiliang County, 7 villages	20,000 (Bradley 2007b). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 28,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Sani
ysy	Sanie	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Yunnan province: north Anning county, Kunming municipality, Xishan district; southwest Fumin county	8,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 17,200 (Bradley 2007b)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Bai Lolo, Bai Yi, Sa’nguie, Sanyie, Shanie, Shaniepu, White Yi		None known. Reportedly similar to Samatao [ysd].
ywq	Yi, Wuding-Luquan	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern	China	Sichuan province: Huili county; Yunnan province: Huize, Lufeng, Luquan, Qujing, Wuding, Xundian, Yongren, and Yuanmou counties	250,000 (2007)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Black Yi, Dian Dongbei Yi, Hei Yi, Nasu, Nasupho, Wu-Lu Yi		Luquan Naso, Wuding Naisu. The Naisu dialect is also called Hong Yi (Red Yi). Degrees of similarity between dialects, and also with Naluo [ylo], needs further investigation.
nty	Mantsi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province, Meo Vac and Dong Van districts; also Cao Bang province	1,100 (2002 J. Edmondson)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lo Lo	Black Lolo, Flowery Lolo, Lolo, Red Mantsi		None known. Called Southeast Vernacular, type of Yi. May be related to what is called Southeastern Yi or Guizhou Yi [yig] in China. Not intelligible with Sichuan Yi [iii] (Nosu).
yku	Kuamasi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Heqing county, Liuhe township	1,000 (2011 SIL)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi			None known. Reportedly similar to Sonaga [ysg] and Kua-nsi [ykn].
ykn	Kua-nsi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Heqing county, Liuhe township	5,000 (2009 SIL)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Baiyi ren, Kua’ensi, Kua’eshi		None known. Reportedly similar to Kuamasi [yku] and Sonaga [ysg].
lgh	Laghuu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	Viet Nam	Lao Cai province: Sa Pa district, Nam Sa village; 15 km south and east of Sa Pa city, in the valley below the highest mountain in Viet Nam, Phan Si Pan (3,198 m); small enclave in Son La province	800 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened)	Laopa, Xá Phó		None known. Unknown relationship to Laopang [lbg] (Laopa) of Myanmar, also in the Lolo group.
ymi	Moji	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: possibly east Fumin county, south and southwest Wenshan county, west Xichou county, Luchaichong village	2,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,000	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Flathead Phulai, Muji, Phula, Phulawa, Pingtou Phula		Luchaichong. Moji patterns with the Proto-Muji subgroup phylogenetically, but Luchaichong dialect (the most vital dialect) heavily influenced by contact with Khlula [ykl] and Zokhuo [yzk].
ysg	Sonaga	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Heqing county, Liuhe township	2,000 (2009 SIL)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Suoneiga		None known. Reportedly similar to Kuamasi [yku] and Kua-nsi [ykn].
yif	Ache	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Eshan, Lufeng, Shuangbai, and Yimen counties	35,000 (2003)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Azhe
aub	Alugu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Gejiu county, Manhao township; Yuanyang county, Fengchunling township across Honghe river	3,500 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 3,500	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Muji, Phula, Phupha		None known. Reportedly similar to, but not intelligible with, Phupha [yph].
yix	Axi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Luxi and Mile counties; Shilin county, 1 village	100,000 (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Elderly and women over 35 are monolingual. Ethnic population: 170,000 (2008)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Ahi, Axibo, Axipo
aza	Azha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Wenshan and Yanshan counties’ border	53,000 (2007 J. Pelkey)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	A’ndze, A’ntsaozo, Aji, Ajiwa, Azan, Black Phula, Cowtail Phula, Golden Phula, Han Phula, Hei Phula, Hua Phula, Hua Yi, Jin Phula, Nimitso, Niuweiba Phula, Phula, Phuphje, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula
yiz	Azhe	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Huaning county, Panxi district; northeast Jianshui county, 1 village; north Kaiyuan county, Lebaidao district, Jiedian community; Mazheshao district, Chongzi community; Xiaolongtan district, Xiaolongtan community; Mile county: Jiangbian, Wushan, and Xun Jian districts	54,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 60,000	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi
ybk	Bokha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Hekou county, Lianhuatan township; Jinping county, Mengqiao and Ma’andi townships; Pingbian county, Dishuiceng township	10,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 12,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Akapa, Aphu, Black Muji, Bokho, Flowery Phula, Hei Muji, Hua Phula, Lao Phula, Pao Tle		None known. Reportedly similar to Phuma [ypm].
ykt	Kathu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Guangnan county, Balong district; possibly Guangxi province	5,000 (2007), decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Gasu
ykl	Khlula	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: southeast Wenshan county, Liujin township; north and central Maguan county, Dalishu, Miechange, Muchang, and Renhe townships	21,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Alapha, Black Phula, Black Zokhuo, Hei Phula, Mo, Namupha, Pao, Phulapha, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula, Tula, Zokhuo Na		Liujing, Muchang, Dalishu. Closely related to Zokhuo [yzk]; some marriage networks maintained with Hlepho Phula [yhl], but not mutually intelligible with either language.
ymx	Muji, Northern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: south Mengzi county, Lengquan, Qilubai, and Shuitian townships; west Pingbian county, Xinxian township	9,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 15,000	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Bokha, Hlaka Mujima, Phula		None known. Reportedly similar to Southern Muji [ymc].
ymq	Muji, Qila	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: south Jinping county. 2 isolated villages	1,500 (2008), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Doka, Mujitsu, Phutsu
ymc	Muji, Southern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: southeast Gejiu county, north, southwest, and east Jinping county, south Mengzi county	26,000 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 28,000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Aga, Khlaka, Lahi, Muzi, Phula, Tjeki, Tshebu, Tshibu		Dazhai, Ma’andi, Tongchang, Yingpan, Jinhe, Gamadi.
ymz	Muzi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: south and east Gejiu county; west Mengzi county, scattered villages	10,000 (2008)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Mogeha, Muji		None known. Reportedly similar to Notthern Muji [ymx].
yso	Nisi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Southeast Yunnan Province, Wenshan, Yanshan, Maguan, Funing, Xichou, Malipo, and Honghe counties	36,000 (2002), decreasing	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Lolo, Southeastern Lolo Yi
nos	Nisu, Eastern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan Province, Jianshui, Tonghai, Gejiu, Kaiyuan, Mengzi, Pingbian, and Hekou counties	75,000 (2004), decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Nisu, Nisupho, Shiping-Jianshui Nisu, Shiping-Jianshui Yi
yiv	Nisu, Northern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan povince: Chengjiang, Ehan, Jiangchuan, Jinning, north Shiping, Shuangbai, Xinping, north Yuanjiang, Yimen, and Yuxi counties	160,000, decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	E-Xin Yi, Nasupho, Nisupho		Nasu, Nisu. Nasu dialect is distinct from the Nasu language continuum located further north.
nsf	Nisu, Northwestern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Dali Bai autonomous prefecture, Yangbi county, Fuheng district; Yongping county, Beidou Yi district; Yunlong county, Tuanjie Yi district	24,000 (2004 SIL). 7,000 in Yunlong, 7,000 in Yangbi, 8,000 in Yongping districts (2004)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Nisu
nsd	Nisu, Southern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Honghe, Jinping, east Lüchun, south Shiping, southeast Yuanjiang, and Yuanyang counties	210,000 (2007), decreasing	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Nisupho, Yuan-Mo Yi		Yuanyang Nisu, Mojiang Nisu.
nsv	Nisu, Southwestern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Jiangcheng, west Lüchun, Mojiang, Pu’er, and Simao counties	15,000 (2007), decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi			Yuanyang Nisu, Mojiang Nisu.
ypa	Phala	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Honghe and Shiping counties, both banks of Yuanjiang (Honghe) river; Jianshui and Yuanyang counties, a few isolated villages downriver	12,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 13,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Black Phula, Bola, Hei Phula, Khapho, Phula, Phulepho		None known. Most similar to Phola [ypg].
ypg	Phola	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Honghe, Shiping, and Yuanjiang counties, along confluence of Yuanjiang (Honghe) and Xiaohedi rivers	13,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 13,000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Bola, Flowery Phula, Hua Phula, Phula, Phulepho, Tsha Phula		None known. Reportedly most similar to Phala [ypa].
ypo	Phola, Alo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Yuanjiang county, Tuguozhai village	500 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 500	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Bola, Pula		None known. Reportedly similar to Phola [ypg], but reportedly unintelligible due to contact with a Tai-Kadai variety.
yip	Pholo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: west Guangnan, northeast Malipo, southeast Qiubei, northeast and east Yanshan counties	30,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Black Phula, Flowery Phula, Phu, Phula
ypn	Phowa, Ani	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: south Kaiyuan county, Yangjie district; north central Mengzi county, Xibeile district	10,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 10,000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Anipho, Flowery Phu, Hua Phu, Laotshipu, Pho, Phula		Daheineng, Xibeile, Dayongsheng.
yhl	Phowa, Hlepho	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Kaiyuan county, east Beige township; north Mengzi, north Pingbian, west Weshan counties; Yanshan county, southeast Ashe township	36,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Abo, Boren, Bozi, Conehead Phula, Cowtail Phula, Daizhanpho, Digaopho, Flowery Phula, Hua Phula, Jiantou Phula, Minjia, Niuweiba Phula, Paola, Pho, Phula, Sandaohong Phula, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula, Thrice Striped Red Phula, Xiuba
ypb	Phowa, Labo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: central, north-central and southeast Kaiyuan county, west Beige township; Laozhai, Lebaidao, Mazheshao, Yanggai, and Zhongheying townships	17,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 21,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Asaheipho, Asahopho, Ekhepho, Labopho, Pho, Phula, White Phu, Zemapho		None known. Transitional with Hlepho Phowa [yhl].
phh	Phukha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: southeast Maguan and southwest Malipo counties	5,000 in China (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 7,000	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Fu Khla, Phu Khla, Phù Lá, Phù Lá Hán
phh	Phula	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province: Xin Mun district, 1 village; Lao Cai province: near Lao Cai city; Lai Chau and Son La provinces	5,000 in Viet Nam (Pelkey 2008). Ethnic population: 11,000 (2009 census). Total users in all countries: 10,000	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Phu La	Fu Khla, Phu Kha, Phu Khla, Phu La
ypm	Phuma	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: east central Pingbian county, Baihe township; Baiyun and Wantang townships	8,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 8,000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Black Muji, Hei Muji, Muji, Paotlo, Phula, Phuli, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula
ypp	Phupa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: southwest Mengzi county, southeast Lengquan and southeast Shuitian townships on southeast Gejiu panhandle	3,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Hlagho, La’ou, Laghï, Lala, Lamu, Lapa, Larhwo, Muzi, Phula, Phupha, Tshebu		Gamadi, Nuogumi, Jiangnanbo, Xiao Fengkou, Da Fengkou, Baiwushan.
yph	Phupha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: southwest Gejiu county, 4 villages; Yuangyang county, 1 village across Honghe river	1,300 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Phula, Phupho, Tsapho		None known. Closely related to, but not intelligible of, Alugu [aub].
ypz	Phuza	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: southeast Gejiu county, southeast Kafang township; southwest Mengzi county, west Lengquan township	6,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Hei Phu, Phu’a, Phujitsu, Phula		Bujibai, Dabaqi. Not intelligible of Phupa [ypp].
ytp	Thopho	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: Guangnan county, South central Zhetu district; northeast Zhulin district, 2 villages	200 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 500	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Black Hat Folk, Black Phula, Hei Mao Ren, Phula
yzk	Zokhuo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern	China	Yunnan province: southeast Wenshan county, south Dongshan and north Zhuiligai townships; south Yanshan county	13,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 17,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Cowtail Phula, Nimitso, Niuweiba Phula, Phula, Ruoke, Tshokha, Zekhe, Zuoke		Daxingzhai, Longle. Most closely related to, but not mutually intelligible with, Khlula [ykl].
cnc	Côông	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Viet Nam	Lai Chau province: Muong Te district, east of Sila, south of Mang; Ban Nam Luong, 4 villages; Kan Ho commune, Bo Lech; Nam Khao commune; Muong Toong commune, Ban Bo village; Dien Bien province: Muong Nhé district, Nam Ke and Pa Thom communes, near the Lao border	2,030 (2009 census)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cong	Khoong, “Xa Coong” (pej.), “Xa Xam” (pej.), “Xa Xeng” (pej.)		None known. Quite different from Akha [ahk], Lahu [lhu], and Sila [slt] of this location. North and south varieties in Viet Nam are different, but mutually intelligible. Bisu [bzi], Pyen [pyy], and Mpi [mpz] are closely related.
phq	Phana’	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Laos	Bokeo province: Houayxay district, 1 village; Luang Namtha province: Namtha district, Bopiet and Namtoung villages; Phongsali province: east of Moung Ou Tail	350 (1995 census). Ethnic population: Included within the Ahka [ahk] ethnic group	6b* (Threatened)	Bana’, Pana’		None known. Very similar to Sila [slt] (Bradley 2007a).
enu	Enu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	China	Yunnan province: Honghe prefecture, Luchun county; Jiangcheng county, Jiahe and Qushui townships; Mojiang county, Baliu, Sinanjiang, and Yayi townships, Simao municipality	30,000 (Dai and Duan 1995)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani	Ximoluo		None known. Lexical similarity: 76% with Biyo [byo] (17 % of similarities are Han loanwords that both have borrowed), 74% with Kaduo [ktp].
hni	Hani	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	China	Yunnan province: Jingdong and Jinggu counties, Lancang (Mekong) and Yuanjiang river basins, Ailao mountains	740,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). 444,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,660,000 (2010 census). Includes Akeu [aeu], Akha [ahk], Biyo [byo], Chadong [cdy], Enu [enu], Honi [how], Kaduo [ktp], Muda [ymd], and Sangkong [sgk] languages. Total users in all countries: 762,440	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani	Hanhi, Hani Proper, Haw	Ha Nhi	Hani has numerous dialects and is fairly similar to Akha [ahk].
sgk	Sangkong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county, Menglong (1 village) and Xiaojie (3 villages) districts	1,500 (1995 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani	Buxia		None known. Reportedly similar to Bisu [bzi] and Phunoi [pho].
aeu	Akeu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna prefecture, most villages in Jinhong county, some in Mengla county	10,000 in China (2004 E. Johnson). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2008 T. Kosonen). Total users in all countries: 12,400	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani	Ake, Aki, Akui, Gokhu		None known. Reportedly similar to Akha [ahk].
aeu	Akeu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Laos	Phongsali province: Gnot Ou district	1,000 in Laos (1996 E. Johnson)	6a (Vigorous)	Aki, Akui, Gaolkheel
aeu	Akeu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Myanmar	Shan state: Kengtung and Mongla townships	1,000 in Myanmar (2004 E. Johnson)	5 (Developing)	Akheu, Aki, Akui, Gaolkheel
aeu	Akeu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Thailand	Chiang Rai province: Mae Suai and Wiang Pa Pao districts	400 in Thailand (2006 E. Johnson)	6a (Vigorous)	Akheu, Aki, Akui, Gaolkheel, Gokhy
ahk	Akha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	China	Yunnan province: Simao and Xishuangbanna prefectures	240,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Ethnic population: 240,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 616,600	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Hani	Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Kha Ko” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Khao Kha Ko” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.)	A˯ka˯daw˯‎ (Avkavdawv)	None known. Most closely related to Hani [hni].
ahk	Akha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Laos	Phongsali and Luang Namtha provinces	113,000 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	5* (Dispersed)	Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Hka Ko” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Khao Kha Ko” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.)
ahk	Akha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Myanmar	Shan state: east Kengtung district	200,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a)	3 (Wider communication)	Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Kha Ko” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Khao Kha Ko” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.)		Much dialectal variation; some do not understand each other. Most similar to Hani [hni].
ahk	Akha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Thailand	Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, and Mae Hong Son provinces. 250 villages	56,600 in Thailand (Bradley 2007a)	5* (Dispersed)	Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Kha Ko” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Khao Kha Ko” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.)
ahk	Akha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Viet Nam	Dien Bien, Lao Cai, and Lai Chau provinces	7,000 in Viet Nam (Hansson 2003). Ethnic population: Hà Nhì ethnic group 21,725 (2009 census)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ha Nhi	Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Khao Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Kha Ko” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.)
byo	Biyo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	China	Yunnan province: southeast Simao prefecture, Jiangcheng, Jingdong, Mojiang, and Zhenyuan counties	120,000 (Bradley 1997)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani	Bio, Biyue, Piyo
ycp	Chepya	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Laos	Phongsali province	1,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Related to Akeu [aeu].
hni	Hani	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Laos	Phongsali province: Ou Nua district; Ban Sika Hon, Ban Si Ben Chay, and Ban Kuchu Lin	740 in Laos (2015 census), decreasing. Based on ethnicity	6b (Threatened)	Ha Nhi, Hanhi, Haw, Hayi
hni	Hani	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Viet Nam	North, Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces. 1 variety is east, 1 west of Muong Te city	21,700 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ha Nhi	Ha Nhi, Haw, Hànhì, U Ní, Uni, Xauni, Xá U Ní
how	Honi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	China	Yunnan province: Simao prefecture, Dai, Mojiang Hani, Pu’er Hani, and Yi autonomous counties; Yuxi prefecture: Dai, Yi, and Yuanjiang Hani autonomous counties	140,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani	Baihong, Hao-Bai, Haoni, Ho, Ouni, Uni, Woni		Haoni, Baihong. Dialects may be separate languages.
ktp	Kaduo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	China	Yunnan province: primarily southeast Simao prefecture, Jiangcheng, Mojiang, and Pu’er counties	180,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Many monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 180,200	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani	Kado, Khatu
ktp	Kaduo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Laos	Phongsali province: Ou Nua district	200 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003c)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gazhuo, Kado, Kadu, Khatu
lov	Lopi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	China	Yunnan province: Mojiang, Yuanjiang, and Yuanyang counties		6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani
mpz	Mpi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Thailand	Phrae province: Ban Dong district, east of provincial capital; Nan province: Ban Sakoen district	900 (Nahhas 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Nahhas 2007)	6b (Threatened)	Kaw		Ban Dong, Ban Sakoen. Ban Dong and Ban Sakoen Mpi are mutually intelligible (based on self-report of Ban Dong and Ban Sakoen residents). Lexical similarity: 86% between Ban Dong and Ban Sakoen dialects.
ymd	Muda	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	China	Yunnan province: Jinghong county, Nanpianshan district	2,000 (2007), decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani
slt	Sila	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Laos	Luang Namtha province; Oudomxai province: Namo district; Phongsali province: Boun Neua, Ngot Ou, and Samphan districts	3,150 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 3,860	6a (Vigorous)	Asong, Sida, “Kha Pai” (pej.)
slt	Sila	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern	Viet Nam	Dien Bien province: Muong Nhé district, Chung Chai commune; Lai Chau province: Muong Tè district, Kan Ho commune, Ban Xeo Hai village, on the Black river	710 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Most members of the ethnic group speak the language (Bradley 2007a)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Si La	Sida
lwm	Laomian	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern, Bisoid	China	Yunnan province: Lancang, Menglian, and Ximeng counties. Menghai county, Mengzhe township, Van Phin (Laopinzhai) village (Laopin dialect)	4,000 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. Less than 1,000 Laopin (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population does not include Laopin	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu	Bisu, Guba, Lawa, Lawmeh, Lua, Mbi, Mibisu, Misu, Pin		Lanmeng, Huaipa, Dakao, Laopin. Similar to Pyen [pyy] and Bisu [bzi]. Lexical similarity: 93%–95% between Laopin and Laomian, 88% with Bisu [bzi] in Thailand.
bzi	Bisu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern, Bisoid	Thailand	Chiang Rai province: Doi Chomphu and Pui Kham villages	700 (2016 K. Person). No monolinguals (2015 K. Person). Ethnic population: 700 (2018 K. Person)	6a (Vigorous)	Lawa, Lua, Mbisu, Mibisu		None known. Similar to Laomian [lwm] and Pyen [pyy]. Lexical similarity: 36% with Hani [hni], 32% with Lahu [lhu], 31% with Lisu [lis].
pho	Phunoi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern, Bisoid	Laos	Phongsali province	39,200 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Phounoy, Phu Noi, Punoi, Singsily, Sinsali		Black Khoany, White Khoany, Mung, Hwethom, Khaskhong. Reportedly similar to Bisu [bzi], Pyen [pyy], and Mpi [mpz]. Listed dialects may be separate languages.
pyy	Pyen	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern, Bisoid	Myanmar	Shan state: Mong Yang township, Namt Theun and Yaw Tan villages	600 (2013 Pyen Language Committee)	5 (Developing)	Biˎ suˎ, Hpinba, Hpyin, Misu, Phen, Pyin		None known. Reportedly similar to Phunoi [pho], Bisu [bzi], and Mpi [mpz]. Lexical similarity: 36% with Hani [hni], 32% with Lahu [lhu], 31% with Lisu [lis].
lbg	Laopang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Unclassified	Laos	Bokeo province	9,550 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gu-ba, Laopa, Laopan
ugo	Ugong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Unclassified	Thailand	Suphan Buri province: northwestern; Uthai Thani province: southwestern	150 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 500 (Bradley 2007b)	8a (Moribund)	Gong, Lawa, Ugawng		Kok Chiang, Suphanburi. Not closely related to other languages.
bca	Bai, Central	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai	China	Guizhou province: small enclave; Yunnan province: Eryuan, Heqing, Jianchuan, Lanping, and Yunlong	800,000 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 1,930,000 (2010 census). Includes Lama Bai [lay], Panyi Bai [bfc], and Southern Bai [bfs] languages	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai	Báiyǔ, Labbu, Minchia, Minjia, Minkia, Nama, Pai, Yunnan Bai	白语‎ (Baip‧ngvp‧zix)	Jianchuan, Heqing, Lanping, Eryuan, Yunlong.
lay	Bai, Lama	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai	China	Yunnan province: Diqing Tibetan autonomous prefecture; Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture, Lanping Bai Pumi autonomous county, Hexi district, Lajing township; mountain area of Lancang river	60,000 (1995)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai	Lama, Lan-Bi Bai, Nama, Northern Bai
bfc	Bai, Panyi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai	China	Yunnan province: Nujiang prefecture, Lushui county, Luobenzhuo Bai autonomous district, Chenggan, Gudeng, and Shangjiang districts, Liuku and Pianma townships; Baoshan municipality, Mangkuan township; Pu’er municipality	12,000 (2005)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bai	Bijiang Bai, Lan-Bi Bai, Leme, Lemei, Lemo, Northern Bai, Panyi		Da-E, Yu-Teu.
bfs	Bai, Southern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai	China	Yunnan province: Dali Bai autonomous prefecture, Xiangyun	400,000 (2003)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai		白语‎ (Baip‧ngvp‧zix)	Xiangyun, Dali.
bqh	Baima	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Baima	China	Gansu province: Wenxian county; Sichuan province: Jiuzhaigou, Pingwu, and Songpan counties	10,000 (Bradley 2007a). Older adults and a few middle aged are monolingual. Ethnic population: 14,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Bai Ma, Pe		Southern Baima (Pingwu Baima), Northern Baima (Wenxian Baima), Western Baima (Jiuzhaigou Baima, Songpan Baima).
ers	Ersu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Ersuish	China	Sichuan province: Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Jiulong county; Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Ganluo, Mianning, Muli and Yuexi counties; Ya’an prefecture, Hanyuan and Shimian counties; all on lower Dadu river dispersed among Chinese, Tibetan, and Yi peoples	20,000 (Shearer and Sun 2002), decreasing. Eastern Ersu (Ersu) 13,000, Central Ersu (Duoxu) 10 or less, Western Ersu (Lizu) 4,000	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Bu’erci, Bu’erzi, Bu’erzi Ersu, Doxu, Duoxu, Erhsu, Lizu, Lusu, T’osu		Ersu (Eastern Ersu), Duoxu (Central Ersu), Lisu (Liru, Lüzü, Western Ersu).
nmy	Namuyi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic	China	Sichuan Province, Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Mianning, Muli, Xichang, and Yanyuan counties; southwest Sichuan, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Jiulong (Gyaisi) county	5,000 (Bradley 2007a). 200 monolinguals. Mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Naimuci, Naimuzi, Namuzi		Eastern Namuyi, Western Namuyi. Low intelligibility between dialects, with lexical and phonological differences.
nru	Narua	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic	China	Sichuan and Yunnan provinces border area near Lugu lake, Ninglang Yi autonomous county, Muli Tibetan autonomous county and Yanuyuan county	47,000 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 47,000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Naxi. Yunnan Province speakers officially classified within Naxi nationality. Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Sichuan Province speakers assigned to the Mongolian nationality	Eastern Naxi, Meng yu, Moso, Mosso, Mosuo, Musuo yu, Na, Naru, Nazu		None known. Lexical similarity: 40%–60% with Naxi [nxq].
nxq	Naxi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic	China	Northwest Yunnan Province, a majority (over 200,000) in Yulong (formerly Lijiang) Naxi autonomous county. Some scattered through Weixi, Zhongdian, Ninglang, Deqing, Yongsheng, Heqing, Jianchuan, and Lanping counties. Some in Sichuan Province, Yanyuan, Yanbian, and Muli counties. A few in Tibet Autonomous Region, Mangkang county	300,000 (2000 census). 100,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 326,000 (2010 census)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Naxi. Official ethnic language of the Narua nationality	Lomi, Mu, Nahsi, Nakhi, Nasi, “Mo-Su” (pej.), “Moso” (pej.), “Mosso” (pej.)	Naqxi	Lapao, Lijiang, Ludian. Reportedly similar to Narua [nru].
sxg	Shuhi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic	China	Sichuan province: Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Muli Tibetan autonomous county, Shuiluo township	1,800 (2000 D. Bradley). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 D. Bradley)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Shixing, Xumi		Restricted mutual intelligibility between the Upper and the Lower Reaches dialects; salient phonological, lexical and grammatical differences between the two varieties.
pmi	Pumi, Northern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic	China	Sichuan province: Jiulong, Muli, and Yanyuan counties; Yunnan province: Ninglang county, Yongning district	35,000 (1999). 5,000 in Pumi nationality, 30,000 in Tibetan nationality (1994). 10,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Ch’rame, P’rome, P’umi, P’ömi, Pimi, Primmi, Pruumi		Taoba. 4 other dialects. Intelligibility of Southern Pumi [pmj] is low. Lexical similarity: between Northern Pumi and Southern Pumi [pmj] is 60%, grammatical differences minor.
pmj	Pumi, Southern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic	China	Yunnan province: Lanping, Lijiang, Weixi, and Yongsheng counties; Ninglang county, Xinyingpan district	19,000 (1999). 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 42,900 (2010 census)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Pumi	P’rome, P’umi, P’ömi, Pimi, Primmi, Prinmi, Pruumi		Qinghua, Niuwozi. 4 other dialects. Intelligibility of Northern Pumi [pmi] is difficult. Lexical similarity: 60% between Northern Pumi [pmi] and Southern Pumi.
