List of Khoisan and other languages
From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki
Below is a list of Khoisan languages, language isolates, unclassified languages, mixed languages, etc.
List[edit]
| Code | Language | Classification | Country | Distribution | Population | Status | Alternate names | Autonym | Dialects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| shg | Shua | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, North-Central | Botswana | Central district: Boteti subdistrict, Letlhakane, Mmatshumu, Mokoboxane, Motopi, and Popipi; Tutume subdistrict, Gweta and Nata; North West district: small area southeast | 2,000 (Brenzinger 2013b) | 7 (Shifting) | Mashuakwe, Sesarwa, Shua-Khwe, Shuakhwena, Tshumakwe | Shua | Shua-Khwe (Mashuakwe), Nǀoo-Khwe (Nǀǀookhwe, Nǀoo), ǀOree-Khwe (ǀKoree-Khoe, ǀOree), ǀǀ’Aiye (ǀAaye), ǀXaise (ǀAis, ǀHais, ǀHaise, ǀTaise), Tshidi-Khwe (Shete Tsere, Sili, Tcaiti, Tsh’iti), Danisi (Danisa, Danisis, Demisa, Madenassa, Madenasse, Madinnisane), Cara, Deti, Ganádi, Ts’ixa. |
| tyu | Kua | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Northeast | Botswana | Central district: especially Mahalapye, Serowe subdistricts; North East district: primarily cattleposts and settlements | 820 (2004 R. Cook) | 6b* (Threatened) | Cua, Tyhua, Tyua, “Basarwa” (pej.), “Masarwa” (pej.) | ||
| hio | Tshuwau | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Northeast | Botswana | Central district: especially Mahalapye and Serowe subdistricts; Kweneng district: Ghanzi and Kgatleng districts’ border areas; primarily cattleposts and settlements | 2,000 in Botswana (Brenzinger 2013b). Total users in all countries: 5,540 | 7 (Shifting) | Chirechire, Chuwau, Chware, Gabake-Ntshori, Gǀǀabake, Haitshuari, Hietshware, Hiochuwau, Hiotshuwau, Kwe, Kwe-Etshori Kwee, Kwe-Tshori, Sesarwa, Tati, Tati Bushman, Tshwa, Tsoa, “Sarwa” (pej.) | ||
| hio | Tsoa | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Northeast | Zimbabwe | Matabeleland North province: Hwange and Tsholotsho districts; Matabeleland South province: Bulilimamangwe district; Botswana border | 3,540 in Zimbabwe (2000) | 7 (Shifting) | Amasili, Bakhwa, Basarwa, Chware, Haitshuwau, Hiechware, Hietshware, Khoisan, Tshikwa, Tshuwau, Tshwawo | ||
| hnh | ǀǀAni | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Northwest | Botswana | North West district: Khwai river, Mababe; near Khwedam [xuu] language area | 1,000 (Brenzinger 2013b) | 6b* (Threatened) | Handa-Khwe, Handakwe-Dam, Handá, Handádam, Ts’exa, Ts’éxa, ǀAnda, ǀǀAnikhwe | None known. May be the same language as Khwedam [xuu] (Brenzinger 2013b). | |
| xuu | Khwedam | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Northwest | Namibia | Kavango East and Zambezi regions: between Okavango and Zambezi rivers | 4,000 in Namibia (Brenzinger 2013b). Total users in all countries: 7,300 | 5 (Developing) | Khoe, Khwe, Khwe-ǀǀAni, Kxoe, Kxoedam, Xun, “Barakwena” (pej.), “Barakwengo” (pej.), “Mbarakwena” (pej.), “Water Bushmen” (pej.) | Khwedam | ǀǀXo-Kxoe, ǀǀXom-Kxoe, Buma-Kxoe, Buga-Kxoe, ǀǀAni. Minor dialect differences within Khwe. Related to ǀǀAni [hnh], Naro [nhr], and Khoekhoe [naq] but is quite distinct from each of these and not mutually intelligible. |
| xuu | Khwedam | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Northwest | Angola | Kuando Kubango province: Huthembo, northeast of Likuwa; Lukanga, west of Rivungu | 200 in Angola (Brenzinger 2013b) | 7 (Shifting) | !Hukwe, Black Bushman, Cazama, Glanda-Khwe, Hukwe, Khwe, Kxoe, Kxoedam, Schekere, Vazama, Water Bushmen, Xu, Xuhwe, Xun, Zama, “Mbarakwena” (pej.), “Mbarakwengo” (pej.) | Buma-Kxoe. | |
| xuu | Khwedam | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Northwest | Botswana | North West district: ǀAo-Kyao, Beyetca, Cadikarauwe, Cauwe, Djaxo, Dungu, Gan, Geixa, Gudigoa, Kangwara, Kaputura, Mohembo, Moxatce, Ngarange, ǀǀQom-ca, Sekanduko, Seronga, Shakawe, Sicokora, Sikondomboro, Tobere, ‡Umbexa, and Xongoa | 1,700 in Botswana (Brenzinger 2013b). Children and elderly are monolingual | 6a (Vigorous) | Khoe, Khwe, Kxoe, Xun, “Basarwa” (pej.), “Mbarakwena” (pej.), “Water Bushmen” (pej.) | Buga-Kxoe (ǀǀAni-Khoe, ǀǀAnikxoe, Boga, Buga-Khwe, Bukakhwe, Gani-Khwe, “River Bushman” (pej.), Tannekwe). | |
| xuu | Khwedam | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Northwest | Zambia | Western province: Shangombo district, Kashesha ki liwanika, Namafumbwana, and Sanze | 200 in Zambia (Brenzinger 2013b) | 7 (Shifting) | !Hukwe, Black Bushman, Cazama, Glanda-Khwe, Hukwe, Khwe, Kxoe, Mbara Kwengo, Mbarakwena, Schekere, Vazama, Water Bushmen, Xu, Xuhwe, Xun, Zama | ǀǀXo-Kxoe. | |
| gnk | ǀǀGana | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Southwest | Botswana | Central district: Boteti subdistrict, cattleposts south and west of Rakops; Ghanzi district: New Xadi and Ghanzi, Ghanzi commercial farms, Central Kalahari Game Reserve | 1,030 (Brenzinger 2013b) | 6b* (Threatened) | Dxana, Gxana, Gxanna, Gǀǀana, Gǀǀana-Khwe, Kanakhoe | Domkhoe, Gǀǀaakhwe (Balanka, Gǀǀaa), Gǀǀanakhwe (Kanakhoe), ǀKhessákhoe. | |
| gwj | ǀGwi | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Southwest | Botswana | Ghanzi district: East Hanahai, Kacgae, and New Xade; Kweneng district: Dutlwe, Kautwane, Khekhenye, Letihakeng, Morwamosu, Serinane, Takotokwane, and Tsetseng | 1,470 (Brenzinger 2013b) | 6b* (Threatened) | Dcui, G!wikwe, Gcwi, Gǀwi, Gǀwikhwe | Khute. | |
| nhr | Naro | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Southwest | Botswana | Ghanzi district: Bere, Dekar, Charles Hill, East Hanahai, Ghanzi, Grootelaagte, Kanagas, Karakobis, Kuke, Makunda, New Kanagas, Tshobokwane, and West Hanahai commercial farms; North West district: south | 18,000 in Botswana, all users. L1 users: 8,000 in Botswana (2014 H. Visser). L2 users: 10,000 (Brenzinger 2013b). Total users in all countries: 20,000 (as L1: 10,000; as L2: 10,000) | 3 (Wider communication) | Nharo, Nharon, Nhauru, Nhaurun, ǀAikwe, ǀǀAikwe, ǀǀAisan, ǀǀAiǀǀe, ǀǀAiǀǀen | Naro | Ts’ao (Tsaokhwe, Tsaukwe), Nǀhai-Ntse’e (Nǀǀhai, Ts’ao), Qabekhoe (!Kabbakwe, Qabekho). |
| nhr | Naro | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Southwest | Namibia | Omaheke region: east of Gobabis to Botswana border | 2,000 in Namibia (Brenzinger 2013b) | 5* (Dispersed) | Nharo | ||
| hgm | Haiǀǀom | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Khoekhoe, Hainum | Botswana | Scattered | 30,000 in Botswana (2003 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| hgm | Haiǀǀom | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Khoekhoe, Hainum | Namibia | Otjozondjupa region: Grootfontein area | 22,000 in Namibia (2016). Total users in all countries: 52,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Haikom, Haikum, Heikom, Heikom Bushman, Heikum, Heiǀǀom, Oshikwankala Haiǀǀom, Xwaga | Kede (Kedde, Keddi), ‡Akhoe, Gomkhoe (Gomaikhoe, Mangetti-Haiǀǀom, Xomkhoe). | |
| naq | Khoekhoe | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Khoekhoe, Nama | Namibia | Erongo, Kunene, and Otjozondjupa (Otiwarongo area) regions; south central near ǀǀkaras and Hardap regions | 200,000 in Namibia (Brenzinger 2013b). Total users in all countries: 202,200 | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5), mainly used as education medium in primary grades | Bergdamara, Damara, Haiǀǀ’om, Khoekhoegowap, Maqua, Nama, Namagowab, Namakwa, Naman, Namaqua, Tama, Tamakwa, Tamma, “Hottentot” (pej.) | Khoekhoe, Khoekhoegowab | Sesfontein-Dama (Sesfontein Damara), Namidama, Central Damara (Central Dama), Central Nama (Nama), Bondelswarts-Nama (Bondelswarts), Topnaar-Nama (Topnaar). Lexical similarity: Sesfontein Damara over 80% with central dialects, 80% with Haiom [hgm] (Haacke 2008). |