gqi	Guiqiong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic	China	Sichuan Province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, 4 townships: Maibeng, Qianqi, Shelian West, Shiji; also Guza town; north Dadu river plateaus	6,000 (2000 Sun Hong Kai). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2000 D. Bradley). About 1,000 ethnic Guiqiong reportedly understand Guiqiong, but do not speak it	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Guichong, Guiqiang, Yutong		Phonological dialect differences, but communication is possible. 2 or 3 varieties have difficult mutual intelligibility. Loanwords from Tibetan and Chinese.
mvm	Muya	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic	China	Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Simian (Shimian) county, Ya’an district; Jiulong (Gyaisi) and Kangbo (Kangding)	10,000 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Boba, Manyak, Menya, Minyag, Minyak, Miyao, Munya		Eastern Muya, Western Muya. Dialects reportedly not mutually inherently intelligible. Loanwords from Tibetan and Chinese.
cng	Qiang, Northern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic	China	Sichuan province: Beichuan, Heishui, Mao, and Songpan counties	57,800 (1999), decreasing. 14,000 Mawo, 14,000 Weigu, 11,000 Luhua, 8,000 Cimulin, and 9,000 Yadu. 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang languages, including 80,000 as Qiang nationality and 50,000 as Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 310,000 (2010 census)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Qiang	Ch’iang		Mawo, Yadu, Weigu, Cimulin, Luhua.
qxs	Qiang, Southern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic	China	Sichuan province: Li and Wenchuan counties; south Mao county	81,300 (1999 J. Evans), decreasing. 8,300 Daqishan, 4,100 Taoping, 3,100 Longxi, 14,500 Mianchi, 31,000 Hehu. Around 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang. 80,000 officially classified within Qiang nationality and speakers 50,000 within Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 310,000 (2010 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Qiang	Ch’iang, Rrmea		Dajishan (Daqishan), Taoping, Longxi, Mianchi, Heihu, Sanlong, Jiaochang.
qvy	Queyu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic	China	Sichuan province: Garzê Autonomous Prefecture: Xinlong (Nyagrong) and Yajiang (Nyagquka) Litang counties	7,000 (1995)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Choyo, Zhaba		None known. Reportedly similar to Zhaba [zhb].
zhb	Zhaba	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic	China	Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Daofu (Dawu) county, Zhaba district; Yajiang (Nyagquka) county, Zhamai district	7,800 (Gengxua and Hu 2008), decreasing. Many young monolingual speakers in Zhaba and Zhamai districts. Ethnic population: 9,000 (Gong 2007)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Bazi, Bozi, Draba, Zaba, Zha, nDrapa		Drate (Northern nDrapa), Drame (Southern nDrapa, Zhami). Reportedly similar to Stau (Horpa [ero]) and Queyu [qvy], but no mutual intelligibility. Many loanwords from Tibetan and Chinese varieties.
ero	Horpa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic	China	Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Danba (Rong-brag), Daofu (rTau, sTau, Dawu), Luhuo, Xinlong (Brag-’go), and Xinlong (Nyagrong) counties	45,000 (Shearer and Sun 2002). sTau: 23,000, Geshitsa: 21,000, Nyagrong-Minyak: 1,000. 15,000 monolinguals	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Daofu, Daofuhua, Dawu, Ergong, Geshitsa, Geshiza, Geshizahua, Hor, Huo’er, Hórsók, Nyagrong-Minyag, Pawang, Rgu, Western Gyarong, Western Jiarong, Xinlong-Muya, rTau, sTau		sTau (Daofu, Dawu, rTau), Geshitsa (Geshiza), Nyagrong-Minyag (Xinlong-Muya). The dialects of Horpa reportedly are not mutually intelligible.
jya	Jiarong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic	China	Sichuan province: Dangba, Songgang, Suomo, Zhuokeji (Situ dialect); Aba county, Kehe and Rongan townships; Maerkang county, Chabao district, Dazang, Longerjia, and Shaerzong townships (Chabao); Maerkang county, Sidaba district, Caodeng, Kangshan, and Ribu townships (Sidaba); Rangtang county, between Shili and Wuyi and townships along middle Duke river; Seda county, a small town; Duke and Seda rivers’ confluence	83,000 (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 25,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 151,000 (Lin 1993). Includes 139,000 in Situ Jiarong, 12,200 in Chabao and Sidaba	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Chiarong, Gyarong, Gyarung, Jarong, Jyarung, Keru, Rgyarong, dGyarung		Situ (Eastern Jiarong), Chabao (Central Jiarong, Dazang, Northern Jiarong), Showu (Caodeng, Sidaba, Western Jiarong), Japhug (Northeastern Jiarong), Tshobdun (Northwestern Jiarong). Varieties of Situ are: Ma’erkang, Lixian, Jinchuan (Dajin), and Xiaojin. Varieties of Sidaba are Caodeng and Ribu. Western and Northern phonology are fairly similar but differ greatly from Eastern. Dialects are likely three separate mutually unintelligible languages. Lexical similarity: 75% between Eastern and Northern Jiarong (with significant phonological differences), 60% between Western and Northern, 13% between the Situ dialect and Horpa [ero].
jiq	Lavrung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic	China	Sichuan province: northwest Jinchuan county; Maerkang county southwest tip on Jinchuan river tributaries; southeast Rangtang county	50,000 (Lin 1993)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Guanyingqiao, Khroskyabs, Western Jiarong, Zhongzhai		Xiaoyili, Siyaowu, Muerzong, Guanyingqiao, Ergali, Taiyanghe, Ere, Yelong. Phonologically Western and Northern are fairly similar and differ greatly from Eastern. Lexical similarity: 60% between Western and Northern Jiarong dialects.
jih	sTodsde	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic	China	Sichuan province: south Rangthang county, Shangzhai district, Puxi, Shili, and Zongke townships; Duke and Zhongke rivers’ confluence	4,100 (2004)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Shangzhai, Western Jiarong		Dayili, Zongke, Puxi. Phonologically Western and Northern are fairly similar and differ greatly from Eastern. Lexical similarity: 75% between Eastern and Northern Jiarong, 60% between Western and Northern Jiarong.
tji	Tujia, Northern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Tujia	China	Chongqing province: southeast; Guizhou province; Hubei province: southwest; Hunan province: Yanhe and Yingjiang counties. Wuling mountain range	70,000 (Brassett and Brassett 2005). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,350,000 (2010 census). Includes Southern Tujia [tjs]	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tujia	Tuchia, Tudja, pi tsi kha		Longshan, Baojing. Northern and Southern Tujia [tjs] are not mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: 40% with Southern Tujia [tjs].
tjs	Tujia, Southern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Tujia	China	Northwest Hunan Province, Luxi county, 3 villages	1,500 (Brassett and Brassett 2005), decreasing. Monolinguals are mainly women, children, and older adults. Ethnic population: 8,030,000 (2000 census). Includes 70,000 in Northern Tujia	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Tujia	Mong Tsi, Tuchia		None known. Northern [tji] and Southern Tujia are not mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: 40% with Northern Tujia [tji], but with phonological and grammatical differences.
der	Deori	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo	India	Assam state: Demaji, Lakhimpur, Jorhat, and Tinsukia districts; Arunachal Pradesh state: Lohit district	32,400 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 50,000	5* (Developing)	Chutiya, Dari, Deuri, Dewri, Drori, Jimochaya		May constitute its own subgroup under Bodo-Garo. Reportedly not similar to other languages. Dialect of Lakhimpur District is regarded as purest. Lexical similarity: 77%–93% with Deori varieties, 11%–16% with Bodo [brx].
grt	Garo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo	Bangladesh	Dhaka division: Dhaka, Jamalpur, Madhupur, Netrokona, Sherpur districts; enclaves north, southwest and northwest of Mymensingh city; Sylhet division: Sylhet and Sunamganj districts	120,000 in Bangladesh (2005)	5 (Dispersed). Used as LWC among all Mandi	Garrow, Mande, Mandi		Abeng, Achik, Brak, Chibok, Dual.
grt	Garo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo	India	Assam state: Goalpara, Kamrup, and Karbi Anglong districts; Meghalaya state: Garo Hills district; Nagaland state: Kohima district; Tripura state: south Tripura district, Udaipur sub-district; north Tripura district, Kailasahar and Kamalpur sub-districts; west Tripura district, Sadar sub-district; West Bengal state: Jalpaiguri and Koch Bihar districts	1,150,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,270,000	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Meghalaya State (1950, Constitution, Articles 347), unscheduled language	Garrow, Mandi	Mande	A’beng (A’bengya, Am’beng), A’chick (A’chik, A’we, Chisak, Dual, Matchi), Dacca, Ganching, Kamrup. A’chick is the standardized dialect in India. A’beng dialect used in Bangladesh, but is not mutually intelligible. Reportedly most similar to Koch [kdq].
mef	Megam	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo	Bangladesh	Dhaka division: Netrokona district, Kalmakanda subdistrict	6,870 (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	Migam, Negam		Lexical similarity: 7%–9% with the Abeng dialect of Garo [grt], 60% with Lyngngam [lyg].
tpe	Tippera	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Chittagong district, Fatikchari subdistrict; Khagrachari district	85000	6a (Vigorous)	Kok Borok, Tipperah, Tippurah, Tipra, Tipura, Triperah, Tripura		Naitong, Dendak, Gabing, Khali, Phatung, Tongpai, Anok, Kewa, Kema, Aslong. Lexical similarity: 56%–85% among dialects, 61%–74% with Kok Borok [trp], 53%–65% with Riang [ria], 37%–59% with Usoi Tripura [usi].
lax	Tiwa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Boro-Tiwa	India	Assam state: Kamrup, Karbi Anglong, Lakhimpur, Nagaon, and Sibsagar districts; Meghalaya state: Khasi Hills district	33,900 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 171,000 (2001 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dowyan, Lalung		Hajowali, Datiyali.
brx	Boro	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Boro-Tiwa, Boro	India	Assam state: mainly Darrang, Goalpara, Kamrup, Lakhimpur, Nagaon, and Sibsagar districts; Manipur state: Chandel (Tengnoupal) district; Meghalaya state: West Garo Hills district, Tikrikilla sub-district, 7 villages; East Khasi Hills district; West Bengal state: Cooch-Behar, Darjeeling, and Jalpaiguri districts	1,470,000 in India (2011 census). 1,460,000 Boro, 11,500 Mech (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,474,380	5* (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Assam (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347)	Bara, Bodi, Bodo, Boroni, Kachari, Mech, Meche, Mechi, Meci	बोडो‎ (boḍo), बोडो भाषा‎ (boḍo bʰāṣā)	Chote, Mech. West Bengal dialect reportedly different from Assam.
xac	Kachari	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Boro-Tiwa, Boro	India	Assam state: north Cachar district, Cachar hills; Nagaland state: Kohima district; Dimapur district, Dhansiri sub-district. 16 villages	16,000 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened)	Cachari, Plains Kachari
brx	Meche	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Boro-Tiwa, Boro	Nepal	Mechi zone: Jhapa district	4,380 in Nepal (2011 census). No monolinguals	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Meche (Bodo)	Bara, Bodi, Bodo, Boro, Boroni, Mache, Mech, Mechi, Meci
dis	Dimasa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Dimasa-Kokborok	India	Assam state: north Cachar district and Cachar hills; Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts; Nagaland state: Haflong district; Meghalaya and Mizoram states	137,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Dimasa Kachari, Grau Dima, Hills Kachari, Magrau	Grao Dima	Hasao, Hawar, Dembra, Dijuwa, Humri, Semsa, Walgong. Related to Kachari [xac].
ria	Riang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Dimasa-Kokborok, Kok Borok	India	Assam state: Karimganj district; Mizoram state: Aizawl, Chhimtuipui, and Lunglei districts, Karnafuli river bank area, 30 villages; Tripura state: north and central	58,500 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 144,000. Total users in all countries: 59,000	5* (Developing)	Bru, Reang, Tipra	Kau Bru	Considered dialect of Kok Borok [trp] called Polong-O (Muanthanga).
trp	Kok Borok	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Dimasa-Kokborok, Kok Borok	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Chandpur and Comilla areas east of Ganges delta; Sylhet divsion: 2 border areas southeast of Habiganj	5,000 in Bangladesh	6a (Vigorous)	Debbarma, Tipura, Tripura, Tripuri
trp	Kok Borok	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Dimasa-Kokborok, Kok Borok	India	Assam and Tripura states	953,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 958,000	4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Tripura State (1964, Official Languages Act No. 19 (as amended)), not a Schedule VIII language	Halam, Kakbarak, Kohkborohk, Kokbarak, Kokborok, Tipura, Tripura, Tripuri, Usipi Mrung	Kok Borok, ককবরক‎ (Kok borok)	Jamatia, Noatia (Tipra), Debbarma. Debbarma is spoken by the royal family and is medium of communication with the other dialects; understood by all, but not vice versa.
ria	Riang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Dimasa-Kokborok, Kok Borok	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Rangamati district	500 in Bangladesh (2007)	7 (Shifting)	Kau Bru, Reang
usi	Usoi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Dimasa-Kokborok, Kok Borok	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Bandarban district	22400	5 (Developing)	Kau Brung, Unshoi, Unsuiy, Ushoi, Usui	Kaobrung	Panji, Joloi. Lexical similarity: 88% with Panji and Joloi dialects, 59%–67% with Riang [ria], 47%–58% with Kok Borok [trp], 37%–59% with Tippera [tpe].
aot	Atong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Koch	India	Meghalaya state: south Garo Hills district; possibly Assam state: south Kamrup district	4,600 in India. Total users in all countries: 10,000	7 (Shifting)	A’tong		None known. Related to Koch [kdq] and Rabha [rah].
kdq	Koch	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Koch	India	Assam state: Goalpara and Nagaon districts; Meghalaya state: West Garo Hills district; Bihar, Tripura, and West Bengal states	36,400 in India (2011 census), increasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 42,400	6a (Vigorous)	Koc, Kocch, Koce, Kocha, Kochboli, Konch		Harigaya, Margan (Dasgaya), Tintekiya, Wanang. Tintekiya in Meghalaya is intelligible with same dialect in Bangladesh; Tintekiya not intelligible with other Koch dialects; Koch-Rabha and Harigaya are mutually intelligible with Wanang; Dasgaya and Harigaya are mutually intelligible; these form a dialect chain (Koch-Rabha-Wanang-Harigaya-Dasgaya-Tintekiya). Lexical similarity: 90% between Tintekiya Koch of India and Bangladesh; Tintekiya: 44%–55% with other Koch dialects; Kock: 31%–39% with Rongdani Rabha [rah], 13%–17% with Garo [grt]. Lexical borrowing is heavier when it comes to high register vocabulary; Koch has borrowed words from Bangla [ben], Assamese [asm] and Hajong [haj].
aot	Atong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Koch	Bangladesh	Dhaka division: north Netrokona district	5,400 in Bangladesh	6b (Threatened)	A’tong, Attong
kdq	Koch	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Koch	Bangladesh	Dhaka division: north Sherpur district	6,000 in Bangladesh (2006 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Koc, Kocch, Koce, Kochboli, Konch		Tintekiya, Chapra, Margan.
rah	Rabha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Koch	India	Assam state: Darrang, Goalpara, and Kamrup districts; Nagaland state; West Bengal state: Alipurduar and Jalpaiguri districts; Koch Bihar district, Tafangunj sub-district; Meghalaya state: East and West Garo hills districts	140,000 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 374,000 (1993)	4 (Educational)	Rava, Rába Katha	রাভা‎ (Rābhā)	Maitaria (Maitoria, Maituri), Rongdani (Rangdania). Rongdani is the standard dialect. Lexical similarity: 73% between Maituri and Rongdani. 31%–39% with Koch [kdq].
ruh	Ruga	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Koch	India	Meghalaya state: East Garo Hills district		8a (Moribund)			None known. Most closely related to Atong [aot], Koch [kdq], and Rabha [rah]. Not inherently intelligible of Garo [grt].
kix	Naga, Khiamniungan	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	India	Nagaland state: east central Tuensang district	62,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 72,000	5* (Developing)	Aoshedd, Kalyokengnyu, Khiamngan, Khiemnungan, Nokaw, Tukhemmi, Welam	Khiamniungan	Noklak. Dialects in Myanmar and India somewhat intelligible but have very limited contact. Lexical similarity: 67% with Gongwang dialect of Ponyo-Gongwang Naga [npg], 72%–73% with Ponyo dialect of [npg], 62%–67% with Lainong Naga [lzn], 41% with Lao Naga. Is in Konyak subgroup, but is divergent. They consider Ponyo Naga [npg] a part of Khiamniungan, though lexical similarity is only around 70%.
nlq	Naga, Lao	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Lahe township, along India border	1,000 (2012 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Law, Loh		Reportedly most similar to Chen-Kayu Naga [nqq] and the Chuyo and Gakat dialects of Tase Naga [nst].
njb	Naga, Nocte	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Changlang district; Tirap district, Laju, Khonsa, and Namsang sub-districts; Assam state: Lakhimpur district, Jaipur; Nagaland state: Mon district, Namsang	30,800 (2011 census). 19,800 monolinguals (2001 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Borduria, Jaipuria, Mohongia, Namsangia, Nocte, Nokte, Paniduria		Khapa, Laju, Ponthai (Lamlak). Ponthai dialect is similar to both Tangsa [nst] and Nocte. Those living closer to the Nocte identify as Nocte; those living closer to the Tangsa identify as Tangsa. 50% intelligible with Wancho Naga [nnp].
nst	Naga, Tangsa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Changlang district, Manmau, Jayrampur, Nampong, and Kharsang circles; Assam state: border area with Changlang district, 25 villages	38,600 in India (2011 census). Includes 10,200 Tutsa (2011 census). 400 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Cham Chang, Rangpan, Tangsa, Tangshang, Tase, Tase Naga, Tasey		Lungri, Sangche, Sangwal, Taipi, Tikhak, Tonglim (Tangrim), Tutsa (Tutcha), Yogli (Jugli), Yongkuk (Yukok), Have (Havoy), Higsho, Higtsii, Kimsing (Chamchang, Khemsing, Sanke, Sechu, Shangge, Shechu), Longphi (Longkhi), Lungchang, Miti, Moklum, Mosang (Hewa), Mungray (Morang), Ngemu, Phong (Ponthai), Rongrang, Ronrang (Poerah), Hasik (Awla, Awlay, Laju, Lazu Naga, Ollo Naga). Phong (Ponthai) dialect is similar to both Nocte [njb] and Tangsa. Those living closer to the Nocte identify as Nocte; those living closer to the Tangsa identify as Tangsa.
tvt	Naga, Tutsa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: south Changlang and east Tirap districts; Assam state: Tinsukia district	25,000 (2001). 12,500 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Totcha, Tutsa		None known. Reportedly similar to Nocte Naga [njb] and Tase Naga [nst].
nnp	Naga, Wancho	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: southwest Tirap district, 36 villages; Assam and Nagaland states	59,200 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Banpara Naga, Joboka, Jokoba, Naga Wancho, Wancho		Changnoi, Bor Muthun (Bor Mutonia), Horu Muthun, Kulung Muthun (Mithan). Significant variation between spoken language in upper and lower regions. Reportedly similar to Chang Naga [nbc] and Konyak Naga [nbe].
nbc	Naga, Chang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	India	Assam state; Nagaland state: Tuensang district, 36 villages	66,900 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Chang, Changyanguh, Machongrr, Mochumi, Mochungrr, Mojung		Reportedly similar to Wancho Naga [nnp]. Tuensang village dialect is central and intelligible to all.
nqq	Naga, Chen-Kayu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Hkamti district, Lahe township, 13 villages, along India border	9,000 (2012 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Kyan-Karyaw Naga		Chen (Kyan), Kayu (Kahyu, Kaiyaw, Karyaw, Kayaw). The 2 dialects are closely related. Kayu is reportedly similar to the Chuyo and Gakat dialects of Tase Naga [nst].
kix	Naga, Khiamniungan	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Khamti and Lahe townships, about 30 villages	10,000 in Myanmar (2010)	5 (Developing)	Khiamniungan, Makware, Nokaw, Para, Tukhemmi, Welam		Wolam, Thang, Nokhu, Ponso.
nbe	Naga, Konyak	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	India	Assam state: Sibsagar district, Bortol and Nagagaon villages near Simulguri township; Nagaland state: Mon and Tuensang districts	244,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 246,000	4 (Educational)	Kanyak	Konyak	Angphang, Hopao, Changnyu, Chen, Chingkao, Chinglang, Choha, Gelekidoria, Jakphang, Longching, Longkhai (Lungkhai, Lungkhi), Longmein, Longwa, Mon, Mulung, Ngangching, Sang, Shanlang, Shunyuo, Shengha, Sima, Sowa, Shamnyuyanga, Tableng (Angwangku, Kongon, Mohung, Wakching), Tabu, Tamkhungnyuo, Tang, Tobunyuo, Tolamleinyua, Totok. Tableng is standard dialect spoken in Wanching and Wakching. Reportedly similar to Phom Naga [nph].
nbe	Naga, Konyak	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Lahe township	2,000 in Myanmar (2010)	5 (Dispersed)			Kun, Lonwa.
lzn	Naga, Lainong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Lahe township, about 25 villages	7,000 (2008 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Htang Ngan, Htangan, Leinong Naga, Lenaung Naga		Yao Dyang (Northern Lainong, Zau Dyang), Southern Lainong. High intelligibility between Lainong villages. Lexical similarity: within Lainong Naga 89%–100%. Lexical similarity: 69%–75% with Ponyo-Gongwang Naga [npg], 62%–67%with Khiamniungan Naga [kix], 37%–41% with Lao Naga [nlq].
umn	Naga, Paungnyuan	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Khamti and northeast Lahe townships, 13 villages	4,000 (2008 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Lasam, Macham Naga, Makyam, Makyan Naga, Pongnyun	Paungnyuan Naga	Main dialect variation is between western Paungnyuan villages and Kuku villages. Lexical similarity: 99% within western Paungnyuan, 31%–35% with Ponyo-Gongwang Naga [npg], 29%–36% with Lainong Naga [lzn], 27%–28% with Lao Naga [nlq].
nph	Naga, Phom	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	India	Nagaland state: Tuensang district, Longleng sub-district, 36 villages	54,400 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Assiringia, Chingmengu, Phom, Phon, Tamlu, Tamlu Naga		Yongyasha. Reportedly similar to Konyak Naga [nbe].
npg	Naga, Ponyo-Gongwang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Lahe township, 19 villages	4,500 (2008 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)		Gongwang Naga, Ponyo Naga	Ponyo (Manauk, Mannok, Ponnyio, Pounyu), Gongwang (Gongvan, Saplo, Saplow, Solo, Tsaplo, Tsawlaw). Very little dialect variation within Gongwang and within Ponyo, but between these 2 dialects, there are differences. Comprehension seems to be high between Ponyo and Gongwang speakers. Lexical similarity: 89%–91% between Ponyo and Gongwang, 69%–75% with Lainong Naga [lzn], 67%–73% with Khiamniungan Naga [kix].
nst	Naga, Tangshang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Khamti, Lahe, Nanyun, and Pangsau townships; Kachin state: Myitkyina district, Shinbwiyan and Tanai townships	60,000 in Myanmar (2010). Total users in all countries: 98,600	5 (Developing)	Haimi, Hawa, Heimi, Kuwa, Pangmi, Pangwa, Rangpan, Rangpang, Tangwa, Tase, Tase Naga	Tangshang Naga	Bote (Bongtai, Butay, Hteinpa, Nokpa, Nukpa), Chamchang (Kimsing), Champhang (Thamphang), Chuyo (Wanggu, Wangoo), Gaha (Halum), Gakat (Wakka, Wanga), Gaqchan (Gashan), Gawkchung (Kochong), Henchin (Sanching, Shangchein), Kaishan (Kaisan, Kyetsan), Khalak (Hkalak), Lakki (Lakai), Lama, Lochang (Lanchein, Langshin), Lumnu, Lungri, Moshang (Mawshang), Miku (Maihku), Mungre (Mawrang, Morang), Nahen (Nahim, Nahin), Ngaimong (Maimong, Ngaimau), Pingku (Pyengoo), Ranchi (Rangchein), Rasa, Rara, Ranu, Ringkhu (Rangkhu), Sansik (Sheiknyo, Siknyo, Sikpo), Shangti (Sangtai, Shangthi), Shangwan (Changwan, Shangwal, Shawvel), Shecyü (Sangche, Sanke, Shaekjeng, Shaekyeu, Shekyü), Shokra (Sawkrang, Shaukra, Shograng), Toke (Tawkay), Yangno, Chamkok (Tamko, Thamkok), Cholim (Tawlum, Tulim, Tulum), Hachum (Chumnyu, Chumsa, Gachung), Hakhun (Gakhun), Hacheng (Hakyai), Haman (Gaman), Hapaw, Ollo Naga (Awla, Awlay, Hasik, Laju, Lazu Naga), Kumka (Kum Ga, Kumga), Rera (Ronrang), Asen (Aasen, Hansin, Raqsa, Yasa), Hakhü (Gakhi, Hachi, Hakhii, Hatse), Hokuq, Jöngi (Dongai, Donghee, Dongi), Kon (Chawang, Kyawan, Yawngkon, Yongkon), Kotlum (Kawlum), Lonyung (Galawn, Galun), Lungkhi (Longkhai), Maitai (Meitei, Mitay), Riha (Lulum). A group of many Naga speech varieties, some of which are separate languages. Intelligibility high between some speech varieties; low between others. Intelligibility between varieties is higher in the north and fairly low in the south. Wide range of lexical similarity within dialects, from 35%–97%.
txo	Toto	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Dhimalish	India	West Bengal state: Jalpaiguri district, Dhunchipara, Panchayatpara, and Subhapara areas, Totopara village on Indo-Bhutan border	1,400 (2012 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Not inherently intelligible of Dhimal [dhi] of Nepal. Lexical similarity: low with Dhimal [dhi].
dhi	Dhimal	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Dhimalish	India	Jharkhand state: Bokaro district; West Bengal state: Puruliya district, 16 villages	450 in India (2000 K. Cooper)	6a* (Vigorous)			Eastern Dhimal.
dhi	Dhimal	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Dhimalish	Nepal	Kosi zone: Morang and Sunsari districts, 51 villages; Mechi zone: Jhapa district, 24 villages. Eastern and western dialects are separated by Kankai river in Jhapa	20,430 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 19,300 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,130 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 20,880 (as L1: 19,750; as L2: 1,130)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Dhimal	Dhemal		Eastern Dhimal, Western Dhimal. 75%–80% intelligibility between eastern and western dialect speakers. Lexical similarity: 80%–82% with dialects.
ckh	Chak	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Asakian	Bangladesh	Chittagong division: Baishari, Bandarban, Bishar Chokpra; south Naikhongchari area in Arakan Blue mountains. 14 villages	3,000 in Bangladesh (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 4,000	6a (Vigorous)	Sak, Tsak, atsaʔ
ckh	Chak	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Asakian	Myanmar	Rakhine state: 17 villages	1,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,600 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened)	Ashah, Sak, Thet
zkd	Kadu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Asakian	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Katha district, Banmauk and Indaw townships; Homalin, Paungbyin, Pinlebu, and Wuntho townships	30,000 (2007 SIL), decreasing. Over 30 villages in Mawteik dialect (nearly extinct); over 30 villages in Settaw dialect; 5 villages in Mawkhwin dialect. No monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Gadu, Ka’do, Kadu-Ganaan, Kantu’, Kato, Kudo, Maw, Mawteik, Puteik, Thet	Asak	Mawkhwin, Settaw, Mawteik. Each Kadu dialect distinct with low comprehension between the Mawkhwin, Settaw, and Mawteik Kadu varieties. All Kadu (except possibly Mawkhwin Kadu) have low comprehension of Kanan [zkn]. Lexical similarity: 95%–98% with Settaw and Mawteik Kadu, 91%–93% with Mawkhwin Kadu and other Kadu varieties, 84%–89% with Kadu varieties and Kanan [zkn].
zkn	Kanan	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Asakian	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Katha district, Banmauk township along Mu river, 24 villages; Homalin, Indaw, and Pinlebu townships, a few villages	9,000 (2007 SIL). No monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Ganaan, Ganan, Ganon, Genan, Kana		None known. High comprehension within all the Kanan villages. Low comprehension of, but reportedly similar to, Kadu [zkd]. Lexical similarity: 95%–99% within Kanan varieties, 84%–89% with Kadu varieties.
kac	Jingpho	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw	China	Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture,Tengchong county; Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Longchuan, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties	40,000 in China (1999 X. Xijian). 20,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 148,000 (2010 census). Includes Lashi [lsi], Lhaovo [mhx], Pela [bxd], and Zaiwa [atb] speakers (2010 census)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo	Chingp’o, Chingpaw, Dashanhua, Jinghpaw, Jinghpo, Jingpo, Kachin, Marip		Enkun (Nkhum, Nkhumka), Shidan (Satanka, Xidan), Hkaku (Hka-Hku), Kauri (Gauri, Hkauri, Kauzhika, Khauri), Mengzhi, Dzili (Jili), Dulong.
kac	Jingpho	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw	Myanmar	Kachin state: large area except north and southwest; Shan state: Lashio and Muse districts; Sagaing region: western border strip	900,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Total users in all countries: 940,000	3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca for Zaiwa [atb], Lashi [lsi], and Lhao Vo [mhx]	Aphu, Chingp’o, Chingpaw, Jinghpaw, Jingphaw, Kachin, Phu	Jinghpo	Hkaku (Hka-Hku, Hkahku), Kauri (Gauri, Guari, Hkauri), Dzili (Jili), Dulong (Dalaung, Duleng). Dzili is likely a separate language that is most likely extinct. Hkaku and Kauri are only slightly different. Lexical similarity: 50% with Singhpo [sgp] of India.
sgp	Singpho	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Changlang and Lohit districts; Assam state: Dibrugarh and Sibsagar districts; Tinsukia district, Margherita sub-district	3,500 (Morey 2006). 2,500 Singpho and 1,000 Turung speakers (Morey 2006)	6b* (Threatened)	Jingphaw, Kachin, Sing-Fo		Turung. Turung has a smaller Tibeto-Burman vocabulary and a higher proportion of lexical items of Tai origin (Morey 2010). Lexical similarity: 50% with Jingpho [kac] of Myanmar.
tcl	Taman	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Homalin township, Tamanthi area	No known L1 speakers. Last Taman speaker died in 1990s. Descendants intermarried and now speak other languages	9 (Dormant)
try	Turung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw	India	Assam state: Golaghat district, Karbi Anglong and Titabar	No known L1 speakers	10 (Extinct)	Tai Turung, Tailung, Tairong
mni	Meitei	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Kuki-Chin-Naga	Bangladesh	Sylhet division: Moulvi Bazar district, Kamalganj subdistrict; Sylhet city	15,000 in Bangladesh (2003). 300 monolinguals	5 (Dispersed)	Manipuri, Meetei, Meitei Manipuri, Meithei		Hindu Meitei, Pangan (Pangal).
mni	Meitei	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Kuki-Chin-Naga	India	Assam state: Cachar and Dima Hasao; Mainly Manipur state; Nagaland state: Dimapur, Kohima, Peren, Phek; Mizoram state: Aizwal and Kolasibi; possibly some in nearby states	1,760,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,775,000	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Manipur State (1992, Constitution, Amendment 71)	Kathe, Kathi, Manipuri, Meetei, Meeteilon, Meitei Manipuri, Meiteilon, Meiteiron, Meithe, Meithei, Menipuri, Mitei, Mithe, Ponna	মৈতৈলোন্‎ (Meiteilon)	Meitei, Loi (Chakpa), Pang-gal (Manipuri Muslim, Pang-gan). Intelligibility of Meitei in Bangladesh is difficult. Those in Bangladesh may understand India Meitei better than vice versa possibly due to more language change in Bangladesh over the years. India Meitei is more standard. Intelligibility between dialects in Bangladesh definitely sufficient to understand complex and abstract discourse. Lexical similarity: 80%–86% between dialects in Bangladesh, 65%–70% between Bangladesh and India varieties.
ntx	Naga, Tangkhul	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangkhulic	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Homalin township; Layshi township, Somra tract	4,000 (2004 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Somara, Somra	Tangkhul Naga	Somra. Very little dialect variation within Tangkhul (Somra) Naga. Somra village is the prestige dialect. Lexical similarity: 93%–94% with Tangkhul (Somra) Naga, 31% with Tangkhul Naga [nmf] in India, 51%–52% with Akyaung Ari Naga [nqy], 29%–32% with Kokak Naga [nxk].
nkb	Naga, Khoibu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangkhulic	India	Manipur state: Chandel district mountainous regions, Khoibu, Narum, Saibol, and Yangkhul villages; Laiching	25,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 25,600	6a* (Vigorous)	Khoibu, Khoibu Maring, Khoibu Maring Naga
nng	Naga, Maring	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangkhulic	India	Manipur state: Chandel district north border mountainous region, Tengnoupal sub-district; southeast, Laiching	25,800 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Maring
nmf	Naga, Tangkhul	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangkhulic	India	Manipur state: Ukhrul district, 168 villages; Nagaland and Tripura states	187,000 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Champhung, Luppa, Tagkhul, Thangkhulm	Tangkhul	Ukhrul, Khunggoi, Khangoi, Kupome (Luhupa), Phadang. Ukhrul is principal dialect.
nxk	Naga, Kokak	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	Myanmar	Sagaing region: south Layshi township; 10 villages	2,000 (2004 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Kokak, Koki, Koki Naga, Konke		Very little (if any) dialect variation within Kokak. Lexical similarity within Kokak: 98%. Lexical similarity: 19%–32% with Tangkhul Naga [ntx] in Myanmar, 23% with Akyaung Ari Naga [nqy], 22%–24% with Jejara Naga [pzn].
npu	Naga, Puimei	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	India	Assam and Manipur states	3,000 (2001). Mostly monolingual. Ethnic population: 3,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Puimei		None known. Different from Poumei Naga [pmx] (Breton 1997:217). Not functionally intelligible of any related language (Khasung). Lexical similarity: 68% with Inpui Naga [nkf].
dln	Darlong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	India	Assam state: Cachar district; Tripura state: North Tripura district, Kailashahar and Kamalpur sub-districts	6,000 (1998 T. Darlong)	5* (Developing)	Dalong
kbg	Khamba	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: West Siang district, Singa sub-district, Mankota, Nuykkang, Nyering, Tashigong, and Yortung villages in Yang Sang Chu valley	1,330 (1991)	6a* (Vigorous)	Khamba Khaadi
jkr	Koro	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: East Kameng district	1,500 (2011)	6b (Threatened)	Aka Koro		None known. Lexical similarity: 9% with Hruso [hru]. Both are highly dissimilar to neighboring languages.
nqy	Naga, Akyaung Ari	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Layshi township, Heinkut, Jagram, and Ngachan villages	1,000 (2004 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Akyaung Ari Naga, Ngachan		Very little (if any) dialect variation within Akyaung Ari Naga. Lexical similarity: 52% with Tanghkul Naga of Somra [ntx], 23% with Tangkhul Naga of Ukhrul in India [nmf], 23% with Kokak Naga [nxk].
nkf	Naga, Inpui	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	India	Assam state; Manipur state: Imphal, Senapati, and Tamenglong Imphal districts, 16 villages; Nagaland state: Dimapur, Mahei Namchi, New Zaluke, and Peren	54,200 (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Kabui, Kabui Naga, Kapwi, Koboi, Kubai	Inpui	None known. Considered by some to be the same language as Puimei Naga [npu]. Lexical similarity: 68% with Puimei Naga [npu].
pzn	Naga, Jejara	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Layshi township, 7 villages	1,500 (2004)	6a (Vigorous)	Bara Naga, Para Naga, Parasar Naga	Naga	Very little dialect variation within Jejara. Lexical similarity: 83%–93% within Jejara Naga, 23%–25% with Long Phuri Naga [lpn], 17%–19% with Makuri Naga [jmn].
lpn	Naga, Long Phuri	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Layshi township, 6 villages	1,000 (2004)	6a (Vigorous)	Amimi Naga, Longpfuri, Longpfuru, Mimi		Little (if any) dialect variation within Long Phuri. Lexical similarity: 30%–37% with Makuri Naga [jmn], 23%–25% with Jejara Naga [pzn].
jmn	Naga, Makuri	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	India	Nagaland state: Kiphire and Phek districts	4,000 in India (2007)	6a (Vigorous)	Makuri, Makury Naga
jmn	Naga, Makuri	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Khamti district, Homalin, Lahe, and Layshi townships	2,500 in Myanmar (2004). Total users in all countries: 6,500	6a (Vigorous)	Makury	Makuri	Makhwale, Saingphule (Saingpuri), Arale, Kyile, Kyaungphuri (Shu), Shera (Shaera). Lexical similarity: 93% within Makuri Naga, 30%–37% with Long Phuri Naga [lpn], 17%–19% with Jejara Naga [pzn].
rnl	Ranglong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified	India	Assam and Mizoram states; Tripura state: Joitang village	8,000 (2003 BI)	6b (Threatened)	Langlo, Langlong, Langlu, Langrong, Lengreng, Riam chong, Ronglong	Ranglong
nkd	Koireng	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga	India	Manipur state: Bishnupur district, 3 villages south of Moirang; Chandel district, 2 villages near Palel; Senapati district, Saikul and Kangpokpi subdistricts, 5 villages; Nagaland state	3,000 (2002 BCA)	6a (Vigorous)	Koirng, Kolren, Koren, Kwoireng, Liangmai, Liangmei, Liyang, Liyangmai, Lyengmai, Quoireng		None known. Not intelligible with any related speech varieties (1991 P. Khasung). Lexical similarity: 62%–68% with Aimol [aim], 60%–66% with Purum [pub], 64% with Kharam Naga [kfw].
njn	Naga, Liangmai	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga	India	Nagaland state: Kohima district, Jhaluke, Medzephima, and Paren sub-districts	49,800 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Kacha, Liangmai, Liangmei, Liyang, Lyangmay, Lyengmai, Zeliang	Lianglad
nma	Naga, Maram	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga	India	Assam state; Manipur state: Imphal district; Senapati district, 26 villages near Maram, 5 villages near Senapati	32,500 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)		Maram	Willong Circle, Maram Khullen Circle, T. Khullen, Ngatan.
nme	Naga, Mzieme	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga	India	Manipur state: Senapati; Nagaland state: Paren district, northeast of Zeme	29,000 (1997)	5* (Developing)	Mzieme, Northern Zeme		None known. Different from Zeme Naga [nzm].
nbu	Naga, Rongmei	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga	India	Assam state: Cachar district. 35 villages; Manipur and Nagaland states	66,700 (2011 census)	4 (Educational)	Kabui, Maruongmai, Nruanghmei, Rongmai, Zeliang	Rongmei	Songbu.
nki	Naga, Thangal	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga	India	Manipur state: Senapati district, East and West Sadar hills sub-districts, Gailongde, Makeng Thangal, Mapao Thangal, Mayangkhang, Ningthoubam, Thangal Surung, Tikhulen, Tumnoupokpi, and Yaikangpou. Most are east of Barak valley	23,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 23,600	5 (Developing)	Khoirao, Khoirao Naga, Koirao, Kolya, Mayangkhang, Miyang-Khang, Ngari, Thangal, Thanggal, Tukaimi	Thangkhal Haam	None known. Reportedly similar to Maram Naga [nma].
nzm	Naga, Zeme	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga	India	Assam state: North Cachar district, upper Barak valley; Manipur state: Tamenglong district; Nagaland state: Kohima district, Jhaluke, Medzephima, and Paren sub-districts	114,000 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Arung, Empeo, Empui, Jeme, Kacha, Kachcha, Kachcha Naga, Kutcha, Mezama, Sangrima, Sengima, Zeliang, Zeliangrong, Zemi	Zeme	Paren, Njauna.
tsj	Tshangla	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish	Bhutan	Mongar district: east; Pemagatshel district: east; Samdrup Jongkhar and Trashigang districts; Trashi-Yangtse district: south	80,600 in Bhutan (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 98,800	4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in eastern and southeastern Bhutan	Central Monpa, Menba, Monpa, Sangla, Sarchapkkha, Shachobiikha, Shachopkha, Sharchagpakha, Sharchhokpa, Sharchhop, Tsangla, Tshalingpa		None known. Standard variety in Tashigang. Tshangla is nearly identical to that of eastern Bhutan, except for the loss of initial voicing and tonogenesis in Tibet. Differs from Tawan Monba [twm] in phonology, vocabulary, and grammar, and Tawan Monba and Tshangla are not mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: 40%–50% with Bumthangkha [kjz], 41%–48% with Dzongkha [dzo].
tsj	Tshangla	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish	China	Xizang Autonomous Region: Linzhi prefecture, Motuo (Medoz, Medog) county, Bangxing, Beibeng, Dexing, and Motuo districts; Linzhi (Ngingchi) county, Dongjiu district	7,000 in China (2000 census). Majority are monolingual. Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census). Includes Moinba (Cuona Monba) [twm] speakers	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Menba	Canglo Monba, Cangluo Menba, Cangluo Monba, Central Monpa, Menba, Monba, Monpa, Motuo Menba, Sangla, Tsangla Monba, Tsanglo
goe	Gongduk	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish	Bhutan	Mongar district: Gongdu Gewog division, Bala, Dagsa, Damkhar, Pam, Pangthang, and Yangbari	2,100 (2013 J. Leclerc)	6b (Threatened)	Gongdubikha
lhp	Lhokpu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish	Bhutan	Samtse district: Damtey, Loto Kuchu, Lotu, Sanglong, Sataka, and Taba villages between Samtsi and Phuntsoling	2,500 (Van Driem 1993)	6b (Threatened)	Lhobikha, Taba-Damey-Bikha
kkf	Monpa, Kalaktang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Kalaktang sub-district, Balimu, Kalaktang, and Tomko villages	8,000 (2005)	6a* (Vigorous)	Sharpa-lo, Southern Monpa, Tsangla Monpa		Reportedly most similar to Dirang dialect of Tshangla [tsj], average 55% intelligibility of Dirang.
ole	Olekha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish	Bhutan	Trongsa district: 3 enclaves west of Mangde river; Wangdue Phodrang district: Adha, Jangji, Rukha, Thrumzur, and Wangling villages; dialects separated by the Black mountains	500 (Van Driem 2007)	6b (Threatened)	Black Mountain Language, Monkha, Monpa, Ole Mönpa		None known. Retained complex verbal system of Proto-Tibeto-Burman.
tsj	Tshangla	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Dirang area; Assam state: Udalguri district, Mechuka and Tuting sub-districts, Bishing Mechuka, Bona, Dorgling Halung, Galling, Korfu, Namsu, Opu, Sangti, Tempang, and Tuting villages; possibly West Siang district	11,200 in India (2007). 8,200 in Kameng District; 3,000 in West Siang	5 (Dispersed)	Cangluo Menba, Central Monpa, Dirang, Memba, Menba, Monba, Monpa, Motuo, Sangla, Sharchopkha, Tsangla
cda	Choni	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish	China	Gansu province: east Gannan prefecture, Diebu, Lintan, Zhouqu, and Zhuoni counties; Sichuan province: north	154,000 (2004)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Chona, Chone, Cone, Jone, Zhuoni		Hbrugchu (Zhouqu), Thewo (Diebu, Thebo).
tsk	Tseku	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish	China	Xizang Autonomous Region	12,600 (2000)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Tsuku, Tzuku
adx	Tibetan, Amdo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Amdo	China	Gansu province: Tianzhu autonomous county; Sichuan province: Aba (Ngaba) and Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefectures; Xizang Autonomous Region: Guoluo (Golog), Haibei, Hainan, and Huangnan autonomous prefectures; Qinghai province: Gannan and Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous prefectures	1,800,000 (2005 C. Lhungrub)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Amdo, Anduo, Ngambo, Panang		Hbrogpa, Rongba, Rongmahbrogpa, Rtahu, Panang (Banag, Banang, Panags, Panakha, Pananag, Sbanag, Sbranag). Central Tibetan [bod] or Khams Tibetan [khg] varieties not intelligible. Lexical similarity: 70% with Central Tibetan [bod] and Khams Tibetan [khg].
bod	Tibetan	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Tibet border; Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Sikkim, and Uttarakhand states	83,800 in India (2011 census)	5* (Dispersed)	Bhotia, Bod, Central Tibetan, Phoke, Pohbetian, Poke, Skad, Tebilian, Tibate		Aba (Batang), Dartsemdo (Tatsienlu), Dru, Gtsang, Hanniu, Kongbo, Nganshuenkuan (Anshuenkuan Nyarong), Panakha-Panags, Paurong.
bod	Tibetan	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central	Nepal	Mainly Kathmandu and Pokhara; small refugee communities in the mountain belt (e.g. Solukhumbu, Rasuwa, Manang and Mustang)	5,140 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 4,450 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 690 (2011 census)	3 (Wider communication). Spoken as a trade language among Bodish groups in Nepal	Bhotia, Bod Skad, Central Tibetan, Phoke, Poke, Zang Wen		Utsang, Diaspora Tibetan.
bod	Tibetan, Central	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central	China	Xizang Autonomous Region; some in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region	1,070,000 in China (1990 census). 570,000 Dbus, 460,000 Gtsang, 40,000 Mngahris out of 4,593,000 in the official nationality. 920,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,280,000 (2010 census). Includes 24 Tibetan languages. Total users in all countries: 1,186,710 (as L1: 1,186,020; as L2: 690)	2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Bhotia, Lhasa Tibetan, Phoke, Tibetan, Wei, Weizang, Zang	བོད་ཡིག།‎ (bod.yig), བོད་སྐད།‎ (bod.skad)	Gtsang (Lhasa, Tsang), Dbus (Dbusgtsang, Ü), Mngahris (Ngari), Deqing Zang. In the exile community a so-called diaspora Tibetan has developed.
kte	Nubri	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Gandaki zone: north Gorkha district, upper Buri Gandaki river, from Namrung to Prok and Samdo	2,000 (2001 census). 500 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Larke	Bhote, Bhotia, Kutang, Kutang Bhotia, Larkye		Sama, Lho, Namrung, Prok. Only moderately intelligible of Kyirong Tibetan [kgy] (74%). The most distinct variety reportedly spoken in Samdo village. Sama is somewhat divergent. Tsum [ttz] reportedly not intelligible with Nubri. The language spoken in the Kutang area is not intelligible with Nubri, although most who live in this area reportedly can speak and understand Nubri. Lexical similarity: 78%–93% among dialects. Prok is more distinct. 71%–78% with Tsum [ttz]; 66%–74% with Kyirong Tibetan [kgy]; 67% with Dolpo [dre]; 65% with Loke [loy]; 59%–64% with Lhasa Tibetan [bod]; 64% with Olangchung Gola [ola] (Walungge) and Lhomi [lhm]; 61% with Helambu Sherpa [scp]; 57% with Jirel [jul]; 55% with Sherpa [xsr]; 21%–27% with Northern Ghale [ghh]; 20%–23% with Southern Ghale [ghe]; 14%–31% with Kuke [ght]; 14% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang [tge], Gurung [gvr], and Banspur Tamang.
xsr	Sherpa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Bagmati zone: northeast Sindhupalchok district; Janakpur zone: Dolakha and Ramechhap districts; Sagarmatha zone: Solu Khumbu district	153,180 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 145,000 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 8,180 (2011 census). A few elderly monolinguals in remote villages (UNESCO). Total users in all countries: 169,980 (as L1: 161,800; as L2: 8,180)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Sherpa	Serwa, Sharpa, Sherwi tamnye, Xiaerba, “Sharpa Bhotia” (pej.)	शेर्वी तम्ङे‎ (sherwi tamnge)	East Sherpa (Dolakha, Ramechhap), West Sherpa, Central Sherpa (Solu, South Sherpa), North Sherpa (Khumbu). 95% comprehension of Solu dialect by Western and Khumbu. Lexical similarity: 90% between Solu and Khumbu dialects; 67% with Jirel [jul]; 65% with Helambu Sherpa [scp]; 62% with Loke [loy] and Dolpo [dre]; 58% with Lhomi [lhm] and Lhasa Tibetan [bod]; 57% with Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy]; 55% with Nubri [kte] and Walungge [ola].
dre	Dolpo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Karnali zone: Dolpa district, villages north and east of Kag in Barbung river valley; Tarap river valley, Lang village and north; beyond mountains west of upper Kali Gandaki river valley; confined by the Dhaulagiri Himal south and Tibet north; Suligag river valley and the lake area; Karnali river headwaters; many small villages in Barbung, Nangong, Panzang, and Tarap river valleys	8,000 (2010 K. Kopp). Ethnic population: 8,000 (2010 K. Kopp)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Dolpo	Dhol-wa, Dolkha, Dolpa Tibetan, Dolpali, Dolpike, Phoke Dolpa		None known. Phoksumdo Lake, Barbung River, and Charka areas are slightly different, but intelligibility is good. The central valleys of Nankong and Dho Tarap are well understood by other varieties. Lexical similarity: 78% with Loke [loy], 69% with Lhomi [lhm], 68% with Lhasa Tibetan [bod], Walungge [ola], and Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy], 67% with Nubri [kte], 66% with Helambu Sherpa [scp], 62% with Jirel [jul] and Sherpa [xsr] (2010 K. Kopp).
scp	Hyolmo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Bagmati zone: north Nuwakot and northwest Sindhupalchok districts	10,680, all users. L1 users: 10,200 (2011 census). L2 users: 480 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Hyolmo	Helambu Sherpa, Hyolmo Tam, Yholmo, Yohlmo, Yolmo		Eastern Helambu Sherpa, Western Helambu Sherpa, LangDang Yohlmo, Lamjung Yohlmo. Melamchi river divides dialects. Understand other dialects even for abstract and complex subjects, including possibly Tarke Ghyang, Kahng-Kharka, Pahndang, but not Syuba [syw]. Lexical similarity: 66% with Dolpo [dre] and Walungge [ola]; 65% with Lhasa Tibetan [bod], Jirel [jul], and Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy]; 63% with Loke [loy] and Sherpa [xsr]; 61% with Nubri [kte]; 60% with Lhomi [lhm].
jul	Jirel	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Bagmati zone: Sindhupalchok district; Janakpur zone: Dolakha district, Jiri (main area) and Sikri valleys, eastern hills, Chhyatrapa; Lumbini zone: Nawalparasi district; Narayani zone: Parsa district	4,970, all users. L1 users: 4,830 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 140 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Jirel	Jiri, Jirial, Ziral		Accent differences, but not real dialects. Some comprehension of Lhasa Tibetan [bod] and some Tibetan dialects. Lexical similarity: 67% with Sherpa [xsr], 65% with Helambu Sherpa [scp], 62% with Dolpo [dre] and Loke [loy], 60% with Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy], 57% with Nubri [kte], Lhomi [lhm], and Walungge [ola], 54% with Lhasa Tibetan [bod].
gyo	Gyalsumdo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Gandaki zone: Manang district, Bagarchhap, Chame, Dharapani, Tal, Thonce, and Tilce villages	200 (Hildebrandt and Perry 2011)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Related to Kyirong [kgy] and Nubri [kte].
lhm	Lhomi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Kosi zone: north Sankhuwasabha district to the border, Chepuwa VDC, Chepuwa, Chhumusur, Chyamtang, Gumba, and Rukuma villages; Hatiya VDC, Hatiya, Hungung, Namase, Pharang, Shiprung, Simbung, and Syaksila villages; southernmost village is Seksum in Arun valley; some in Kathmandu	7,000 in Nepal (2014 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 15,000. Total users in all countries: 9,320	5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Lhomi (Shingsawa)	Lhoket, Lhomi dzyükki keccyok, Lhomiki keccyok, “Bho Te bhasha” (pej.), “Kar Bhote” (pej.), “Kath Bhote” (pej.)	ल्होमी‎ (Lhomi)	None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Dolpo [dre], 68% with Loke [loy], 66% with Walungge [ola], 65% with Lhasa Tibetan [bod] and Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy], 64% with Nubri [kte], 60% with Helambu Sherpa [scp], 58% with Sherpa [xsr], 57% with Jirel [jul].
syw	Syuba	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Janakpur zone: Ramechhap district, a Likhu Khola ridge	1,500 (2012 SIL). Very few monolinguals	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Sherpa	Kagate, Shuba, Shuuba, Shuva, Shuwa, Shyuuba, Syuba Tam, Syuuba, Yholmo, Yholmoli, Yholmu, “Kagate Bhote” (pej.)	स्युबा‎ (Syuba)	Differs from Helambu Sherpa [scp] by less use of the honorific system in verbs, which makes intelligibility more of a problem for the Syuba. It could be considered a dialect of Helambu Sherpa.
hut	Humla	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Karnali zone: Humla district, villages northwest and northeast from Simikot toward China border; Seti zone: Achham, Bajhang, Bajura, and Surkhet districts; Kathmandu	5,000 (2014 SIL). 36% of the Limi dialect are monolingual. Ethnic population: 5,000 (2014 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Dangali, Humli Khyampa, Phoke, “Humla Bhotia” (pej.)		Limi, Upper Humla (La Yakba), Eastern Humla (Nyinba), Humli Khyampa, Lower Humla. Humli Khyampa is a nomadic group whose members sometimes pass through Humla. It is unclear if Humli Khyampa is a dialect of Humla Tibetan, a dialect of another Tibetan language or a separate Tibetan language. More research is needed (2014 D. Greninger). Lexical similarity: 79% between Limi and Upper Humla varieties, 82% between Limi and Lower Humla varieties, 74%–77% between Limi and Eastern Humla varieties, 78%–85% between Upper Humla and Lower Humla varieties, 73%–77% between Upper Humla and Eastern Humla, 76%–82% between Lower Humla and Eastern Humla.
kgy	Kyerung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	China	Xizang Autonomous Region: Shigatse prefecture, Kyirong district, lower Kyirong (26 villages) and Lende valley (16 villages)	100 in China (2002). Total users in all countries: 600	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Kyerong, Kyirong, Kyirong kai		None known. Reportedly most similar with Syuba [syw]. Lexical similarity: 89% with Helambu Sherpa [scp], 83% with Tibetan [bod].
kgy	Kyirong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Bagmati zone: Rasuwa district, Bongswadi, Bridhim, Khangim, Khangjim, Lingling, Setang, Shaphrubesi, and Thangmpuchet villages; Chu-Lang Ho river banks inflowing from Tibet; Boudha, Swoyambhu, Thamel, and Thulo Barang in Kathmandu valley	500 in Nepal (2013 M. Hedlin)	6a (Vigorous)	Gyirong, Kyerung, Kyirong kai, Kyirong-nga, Kyirung
lhm	Lhomi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	China	Xizang Autonomous Region	1,000 in China	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Lhoket, Lhomi dzyükki keccyok, Lhomiki keccyok, Shing Saapa
lhm	Lhomi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	India	West Bengal state: Darjeeling	1,320 in India (2000 USCWM)	6b (Threatened)	Lhoket, Lhomi dzyükki keccyok, Lhomiki keccyok, Shing Saapa, Syingsaaba
loy	Lhowa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Dhawalagiri zone: Mustang district, north central upper Kali Gandaki river area; high valleys north of middle-range Thakali, Gurung and Magar areas. Dzong, Kagbeni, and Muktinath VDCs (Bahragaun dialect); Chhosher, Chunnup, Ghimi, Lo Monthang, Surkhang, and Tsarang VDCs, and Samar village in Chuksang VDC (Upper Mustang dialect); Karnali zone: Dolpa district	7,500 (2011). 5,000 Upper Mustang and 2,500 Baragaunle	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Bahragaunle, Lhopa	Glo Skad, Lhopa, Lo Montang, Loba, Loke, Loket, Lopa, Lowa, Loyu, Mustangi	ल्होवा‎ (Lhowa)	Baragaunle (Baragaon, Baragaun, Bhoti Gurung), Upper Mustang (Loke). High intelligibility between dialects reported. Lexical similarity: 79%–88% between dialects, 59%–71% with Dolpo [dre], 54%–57% with Lhasa Tibetan [bod], 58%–67% with Mugom [muk].
muk	Mugom	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur, Dharmshala and Ladakh; Kullu, Manali	500 in India (2006 SIL). 75 families in India, 60 Mugom and 15 Karmarong. In addition, there are many seasonal workers	6a (Vigorous)
muk	Mugom	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Karnali zone: Jumla district, Jumla; Mugu district, Dolphu, Kimri, Mangri, Mugu, and Pulu VDCs; Kathmandu	6,500 in Nepal (2006 SIL). 1,630 monolinguals (2002 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 6,500. Total users in all countries: 7,000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Mugali	Mugali, Mugu, Mugum		Mugom (Moe-ket, Mugali, Mugomba, Mumbai-kat), Karmarong (Karani, Kar-ket, Karmai-kat). Intelligibility 89%–93% between dialect speakers (possibly higher). Definitely sufficient to understand complex and abstract discourse. Reportedly similar to Humla [hut], Dolpo [dre], and Loke [loy]. Lexical similarity: more than 85% between dialects, 75% with Tibetan [bod].
xsr	Sherpa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	China	Xizang Autonomous Region	800 in China (1994)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Serwa, Sharpa, Sharpa Bhotia, Sherwi tamnye, Xiaerba
xsr	Sherpa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	India	West Bengal state: Darjeeling district; Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim states	16,000 in India (2011 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Serwa, Sharpa, Sharpa Bhotia, Sherwi tamnye, Xarba, Xiaerba
tcn	Tichurong	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Karnali zone: Dolpa district, Thuli Bheri river basin	2,420 (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	Ticherong		None known. Reportedly similar to Dolpo [dre].
ttz	Tsum	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang	Nepal	Gandaki zone: north Gorkha district, Tsum valley, the region drained by the Shiar Khola; Chekampar (Chokong) is prestige village	4,790 (2000)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Siyar	Tsumba, Tsumge		None known. 71%–78% intelligibility of Nubri [kte], 66% of Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy]; 60%–66% of Lhasa Tibetan [bod]; 22%–25% of Northern Ghale [ghh], 14%–22% of Southern Ghale [ghe], 23%–27% of Kuke [ght]; 6% of Eastern Gorkha Tamang [tge], 14% of Gurung [gvr], 15% of Banspur Tamang. Divided into upper region, Yarba, and lower region, Ushug.
dzo	Dzongkha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	Bhutan	Haa, Paro, Punakha, and Wangdue Phodrang districts	226,000 in Bhutan (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 237,080	1 (National). Statutory national language (2008, Constitution, Article 1(8))	Bhotia of Bhutan, Bhotia of Dukpa, Bhutanese, Drukha, Drukke, Dukpa, Jonkha, Zongkhar	རྫོང་ཁ་‎ (rDzongkha)	Wang-The (Thimphu-Punakha), Ha, Northern Thimphu, Adap. As different from Central Tibetan [bod] as Nepali [npi] is from Hindi [hin]. Partially intelligible with Sikkimese [sip] (Denjoke). Dialects may be separate languages. Lexical similarity: 77% with Adap dialect, 48% with Tshangla [tsj], 47%–52% with Bumthangkha [kjz].
sip	Sikkimese	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	India	Sikkim state: all districts; West Bengal state: Darjeeling	70,300 (2001)	4 (Educational)	Bhutia, Dandzongka, Danjongka, Danyouka, Denjong, Denjongkha, Denjongkä, Denjongpa, Denjonka, Denjonke, Denzong Ke, Denzongke, Denzongpe Ke, Denzongpeke, Dranjoke, Dranjongke, Drendzongké, Lachengpa, Lachungpa, Sikami, Sikkim Bhotia, Sikkim Bhutia	འབྲས་ལྗོངས་སྐད‎ (’bras ljongs skad)	None known. Partially intelligible of Dzongkha [dzo] of Bhutan. Lexical similarity: 65% with Dzongkha [dzo] of Bhutan, 42% with Tibetan [bod].
bro	Brokkat	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	Bhutan	Bumthang district: north of Byakar Dzong monastery	300 (Van Driem 1993)	6b (Threatened)	Brokskad, Jokay
sgt	Brokpake	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	Bhutan	Trashigang district: Merak and Sakteng villages in east Sakteng valley	5,000 (2006 census)	6b (Threatened)	Brokpa, Dakpa, Damilo, Dap, Drokpakay, Jobikha, Mera Sagtengpa, Meragsagstengkha, Mira Sagtengpa, Sagtengpa
cgk	Chocangacakha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	Bhutan	Lhuentse district: Autsho, Budur, Gorgen, Jarey, Karmashangshang, Kupinyelsa, Kurmet, Kurmey, Lingmithang, Minje, Tamochhu, Thridangbi, and Tormazhog; Mongar district: lower areas east of Dzongkha, Tsakaling, and Tsamang	30,000 (2011 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kursmadkha, Maphekha, Rtsamangpa’ikha, Tsagkaglingpa’ikha		None known. Related to Dzongkha [dzo].
dzo	Dzongkha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	India	West Bengal state: Darjeeling and Kalimpong, just inside the Indo-Bhutan border; Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Sikkim states	11,000 in India (2007)	5* (Dispersed)	Drokpa, Drukpa, Dukpa, Hloka, Lhoskad
gro	Groma	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	China	Xizang Autonomous Region: Chambi Valley, between Bhutan and Sikkim	12,800 in China (1993). Total users in all countries: 26,800	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Tromowa		Upper Groma, Lower Groma. Possible dialects or related languages: Spiti, Tomo (Chumbi).
gro	Groma	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	India	Sikkim state: North Sikkim district, Chumbi valley	14,000 in India (2007 Asia Harvest)	6b* (Threatened)	Tromowa		Upper Groma, Lower Groma.
lkh	Lakha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	Bhutan	Wangdue Phodrang district: central west, into Trongsa district	8,000 (Van Driem 1993)	6b (Threatened)	Tshangkha
lya	Layakha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	Bhutan	Gasa district; Punakha district: Laya area; Thimphu district: Lingzhi Gewog	1,100 (2003)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Reportedly similar to Dzongkha [dzo], but many divergent grammatical features significantly limit mutual intelligibility. Spoken by Layabs, alpine yakherds in northern Bhutan, and Lingzhibs in Western Bhutan.
luk	Lunanakha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern	Bhutan	Gasa district: Lunana, on Pho Chhu river north from Punakha, right fork halfway up the valley	700 (1998)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Reportedly similar to Dzongkha [dzo], but many divergent grammatical features limit intelligibility between them.
spt	Spiti Bhoti	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Western	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Lahaul Spiti district, Spiti sub-district; Jammu and Kashmir state: southeast Leh district	10,000 (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	Nyam, Piti Bhoti		Not intelligible of Ladakhi [lbj]; low intelligibility of Stod Bhoti [sbu]. All areas of Spiti understand each other. Lexical similarity: 41% with the Lhasa Tibetan dialect of Central Tibetan [bod], 57% with Ladakhi (Leh) [lbj], 57% with Stod Bhoti [sbu] from Darcha.
jda	Jad	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Western	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district; Uttarakhand state: Uttarkashi district, Harsil subdistrict, Jadang and Nilang villages in Jad Ganga gorges	300 (Breton 1997)	6a (Vigorous)	Bhotia, Dzad, Rongba		None known. Reportedly similar to Spiti Bhoti [spt].
sbu	Stod Bhoti	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Western	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Lahul region, Khoksar, upper Mayar, and Stod valleys	2,500 (1996)	6b* (Threatened)	Lahul Bhoti, Stod, Stod-Kad, Tod, Tod-Kad		Stod (Kolong), Khoksar (Khoksar Bhoti), Mayar (Mayar Bhoti, Mayari). 85% intelligibility of Stod Bhoti by Khoksar, 75% by Mayar, 62% of Khoksar by Mayar, 95% of Khoksar by Stod Bhoti. Lexical similarity: 74% with Spiti Bhoti [spt].
khg	Tibetan, Khams	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Khams	China	Qinghai province: Yushu Tibetan autonomous prefecture; Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture; Xizang Autonomous Region: Changdu (Qamdo) and Naqu (Nagqu) districts; Yunnan province: Diqing (Dechen) Tibetan autonomous prefecture	1,380,000 in China (1994). 996,000 Eastern, 135,000 Southern, 158,000 Western, 91,000 Northern. Total users in all countries: 1,380,300	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Kam, Kami, Kang, Khamba, Khampa, Khams, Khams Bhotia, Khams-Yal		Eastern Khams, Southern Khams, Western Khams, Northern Khams. Dialects may be distinct languages; large differences reported. Lexical similarity: 80% with Central Tibetan [bod].
khg	Tibetan, Khams	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Khams	Myanmar	Kachin state: Nomung township, Da On Dam, Dahom Dam, Mading, and San Dam villages	300 in Myanmar (2010 D. Bradley)	6a (Vigorous)
thw	Thudam	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified	Nepal	Kosi zone: Sankhuwasabha district, Chepuwa VDC, Thudam village	1,800 (2000)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Thudam			None known. Similar to Walungge [ola] in Nepal and to the varieties spoken in the villages of Kudo and Sar in Tibet (Von Fürer-Haimendorf 1975). • hudam [thw] and Walungge [ola] are close enough to be considered one language. Lexical similarity: Tokpe Gola (Dhokpya) [ola], Walungge [ola] and Thudam all have lexical similarities above 60% with a range from 75%–85%. Tibetan [bod] ranges from 53%–63% lexically similar to these varieties.
ola	Walungge	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified	Nepal	Mechi zone: Taplejung district, Phaktanglung, Miwakhola, and Bhotekhola municipalities; Kosi zone: Sankhuwasabha district. Major villages include Olangchung Gola, Ghunsa, Lungthung, Simbuk, Thudam, and Papung	3,500 in Nepal (2019 SIL), decreasing. Mostly in original area. High language loss among those who have left the language area. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2019 SIL)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Walung, Topkegola	Halung, Halungge, Olangchung Gola, Waling, Walongchung Gola, Walung, Walungchung Gola, Walunggi Keccya		Walungge, Dhokpya (Topke Gola), Thudam. High intelligibility of Thudam [thw]. Reportedly similar to Tibetan dialect in Tingay District of Tibet. Lexical similarity: 71% with Lhasa Tibetan [bod], 68% with Dolpo [dre], Loke [loy], and Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy], 66% with Lhomi [lhm] and Helambu Sherpa [scp], 64% with Nubri [kte], 57% with Jirel [jul], 55% with Sherpa [xsr].
nao	Naaba	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified	Nepal	Kosi zone: Sankhuwasabha district, Hatiya VDC, Dangok and Pharang villages; Piibu, Chumusur, and Ridak villages; Kimathanka VDC, Kimathanka village; Tsanga village, across the border in China	770 (2006 IMB)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Sherpa	Naapa, Naapaa, Naba, Nawa Sherpa
ola	Walungge	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified	China	Xizang Autonomous Region: Dinggyê county, Xigazê prefecture, Goma, Luda, Rhiu, Salmaru, and Samdok villages		6b* (Threatened)
ola	Walungge	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified	India	West Bengal state: Darjeeling district, Pankhabari area		6b* (Threatened)
cna	Changthang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western	India	Jammu and Kashmir state: Tibet border area, Changthang region east and southeast of Leh	10,100 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Byangskat, Byanskat, Champas, Changs-Skat, Changtang, Changtang Ladakhi, Rong, Rupshu, Stotpa, Upper Ladakhi		58%–85% intelligibility with Leh dialect of Ladakhi [lbj] with high standard deviation indicating some acquired intelligibility; 94%–95% intelligibility with Stod Bhoti [sbu] from Darcha village. Identify more with Leh Ladakhi culture than with Stod Bhoti despite lack of intelligibility. Related to Rangkas [rgk], Darmiya [drd], Byangsi [bee].
lbj	Ladakhi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Lahaul Spiti district; Jammu and Kashmir state: western Leh district, 250 villages and hamlets	15,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 27,000	5 (Developing)	Ladak, Ladakh, Ladakh Skat, Ladaphi, Ladhakhi, Ladwags	ལ་དྭགས་ཀྱི་སྐད།‎ (Ladaks skat)	Leh (Central Ladakhi), Shamma (Lower Ladakhi, Sham, Shamskat), Nubra Ladakhi. Perhaps 30%–40% intelligibility of Tibetan [bod]. Leh users comprehend 90% of Zangskari [zau] and Changthang [cna]. Nubra and Shamma not adequately intelligible with Leh to use the same educational, literacy, or development materials. Changthang and Zanskar, while understanding Stod Bhoti [sbu] better than Leh dialect, identify more with Leh Ladakhi culture. 58% to 85% intelligibility of Leh by Changthang, 73%–81% by Zanskar. Lexical similarity: 71%–83% with Purik [prx], 53%–60% with Tibetan, 84%–94% among 5 main dialects.
zau	Zangskari	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western	India	Jammu and Kashmir state: Kargil district south end, in Himalayas and Indus river valley; Zaskar mountains	11,400 (2001 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Zanskari, Zaskari		None known. 73%–81% intelligibility of Leh Ladakhi [lbj] with high standard deviation indicating some acquired intelligibility; 90% intelligibility of Stod Bhoti [sbu] of Darcha village.
bft	Balti	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western	India	Jammu and Kashmir state	13,800 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 38,800	6b (Threatened)	Baltistani, Bhoti of Baltistan, Byltae, Sbalt
bft	Balti	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western	Pakistan	Gilgit Baltistan province: Hunza-Nagar district; Baltistan region, Gultari, Khapalu, Kharmang, Rondu, Shigar, and Skardu valleys	379,000 in Pakistan (2016). Total users in all countries: 392,800	5* (Developing)	Baltistani, Bhotia of Baltistan, Byltae, Sbalti	بلتی‎ (Baltī)	Chorbat is most divergent dialect. Lexical similarity: 87%–100% among dialects, 78%–85% with Purik [prx].
lbj	Ladakhi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western	China	Western Xizang Autonomous Region	12,000 in China (1995)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Ladak, Ladaphi, Ladhakhi, Ladwags		Leh (Central Ladakhi), Shamma (Lower Ladakhi, Sham, Shamskat), Nubra Ladakhi.
prx	Purik	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western	India	Jammu and Kashmir state: Kargil district, mainly Suru valley; Dras valley, some in western Himalayas	93,500 (2011 census)	5* (Developing)	Burig, Burigskat, Purig, Purig-pa, Purigskad, Purik Bhotia, Purkhi, Purki		None known. Reportedly similar to Balti [bft].
twm	Monba, Cuona	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish	China	Xizang Autonomous Region: Shannan prefecture, Cuona county, Lebu district; Linzhi prefecture, Motuo county, Dexing district, Wenlang village	1,300 in China (2000 census). 600 Southern Cuona, 700 Northern Cuona. Less than half monolingual: Young children, older people, some young adults. Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census). Includes Tshangla [tsj] speakers	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Menba	Buruomiba, Cona Monba, Cuona Menba, Cuona Monpa, Dakpa, Dwags, Menba, Menpa, Moinba, Momba, Mompa, Monba, Monpa, Pramipa, Takpa, Tawan Monba		Northern Cuona, Southern Cuona.
dka	Dakpakha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish	Bhutan	Trashigang district: Chaleng, Dangpholeng, Lengkhar, Phongmey, and Yobinang near Radhi; Brokpake area	2,000 (2011 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			May be dialect of Brokpake [sgt]. Has been influenced by Dzalakha [dzl], and Brokpake has not.
twm	Monpa, Tawang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Tawang district	8,600 in India. Total users in all countries: 9,900	6a (Vigorous)	Brahmi, Cuona Menba, Dwags, Monkit, Northern Monpa, Takpa, Tawan Monba
xkf	Khengkha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish, Bumthang	Bhutan	Mongar district: southwest; eastern Sarpang and southeast Trongsa districts: smaller areas; Zhemgang district: widespread	65,000, all users. L1 users: 50,000 (2003 SIL). L2 users: 15,000. 30,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Ken, Keng, Kenkha, Khen, Khenkha, Kyengkha		Middle Kheng, Upper Kheng, Lower Kheng. Bumthangkha [kjz] reportedly most similar related language, but comprehension not sufficient for complex discourse. Comprehend Kurtokha [xkz] with difficulty. Lexical similarity: 75%–85% with Bumthangkha [kjz], 70% with Kurtokha [xkz] and Nyengkha [neh], 34% with Dzongkha [dzo], 40% with Tshangla [tsj], and 75%–100% between dialects.
kjz	Bumthangkha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish, Bumthang	Bhutan	Bumthang district; southwest Lhuentse district; northwest Mongar district; north and west Trongsa district; possibly northeast border areas	20,000 (2011 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Bhumtam, Bumtang, Bumtangkha, Bumtanp, Bumthang, Bumthapkha, Kebumtamp		Ura, Tang, Chogor, Chunmat. Some northern varieties of Khengkha [xkf] and some southern varieties of Bumthangkha are reported by one source to likely be mutually intelligible. Tawang Monpa [twm] in India (Tawan Monba in China) is the same as, or closely related to, Bumthangkha. Lexical similarity: 92% with Khengkha [xkf], 47%–65% with Dzongkha [dzo], 40%–50% with Tshangla [tsj], 75%–77% with Nyenkha [neh], 70%–73% with Kurtokha [xkz].
tgf	Chalikha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish, Bumthang	Bhutan	Mongar district: Gorsum, Tormazhong, and Wangmakhar villages; Chali area, east bank of Kurichhu river	1,500 (2011 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Chali, Chalipkha, Tshali, Tshalingpa		None known. Related to Bumthangkha [kjz] and Kurtokha [xkz].
dzl	Dzalakha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish, Bumthang	Bhutan	Lhuentse district: northeast; Trashi-Yangtse district: all except south	22,000 (2011 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dzala, Dzalamat, Yangtsebikha		Khomakha.
xkz	Kurtokha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish, Bumthang	Bhutan	Lhuentse district: bounded by Kurichhu river east and north, Tangmachhu village south, and Rudong La pass west	15,000 (2011 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Gurtü, Kurteopkha, Kurthopkha, Kurtobikha, Kurtopakha, Kurtotpikha, Kurtöp, Kürthöpka		The dialect around Tangmachhu is more divergent. Lexical similarity: 69% with Nyengkha [neh], 70%–73% with Bumthangkha, 66%–74% with Khengkha.
npb	Nupbikha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish, Bumthang	Bhutan	Trongsa district: enclave south of Tongsa Dzong		6a* (Vigorous)	Trongsakha		None known. Phonological similarities to Khengkha [xkf].
neh	Nyenkha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish, Bumthang	Bhutan	Trongsa district: Sephu Geo and Trongsa town areas, Black river passes; Dangchhu, Phobjikha, Ridha, Taktse, Tashidingkha and Usar; Wangdue Phodrang district: southeast	10,000 (2006 Royal Government of Bhutan)	6b* (Threatened)	Henkha, Lap, Mangdhika, Mangsdekha		Phobjikha, Chutobikha. Lexical similarity: 69% with Kurtokha [xkz], 75%–77% with Bumthangkha [kjz], 65%–78% with Khengkha [xkf].
drq	Dura	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish	Nepal	Gandaki zone: Lamjung district, scattered	No known L1 speakers (2016 SIL). Last speaker survived into the 2000s	9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Dura
kzq	Kaike	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish	Nepal	Karnali zone: Dolpa district, Shahartara VDC, Belawa, Shahartara, Tarakot, and Tupatara villages	2,000 (2011 A. Regmi), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2011 A. Regmi)	6a (Vigorous)	Tarali Kham
ghe	Ghale, Southern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Ghale	Nepal	Gandaki zone: Gorkha district hills south of Macha Khola	18,000 (2016 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Galle Gurung, Lila, Lila Ke, Ril-Lila		Barpak, Kyaura, Laprak. Some intelligibility between Northern [ghh] and Southern Ghale. Dialect subgroup. Glover (1974:8–12) identifies a Ghale branch under Bodish intermediate between Tibetan and Gurung branches. Lexical similarity: 75%–78% among dialects, 65%–81% with Northern Ghale, 39%–49% with Kuke [ght], 27%–30% with Gurung [gvr], 31% with Western Tamang [tdg], 20% with Nubri [kte] and Tsum [ttz], 18% with Tibetan [bod].
ghh	Ghale, Northern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Ghale	Nepal	Gandaki zone: Gorkha district in Buri Gandaki valley	4,440 (2016 SIL). 400 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Lila, Ril-Lila		Khorla, Uiya, Jagat, Philim, Nyak. Nyak is most diverse dialect. Philim has 94% intelligibility of Uiya. 75%–79% intelligibility of Barpak in Southern Ghale [ghe]. Dialect chain runs north and south. Lexical similarity: 73%–89% among dialects, 65%–81% with Southern Ghale [ghe], 45%–61% with Kuke [ght], 29%–37% with Western Tamang [tdg], 21%–27% with Nubri [kte], 22%–25% with Tsum [ttz], 19%–23% with Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy], 19%–21% with Tibetan [bod].
ght	Kuke	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Ghale	Nepal	Gandaki zone: north Gorkha district, Bihi VDC, Bihi, Chak, Dyang, Ghap, Krak, Kwak, and Rana villages	1,300 (2016 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Bhotte, Kutang, Kutang Ghale		Bihi, Chak, Rana. Varieties spoken in Chhak and Kwak villages are reportedly similar to each other and different from all other villages. Lexical similarity: 62%–76% among dialects, 39%–49% with Southern Ghale [ghe], 45%–61% with Northern Ghale [ghh], 18% with Gurung [gvr], 16%–23% with Tamang varieties, 13%–31% with Nubri [kte], 23%–27% with Tsum [ttz], 22%–27% with Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy], 19%–24% with Tibetan [bod].
skj	Seke	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic	Nepal	Dhawalagiri zone: Mustang district, Chuksang, Gyakar, Tangbe, Tetang, and Tsaile villages; Jomsom and Pokhara	700 (2002 SIL)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tangbe			Tangbe, Tetang, Chuksang. Reportedly similarities with Thakali [ths] and Manangba [nmm]. Very different from Loke [loy]. Tangbe dialect speakers do not understand the Chuksang dialect very well, but the Chuksang understand Tangbe. Reportedly understand Gurung [gvr] but Gurung do not understand Seke.
chx	Chantyal	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic	Nepal	Dhawalagiri zone: Myagdi district in Kali Gandaki river valley. Ethnic Chantel in Baglung district	4,570, all users. L1 users: 4,280 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 290 (2011 census). No monolinguals	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Chhantyal	Chantel, Chantel Kham, Chentel, Chhantel, Chhantyal, Khamkura		None known. Related to Gurung [gvr], Manangba [nmm], Tamang [tdg], and Thakali [ths] (Noonan 1996).
npa	Nar Phu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic	Nepal	Gandaki zone: Manang district, Nar valley, Nar (Chhuprung, Nargaon) and Phu (Nartwe, Phugaon) villages	600 (2011 K. Hildebrandt). 200 Phu speakers, 400 Nar speakers	6a (Vigorous)	Nar-Phu		Nar (Lower Nar, Nar-Mä), Phu (Nar-Tö, Upper Nar). In a dialect continuum with Manangba [nmm] and possibly intelligible with it.
ths	Thakali	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic	Nepal	Dhawalagiri zone: Mustang district, Thak Khola, mid Kali Gandaki valley, Annapurna Himal on one side and Dhawalagiri Himal on the other, Tatopani village south to Jomsom north. Tukuche to Thaksatsae, in 13 villages: Bhurjungkot, Dampu, Ghansa, Khanti, Kobang, Kunjo, Larjung, Lete, Nakung, Naurikot, Taglung, Tithi, and Tukuche (Tukuche dialect). Many live outside the area	6,000, all users. L1 users: 5,240 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 760 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Thakali, Chhairotan, Marphali Thakali, Tieengaule Thakali. Apparently 3 other nationalities share [ths] as their language	Barhagaule, Panchgaunle, Tapaang, Thaksya		Tukuche (Tamhang Thakali, Thaksaatsaye, Thaksatsae), Marpha (Puntan Thakali), Syang (Yhulkasom). Thakali dialects have 91%–97% inherent intelligibility. Tukuche dialect most easily understood by others. Tukuche is cultural center and the most prestigeous dialect. Lexical similarity: 41%–46% with Gurung [gvr], 46%–51% with Tamang languages (1994 J. Webster). Thakali dialects in 4 villages have 75%–86% lexical similarity.
gvr	Gurung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic	India	Sikkim state: South district; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district	33,000 in India (2007). Ethnic population: 112,000	6b* (Threatened)	Gurung Kura, Tamu Kyi, Western Gurung
gvr	Gurung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic	Nepal	Dhawalagiri zone: Parbat district; Gandaki zone: west Gorkha, Kaski, Lamjung, Tanahu, and Syangja districts; possibly Manang district	348,800 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 326,000 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 22,800 (2011 census). 12,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 381,800 (as L1: 359,000; as L2: 22,800)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Gurung	Daduwa, Tamu Kyi, Western Gurung		Central dialect of Gurung. Related to Thakali [ths].
nmm	Nyeshangte	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic	Nepal	Gandaki zone: Manang district, Braka, Dhukur Pokhari, Ghyaru, Humde, Khangsar, Manang, upper Manang, Ngawal, Pisang, and Tengki villages; Kathmandu	390 (2011 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 5,000 (2007 K. Hildebrandt)	6b (Threatened)	Manang, Manang Ke, Manangba, Manange, Manangi, Nyangmi, Nyangmi ke, Nyeshang, Nyeshangte Ke, Nyisang, Nyishang, Nyishangba, “Manangbhot” (pej.)	ङ्‍येश्याङ्‍ते‎ (Nyeshangte)	Pisang, Manang. Very high intelligibility of Manang dialect by Pisang residents. Lexical similarity: 94% or greater with all varieties of Manangba.
tge	Tamang, Eastern Gorkha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Tamang	Nepal	Gandaki zone: north Gorkha district, south and east of Jagat	3,980 (2000). Population for all Tamang varieties: 1,350,000 (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tamang			Kasigaon, Kerounja. Lexical similarity: 89% with dialects, 76%–77% with Northwestern (Dhading) Tamang [tmk], 77%–79% with Western (Trisuli) Tamang [tdg], 72%–73% with Western (Rasuwa) Tamang [tdg], 63%–73% with Eastern Tamang [taj] dialects (Varenkamp 1996), 50% with Gurung [gvr], 31%–37% with Northern [ghh] and Southern Ghale [ghe], 18%–23% with Kuke [ght], 14%–16% with Nubri [kte], Tsum [ttz], and Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy], 12%–14% with Tibetan [bod] (1992 J. Webster).
taj	Tamang, Eastern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Tamang	Nepal	Bagmati zone: Kavre Palanchok district; Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, east Nuwakot, and west Sindhupalchowk districts; Narayani zone: Chitwan and Makwanpur districts; Janakpur zone: Dolkha, Ramechhap, and Sindhuli districts; Sagarmatha zone: west Khotang, Okhaldhunga, and Udayapur districts. Bagmati zone: south Dhading district; Narayani zone: Bara, Chitwan, northwest Makwanpur, Parsa, and Rautahat districts; west and northwest Kathmandu district area (Southwestern Tamang dialect); Kathmandu	1,213,500 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 1,180,000 in Nepal (2001 census), increasing. Southwestern Tamang: 109,000 (1991 census). Population for all Tamang varieties: 1,350,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 33,500 (2011 census). In some remote communities, particularly women, children and elderly people are monolingual. Total users in all countries: 1,233,700 (as L1: 1,200,200; as L2: 33,500)	4 (Educational). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tamang	Ishang, Murmi, Sei, Tamang, “Bhotia” (pej.)		Outer-Eastern Tamang (Sailung Tamang), Central-Eastern Tamang (Temal Tamang), Southwestern Tamang (Kath-Bhotiya, Lama Bhote, Murmi, Rongba, Sain, Tamang Gyoi, Tamang Gyot, Tamang Lengmo, Tamang Tam). Central-Eastern most widely understood among all tested to date: 85% by both Trisuli and Rasuwa Western Tamang [tdg], 93%–98% by Outer-Eastern, 87% by Southwestern Tamang. Comprehension of Outer-Eastern 58% by Western Rasuwa Tamang [tdg], 64%–75% by Western Trisuli Tamang [tdg], 67%–54% by Southwestern Tamang, 88%–93% by Central-Eastern Tamang [taj], and 90%–98% among its own varieties. Southwestern Tamang may be a bridge between Eastern and Western Tamang (Varenkamp 1996). Lexical similarity: 88%–99% with Outer Eastern varieties; 89%–100% with Central Eastern; 79%–93% with Outer Eastern and Central Eastern, 77%–82% with Southwestern Tamang, 86%–93% with Southwestern and Central-Eastern, 74%–80% with Eastern and Western Trisuli Tamang [tdg], 69%–81% with Western Rasuwa Tamang [tdg], 72%–80% with Northwestern Dhading Tamang [tmk], 63%–77% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang [tge] (Varenkamp 1996).
taj	Tamang, Eastern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Tamang	India	Arunachal Pradesh state; Sikkim state: Rangit and lower Teesta valleys; West Bengal state: Darjeeling	20,200 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 272,000 (2006 FTT)	4 (Educational)	Tamang
tmk	Tamang, Northwestern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Tamang	Nepal	Bagmati zone: Nuwakot district, central mountainous strip	67,200 (2011 census), increasing. Population for all Tamang varieties: 1,350,000 (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tamang	Kath-Bhotiya, Lama Bhote, Murmi, Rongba, Sain, Tamang Gyoi, Tamang Gyot, Tamang Lengmo, Tamang Tam		Dhading. All Western Tamang varieties have high mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 94% with Western Trisuli Tamang [tdg], 82%–83% with Western Rasuwa Tamang [tdg], 76%–77% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang [tge], 72%–80% with Eastern Tamang [taj].
tdg	Tamang, Western	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Tamang	Nepal	Bagmati zone: Dhading, west Nuwakot, and Rasuwa districts; northeast Sindhupalchok district, Bhote Chaur and Bhote Namlan on Trishuli river west bank; Narayani zone: northwest Makwanpur district, Chakhel, Khulekhani, Markhu, Palung, Phakel, and Tistung; north Kathmandu, Gagal Phedi, Jhor, and Thoka	356,500, all users. L1 users: 323,000 (2000), increasing. Population for all Tamang varieties: 1,350,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 33,500 (2011 census). Mostly monolingual below school age or over 60 years of age	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tamang	Murmi, Sain, Tamang Gyot, Tamang Tam		Trisuli (Nuwakot), Rasuwa, Northwestern dialect of Western Tamang (Dhading), Southwestern dialect of Western Tamang. Preliminary results showed 86% intelligibility of Rasuwa dialect, 81%–88% of Central-Eastern [taj], 78%–88% of Outer-Eastern [taj], 86% of Southwestern [taj]; 80% of Rasuwa with Trisuli, up to 70% of Outer-Eastern [taj]. Lexical similarity: 94% between Trisuli dialect and Northwestern Tamang [tmk], 82%–83% with Rasuwa, 80% with Southwestern Tamang [taj], 77%–79% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang [tge], 82%–83% between Rasuwa and Northwestern [tmk], 78% with Southwestern [taj], 72% with Eastern Gorkha [tge], 69%–81% between Western varieties and Eastern Tamang varieties.
bee	Byangsi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Almora	India	Uttarakhand state: Pithoragarh district, Darchula and Munsyari sub-districts, Garbyang, Gunji, Nabi, Napalchyu, and Rongkang villages; in Kuthi Yangti river valley in the Himalayas on Nepal and Tibet borders; Byangs Patti from Budi south to Kuti village north	2,830 in India (2000). No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 3,380 (as L1: 3,310; as L2: 70)	6b* (Threatened)	Bhotia, Byangkho Lwo, Byangkhopa, Byanshi, Byansi, Jaba, Rang, Rang Lo, Saukas, Shaukas		Pangjungkho Boli, Yerjungkhu Boli, Kuti. Dialects of Byangs, Chaudangs and Darma valleys are unintelligible to each other (Sharma 1994). Those in Kuti (India) and Tinkar (Nepal) are closely related and quite different from those in other Byangsi villages. Tinkar variety differs from Byangsi, Chaudangsi [cdn], and Darmiya [drd] in forms of agreement affixes and basic vocabulary. Minor dialect differences correspond to geographical divisions (Sharma 2001).
bee	Byangsi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Almora	Nepal	Mahakali zone: Darchula district, Byas valley, 9 villages	550 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 480 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 70 (2011 census). No monolinguals (2002 UNESCO)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Byasi	Byangkho Lwo, Byanshi, Byansi, Byasi, Rang Lo, Sauka, Shauka		Byansi, Rang, Sauka, Yerjungkhu Boli, Pang Sungkhu Boli. Intelligibility between Byangsi [bee] and Dhuleli (spoken in 5 villages in Kanda VDC of Bajhang district) needs to be investigated. Dhuleli most likely related, but possibly a separate language.
cdn	Chaudangsi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Almora	India	Uttarakhand state: Pithoragarh district, Darchula and Munsyari sub-districts, Chilla, Gala, Monggong, Panggu, Rimzhim, Rongto, Rung, Sirdang, Sirkha, Song, Sosa, Syang Khola, Tangkul, Waiku, and Zipti villages; Patti Chaudangs, Kali river west bank facing Nepal border along Mahakali valley	1,830 (2000 USCWM). No monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Bangba Lo, Bangba-Lwo, Bangbani, Chanpa Lo, Chaudans Lo, Saukas, Shaukas, Tsaudangsi		None known. Related to Rangkas [rgk], Darmiya [drd], and Byangsi [bee] (Sharma 1989), unintelligible with Darmiya and Byangsi (Sharma 1994).
drd	Darmiya	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Almora	India	Uttarakhand state: Pithoragarh district, Darchula and Munsyari sub-district, Baling, Baun, Bongling, Dar, Datu, Dhakar, Dugtu, Gwo, Marchha, Nanglin, Philam, Saung, Selachal, Sipoo, and Sobla villages; in Dhauli valley, from Tawaghat near Dharchula south to Sipoo north along Dhauli river	1,750 (2006 C. Willis). Ethnic population: 4,000	6b (Threatened)	Darimiya, Darma, Darma Lwo, Darma-Lwo, Darmani, Saukas, Shaukas		None known. Related to Rangkas [rgk], Chaudangsi [cdn] and Byangsi [bee].
rgk	Rangkas	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Almora	India	Uttarakhand state: Pithoragarh district, Darchula and Munsyari sub-districts in Johar valley, Nepal border along Mahakali valley	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted entirely to Kumaoni [kfy] by the 1950s. Ethnic population: 1,010 (2000)	9 (Dormant)	Canpa, Chyanam, Johari, Kyonam, Saukas, Saukiya Khun, Shaukas
bfu	Gahri	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Barbog, Biling, Gumrang, Guskyar, Kardang, Kyelang, Paspara, Pyukar, and Styering, and Yurnad villages; Gahr Valley along Bhaga river from confluence with the Chandra and upstream	4,000 (1997)	6b (Threatened)	Boonan, Bunan, Erankad, Ghara, Keylong Boli, Lahuli, Lahuli of Bunan, Poonan, Punan		Lexical similarity: 39% with Sunam [ssk], 26%–39% with varieties of Chamba Lahuli (Pattani) [lae], 37% with Tinani [lbf], 26%–34% with some varieties of Central Tibetan [bod], 34% with Jangshung [jna] and Shumcho [scu], 31% with Kinnaur Bhoti [nes], 30% with Chitkuli [cik] and Nesang (Tukpa) [tpq], 24% with Lhasa dialect of Central Tibetan [bod], 23% with Kanauri [kfk].
lbf	Tinani	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Lahaul Spiti district, lower Chandra, Rangloi, and Tinan valleys; Gondhla is main village	11,600 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 12,050	6b* (Threatened)	Gondhla, Gondla, Lahauli, Lahouli, Lahuli, Rangloi, Teenan, Tinan Lahuli		None known. Lexical similarity: 63%–56% with Pattani [lae], 32%–37% with Bunan [bfu], 21% with the Spiti [spt] and Stod [sbu] varieties of central Tibetan [bod], 62% with Tandi village, 34% with Shumcho [scu], 32% with Jangshung [jna], 31% with Kanauri and Sunam [ssk], 13% with Tibetan [bod].
lae	Pattani	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Chamba-Lahul, Lahul, Pattan, and lower Mayar valleys, some in Kullu and Manali cities; Jammu and Kashmir state: Kishtwar district	21,500, all users. L1 users: 16,500 (2011 census). L2 users: 5,000 (1997). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2002)	6b* (Threatened)	Chamba, Chamba Lahuli, Changsapa Boli, Lahuli, Manchad, Manchati, Patni, Swangla		Chamba-Lahuli (Western Pattani), Eastern Pattani, Central Pattani. 3 caste dialects exist (Pandit-Rajput, Harijan and Lohar). The lower castes understand Pandit-Rajput, but not vice versa. Lexical similarity: 55%–63% between Western Pattani dialect and Tinani [lbf], 26%–39% with Bunan [bfu], 37% with Shumcho [scu], 35% with Jangshung [jna], 33% with Sunam [ssk], 31% with Chitkuli [cik] and Kinnauri [kfk], 25% with Puh and Kinnaur District varieties (Kinnaur Bhoti [nes]) of Tibetan, 22% with Nesang [tpq], 18% with Tibetan [bod], 14%–15% with the Spiti and Stod varieties of Tibetan. Average of 80% between dialects.
ssk	Sunam	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Puh sub-district, Sunam village	560 (1998)	6b* (Threatened)	Central Kinnauri, Sangnaur, Sungam, Sungnam, Sunnam, Thebarshad, Thebor, Thebör Skadd		None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Shumcho [scu], 65% with Jangshung [jna], 38% with Pahari Kinnauri [kjo] and Chitkuli Kinnauri [cik].
jna	Jangshung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Morang sub-district, Asrang, Jangi, and Lippa villages	1,990 (1998 survey)	6b* (Threatened)	Central Kinnauri, Jangiam, Jangrami, Thebarskad, Thebor, Thebör Skadd, Zangram, Zhang-Zhung		None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Shumcho [scu], 65% with Sunam [ssk], 51% with Chitkuli Kinnauri [cik], 49% with Pahari Kinnauri [kjo].
xns	Kanashi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Kullu district, Kullu sub-district, Bios valley glen, Malana (Malani) village area	1,400 (Chauhan 2002)	6b* (Threatened)	Kanasi, Malani		None known. No intelligibility with any Tibeto-Burman languages of Lahul-Spiti and Kinnaur (Chauhan).
kfk	Kinnauri	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur and Lahaul Spiti districts, Chauhra to Sangla and north along Satluj river to Morang, upper Ropa river valley villages; Rampur and Shimla area; Kashmir, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh states	98,600, all users. L1 users: 83,600 (2011 census). L2 users: 15,000	3 (Wider communication)	Kanauri, Kanaury Anuskad, Kanawari, Kanawi, Kanoreunu Skad, Kanorin Skad, Kanorug Skadd, Kinnaura Yanuskad, Kinner, Kinori, Koonawure, Kunawari, Kunawur, Lower Kinnauri, Malhesti, Milchan, Milchanang, Milchang, Tibas Skad		Dialect at Nichar has 79% inherent intelligibility of Sangla. Other varieties have functional intelligibility of each other. Related languages: Kanashi [xns], Chitkuli Kinnauri [cik], and Jangshung Tukpa [jna]. Lexical similarity: 76%–90% among varieties.
nes	Kinnauri, Bhoti	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Morang sub-district, Nesang village in upper Kinnauri Sutlej river basin; Puh sub-district, Puh village; possibly Charang and Kuno villages	6,790 (2000 USCWM)	6b* (Threatened)	Bhotea of Upper Kinnauri, Bod-Skad, Bud-Kat, Myamkat, Myamskad, Nyamkat, Nyamskad, Puh, Sangs-Rgyas, Sangyas		None known. May be more than 1 language. Lexical similarity: 71% with Tukpa [tpq], 63% with Mane village, 59% with Darcha village, 54% with Tibetan [bod].
cik	Kinnauri, Chitkuli	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Nichar subdistrict, Chitkul and Rakchham villages in Sangla valley, Baspa river area	1,060 (1998 survey)	6b* (Threatened)	Chitkhuli, Chitkuli, Kanauri, Kinnauri, Thebarskad, Tsitkhuli, Tsíhuli		None known. Lexical similarity: 46% with Kinnauri [kfk], 51% with Jangshung [jna], 43% with Shumcho [scu], 38% with Sunam [ssk].
rnp	Rongpo	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Uttarakhand state: Chamoli district, Joshimath sub-district, Bampa, Gamshali, Malari, and Niti villages; Mana valley, Aut, Benakuli, Gajkoti, Hanuman Chatti, Indradhara, Pathiya-Dhantoli, and Mana. Mana and Niti valleys (Marchha), Niti valley (a few Tolchha)	7,500 (2001 D. Bradley)	6a (Vigorous)	Rang Po Bhasa, Rangkas, Rangpa, “Manchhi Bhassa” (pej.), “Marchha” (pej.), “Marchha Pahari” (pej.), “Tolchha” (pej.)		Marchha, Tolchha. A Himalayan language distinct from Tibetan [bod].
scu	Shumcho	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Puh sub-district, Kanam, Labrang, Shyaso, Spilo, Rushkaling, and Taling villages	2,170 (1998)	6b* (Threatened)	Central Kinnauri, Shumcu, Sumcho, Sumchu, Sumtsu, Thebarskad, Thebor, Thebör Skadd		None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Jangshung [jna], 67% with Sunam [ssk], 45% with Pahari Kinnauri [kjo], 43% with Chitkuli Kinnauri [cik].
lbf	Tinani	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	China	Xizang Autonomous Region: western border	450 in China (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan	Bhotia of Lahul, Gondla, Lahauli, Lahouli, Lahuli Tinan, Rangloi
tpq	Tukpa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri	India	Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Charang, Kunnu, and Nesang villages	610 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Nesang, Nyam-Kad, Nyam-kat, Nyamkad
cdm	Chepang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Chepang-Bhujel	Nepal	Bagmati zone: south Dhading district; Gandaki zone: south Gorkha district; Narayani zone: Chitwan and Makwanpur districts	49,640, all users. L1 users: 48,500 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,140 (2011 census). No monolinguals	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Chepang	Cyo’bang, Praja Bhasa, Tsepang		Eastern Chepang, Western Chepang, Bankariya. Bhujel [byh] has difficult intelligibility with Chepang due to different pronominal suffix morphology. Dialects of Chepang differ in verb forms. Reportedly similar in morphology to Kirati languages. Lexical similarity: 98% with Bhujel [byh] (2004 R. Caughley, based on 100-item word list).
byh	Bhujel	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Chepang-Bhujel	Nepal	Gandaki zone: Gorkha district, Beltar; Tanahun district, Andimul, Arthumpka, Baniyatar, and Kulmun; Lumbini zone: Nawalparasi district, Dhodeni; Narayani zone: Chitwan district, Chanaute	23,290, all users. L1 users: 21,700 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,590 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,200 (Regmi 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Bhujel	Bujal, Bujhel, Bujheli, Bujhyal, Pukhgyal Ngur, Western Chepang, “Gharti” (pej.)		Kulmun, Arthumpka, Andimul, Baniyatar, Beltar, Dhodeni, Chanaute. More than 80% intelligibility among all the dialects. Pronominal affix differences hinder intelligibility with Chepang [cdm]. Lexical similarity: Between 34% (2011 D. Regmi) and 98% (2004 R. Caughley) with Chepang [cdm].
kgj	Kham, Gamale	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Kham	Nepal	Rapti zone: Rolpa district; Dhawalagiri zone: Baglung district, Chalbang, Dangadhara, Gam, Ghusbang, Guwakholagau, Huiching, Jhyalgung, Kuipadhara, Maulabang, Sheram, and Tamali villages, in Gam Khola, western hills	13,100 (2000), increasing. 27,100 all Kham languages in Nepal (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Gamale		Tamali, Ghusbanggi. Only 30% intelligibility with Western Parbate [kjl] due to radical differences in verbal morphology. Lexical similarity: 71% with Western Parbate (most similar) [kjl], 55% with Eastern Parbate [kif] and Sheshi [kip], 45% with Bhujel [kif].
kjl	Kham, Western Parbate	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Kham	Nepal	Rapti zone: Rolpa and Rukum districts, Taka-Shera is center	24,500 (2003 SIL), increasing. 27,100 all Kham languages in Nepal (2011 census)	5 (Developing)	Kham, Kham-Magar, Takale, Takale Kham, Western Parbate		Takale, Maikoti, Mahatale, Lukumel, Wale, Thabangi. Reportedly greatest similarities between Eastern [kif] and Western Parbate [kjl]. Parbate, Sheshi, and Gamale groups are all inherently unintelligible. Position of Mahatale and Miruli within the Kham linguistic group is undecided. Lexical similarity: 71% with Gamale Kham [kgj] and Eastern Parbate [kif]; 58% with Bhujel Kham, 51% with Sheshi [kip]. 25% with Magar and Gurung [gvr], slightly below 25% with the Tibetan group, 15% with the Rai and Limbu groups.
kif	Kham, Eastern Parbate	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Kham	Nepal	Dhawalagiri zone: Baglung district. Bhalkot, Budhathok, and Nisi (Nishel dialect); Diza, Kang, Kuku, Masbang, Musuri, and Sukurdung villages (Bhujel dialect)	10,000 (2018 SIL), decreasing. 27,100: all Kham languages in Nepal (2011 census). No adult monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Eastern Parbate, Nisel, Nishel Kham, Nisi, Nisi Kham		Bhujel Kham, Nishel Kham. Partially intelligible with Western Parbate [kjl] dialects. Lexical similarity: 79% between dialects, 71% with Western Parbate [kjl], 55% with Gamale [kgj], 44% with Sheshi [kip].
kip	Kham, Sheshi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Kham	Nepal	Rapti zone: Rukum district, western hills, Bhabang, Dangdung, Dhangsi, Ghapa, Hwama, Jangkot, Korcabang, Kotgaon (Tapnang), and Rimsek villages	20,000 (2003 SIL), decreasing. 27,100: all Kham languages in Nepal (2011 census)	6b (Threatened)	Sheshi		Tapnanggi, Jangkoti. 30% intelligibility levels with Gamale Kham [kgj], and even less with Western Parbate [kjl]. Lexical similarity: 55% with Gamale Kham [kgj] (most similar), 51% with Western Parbate [kjl], 46% with Eastern Parbate [kif].
mgp	Magar, Eastern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Magar	India	Sikkim state: South district, scattered in East district	71,700 in India (2006 J. Leclerc). Ethnic population: 278,000 (2006 FTT)	6b* (Threatened)	Magari, Magarkura, Mangari, Manggar
mgp	Magar, Eastern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Magar	Nepal	Bagmati zone: Dhading district, small border area; Gandaki zone: south Gorkha and Tanahu districts; Lumbini zone: Nawalparasi and Palpa districts; all previous in central mountains east of Bagmati river; Janakpur zone: Sindhuli district; Sagarmatha zone: Okhaldhunga district; Kosi and southern Mechi zones: scattered	462,000 in Nepal (2001 census), decreasing. 789,000 all Magar in Nepal (2011 census). The identification of Magars is complicated by the fact that a number of other ethnic groups (Chantyal, Kham, Kaike, Kusunda, Raute, Raji) have claimed to be Magars to outsiders. Isolated enclaves of monolinguals are found in Nawalparasi and southern Tanahu districts. Total users in all countries: 533,700	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Magar	Magar, Magari, Mangar	मगर ढुट‎ (magar ḍhuṭ)	Gorkha, Nawalparasi, Tanahu. Also long-extant migrant communities scattered throughout the Eastern Development Region speak a different variety from those west of Kathmandu. Reports of intelligibility between these varieties vary.
mrd	Magar, Western	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Magar	Nepal	Bheri zone: Dailekh, Jajarkot, and Surkhet districts, scattered throughout; Dhawalagiri zone: Parbat district small border area; Gandaki zone: Syangja and Tanahu districts; Lumbini zone: Palpa district	308,000 (2001 census), decreasing. 789,000 all Magar in Nepal (2011 census). Census statistics likely include non-ethnic Magars and many that do not speak Magar	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Magar	Magar, Magari, Mangar, Mangari, Syangja Magar	मगर ढुट‎ (magar ḍhuṭ)	Palpa, Syangja. Some differences between dialects, yet reportedly high intellligibility.
new	Newar	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Newar	India	Bihar state: some in Bettiah; Sikkim and West Bengal states	14,000 in India (2007). Ethnic population: 166,000 (2007)	6b (Threatened)	Newa Bhaye, Newaah Bhaae, “Newari” (pej.)
new	Newar	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Newar	Nepal	Bagmati zone: Kathmandu valley; many other urban areas. Fewer far west	879,600 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 847,000 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 32,600 (2011 census). Many women are monolingual. Ethnic population: 1,260,000. Includes 1,245,000 Newar and 11,500 Pahari. Total users in all countries: 893,600 (as L1: 861,000; as L2: 32,600)	4 (Educational). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Newar	Newa Bhaye, Newaah Bhaae, Newaah Bhaaye, Newah, Newal Bhaye, “Newari” (pej.)	नेपाल भाषा‎ (Nepal Bhasa), नेवाः भाय्‎ (Newah Bhaaye)	Dolkhali (Dolakha), Sindhupalchok Pahari (Pahri), Totali, Citlang, Kathmandu-Patan-Kirtipur, Bhaktapur, Baglung, Badikhel Pahari (Pahri, Pihi), Gopali, Balami, Pyang Gaon (Gamal). Kirtipur and Lalitpur are reportedly similar to Kathmandu. Some vocabulary differences between Hindus and Buddhists. Bhaktapur people mostly understand Kathmandu despite some lexical differences. Balami and Citlang reported to not understand Kathmandu Newar. The Eastern Newar dialects, including at least Dolakha and Tauthali are not fully intelligible to the speakers of Kathmandu Valley where the language has a simple conjunct-disjunct agreement. Other dialects are also mutually unintelligible with Kathmandu Valley, including Pahari, Pyangaun, and perhaps other varieties as well. Dolakha variety has complex person-number verb agreement with residue reflex in the Pahari dialect of Badikhel. Pahari considered separate language within own communities.
rau	Raute	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Raute-Raji	Nepal	Bheri zone: Surkhet district; midwest and far west forest regions; Mahakali zone: Dadeldhura district, Jogbudha and Sirsa VDCs, in Karnali and Mahakali rivers watershed regions	501, all users. L1 users: 460 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 41 (2011 census). All nomadic Raute are monolingual	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Raute	Boto boli, Khamchi, Ra’te, Raji, Rajwar, Rautya, Rautye		None known. There are reportedly many similarities with Raji [rji], but the relationship of Raute with and intelligibility between Rawat [jnl] and Raji [rji] needs further investigation. Lexical similarity: 80% with Rawat [jnl], 60% with Chepang [cdm], 25% with Kham.
jnl	Rawat	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Raute-Raji	India	Uttarakhand state: Pithoragarh district, north of Askot Maila, 9 villages	670 (1998)	7 (Shifting)	Ban Manus, Ban Rauts, Bhulla, Bãt-kha, Dzanggali, Jangali, Janggali, Jhangar, Raji, Raut		None known. Extensive borrowing from areal Indo-Aryan (Kumaoni, Nepali) languages (2011 J. Fortier). Very similar to Raute [rau] and Raji [rji].
rji	Raji	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Raute-Raji	Nepal	Bheri zone: Banke, Bardiya, and Surkhet districts; Seti zone: Kailali district, lower Karnali river area; possibly Mahakali zone: Kanchanpur district	3,814, all users. L1 users: 3,760 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 54 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rajhi	Ban Raji, Janggali, Phaan Bhaasaa, Phaan Boli, Rajibar, Rawati, Rjya		Barh Bandale, Naukule, Purbiya. Reportedly similar to Rawat [jnl]. Speakers of Barh Bandale and Purbiya have difficulty in understanding the Naukule variety. Lexical similarity: From 84% and 86% between the three varieties; 55% with Raute [rau].
brd	Baram	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Thangmi-Baraamu	Nepal	Gandaki zone: central and south Gorkha district, Dandagaun and Mailung VDCs, Takhu village up the Doraundi Khola east side near Kumhali, about 7 villages; possibly Dhading district	215, all users. L1 users: 160 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 55 (2011 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Baramou	Balkura, Baraamu, Baramo, Baramu, Brahmu		Dandagaun, Mailung. Related to Thangmi [thf] (Grierson and Konow 1903–1928).
thf	Thangmi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Thangmi-Baraamu	Nepal	Bagmati zone: Sindhupalchok district, villages east; Janakpur zone: Dolakha district, villages north and west; Ramechhap district, Sailung Khola villages; Kathmandu	23,580 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 23,200 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 380 (2011 census). 100 monolinguals (2002 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 35,000 (Turin 2007). 28,700 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 24,380 (as L1: 24,000; as L2: 380)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Thami	Thami, Thangmi Kham, Thangmi Wakhe, Thani		Eastern Thangmi (Dolakha), Western Thangmi (Sindhupalchok). Related to Baram [brd] (Grierson and Konow 1903–1928). Some cognates with Dolakha dialect of Newar [new]. Dolakha and Sindhupalchok dialects are not mutually intelligible. Differ in phonology, nominal and verbal morphology and lexicon.
thf	Thangmi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Thangmi-Baraamu	China	Xizang Autonomous Region	300 in China (2002)	7 (Shifting)	Dolakha, Thami
thf	Thangmi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Thangmi-Baraamu	India	Sikkim state: East district, Aritar Sunua; West Bengal state: Darjeeling and scattered	500 in India	6b* (Threatened)	Thami
rab	Chamling	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Sagarmatha zone: mainly central Khotang and north Udayapur districts	83,200 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 76,800 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 6,400 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 83,200 (as L1: 76,800; as L2: 6,400)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Camling, Chamlinge Rai, Rodong		Balamtali, Ratanchhali, Halesi. Ratanchhali and Halesi dialects are similar to each other but Balamtali is very different. Reportedly most similar to Bantawa [bap] and Puma [pum] linguistically. Many speak a variety mixed with Nepali [npi].
aph	Athpariya	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Dhankuta district, north of the Tamur, Dhankuta municipality and Bhirgau VDC between the Dhankuta khola west, and the Tangkhuwa east	5,530 (2011 census), decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Arthare, Athaphre, Athapre, Athpahariya, Athpare, Athpre, Sanango Ring	आठपहरिया‎ (Āṭhapahariyā)	None known. Athpare and Belhariya [byw] are very similar, but not mutually intelligible (Bickel 1996).
cuw	Chukwa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Bhojpur district, Kulung VDC, Jimigau	100 (2011 SIL), decreasing. Only 5 fluent speakers (2011)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Chukuwa, Cukwa Ring, Pohing, Pohing Kha		None known. A noticeable number of shared nouns with Northern Lohorung [lbr] (2011 J. Eppele).
raa	Dungmali	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: east Bhojpur district, Bastim, Sano Dungma, and Thulo Dungma VDCs; east border is Arun river	6,470, all users. L1 users: 6,260 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 210 (2011 census). 150 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 10,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Arthare, Arthare-Khesang, Dungmali Puk, Dungmali Pûk, Dungmali-Bantawa, Khesange		Khesang (Khesange). 82% cognate with Bantawa [bap] but morphology and phonology differ (Winter and Hansson 1991). Lexical similarity: 80% with Bantawa [bap], 65% with Puma [pum].
kle	Kulung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Bhojpur district, Khartanga, Limkhim, Phedi, and Wasepla VDCs; Sankhuwasabha district, Mangtewa, Seduwa, and Yaphu VDCs; Sagarmatha zone: Solukhumbu district, in Hungu river valley, Bung, Chachalung, Chekma, Chhemsing, Chheskam, Gudel, Lucham, Namlung, Pelmang, Satdi, and Sotang villages	34,590 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 33,200 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 1,390 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 34,590 (as L1: 33,200; as L2: 1,390)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Kulu Ring, Kulunge		Sotto Ring. 100% intelligibility between Kulung and Sotto Ring; only a few words pronounced differently. Related to Sampang [rav] and Nachering [ncd].
phw	Phangduwali	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Dhankuta district, Pakhribas VDC, above Mugakhola headwaters	290 (2011 census)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Phangduvali, Phangduwali Poti		None known. The language spoken by the Phangduwali people is well-understood by Mugali [lmh] people and vice versa except for a few lexical items and accents.
ybi	Yamphu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Bhojpur district; Sankhuwasabha district, Matsayapokhari VDC, Ala, Hedangna, Karmarang, Num, Mangsimma, Peppuwa, Seduwa, Tungkhaling, Uling, Uwa, and Walung villages, in upper Arun valley eastern hills, extreme north Lorung area	9,540, all users. L1 users: 9,210 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 330 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Yamphe, Yamphu Kha, Yamphu Rai		The Yamphu Rai are most closely related to Lohorung [lbr] and Mewahang. 61% intelligibility of Lohorung [lbr]. Lexical similarity: 84%–90% between dialects, 74%–84% with Southern Yamphu [lrr], 64%–67% with Lohorung [lbr].
bap	Bantawa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	India	Sikkim state: Lingdum, Rolep, and many other parts of the state; West Bengal state: Darjeeling	14,400 in India (2001 census). Few monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	An Yüng, Bantaba, Bantawa Dum, Bantawa Rai, Bantawa Yong, Bantawa Yüng, Bontawa, Kirat Khambu, Kirat Khambu Rai, Kirawa Yüng, Rai
bap	Bantawa	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Bhojpur, Dhankuta, Morang, and Sunsari districts; Mechi zone: Ilam, Jhapa, Panchthar, and Taplejung districts; Sagarmatha zone: Khotang, Okhaldunga, and Udayapur districts. Mechi zone: Limbu area, especially Ilam district (Amchoke dialect)	161,500 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 133,000 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 28,500 (2011 census). 6,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 195,100 (as L1: 166,600; as L2: 28,500)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Some varieties are used as traditional lingua franca among Rai minorities in eastern Nepal, Sikkim, India, and Bhutan, and as L1 among Rai of other origin. (Bradley 1996)	An Yüng, Bantaba, Bantawa Dum, Bantawa Rai, Bantawa Yong, Bantawa Yüng, Bontawa, Kirawa Yüng		Dhankuta (Eastern Bantawa), Dilpali (Northern Bantawa), Hatuwali (Southern Bantawa), Amchoke (Western Bantawa). Dialects are reportedly mutually inherently intelligible. Rungchenbung and Yangma are subvarieties of Dilpali. Eastern dialect is most divergent. Lexical similarity: Bantawa dialects and closely related languages form a continuum. Differences are primarily in meaning shifts and usage.
byw	Belhariya	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Dhankuta district, Belhara village and hill west of Dhankuta Bajar	612, all users. L1 users: 600 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 12 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Athpagari, Athpahariya, Athpare, Athpariya, Belhare		None known. Different from Athpariya [aph], although also called and closely related to it (Winter and Hansson 1991). Not intelligible with Athpariya although Athpariya speakers claim full intelligibility (Bickel 1996:21).
rab	Chamling	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	India	Sikkim state: South district; West Bengal state: Darjeeling, Regu and other parts of the state		6b* (Threatened)	Camling
ctn	Chhintang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Dhankuta district, Aahale and Chhintang VDCs	4,720, all users. L1 users: 3,710 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,010 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Chhintange, Chintang, Chintang Rûng, Teli		Mulgaun, Sambhugaon. Probably not intelligible with Bantawa [bap], but sometimes considered a dialect of it due to reportedly ethnic similarities. Only a few lexical items and grammatical markers are different between the two dialects.
cur	Chhulung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Dhankuta district, Ankhisalla VDC	2,250, all users. L1 users: 2,050 (2011 census), decreasing. L1 speakers dwindling (Van Driem 2007). L2 users: 200 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Chhiling, Chhilling, Chholung, Chhûlûng Rûng, Chiling, Chulung, Chülüng
kle	Kulung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	India	Sikkim state: Assam Lingzey, Zoom and many other places; Uttarakhand state: Dehradun; West Bengal state: Jalpaiguri district; Assam state		6b* (Threatened)	Kholung, Khulung, Khulunge Rai, Kulu Ring
lif	Limbu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	India	Assam state; Sikkim state: West district; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district	40,800 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 177,000 (2007)	4 (Educational)	Limbo, Limboo, Lumbu, Yakthung Pan
lif	Limbu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Dhankuta, Morang, Sankhuwasabha, and Terhathum districts; Mechi zone: Ilam, Jhapa, Panchthar, and Taplejung districts; all in eastern hills, east of Arun river	366,200 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 344,000 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 22,200 (2011 census). Relatively few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 407,000 (as L1: 384,800; as L2: 22,200)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Limbu	Yakthung Pan, Yakthungpan		Panthare, Phedappe, Tamorkhole (Taplejunge), Chaubise (Charkhole), Chhatthare (Chatthare, Chhathar), Yanggrokke (Yanggruppe). Yanggrokke, Chaubise and Charkhole are minor variants of the Panthare dialect; Phedappe and Tamorkhole are similar. Chattare is less well understood by other dialect speakers. The dialect spoken in Sikkim, India, is same as Panthare. Intelligibility among all varieties 84% and higher.
lbr	Lohorung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: central Sankhuwasabha district, between middle Arun valley and the Sabha Khola river, Angala, Bardeu, Dhupu, Gairiaula, Higuwa, Khorande, Malta, Pangma, and Sitalpati	3,980, all users. L1 users: 3,720 (2011 census). L2 users: 260 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Lohorong, Lohrung, Lohrung Khanawa, Lorung, Northern Lorung, Yakkhaba Khap		Biksit (Bikshi). 44% intelligibility of Yamphu [ybi]. A Kirat Rai group. Lexical similarity: 88%–99% between dialects, 64%–67% with Yamphu [ybi], 65%–68% with Southern Yamphu [lrr].
emg	Mewahang, Eastern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Sankhuwasabha district, Choyang, Mangtewa, and Yaphu VDCs; upper Arun valley. Sunsari district, Bhaludhunga and Bishnupaduka VDC (Sunsari dialect); Mangtewa VDC (Dibum dialect); Yaphu VDC (Mulgaon-Wangtang dialect)	230, all users. L1 users: 4,650 all Mewahang (2011 census). L2 users: 230 (2011 census). Almost no monolinguals	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Eastern Meohang, Mewahang, Newahang, Newahang Jimi, Newang, Newange Rai		Sunsari, Dibum (Dibung), Mulgaon-Wangtang. Structurally different from Western Mewahang [raf].
raf	Mewahang, Western	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Sankhuwasabha district, upper Arun valley, Bala, Sisuwa, Tamku, and Yamdang. Sankhuwasabha VDC, Bala village (Bala dialect); Sishuwakhola VDC (Bumdemba dialect)	230, all users. L1 users: 4,650 all Mewahang (2011 census). L2 users: 230 (2011 census). Few monolinguals	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Mewahang, Newahang, Newahang Jimi, Newang, Newange Rai, Western Meohang		Bala (Balali), Bumdemba. Structurally different from Eastern Mewahang [emg].
lmh	Mugali	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Dhankuta district, Arun river east bank, between Mugakhola and Sinuwakhola; Muga, Pakhribas and Phalate VDCs	1,500 (2010 I. Rai), decreasing. Very few monolinguals	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Lambicchong, Lambichhong, Lambichong, Lambitshong, Phangduwali Mugali		Phangdhuwali. Reportedly similar to Chhulung [cur], Belhariya [byw], and Chhintang [ctn].
ncd	Nachering	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Sagarmatha zone: upper northeast Khotang district, Aiselukharka, Badel, Bakacho, Bangdel, Dipsun, Para, Patel, and Rakha VDCs, in Lidim Khola river slopes area, headwaters and tributaries to Aiselukharke south; Solukhumbu district, Sotang and Waddu VDCs	10,730, all users. L1 users: 10,000 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 730 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Bangdale, Bangdel Tûm, Bangdile, Mathsereng, Nacchhering, Nacering Ra, Nachering Tûm, Nachiring, Nasring, Nasru Bhra		Parali, Bangdele (Achero, Hachero, Hangkula), Rakhali, Sotange. High comprehension of Kulung among northern Nachering and Sampang among southern Nachering.
pum	Puma	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Sagarmatha zone: south Khotang district, Chisapani, Devisthan, Diplung, Mauwabote, and Pauwasera VDCs; Udayapur district, Beltar, and Saunechour VDCs; Ruwa Khola valley to Buwa Khola across the Dudh Koshi southward	7,010, all users. L1 users: 6,690 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 320 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Puma Kala, Puma La, Puma Pima
raq	Saam	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: north Bhojpur district, Dobhane and Khatamma (Khartangma) VDCs, Dangmaya, Dobhane, Khartangma, and Okharbote settlements straddling Irkhuwa river; Mechi zone: Ilam district, Phikkal VDC	530 (2011 census). 130 Lingkhim, 400 Saam (2011 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Lingkhim, Saam Rai, Saama Kha, Sam, Samakha		Bungla, Sambya, Lingkhim (Lingkhim Kulung, Lingkhim Rai, Linkhim).
rav	Sampang	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Bhojpur district, Okharbote on Lahure Khola river headwaters; Syam Khola area, Kimalung, Nigale, Talakharka, and Surke; Sagarmatha zone: Khotang district, Tap Khola river villages, Baspani, Khartamcha, Patheka, and Phedi (Khotang dialect); Kosi zone: Bhojpur district, Dingla bazaar, a few elderly speakers (Phali dialect)	20,300, all users. L1 users: 18,300 (2011 census), decreasing. Phali dialect spoken by a few elderly speakers. L2 users: 2,000 (2011 census). No monolinguals	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Sampang Gun, Sampang Gung, Sampang Kha, Sampange Rai, Sangpang, Sangpang Gun, Sangpang Gîn, Sangpang Kha		Phali, Khotang. Mutual intelligibility between the Khartamcha variety and the Patheka variety of the Khotang dialect is high. Mutual intelligibility between the Khotang and Phali Sampang dialect is difficult to estimate but appears to be low.
ybh	Yakkha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	India	Sikkim state: North district; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district	810 in India (2000). Ethnic population: 6,300 (2007)	7 (Shifting)	Yakha, Yakkha Ceya, Yakkhaba
ybh	Yakkha	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: south Sankhuwasabha and east Dhankuta districts, east to Arun river. South Sankhuwasabha and adjoining extreme north Dhankuta district (Northern Yakkha dialect); Dhankuta district (Southern Yakkha dialect)	21,090 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 19,600 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,490 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 21,900 (as L1: 20,410; as L2: 1,490)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Yakkha	Dewansala, Yakha, Yakkha Ceya, Yakkhaba, Yakkhaba Cea, Yakkhaba Sala, Yakthomba		Northern Yakkha (Sankhuwasabha), Southern Yakkha (Dhankuta), Eastern Yakkha (Ilam, Panchthar). Dialects have minimal diversity. Lexical similarity: with Athpariya [aph], Limbu [lif], and Yamphu [ybi].
luu	Yakkha, Chhathare	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Dhankuta district, 6 villages in Arkhaule Jitpur and Marek Katahare VDCs	1,200 (2000)	6b (Threatened)	Lumba-Yakkha, Yakkhaba Cea		They understand Yakkha [ybh], but Yakkha speakers have difficulty in understanding them. No perceived dialect differences within the six villages.
lrr	Yamphu, Southern	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern	Nepal	Kosi zone: Dhankuta district, Bhedetar, Bodhe, Mounabudhuk, and Rajarani; north Sankhuwasabha district, Devitar and Matsya Pokhari, between the Jaruwakhola east and the Raghuwkhola west	2,500 (2011 SIL), decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Lohorong, Lohrung, Lohrung Khap, Lohrung Khate, Southern Lohorung, Southern Lorung, Yakkhaba Lorung, Yamphu		Gessa, Yamphe (Newahang Yamphe, Yakkhaba, Yakkhaba Khap, Yamphe Kha). 61% intelligibility of Lohorung [lbr], 43%–58% (depending on site) intelligibility of Yamphu [ybi]. A Rai group, most closely related to Yamphu [ybi], but distinct in grammar and phonology (Hansson 1991). Lexical similarity: 84%–89% between Southern Yamphu varieties, 74%–83% with Yamphu [ybi], 65%–68% with Lohorung [lbr].
wme	Wambule	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	Nepal	Sagarmatha zone: south Okhaldhunga district, Rikdum, Lukuvapani, Wamdyal (Ubu), Huku, Sikapu, Tarkomdada, Salle, Dhepti, Dhaircaur, Khayapu, Lorphe, Thulacaur, Moli, Vaksa, Leva, Sinju, Gairigau, Dhemdalu, Kopsepu, Phasku, and Serankhu (Wamdyal dialect); south Okhaldhunga district, Pipale, Bhadare, Hilepani, Thakle, Mandhare, Sokma Tar, Dundunma, Jakma, Jerun, Ricuva, and Lambole (Hilepane dialect); south Okhaldhunga district, Udayapur, Phedigau, Barasi, Ghiramdi, Simkaku, and Peku (Udayapur dialect); west Khotang district, Kurleghat, Majhkhani, Byanditar, Rupatar, Kharka, Cuvabot, Jhapa, Lurkhudada, Vaitar, Balui, Thumka, Pakauci, Goviar, Gurdum, Jayaram Gha, Bahuni Dada, Todke, Limlun, Damli, Vetagau, and Temtuku (Jhappali dialect); Sagarmatha zone, north Udaypur district; Janakpur zone, northeast Sindhuli district, Lekhani, Ghurmi, Salle, Sorun, Salleni, Pallo Salleni, Sindure, Majhkhani, Bhirpani, Kusumtar, and Jortighat (Hilepane dialect)	14,370, all users. L1 users: 13,500 (2011 census). L2 users: 870 (2011 census). A few elderly monolinguals	5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Ambule, Caurasia, Chaurasia, Chaurasya, Chourase, Chourasia, Ombule, Radu Yor, Tsaurasya, Umbule, Vambucauras Raduyor, Vambule, Vambule Radu Yor, Vambule Yor	वाम्बुले‎ (Vāmbule)	Bonu, Wamdyal, Udaipure, Hilepane, Jhappali. Dialects appear adequately mutually inherently intelligible. Jerung [jee] and Wambule are mutually intelligible (Opgenort 2004). Lexical similarity: 93% with Jerung [jee] (Opgenort 2005).
bhj	Bahing	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	Nepal	Sagarmatha zone: Khotang district; Kathmandu; northeast Okhaldhunga district, Barnalu, Baruneswor, Bhadaure, Bigutar, Diyale, Harkapur, Mamkha, Okhaldhunga, Ragdip, Ratmate, Rumjatar, and Serna VDCs (Rumdali dialect); southeast Okhaldhunga district, Ketuke, Moli, Ubu, and Waksa VDCs (Tolacha dialect); Solukhumbu district south tip, Necha Batase and Sallyan VDCs	15,250, all users. L1 users: 11,700 (2011 census). L2 users: 3,550 (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Baying, Bayung, Ikke lo, Kiranti-Bayung, Pai Lo, Radu lo		Rumdali, Nechali, Tolacha, Moblocha, Hangu. 85% or above intelligibility among all dialects. Rumdali is best understood among all Bahing dialects (Lee et al 2005). Related to Sunwar [suz]. Lexical similarity: 83%–95% with dialects, 48% with Sunwar [suz] (Lee et al 2005).
dus	Dumi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	Nepal	Sagarmatha zone: north Khotang district, Baksila, Jalapa, Kharmi, Makpa, and Sapteshwor VDCs	8,660, all users. L1 users: 7,640 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,020 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Dumī Rāī, Dumi Bo’o, Dumi Bro, Hopupo Bro, Lsi Rai, Ro’do Bo’, Sotmali	दुमी‎ (Dumi)	Kharbari, Lamdija, Makpa. Reportedly most similar to Khaling [klr] and Koi [kkt]. Makpa dialect is markedly divergent.
klr	Khaling	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	Nepal	Kosi zone: Sankhuwasabha district, Tungkhaling village; Sunsari district, Dharan; Mechi zone: Ilam district, Mai Pokhari, Pang, and Sumbek villages; Sagarmatha zone: Khotang district, Buipa and Kharmi villages; Solukhumbu district, Basa, Buksa, Jubing, Kanku, Phuleli, and Waku villages	15,670 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 14,500 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,170 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 20,000. Total users in all countries: 15,670 (as L1: 14,500; as L2: 1,170)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Khael Braa, Khaling Kura		Northern Khaling, Southern Khaling. Reporteldy most similar to Dumi [dus] and Koi [kkt].
kkt	Koi	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	Nepal	Sagarmatha zone: northeast Khotang district, Sungdel VDC, Dipsung and Sungdel near Rawakhola headwaters	1,470, all users. L1 users: 1,270 (2011 census). L2 users: 200 (2011 census)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Kohi, Koi Ba’a, Koyee, Koyi, Koyu		Sungdel, Behere. Reportedly most similar to Dumi [dus] and Khaling [klr].
jee	Jerung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	Nepal	Janakpur zone: Sindhuli district, Bahadur Khola west bank villages, Sunkosi river south to Mohangar village; Sagarmatha zone: Okhaldhunga district, Maulang Khola river area	5,380, all users. L1 users: 1,760 (2011 census). L2 users: 3,620 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Jero, Jero Mala, Jerum, Jerunge, Jherung, Zero, Zero Mala, Zerum		Madhavpur, Balkhu-Sisneri, Ratnawati (Sindhuli). Reportedly most similar to Wambule [wme]. Alternate dialect analysis: Northern dialect spoken in Okhaldhunga District, Southern dialect in Sindhuli District. (2004 J. Opgenort).
klr	Khaling	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	India	Sikkim state: West and South districts, scattered; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district		5* (Developing)	Khael Baat, Khael Bra, Khael Braa, Khalinge Rai
suz	Sunwar	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	Nepal	Janakpur zone: Dolakha and Ramechhap districts, east hills; Sagarmatha zone: northwest Okhaldhunga district	39,760, all users. L1 users: 38,200 (2011 census). 37,900 Sunwar, 290 Surel (2011 census). L2 users: 1,560 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Surel, Sunuwar	Bhujuwar, Kiranti-Kõits Lo, Kirati-Koits, Koits Lo, Mukhiya, Pirthwar, Sunuwar, Sunwari		Surel. Lexical similarity: more than 80% with Surel dialect.
tdh	Thulung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	India	Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh states; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district		5* (Developing)	Thulunge Rai
tdh	Thulung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	Nepal	Kosi zone: Bhojpur district, 1 village; Sagarmatha zone: southeast Solukhumbu district, Deusa, Jubu, Lokhim, Mukli, Necha, Panchan, Salyan, and Tingla VDCs; Khotang district, Salle, Jaleswori, and Maheswori VDCs; Okhaldhunga district, Tuintar VDC, 6 or 7 villages	22,300 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 20,700 in Nepal (2011 census). Thulung communities also in Bhojpur and Sankhuwasabha districts, scattered in Udayapur, Morang, Panchthar, and Ilam districts. Migrants may not speak Thulung as L1. L2 users: 1,600 (2011 census). A few elderly monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 22,300 (as L1: 20,700; as L2: 1,600)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Tholong Lo, Thulu Luwa, Thululoa, Thulung Jemu, Thulung La, Thulunge Rai, Toaku Lwa	थुलुडॱ‎ (Thuluḍa)	Northern Thulung (Deusa Lwa), Southern Thulung (Necha Lwa), Central Thulung (Mukli Lwa), Eastern Thulung (Jubu Lwa, Lokhim Lwa). Many cognates with Khaling [klr].
tij	Tilung	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	Nepal	Sagarmatha zone: south Khotang district, Chyasmitar VDC, on Halesi Range last ridge, on Sunkosi river bank	20 (2015 SIL), decreasing	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai	Tiling, Tilling, Tilung Blama		Choskule, Dorunkecha. Choskule and Dorungkecha dialects may be related languages.
vay	Wayu	Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western	Nepal	Janakpur zone: Ramechhap district, Mudajor and Sukajor villages; Sindhuli district, Manedihi village in Sun Koshi valley	1,565, all users. L1 users: 1,520 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 45 (2011 census). No monolinguals	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Hayu	Bayu, Hayu, Vayu, Wayo		Sindhuli, Marin Khola.
nrr	Nora	Tai-Kadai	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: northeast, near Tibet	No known L1 speakers. Had 300 speakers at beginning of 20th century, but extinct by end of century	10 (Extinct)	Norra, Noza, Nurra, Tai Nora
lic	Hlai	Tai-Kadai, Hlai	China	Hainan province: Baisha, Chengmai, Danxiang, Tunchang, and Wanning	667,000 (1999 O. Jueya). 160,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,460,000 (2010 census). Includes Jiamao [jio] speakers	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Li	Bli, Dai, Day, Dli, Klai, La, Lai, Le, Li, Loi, Slai		Ha (Luohua-Hayan-Baoxian), Qi (Gei, Tongshi-Qiandui-Baocheng), Meifu (Moifau), Bendi (Baisha-Yuanmen, Local Li, Zwn). Some dialects may be separate languages. Matisoff (1988) lists 8 varieties: Baoding, Xifang, Tongshi, Baisha, Qiandiu, Heitu, Yuanmen, and Baocheng. Luowo subdialect of Ha dialect is considered the standard. Lexical similarity: 27% with Gelao, 26% with Dong [doc] and Qabiao [laq], 25% with Lachi [lbt].
jio	Jiamao	Tai-Kadai, Hlai	China	Hainan province: Baoting, Lingshui, and Qiongzhong counties, near Wuzhi mountain	52,300 (Wurm et al 1987)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Li	Gevou, Kamau, Ku vou, Tai		Considered by Chinese linguists a dialect of Hlai [lic], but very different from Hlai dialects in phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.
cov	Cao Miao	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Sanjiang Dong autonomous county, South Dong area small villages; Guizhou province: Liping county; Hunan province: Tongdao Dong autonomous county	63,600 (2000)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao	Grass Miao, Mjiuniang, Sanjiang Miao		Lexical similarity: with Northern Dong [doc] and sometimes referred to as a special dialect of Dong.
aih	Ai-Cham	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guizhou province: Qiannan Buyi-Miao autonomous prefecture, Libo county, Boyao and Di’e townships. 13 villages	2,700 (2000)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei	Atsam, Jiamuhua, Jin, Jinhua		Di’e, Boyao. Dialects have phonological differences, but are largely intelligible. Reportedly similar to Mak [mkg].
byk	Biao	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guangdong province: Fengkai county, Chang’an, Jinzhuang, and Qixing districts, several villages; southwest Huaiji county, Dagang, Liangcun, Qiaotou, Shidong, and Yonggu districts	80,000 (Liang and Zhang 2002). 10,000 monolinguals. Women and small children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 120,000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Gang Bau, Kang Bau, Kang Beu, Kang Pau		Minor dialect differences, but all mutually intelligible.
cdy	Chadong	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Lingui county, Guilin muncipality; Chadong district (most villages), Liangjiang township; Yongfu county, Longjiang district	20,000 (Li 2006)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani	Cha Dong, Chadonghua, Chadongyu
doc	Dong, Northern	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 20 contiguous counties; Guizhou province: Yuping autonomous county; conjunction of west Hunan province and north Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region	463,000 in China (2003). Ethnic population: 2,880,000 (2010 census). Includes Southern Dong [kmc]	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dong	Gam, Kam, Tong, Tung, Tung-Chia		None known. Zhanglu speech in Rongjiang County, Guizhou Province is standard variety. Reportedly similar to Mulam [mlm]. Lexical similarity: 80% with Northern Dong varieties, 71% with Southern Dong [kmc], 46% with Lakkia [lbc], 29% with Qabiao [laq], 26% with Hlai [lic], 24% with Gelao, 22% with Lachi [lbt], 6% with Hmong Njua [hnj], 4% with Iu Mien [ium].
kmc	Dong, Southern	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 20 contiguous counties; Guizhou province: Yuping autonomous county; conjunction of west Hunan province and north Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region	1,000,000. Ethnic population: 2,880,000 (2010 census). Includes Northern Dong [doc]	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dong	Gam, Kam, Tong, Tung, Tung-Chia		Reportedly similar to Mulam [mlm]. Lexical similarity: 93% with Southern Dong dialects, 71% with Northern Dong [doc], 46% with Lakkia [lbc], 29% with Qabiao [laq], 26% with Hlai [lic], 24% with Gelao, 22% with Lachi [lbt], 6% with Hmong Njua [hnj], 4% with Iu Mien [ium].
kyp	Kang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Yunnan province: southwest	34,100 in China (1993)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dai	Tai Khang
kyp	Kang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	Laos	Houaphan and Xiengkhoang provinces	47,600 in Laos (1995 census). Total users in all countries: 81,700	6a* (Vigorous)	Tai Khang
mkg	Mak	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guizhou province: northwest Libo county, Di’e, Fangcun, Jialiang, and Yangfeng villages; some in Dushan county	5,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei	Ching, Mo, Mo-Hua, Mochiahua, Mohua, Mojiahua		Mak, Chi, Ching (Cham), Hwa, Lyo. Dialect differences are minor. Reportedly similar to Ai-Cham [aih].
mmd	Maonan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Huanjiang Maonan autonomous county, Xianan area: Nandan, Yishan, and Yizhou; a few in Du’an and Hechi counties; Guizhou province: south central small border area	30,000 (GXLOUS 2005), decreasing. A few thousand women and children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 101,000 (2010 census)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Maonan	Ai Nan
mlm	Mulam	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Hechi prefecture, Luocheng Mulao autonomous county (90% in Dongmen and Siba communes); Yizhou county	86,000 (2005 GXLOUS). Fewer than 10,000 monolinguals (including women and preschool children). Ethnic population: 216,000 (2010 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mulao	Abo, Kyam, Molao, Mulao, Mulao Miao, Muliao, Mulou		None known. Lexical similarity: 65% with Dong (probably Southern Dong [kmc]).
swi	Sui	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Nandan, and Rongshui counties; Guizhou province: Congjiang, Danzhai, Dushan, Duyun, Leishan, Libo, and Rongjiang counties, centered in Sandu; Yunnan province: Fuyuan county	300,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 412,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 300,120	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Shui	Ai Sui, Shui, Sui Li, Suipo		Sandong (Central Sui, Southern Sui), Pandong, Yang’an. Some communication difficulty between dialects. Sandong (Central) is the standard and most intelligible in the area (Castro 2011).
swi	Sui	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	Viet Nam	Tuyen Quang province: Chiem Hoa district	120 in Viet Nam (2002 J. Edmondson)	6a* (Vigorous)
tct	T’en	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui	China	Guizhou province: Dushan, and east Pingtang counties; Huishui, south of Guiyang; some in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region	20,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 25,000 (2000 D. Bradley)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei	Rao, Rau, Then, Yang Hwang, Yanghuang		Hedong, Hexi, Huishui. Reportedly similar to Sui [swi], some scholars consider T’en to be a dialect of Sui (Shearer and Sun 2002).
lbc	Lakkia	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Lakkja	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Jinxiu Yao autonomous county	9,000 (Bradley 2007a). 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Chashan Yao, Lajia, Laka, Lakia, Lakja, Lakkja, Tai Laka, Tea Mountain Yao		Phonetically similar to Iu Mien [ium], word order to Bunu [bwx]. Not intelligible with Hmong Djua [hnj] or Bunu. Minimal variation within Lakkia. Lexical similarity: 45% with Dong [doc], 23% with Lachi [lbt] and Qabiao [laq], 22% with Gelao.
onb	Lingao	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Lakkja	China	Hainan province: Lingao county, parts of Chengmai, Danxian, and Qiongshan counties on north central coast; Haikou city suburbs	600,000 (2000 Liang Min). 350,000 Lincheng, 170,000 Qiongshan. 100,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Bê, Limkow, Linkow, Ong-Be, Ongbe, Vo Limkou		Lincheng (Lingao Proper-Dengmai), Qiongshan.
uan	Kuan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai	Laos	Bolikhamxai province: Viangthong district, near Muang river; Khamkeut district, Ban Guan at Ban pakha, Ban Pung, and Ban Bo	890 (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6b* (Threatened)	Guan, Tai Guan, Tai Khouan, Tai Kouane, Tai Kuan, Tai Kwan		None known. Not easily classified, possibly due to migration.
tnu	Tai Khang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai	Laos	Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, Ban Phon Than and Ban Ban Sopkat sub-districts; Nam Hai and Viengthong districts	200. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Schliesinger 2003a)	6b (Threatened)	Tai Kang, Tay Chieng, Tay Khang
tpo	Tai Pao	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai	Laos	Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut, Pakkading, and Viangthong districts	2,500 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a). Total users in all countries: 12,500	6b* (Threatened)
tpo	Tai Pao	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai	Viet Nam	North, Nghe An province	10,000 in Viet Nam (2002)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai	Hàng Tong, Tai Hang Tong, Tai Paw, Thai Muong, Tày Muòng
tyj	Tai Yo	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai	Laos	Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, Lak Xao, Ka’ane, Khamkeut, Na Heuang, Nam Sak, Phon Thoen, Sop Chat, Sop Pone, and Tha Veng; Vieng Thong district	7,200 in Laos (1995 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Tai Do, Tai Maen, Tai Man, Tai Men, Tai Mene, Tai Mène, Tai Mènè, Tai-Maen		None known. Reportedly similar to Saek [skb].
tyj	Tai Yo	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai	Viet Nam	North, Nghe An province	300 in Viet Nam (2002). Total users in all countries: 7,500	6b* (Threatened)	Tai Do, Tay Muoi, Tay Quy Chau, Tay Yo, Tay-Jo, Thai Muong
zhd	Zhuang, Dai	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	China	Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guangnan county, Zhulin township; Maguan and Malipo (west) counties; Wenshan county, Dehou, Kaihua, Laohuilong, Matang, and Panzhihua townships; Yanshan county, Pingyuan township	100,000 in China (Wang and Johnson 2008). Very few monolinguals, though it is L1 learned by children in most Dai Zhuang villages. Ethnic population: 120,000. Total users in all countries: 100,200	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Bu Dai, Kau Ndae, Khaau Daai, Thu Lao, Tu, Tuliao, Tuzu, Wen-Ma Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu Nanbu Fangyan Wen-Ma Tuyu, Zhuangyu Nanbu fangyan Dejing tuyu		Western Yanshan-Northern Wenshan (Da Tou Tu), Central Wenshan (Ping Tou Tu), Maguan-Malipo (Jian Tou Tu), Guangnan (Pian Tou Tu). Most similar language is Nong Zhuang [zhn], but not mutually intelligible of Nong Zhuang, Min Zhuang [zgm] or Yang Zhuang [zyg] (2010 E. Johnson). Lexical similarity: 63%–70% among Nong, Yang [zhn], Yongnan [zyn], Zuojiang [zzj], and Dai [zhd]; 54% with Yongbei Zhuang [zyb] (2011 E. Johnson). A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zyn	Zhuang, Yongnan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Fangcheng, Fusui, Jingxi, Longan, Quinzhou, Shangsi, and south Yongning counties; Yunnan province: Funing county	1,800,000 in China (2000 J. Edmondson). Total users in all countries: 1,810,000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Bou Rau, Boux Toj, Long An, Long’an, Nongz Anx, Nung An, Southern Zhuang, Yongnan Vernacular of the Southern Dialect of the Zhuang Language, Zhuangyu nanbu fangyan Yongnan tuyu		None known. Most similar languages are Zuojiang Zhuang [zzj] (Nung Chao), Yongbei Zhuang [zyb], Yang Zhuang [zyg] (Nung Giang), and other Nung languages of Viet Nam. Lexical similarity: 70% with Nong [zhn], Yang [zyg], Yongnan [zyn], Zuojiang [zzj], and Dai [zhd], 65% with Yongbei Zhuang [zyb]. A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zgm	Zhuang, Minz	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Dejing area, Debao, Jingxi, and Napo counties; Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Funing county, Langheng district, Tianbeng township, Anha, Bagan, Gecai, Getao, Gezao, Longnong, Na’en, Sankeshu, Shangmabu, Tianfang, and Xionggu villages	173,000 (2004)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Black Zhuang, Bu Xiong, Heiyi Zhuang, Kon Min, Sung, Zong Zhuang		Cuengh (Zong), Minz (Min). Nong Zhuang [zhn] is reportedly most similar. A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zyg	Zhuang, Yang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Debao, Jingxi, and Napo counties; Yunnan province: Funing county, scattered in Bo’ai, Banlun, Dongbo, Guichao, Xinhua, and Zhesang townships and districts	765,000 in China (2004). 745,000 in the Dejing area (Jingxi, Napo, and Debao Counties, Guangxi)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Can Yang, Dejing Zhuang, Dianbao, Gen Yang, Jingxi Zhuang, Lang, Nong, Nung Giang, Yangzhou, Zhuangyu Nanbu fangyan Dejing tuyu	壮语徳靖‎ (Deijing Zhuang)	Yang (Tuhua, Yangyu), Tianbao (Dianbao, Tianpao), Fouh (Fu), Sengh (Sheng), Caj coux (Jiazhou, Zouzhou). Most similar languages are Zuojiang Zhuang [zzj] and other Nung languages of Viet Nam. Lexical similarity: 70% with Nong Zhuang [zhn], Yang [zyg], Yongnan [zyn], Zuojiang, and Dai [zhd], 65% with Yongbei Zhuang [zyb]. A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
mlc	Cao Lan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	Viet Nam	San Chay mainly in Tuyen Quang, Lang Son, Bac Kan, and Thai Nguyen provinces; scattered in Yen Bai, Vinh Phuc, Phu Tho, Bac Giang, and Quang Ninh provinces	169,000 (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: San Chay	Cao, Caolan, Lan-Sán Chi, San Chay, San Chi, Sán-Chi, “Man Cao-Lan” (pej.), “Mán” (pej.)		None known. Maintain some features from Northern Thai [nod].
nut	Nung	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	Laos	Louangphabang province: Xiengngeun district	A few in Laos	5* (Developing)	Nong
nut	Nung	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	Viet Nam	Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Thai Nguyen, and Tuyen Quang provinces; possibly in Ho Chi Minh City and other southern locations	969,000 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung	Bu-Nong, Highland Nung, Lungchow, Nong, Tai Nung, Tay, Tày Nùng		Xuòng, Giang, Nùng An, Nùng Phan Slình (Nùng Fan Slihng), Nùng Cháo, Nùng Lòi, Nùng Qúy Rin (Guiren), Khen Lài, Nùng Inh. Reportedly similar to Tày [tyz].
tyz	Tày	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	Viet Nam	Northeast of Ha Noi city, near China border, widespread, possibly in Laos; Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Lai Chau, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Quang Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, and Yen Bai provinces	1,630,000 (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tay	Ngan, Phen, T’o, Tai Tho, Thu Lao, “Thô” (pej.)		Central Tày, Eastern Tày, Southern Tày, Northern Tày, Tày Trung Khanh, Thu Lao, Tày Bao Lac. Reportedly similar to Nung [nut].
tsl	Ts’ün-Lao	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	Viet Nam	Northwest, scattered, Lai Chau, Dien Bien, and Son La provinces	10,000 (1993 D. Van)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lao	Lao
zhd	Zhuang, Dai	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	Viet Nam	Lao Cai province: possibly Muong Khuong district	200 in Viet Nam (2007). Very few monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	Thu Lao, Tu, Tuliao, Tuzu, Wen-Ma Southern Zhuang
zhn	Zhuang, Nong	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	China	Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, central and west Guangnan, Maguan, Malipo, north Wenshan, Xichou, and east Yanshan counties; a few in Funing and Qiubei counties	500,000 (Wang and Johnson 2008). 125,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600,000 (2007)	3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Daez, Kau Nong, Khau Nong, Noangx, Nong hua, Phu Nong, Phu Tei, Tei Nong, Yan-Guang Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu Nanbu fanyan Yan-Guang tuyu, puj Daez, puj Noangz, puj Nuangz	kauq Daez, kauq Noangz	Western Guangnan, Liancheng, Central Zhuang, Southern Zhuang. Reportedly most similar Tày [tyz], and Min Zhuang [zgm]. Some Tày dialects near Viet Nam-Yunnan border reportedly mutually intelligible. Nong Dialects mutually intelligible for simple topics. Not intelligible of Dai Zhuang [zhd], Min Zhuang [zgm], Yang Zhuang [zyg], Guibian Zhuang [zgn], or Qiubei Zhuang [zqe]. Lexical similarity: over 70% with Nong, Yang [zyg], Yongnan [zyn], and Zuojiang [zzj]; about 67% with Dai [zhd]; 54% with Yongbei Zhuang [zyb]. A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zyg	Zhuang, Yang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	Viet Nam	North, Cao Bang province, Ha Quang district		6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung	Caj coux, Can Yang, Dejing Zhuang, Dianbao, Fouh, Jingxi Zhuang, Nong, Nung Giang, Tianpao, Tuhua, Yangx, Yangyu, Zhuangyu Nanbu fangyan Dejing tuyu
zyn	Zhuang, Yongnan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	Viet Nam	Cao Bang province: Quang Ha district, Phuc Sen village; Doan Khon, Quoc Phong, Quoc Dan, Chi Thao, and Tu Do communes 37 km from Cao Bang city; Ha Quang district, Noi Thon commune; Ba Be district, Cao Che commune	10,000 in Viet Nam (2000 J. Edmondson)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung	Boux Toj, Long An, Long’an, Nongz Anx, Nung An, Southern Zhuang, Yongnan Vernacular of the Southern Dialect of the Zhuang Language, Zhuangyu nanbu fangyan Yongnan tuyu
zzj	Zhuang, Zuojiang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Chongzuo, Daxin, Jingxi, Longzhou, Ningming, Pingxiang, and Tiandeng counties; Yunnan province: Funing county, a few villages	1,500,000 in China (2000 census). 35,000 in Jingxi and Napo counties. Total users in all countries: 1,840,000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Canto, Ken Tho, Longyin, Longzhou, Nongz Anx, Pho Thai, Potai, Pu Tho, Puto, Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu nanbu fangyan Zuojiang tuyu		None known. Most similar languages are Yang Zhuang [zyg], Yongnan Zhuang [zyn], Nong Zhuang [zhn], and other Nung languages of Viet Nam. Lexical similarity: 70% between Nong [zhn], Yang [zyg], Yongnan, and Dai [zhd], 65% with Yongbei Zhuang [zyb]. A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zzj	Zhuang, Zuojiang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central	Viet Nam	Lang Son province	340,000 in Viet Nam (2000 census). 170,000 monolinguals (2000). Ethnic population: Over 850,000 Nung nationality people in Viet Nam in 2000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung	Canto, Nongz Anx, Nung Chao, Potai, Puto
zgn	Zhuang, Guibian	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Fengshan, Leyun, Lingyun, Longlin, Tianlin, and Xilin; Yunnan province: Funing, and north Guangnan	1,000,000 (2007). 420,000 monolinguals	3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. In concentrated Guibian areas, the main trade language on market days	Buyei, Buyoi, Kang Yei, Northern Zhuang, Vahcuengh		None known. Some intelligibility of standard Bouyei [pcc]; none of Qiubei Zhuang [zqe], Yongbei Zhuang [zyb], or Nong Zhuang [zhn] (2011 E. Johnson). Lexical similarity: 71% with Yongbei Zhuang [zyb], 83% with Qiubei Zhuang [zqe] (northern Taic), 64%–66% with Nong Zhuang [zhn] (central Taic). A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
pcc	Bouyei	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Guizhou province: Buyi-Miao and Miao-Dong autonomous prefectures, Guanling and Zhenning counties on Guizhou-Yunnan plateau; Sichuan province: Huidong and Ningnan counties; Yunnan province: Luoping county	2,600,000 in China (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,870,000 (2010 census). Includes Ai-Cham [aih], Mak [mkg], and T’en [tct] languages. Total users in all countries: 2,664,440	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei	Bo-I, Bui, Buyei, Buyi, Buyui, Chung-Chia, Dioi, Giay, Pu-I, Pu-Jui, Pui, Pujai, Puyi, Puyoi, Shuihu, Tujia, Yay, Zhongjia		Qiannan (Bouyei 1, Southern Guizhou), Qianzhong (Bouyei 2, Central Guizhou), Qianxi (Bouyei 3, Western Guizhou).
zqe	Zhuang, Qiubei	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, west edge Guangnan and Qiubei counties; Qujing municipal prefecture, Shizong county, Longqing Yi-Zhuang and Wulong Zhuang autonomous districts	140,000 (2007 census). 28,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 150,000	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Bau i, Bui, Buyi, Northern Zhuang, Qiubei Sha		None known. Not mutually intelligible with Guibian Zhuang [zgn], Nong Zhuang [zhn], or Dai Zhuang [zhd]. Lexical similarity: 83% with Guibian Zhuang [zgn], 69% with Yongbei (standard) Zhuang [zyb], 64%–66% with Nong Zhuang [zhn] and Yang Zhuang [zyg], 55% with Dai Zhuang [zhd]. (2011 E. Johnson). A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
pcc	Giáy	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	Viet Nam	Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, and Lai Chau provinces	58,600 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bo Y	Bo-I, Bo-Y, Bouyei, Buyi, Chang Chá, Chung Cha, Cùi Chu, Dang, Dioi, Giai, Giang, Nhaang, Niang, Nyang, Pau Thin, Pu-I, Pu-Nam, Pui, Puyi, Pú Nà, Sa, Trong Ggia, Tu-Dìn, Xa Chung Chá, Yai, Yay		Tu-Dí, Nhang, Pú Nà.
skb	Saek	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	Laos	Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, Nam Ve subdistrict, Na Kadok village; Khammouan province: Grommarol, Thakhek, Hinboun, Mahaxai, and Nakai districts	3,840 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	7 (Shifting)	Seak, Sek, Set, Tai Sek, Xaek, Xec, Xek		Na Kadok, Khammouan. Reportedly similar to Tai Yo [tyj].
skb	Saek	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	Thailand	Nakhon Phanom province: Mueang Nakhon Phanom district, At Samat sub-district; Na Wa district, Tha Ruea sub-district	Total L1 speakers in Laos and Thailand: 10,000 with a total ethnic population of 20,000. The majority of the speakers are in Laos (Bradley 2007a)	6b (Threatened)	Sek, Tai Sek, Xec, Xek
pcc	Yang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	Laos	Luang Namtha province: Vieng Poukha district, Nam Fa; Nale district, Nam Huay; Oudomxai province: Beng district, Khone; Namo district, Ay, Sonsavath, Ponxay Savan Namo Neua; Xay district, Long Ya; Phongsali province: Khua district, Mone Savanh, Hat Xeui; Gnot Ou district, Xum Kham, Tha; Boun Tai district, Na Mak, Na Tene, Vieng Xai, Long Nam, Long Nay Khao; Boun Neua district, Muong Xou	5,840 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Nhang, Nyang
yoy	Yoy	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	Laos	Khammouan province	2,000 in Laos (1999 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Dioi, Jui, Yoi, Yooi, Yooy
yoy	Yoy	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	Thailand	Sakon Nakhon province: Akat Amnuai district, Akat, Ba Wa, Wa Yai, sub-districts; Phang Khon district and Sawang Daen Din district	7,000 in Thailand (Schliesinger 2001). Total users in all countries: 9,000	6b* (Threatened)	Dioi, Du’o’i, Duoi, Giy, I, Jui, Lao Yuai, Yay, Yi, Yoe, Yoi, Yooi, Yooy, Yuai, Yueai
zch	Zhuang, Central Hongshuihe	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Dahua, Du’an, Mashan, north Shanglin, possibly east Pingguo; both sides of central Hongshuihe river	1,080,000 (2007)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang			A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zeh	Zhuang, Eastern Hongshuihe	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: south Shanglin county, south Xincheng district, south Xingbin district, north Guigang city, west Guiping city, and south Wuxuan county; some in Guangdong province; south of Hongshuihe and Qianjiang rivers	1,200,000 (2007)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang			A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zgb	Zhuang, Guibei	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Guizhou and Hunan provinces; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Bama, Donglan, Hechi, Huanjiang, Longsheng, Luocheng, Nandan, Rongan, Rongshui, Sanjiang, Tian’e, and Yongfu	1,500,000 (2007)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang			A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zln	Zhuang, Lianshan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Guangdong province: Huaji county, Xiashuai and Zhongzhou districts; Lianshan Zhuang Yao autonomous county; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region	48,000 (2007 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang			A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zlj	Zhuang, Liujiang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: north Laibin, Liucheng, Liujiang, north Xincheng, and Yishan	1,560,000 (2007)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang			A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zlq	Zhuang, Liuqian	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Luzhai, north Wuxuan, and Xiangzhou; possibly Hezhou, Pingle, and Yangshuo; east of Liujiang and north of Qianjiang rivers	370,000 (2007)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang			A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zyb	Zhuang, Yongbei	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Binyang, Hengxian, Pingguo, Wuming, and north Yongning	1,980,000 (2007)	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang			A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
zyj	Zhuang, Youjiang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Baise, Tiandong, and Tianyang; some in Yunnan province	870,000 (2007)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang			A member of macrolanguage Zhuang [zha].
ksu	Khamyang	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	India	Assam state: Tinsukia district, Pawaimukh village	50 (2003 S. Morey). Ethnic population: 800	8a (Moribund)	Khamiyang, Khamjang, Shyam, Tai Khamyang, Tai Nora		None known. Reportedly similar to Phake [phk] of Assam and Shan [shn] of Myanmar.
kkh	Khün	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Myanmar	Shan state: Kentung valley area east	100,000 in Myanmar (Diller and Juntanamalaga 1990). Total users in all countries: 106,880	5 (Developing)	Gon Shan, Hkun, Khuen, Khun Shan, Khyn, Tai Khun, Tai-Khuen		Muang Lang, Kang Muang. Khün, Northern Thai [nod] and Lü [khb] traditionally all use the same ancient script. Lexical similarity: 93%–100% with Khün varieties; Khün varieties: 90%–95% with Northern Thai [nod], 92%–95% with Lü [khb], 93%–97% with Shan [shn], 80%–83% with standard Thai [tha].
khb	Lü	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	China	Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, 3 counties: Jinghong (Chiang Hung, Chien Rung), Menghai, and Mengla; some in Simao municipal prefecture, Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous counties	280,000 in China (2000 census). 140,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 554,600	2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Some speakers of other languages use Lü as L2 for trade	Dai, Dai Le, Lu, Lue, Ly, Pai’i’, Pai-I, Shui-Pai-I, Sipsongpanna Dai, Tai Lu, Xishuangbanna Dai	ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ‎ (Kam Tai Lue)	Jinghong. Muang Yong and dialects in northern Thailand may converge phonologically with Northern Thai [nod] (Diller and Juntanamalaga 1990). Low intelligibility with Shan [shn] and Tai Nüa [tdd]. Different from Tai Nüa [tdd], each having their own literary tradition. Lexical similarity: 95% with Northern Thai [nod], 86% with Central Thai [tha], 92%–93% with Shan [shn], 92%–95% with Khün [kkh].
lao	Lao	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Widespread throughout Mekong river valley, south to the Cambodia border	4,230,000 in Laos, all users. L1 users: 3,430,000 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity. L2 users: 800,000. Total users in all countries: 4,500,560 (as L1: 3,700,560; as L2: 800,000)	1 (National). Statutory national language (2003, Constitution, Article 89)	Eastern Thai, Lao Wiang, Lao-Lum, Lao-Noi, Lao-Tai, Laotian, Laotian Tai, Lum Lao, Phou Lao, Rong Kong, Tai Lao	ພາສາລາວ‎ (Phasa Lao)	Luang Prabang, Vientiane (Wiang Jan), Savannakhet, Pakse, Lao-Kao, Lao-Khrang. Dialect subgroup with Northeastern Thai [tts] of Thailand.
nyw	Nyaw	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Mukdahan province: Wan Yai and Don Tan districts; Nakhon Phanom province: Tha Uthen, Na Wa, and Phon Sawan districts; Nong Khai province: Tha Bo district; Sakon Nakhon province: Muang, Kut Bak, Song Dao, and Warit Chaphum districts; Sa Kaeo province: isolated area on Cambodia border; Bueng Kan, Maha Sarakham, and Udon Thani provinces	80,000 (Hattaway 2005)	6a* (Vigorous)	Jo, Nyo, Nyoh, Yo		Reportedly similar to Northeastern Thai [tts] and the Luang Prabang dialect of Lao [lao].
phk	Phake	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	India	Arunachal Pradesh state; Assam state: Dibrugarh district, Bor-phake, Man-long, Man-po-mung, Mung-lang, Nam-phake, Ning-gam, Nong-lai, Pha-neng, and Tipam-phake villages along Dihing river	2,000 (Bradley 2007a)	4 (Educational)	Faake, Phakey, Phakial		None known. Reportedly similar to Aiton [aio]. Similar to Shan [shn] of Myanmar.
pht	Phu Thai	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Amnat Charoen, Kalasin, Mukdahan, Nakhon Phanom, Sakon Nakhon, Udon Thani, Yasothon, and Roi Et provinces. Possibly also in China	470,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Total users in all countries: 897,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Phutai, Phuu Thai, Poutai, Putai, Puthai		Little dialect differentiation. Reportedly similar to Tai Dam [blt] and Tai Don [twh].
blt	Tai Dam	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Dat Lak, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, Lai Chau, Phu Tho, Son La, and Yen Bai provinces; Gia Lai province: Pleiku city; Lam Dong province: Tung Nghia city; Thanh Hoa province: Thuong Xuan district, Tho Thanh sub district; and elsewhere	699,000 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 777,700	5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai	Black Tai, Tai Do, Tai Noir, Thái Den	ʼTáy Ðăm, ’Táy	Táy Mu’ò’i (Meuay, Tai Mueai). Reportedly similar to Thai Song [soa] and Tai Dón [twh], but not inherently intelligible of Tai Dón.
twh	Tai Dón	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	North, mainly along Red and Black rivers, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Lao Cai, and Son La provinces; some in the south; Lam Dong province: Tung Nghia	280,000 in Viet Nam (2002). Total users in all countries: 495,000	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai	Tai Blanc, Tai Kao, Tai Lai, Thái Tráng, Táy Khao, White Tai		None known. Not intelligible of Tai Dam [blt]. Lao [lao] influenced the speech of some Tai Dón.
tdd	Tai Nüa	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	China	Sichuan province: Liangshan autonomous prefecture; Yunnan province: Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefectures, Baoshan, Lincang, and Simao municipal prefectures	540,000 in China (Zhou and Luo 2001). Ethnic population: 1,260,000 (2010 census). Includes Lü [khb], Tai Dam [blt], Tai Dón [twh], Tai Hongjin [tiz], and Tai Ya [cuu] languages. Total users in all countries: 726,100	4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Dai	Chinese Shan, Chinese Tai, Dai Kong, Dai Na, Dai Nuea, Daide, Dehong, Dehong Dai, Shan, Tai Dehong, Tai Le, Tai Mao, Tai Neua, Tai Nue, Tai Nü, Tai nö, Tai taü, Tai-Kong, Tai-Le, Yunannese Shan, Yunnan Shant’ou		Mangshi (Debao, Dehong, Taile), Menggeng (Taita), Tai Pong (Ka, La, Sai, Tai Ka, Ya, You), Yongren.
aho	Ahom	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	India	Assam state	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Tai Ahom
aio	Aiton	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	India	Assam state: Jorhat and Karbi Anglong districts, Ahomoni, Balipathar, Banlung, Barhula, Chakihula, Doboroni, Kaliyani, and Tengani villages	1,500 (Morey 2006)	6b (Threatened)	Aitonia		None known. Reportedly similar to Phake [phk].
kht	Khamti	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	India	Arunachal Pradesh state: Siang district, Namsai subdistrict, Barpathar, Chakham, Kheram, M. Pong, Man Khao, Memong, and Mime villages; Lohit district, Inten, Mahang, Mamareng, Nanam, Nathaw, and Ningro villages; Assam state: Lakimpur district, Barigaon, Barkhamti, Barpathar, Deotola, Sribhuyan, Tipling, and Tunijan villages; Dibrugarh district	5,000 in India (Bradley 2007a)	6b* (Threatened)	Hkamti, Kham-Tai, Khampti, Khamti Shan, Khantis, Tai Kham Ti		Assam Khamti, North Burma Khamti, Sinkaling Khamti.
kht	Khamti	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Myanmar	Kachin state: Putao district (4,500) and Myitkyina area (3,500); Sagaing region: north	8,000 in Myanmar (2000). Total users in all countries: 13,000	5 (Developing)	Hkampti Shan, Hkamti, Kam Ti, Khampti, Khampti Sam, Khampti Shan, Khamti Shan, Khandi Shan, Tai Kam Ti, Tai-Khamti		Assam Khamti, North Burma Khamti, Sinkaling Hkamti.
kkh	Khün	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Louangphabang province: sacred temple area	600 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a)	6a* (Vigorous)
kkh	Khün	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces	6,280 in Thailand (2000)	5* (Developing)	Gon Shan, Hkun, Khuen, Khun Shan, Tai Khun
lao	Lao	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Cambodia	Banteay Meanchey province: 3 enclaves between Thai border and Sisophon city; Prey Veng province; Stung Treng province: between Laos border and Kong river; Svay Rieng province	18,500 in Cambodia (2009 UNSD)	6b* (Threatened)
lao	Lao	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Scattered	14,900 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	5* (Dispersed)
phu	Lao Phuon	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Cambodia	Banteay Meanchey province: Mongkol Borei district, Boung Preang, Kok Thnong, Pong Ror, Pouy Ta Sek, Prey To Teang, Rohat Teak, Sdey Kraom, Sdey Leu, Sranal, and Ta Sal villages	1,000 in Cambodia (Kev and Ly 2009). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Kev and Ly 2009)	6b* (Threatened)
khb	Lü	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Bokeo, Louangphabang, Luang Namtha, Oudomxai, Phongsali, and Xiangnabouli provinces	126,000 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6b* (Threatened)	Lu, Lue, Pai-I, Shui-Pai-I
khb	Lü	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Myanmar	Shan state: Muang Yong township east	60,000 in Myanmar (2013)	5 (Dispersed)	Lue, Pai-I, Shu-Ai-I, Tai Lu		Muang Yong.
khb	Lü	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Nan and Phayao provinces; scattered in north	83,000 in Thailand (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001)	5 (Dispersed)	Lu, Lue, Pai-I, Pai-Yi, Shui-Pai-I, Tai Lu, Tai Lue, Thai Lu		Yong.
khb	Lü	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Lai Chau province: Tam Duong district, Ban Hon and Binh Lu communes; Lao Cai province: in a small border area	5,600 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lu	Duon, Lue, Nhuon, Pai-I, Shui-Pai-I, Tai Lu
pdi	Pa Di	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	China	Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi prefectures, Hekou and Jinping counties	1,000 in China. Total users in all countries: 1,300	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai	Padi
pdi	Pa Di	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Lao Cai province: Muong Khuong district	300 in Viet Nam (1995 J. Edmondson)	6b* (Threatened)	Padi
pht	Phu Thai	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Bolikhamxai, Khammouan, and Savannahkhet provinces; Salavan province: centered in Toumlan district; Champasak and Xiengkhoang provinces	218,000 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6a* (Vigorous)	Phutai, Putai, Puthay
pht	Phu Thai	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Ha Tinh and Nghe An provinces	209,000 in Viet Nam (2002)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai	Phutai, Putai, Puthai, Puthay
phu	Phuan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Xiengkhoang province: Kham, Pek, and Phou Kout districts	106,000 in Laos (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Lao Phuan, Phu Un
phu	Phuan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Chachoengsao, Chaiyaphum, Lop Buri, Nakhon Nayok, Phetchabun, Phichit, Prachin Buri, and Sara Buri provinces; Bueng Kan province, isolated area, 1 village south of Bangkok	200,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University). Total users in all countries: 307,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Lao Phuan, Phoan, Phu Un, Phu-uen, Phuon, Poan, Puan		None known. Reportedly similar to Northern Thai [nod], Tai Dam [blt], Thai Song [soa], and Lao [lao].
shn	Shan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	China	Yunnan province: Myanmar border area, 1 village		5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Dai	Dehong
shn	Shan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Myanmar	Kachin state: Mansi and Mogaung townships, Bhamo, Mohnyin, west Momauk, and south Myitkyina; Kayah state: Loikaw; Mandalay region: assorted north border areas; Sagaing region: Homalin and Tamu townships; Shan state: north in Konkyan, Muse, and Nanhkan townships, to south in Hsihseng, Langko, Mawkwa, and Mongpan townships; southeast in Matman, Mongkhet, Monghpyak, Mongyang, and Mongyawng townships. Myanmar-Yunnan border, Mu’ang Mao Long and Namkham (Tai Mao dialect)	3,200,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). 350,000 Tai Mao (1990 A. Diller). Total users in all countries: 3,295,000	3 (Wider communication)	Burmese Shan, Great Thai, Sam, Sha, Shan Bama, Shan Gyi, Tai Long, Tai Luang, Tai Shan, Tai Yai, Tai-Lon, Thai Yai, “Ngeo” (pej.), “Ngiao” (pej.), “Ngiaw” (pej.), “Ngio” (pej.), “Ngiow” (pej.)		Tai Mao (Mao Shan, Tai Khe), Northern Shan State, Southern Shan State. Regional dialect differences. Low intelligibility of Lü [khb].
shn	Shan	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, and Tak provinces; Chiang Rai: Mae Sai district	95,000 in Thailand (2006 Mahidol University)	5* (Dispersed)	Great Thai, Sam, Sha, Tai Luang, Tai Shan, Tai Yay, Thai Yay, “Ngeo” (pej.), “Ngiao” (pej.), “Ngiaw” (pej.), “Ngio” (pej.), “Ngiow” (pej.)		Mae Hong Son.
tyr	Tai Daeng	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, Lac Sao sub-district; Luang Namtha province: Luong district; Viengchan province: Kasi district; Houaphan, Louangphabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, and Xiengkhoang provinces	25,000 in Laos (Asian Minorities Outreach 1999b)	6b* (Threatened)	Daeng, Man Thanh, Red Thai, Tai Deng, Tai Nhai, Thai Dang, Thai Do
tyr	Tai Daeng	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Son La, and Yen Bai provinces; Thanh Hoa province: south of Sam Nuea; Nghe An province: around Qui Chau	80,000 in Viet Nam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 100,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 105,000	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai	Daeng, Man Thanh, Môc-Châu, Red Tai, Tai Deng, Tai Muoi, Tai Nhai, Tai Rouge, Thai Dang, Thai Do, Táy-Môc-Châu
blt	Tai Dam	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	China	Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Dai, Jinping Miao, and Yao autonomous counties	10,000 in China (1995)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Dai	Black Tai, Hei Dai, Jinping Dai, Tailam, Tailon, ʼTáy Ðăm
blt	Tai Dam	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Houaphan, Louangphabang, Luang Namtha, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Viengchan, Xiangnabouli, and Xiengkhoang provinces	65,000 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a)	5* (Developing)	Black Tai, Tai Noir, Thai Den, ʼTáy Ðăm		Tai Muoi (Meuay, Tai Muei, Tay Mueai).
blt	Tai Dam	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Loei province; Chiang Khan district, Khao Kaeo sub-district, Ban Na Pa Nat village	700 in Thailand (2004)	5* (Developing)	Black Tai, Jinping Dai, Thai Den, ʼTáy Ðăm
twh	Tai Dón	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	China	Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Dai, Jinping Miao, and Yao autonomous counties	15,000 in China (2000 census). Population figure 90% of Dai nationality in Jinping County in 2000	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai	Bai Dai, Tai Jinping, White Tai
twh	Tai Dón	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Houaphan and Phongsali provinces	200,000 in Laos (1995 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Tai Blanc, Tai Kao, Tai Lai, Thái Tráng, White Tai
tiz	Tai Hongjin	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	China	Yunnan province: Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefecture, Dayao, Wuding, and Yongren counties, Kunming prefecture, Miao and Luquan Yi autonomous counties (Yongwu dialect); Miao and Wenshan Zhuang autonomous prefectures, Maguan county (Maguan dialect); Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Honghe and Yuanyang counties, and Yuxi prefecture, Dai, Yi, and Yuanjiang Hani autonomous counties (Yuanjiang dialect); Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Jianshui Lüchun, and Shiping counties (Lüshi dialect)	85,000 (2000 census)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Dai			Yongwu, Maguan, Yuanjiang (Shui Dai), Lüshi. Dialects are significantly different and probably not all mutually intelligible. Tai Hongjin is a subgroup of scattered non-Buddhist Southwestern Tai language groups, who have some common phonological traits, but many differences as well. Tai Hongjin dialects have undergone more influence from Chinese and surrounding Ngwi languages (Yi and Hani) than other Yunnan Tai languages, and are only 50%–60% lexically similar to other Tai languages.
tjl	Tai Laing	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Myanmar	Sagaing region: Homalin township, along Chindwin, Irrawaddy, and Uru rivers; Kachin state: Bamaw to Myitkyina townships	100,000 (2010 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Red Tai, Shan Bamar, Shan Kalee, Shan Ni, Tai Laeng, Tai Lai, Tai Lang, Tai Nai, Tai Naing		Tai Lai, Tai Nai. 2 subgroups: Those who live along the railway line between Myitkyina and Mandalay and call themselves Tai Nai; Those who live along the river south of Myitkyina who call themselves Tai Lai. However, apart from the sound shift l to n among the first group, there do not seem to be any major differences in language between these 2 subgroups. Reportedly similar to Khamti [kht].
thi	Tai Long	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Louangphabang province	4,800 (2004)	6a* (Vigorous)
tdd	Tai Nüa	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Bolikhamxai, Houaphan, Viengchan, Xiengkhoang, and Xaisomboun provinces	14,100 in Laos (2015 census). Based on ethnicity	6b* (Threatened)	Chinese Shan, Tai Neua, Tai Nuea, Thaineau
tdd	Tai Nüa	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Myanmar	Kachin state: east; Shan state: north	102,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d)	5 (Dispersed)	Chinese Shan, Tai Kong, Tai Neua		Mang Shi, Ruili (Meng Mao).
tdd	Tai Nüa	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Son La province: near the Laos border area	70,000 in Viet Nam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 95,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6b* (Threatened)
tmm	Tai Thanh	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces	20,000 (2002)	6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai	Tai Man Thanh, Thanh, Táy Thanh
cuu	Tai Ya	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	China	Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Honghe and Yuanyang counties; Yuxi prefecture, Xinping Yi-Dai autonomous county, Mosha district; Dai, Yi, and Yuanjiang Hani autonomous counties	50,000 in China (2000 census). Ethnic population: 50,000 (2000 census). Based on county level Dai populations. Total users in all countries: 50,400	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dai	Cung, Daiya, Huayao Dai, Multi-colored Waistband Tai, Tai Cung, Tai-Chung, Tai-Cung, Ya, Yuanxin Hongjin Dai		Tai Ya, Tai Sai (Dai Sai), Tai Kha (Dai Ka), Tai Chung (Cung, Dai Zhong). Dialects mutually intelligible, though speakers of the latter 3 may understand Tai Ya dialect (the largest) more easily than speakers of Tai Ya understand the other 3 dialects. Some linguists have analyzed Tai Ya as most similar to Tai Nüa [tdd], others have grouped Tai Ya with other non-Buddhist Southwestern Tai groups. Tai Ya is probably not easily intelligible with other varieties of Tai.
cuu	Tai Ya	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Chiang Rai province: Mae Sai district, Huay Khrai sub-district, Ban Nam Bor Khaw and Ban Pa Sak Khwang; Mae Chan district, Mae Rai sub-district, Ban Pa Sak Khwang; Muang Chaing Rai district	400 in Thailand (Dawkins and Kirkland 2008), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,000 (Dawkins and Kirkland 2008)	6b (Threatened)	Dai Ya, Huayaodai, Tai Chung, Ya
tys	Tày Sa Pa	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Lao Cai province, Muong Khuong district	300 (2002 J. Edmondson)	6b* (Threatened)	Tai Sa Pa
tyt	Tày Tac	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Son La province: Muong Tâc district		6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai	White Tay
tha	Thai	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Cambodia	Banteay Meanchey province: between Sisophon and Paoy Pet on Thai border (Thai Norkor Raja); Koh Kong province: west of Meleuk river (Thai Koh Kong)	2,460 in Cambodia (2009 UNSD)	5* (Dispersed)			Thai Koh Kong, Thai Norkor Raja (Siam Nokor, Siam Trang).
tha	Thai	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Widespread. Ratchasima province (Khorat dialect)	60,200,000 in Thailand, all users. L1 users: 20,200,000 in Thailand (2000). L2 users: 40,000,000 (2001 A. Diller). Total users in all countries: 60,657,660 (as L1: 20,657,660; as L2: 40,000,000)	1 (National). De facto national language	Bangkok Thai, Central Thai, Siamese, Standard Thai, Thai Klang, Thaiklang	ภาษาไทย‎	Khorat Thai (Korat, Thaikorat).
soa	Thai Song	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Sawan, Phetchaburi, and Phitsanulok provinces: possibly in Suphan Buri province	32,300 (2000)	6b (Threatened)	Chao Song, Lao Song, Lao Song Dam, Song, Tai Song Dam, Thai Soang		Slight dialect differences. Reportedly similar to Tai Dam [blt].
tts	Thai, Northeastern	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Widespread, in northeast Thailand	15,000,000 (1983 SIL). At least 1,000,000 in Bangkok. Kalerng has a few thousand speakers (1990 A. Diller)	6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in east, northeast provinces	Esarn, Isaan, Issan, Thai Isaan	อีสาน‎ (Isan)	Northern Isan, Central Isan (Kalerng, Kaleung, Kaloeng), Southern Isan, Korat.
nod	Thai, Northern	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Laos	Oudomxai and Xiangnabouli provinces	29,500 in Laos (2005 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kam Mueang, Lan Na, Lanatai, Lanna, Lannatai, Muang, Mueang, Myang, “Youanne” (pej.), “Youon” (pej.), “Yuan” (pej.)		Nan.
nod	Thai, Northern	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Kamphaeng Phet, Lampang, Lamphun, Mae Hong Son, Nan, Phayao, Phrae, Sukhothai, Tak, Uttaradit provinces	6,000,000 in Thailand (1983 SIL). Total users in all countries: 6,029,500	3 (Wider communication). De facto language of provincial identity in northern provinces. Northern Thai is used as a language of wider communication among many of the tribal groups in Northern Thailand (Herington et al 2013)	Kam Mu’ang, Kammyang, Kammüang, Khon, Khon Mueang, Khon Myang, Khonmuang, La Nya, Lan Na, Lanatai, Lanna, Mu’ang, Mueang, Mung, Myang, Payap, Phayap, Phyap, Tai Nya, Western Laotian, “Tai Yon” (pej.), “Tai Yuan” (pej.), “Yuan” (pej.)	คำเมือง‎ (Kam Mueang)	Nan, Bandu, Tai Wang. Nan dialect is more distinct.
sou	Thai, Southern	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Surat Thani, Chumphon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, Phatthalung, Ranong, Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Pattani, Yala, and Satun provinces; Muslim Thai dialect	4,500,000 (2006 Mahidol University)	5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in southeasternmost 15 provinces	Dambro, Pak Tai, Pak Thai, Paktay	ภาษาไทยถิ่นใต้‎ (P̣hās̄ʹā thịy t̄hìn tı̂)	Tak Bai (Tai Tak Bai), Thai Malay (Tai Islam). A group of dialects more distantly related to other Tai languages. Border dialects are quite distinct from others.
tyl	Thu Lao	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Viet Nam	Lao Cai province: Muong Khuong district; possibly in Laos	200 (2002 J. Edmondson)	6b (Threatened)
yno	Yong	Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern	Thailand	Chiang Mai province: San Kamphaeng district; Lamphun province: Pa Sang, Mae The, and Mueang Lamphun districts	12,600 (2000)	6b (Threatened)	Nyong		None known. Phonology reportedly similar to Lü [khb].
yha	Buyang, Baha	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Central Kra	China	Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture, northern Guangnan county, Bada district, Anshe village; Dixu district, Yanglian village	600 (Li 1997), decreasing	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Buyang, Buyang Zhuang, Guangnan Buyang, Western Buyang		Yalang, Ecun, Langjia. Lexical similarity: 50% with Langnian Buyang [yln], 48% with E’ma Buyang [yzg], 46% with Yerong (Yalang Buyang) [yrn], 45% with Pubiao [laq], 41% with Laji (Lachi) [lbt], 40% with Lao [lao], 35% with Mulao [mlm], 32% with Lingao [onb], 28% with Northern Zhuang, 27% with Dong, 22% with Cun [cuq].
yzg	Buyang, E’ma	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Eastern Kra	China	Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture, Funing county, Gula township, 6 villages: Dugan, E’cun, Longna, Maguan, Nada, and Zhelong	600 (Li 1997)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Buozaang, Buyang Zhuang, Eastern Buyang, Funing Buyang, Langjia Buyang		None known. Lexical similarity: 78% with Langnian Buyang [yln], yet not intelligible despite frequent contact, 63% with Yerong (Yalang Buyang) [yrn], 48% with Baha Buyang [yha]. Also reportedly quite similar to En [enc] (200 speakers) of Northern Viet Nam. (Li 2006).
yln	Buyang, Langnian	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Eastern Kra	China	Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture, Funing county, Gula district, Gutao community, Nianlang village; Longse community, Langjia village	300 (Li 1997), decreasing	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	Buozaang, Buyang Zhuang, E’cun Buyang, Eastern Buyang		None known. Lexical similarity: 78% with E’ma Buyang [yzg], yet not intelligible despite frequent contact, 67% with Yerong (Yalang Buyang) [yrn], 50% with Baha Buyang [yha], 45% with Pubiao [laq], 42% with Laji (Lachi) [lbt]. Also reportedly quite similar to En [enc] (200 speakers) of Northern Viet Nam. (Li 2006).
enc	En	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Eastern Kra	Viet Nam	Cao Bang province: Ho Quang district, Noi Thon village, 20 km east of Ho Quang city	200 (1998 J. Edmondson)	6b (Threatened)	Ainh, Nung Ven, Nungven		None known. Lexical similarity: less than 50% with Laha [lha], Qabiao [laq] (Laqua), Lachi [lbt], Gelao [giq], Hlai [lic].
yrn	Yerong	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Eastern Kra	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Baise prefecture, Napo county, Longhe district, Gonghe village; Pohe district, Guoba, Shanhe, and Yong’an Guoba villages; Debao county, Batou district, Rongtun village on Yunnan province and Viet Nam borders	380 (2000)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao	Ban Yao, Da Ia, Daban Yao, Eastern Buyang, Guangxi Buyang, Ia Hrong, Iron Yao, Khyung Buyang, Liu Yao, Napo Buyang, Six Yao, Tie Yao, Tu Yao Indigenous Yao, Yalang, Yang Khyung, Yerong Buyang		None known. Not mutually intelligible of the 3 Buyang languages. May be most similar to En [enc] of Northern Viet Nam. Lexical similarity: 67% with Langnian Buyang [yln], 63% with E’ma Buyang [yzg], and 46% with Baha Buyang [yha].
cuq	Cun	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Eastern Kra	China	Hainan province: Changjiang county on Changhua river north bank, north Dongfang county on south bank of Changhua river	80,000 (1999 O. Jueya). 47,200 monolinguals. Mainly children, elders, and some women	6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Cun-Hua, Cunhua, Ngao Fon		None known. Lexical similarity: 40% with Hlai [lic]. Many loanwords from Chinese.
lha	Laha	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Eastern Kra	Viet Nam	Lai Chau and Son La provinces: along Red and Black rivers	8,180 (2009 census). Based on ethnicity	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Ha	Khlá, Khlá Don, Khlá Dung, Khlá Phlao, Klá Dong, La Ha, La Ha Ung, Laxa, Liik, Xá Chien, Xá Khao, Xá Lay		None known. Reportedly similar to Qabiao [laq].
laq	Qabiao	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Eastern Kra	China	Yunnan province: Malipo county, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefectures, Donggan township, Makun, Matong, Pucha, and Punong on Viet Nam border; Babu district, Longlong; Liuhe district, Meitang and Xinfa; Longlin; Tiechang district, Pufeng	18 in China (2002 Li Yunbing), decreasing. A few fluent elderly speakers in 2001 (Li 2006). Ethnic population: 400 (Li 2006)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Yi	Bendi Lolo, Ka Bao, Ka Beo, Ka Biao, Kabeo, Laqua, Man La Qua, Phubyau, Pu Beo, Pu Péo, Pubiao, Pupeo, Qa Biao, Qa Qiau, Qabiau, Qaqiau
laq	Qabiao	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Eastern Kra	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province: Dunshi, Pugao, Pula, Pubang, and Manong; Yên Minh and Mèo Vac districts; Dông Van district, Phô Là and Sung Chang villages	690 in Viet Nam (2009 census). Ethnic population: Most of the ethnic group use the language (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 708	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Pu Peo	Bendi Lolo, Ka Bao, Ka Beo, Ka Biao, Laqua, Lolo, Pen Ti, Pu Péo, Pubiao, Pupeo, Qabiaw		None known. Lexical similarity: 38% with Gelao, 33% with Lachi [lbt], 30% with Northern Zhuang, 29% with Dong, 26% with Hlai [lic], 10% with Hmong, 7% with Iu Mien [ium].
lbt	Lachi	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province: west of Ha Giang in upper Clear River valley (Riviere Claire) on China border. Black Lachi in Manyou, Long-Haired Lachi in Manpeng	5,000 in Viet Nam (Bradley 2007a). 3,990 women, in 1,450 households (Liang 1990), including Black Lachi 2,500 in 550 households, Long-Haired Lachi 4,500 in 900 households. 10,800 for all La Chi in Viet Nam (1999 census). Ethnic population: 11,900 (Asian Minorities Outreach 1999a). Total users in all countries: 5,200	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Chi	Cu-Tê, Cù Te, La Chi, Lachí, Laji, Lati, Lipulio, Mia, Tai Lati, Y, Y Pí, Y Póng, Y To		Liputiõ (Black Lachi), Lipupi (Long-Haired Lachi). Related to Gelao. Lexical similarity: Long-Haired Lachi of Viet Nam: 80% with Flowery Lachi [lbt] of China, White Lachi [lwh] of Viet Nam: 30%–40% with the others, and should be considered a separate language, 36% with Gelao, 33% with Qabiao [laq], 22% with Dong [doc], 23% with Laka, 25% with Hlai [lic].
aou	A’ou	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	China	Guizhou province: Dafang county, Jindi village; Qianxi county, Lannigou, Shawo, and Xintian villages; Zhijin county, Longjia village	50 (2011 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao	Auo
giw	Duoluo	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	China	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Longlin county, Muji village; Guizhou province: Guanling county, Dingyinxiao village; Langdai county, Ruojiao and Zhuijiao villages; Zhijin county, Agong village; Zunyi county, Jianshan village; Yunnan province: Malipo (Tu’lu dialect)	1,200 in China (1987 Z. Guo-qiao). Total users in all countries: 1,220	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao	Bai Gelo, White Gelao		Tu’lu.
giq	Gelao, Green	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province, Yen Minh district, Dong Van district, Pho La and Dong Van communes	300 in Viet Nam (2002 J. Edmondson)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao	Cape Draping Gelao, Hakhi, Hoki Gelao, Klau, Qau
gir	Gelao, Red	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	China	Yunnan province: Wenshan prefecture, Malipo county, Tianba and Xinzhai villages; Guizhou province: Puding and Zhenning counties, Guizhou Zunyi, Bigong and Maocaozhai villages	A few speakers	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao
gir	Gelao, Red	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province: Yen Minh district, Na Khe and Bich Dich villages	50 in Viet Nam (1997 J. Edmondson)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao	Vandu Gelao, Voa Dê
giw	Gelao, White	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province, Yen Minh district, Pho La and Dong Van	20 in Viet Nam (2002 J. Edmondson)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao	Southwestern Gelao, Telue, Tú Du
giq	Hagei	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	China	Guangxi province: Longlin county, Sanchong village; Guizhou province: Guanling county, Dingying village; Qinglong county, Liangshuiyang; Qingzhen county, Maixiang village; Renhuai county, Anliang and Taiyang villages; Zhenning county, Huajiangzhen and Ma’ao villages; Zunyi county, Qinglong village		8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao	Hakei
lbt	Lachi	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	China	Yunnan province: Miao and Wenshan Zhuang autonomous prefectures, southern Maguan county, several villages	200 in China (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,600	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang	I To, Ku Te, La Chi, Laji, Lati, Lipuljo, Tai Lati, Y Mia, Y Poong, Y To		Lipute (Bag Lachi), Liputcio (Han Lachi), Lipuke (Red Lachi), Lipuliongtco (Flowery Lachi), Liputiõ (Black Lachi), Lipupi (Long-Haired Lachi).
lwh	Lachi, White	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	Viet Nam	Ha Giang province: Manbang and Manmei	1,600 (Liang 1990). 300 households	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Chi	Lipupõ, White Lachi		None known. Lexical similarity: 30%–40% with other Lachi.
giu	Mulao	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	China	Guizhou province: Majiang county, Longli	A few elderly speakers	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao	Ayo
gqu	Qau	Tai-Kadai, Kra, Western Kra	China	Guizhou province: Anshun county, Mosu and Wanzi; Langdai county, Longxia; Pingba county, Dagoufang; Puding county, Wozi; Shuicheng county, Dongkou; Zhijin county, Niudong	2,000 (2011 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao	Aqao, Gao
wxa	Waxianghua	Unclassified	China	Hunan province: Chunxi, Dayong, Guzhang, Jishou, and Yuanling; a 6,000 square km area in Wuling mountains	300,000 (1995)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Han	Wogang, Xianghua		None known. Classified as Han nationality. It differs greatly from both Southwestern Mandarin (Xinan Guanhua) [cmn] and Xiang Chinese (Hunanese) [hsn], but is relatively uniform within itself. Neighboring Han Chinese, Miao, and Tujia people do not understand it. Some view it as a special variety of Chinese, others as a minority language, perhaps related to Miao.

References

• Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

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