| naq | Khoekhoe | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Khoekhoe, Nama | Botswana | Ghanzi district: villages along Ghanzi-Mamuno road; Kgalagadi district: Makopong, Omaweneno, Tsabong, and Tshane | 200 in Botswana (2003 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Dispersed) | Bergdamara, Dama, Damaqua, Damara, Khoekhoegowab, Nama, Namakwa, Naman, Namaqua, Tama, Tamakwa, Tamma, “Hottentot” (pej.), “Kupkaferrn” (pej.), “Kupkaffer” (pej.) | ||
| naq | Khoekhoe | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Khoekhoe, Nama | South Africa | Northern Cape province | 2,000 in South Africa (Brenzinger 2013b) | 5* (Dispersed) | Bergdamara, Dama, Damaqua, Damara, Khoekhoegowap, Khoi, Nama, Namakwa, Naman, Namaqua, Tama, Tamakwa, Tamma, “Hottentot” (pej.) | Gimsbok Nama. | |
| kqz | Korana | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Khoekhoe, Nama | South Africa | Northern Cape province | No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s. Ethnic population: 10,000 (1972 D. Barrett, M. Hronek, G. Mambo et al.) | 9 (Dormant) | !Kora, !Ora, Gorachouqua, Koranna, Koraqua | ||
| xii | Xiri | Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Khoekhoe, Nama | South Africa | Northern Cape province: near Namibia border | 87 in South Africa (2000). Total users in all countries: 187 | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Cape Hottentot, Gri, Grikwa, Griqua, Gry, Xirikwa, Xrikwa | ||
| kwz | Kwadi | Khoe-Kwadi, Kwadi | Angola | Namibe province: southwest corner, Coroca river area south of Namibe town | No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1970s (Winter 1981) | 10 (Extinct) | Bakoroka, Cuanhoca, Cuepe, Curoca, Koroka, Makoroko, Mucoroca | Zorotua (Vasorontu). | |
| huc | ‡Hua | Kx’a | Botswana | Kweneng district: southern Kalahari desert | 30 (Brenzinger 2013b), decreasing | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Eastern ‡Hoan, ǀHua, ǀHû, ‡Hoa, ‡Hoan, ‡Hoã, ‡Hua-Owani | ‡Hua, Sasi. | |
| vaj | Northwestern !Kung | Kx’a, !Kung | Angola | Cunene province: border area, surrounded by Oshiwambo [kua] language area, at least 8 communities; Huambo province; Kuando Kubango province: 3 enclaves, one between Mbwela [mfu] and Kwangali [kwn] language areas, another northeast on Kuando river | 5,630 in Angola (2000) | 7 (Shifting) | !’O!Xun, !O!kung, !O!ung, !Xun, Maligo, Northwestern !Xun, Sekela, Vasekela Bushman, Vasekele | ||
| ktz | Juǀ’hoansi | Kx’a, !Kung | Botswana | Ghanzi district: Ghanzi, Grootelaagte, Kanagas, and commercial farms; North West district: west of Nokaneng | 5,000 in Botswana (2003 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | !Xo, !Xun, Dobe Kung, Dzu’oasi, Ju’oasi, Juǀ’hoan, Kung, Kung-Tsumkwe, Tsumkwe, Xaixai, Xû, Zhu’oasi | Dzu’oasi (Ssu Ghassi, Zhu’oase), Nogau (Agau), ‡Kx’auǀǀ’ein (ǀǀAuǀǀei, ǀǀX’auǀǀ’e, ‡Kx’auǀǀ’ei, Auen, Kaukau, Koko, Kung-Gobabis). | |
| ktz | Juǀ’hoansi | Kx’a, !Kung | Namibia | Kavango East and Kavango West regions; Omaheke region: north border; Otjozondjupa region: east central | 39,000 in Namibia (2016). Total users in all countries: 44,000 | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5), used in primary education | !Xo, !Xun, Dobe Kung, Dzu’oasi, Ju’oasi, Juǀ’hoan, Kung, Kung-Tsumkwe, Tshumkwe, Xaixai, Xû, Zhu’oasi | Juǀ’hoansi | Dzu’oasi (Ssu Ghassi, Zhu’oase), Nogau (Agau), ‡Kx’auǀǀ’ein (ǀǀAuǀǀei, ǀǀX’auǀǀ’e, ‡Kx’auǀǀ’ei, Auen, Kaukau, Koko, Kung-Gobabis). |
| knw | Kung-Ekoka | Kx’a, !Kung | Angola | Cunene, Huíla, and Kuando Kubango provinces | 5,500 in Angola (2016 L. Jordan) | 6b* (Threatened) | !Hu, !Khung, !Ku, !Kung, !Xu, !Xun, !Xung, Ekoko-!Xû, Qxû | ||
| knw | Kung-Ekoka | Kx’a, !Kung | Botswana | Ghanzi district: Charles Hill sub-district, northwest of Ghanzi town | 2,000 in Botswana (Brenzinger 2013b) | 6b* (Threatened) | !Xun | ||
| knw | Kung-Ekoka | Kx’a, !Kung | Namibia | Erongo and Otjozondjupa regions: to Dunguati and Usakos; Khomas region: small border group | 9,000 in Namibia (Brenzinger 2013b). Total users in all countries: 20,200 | 6a* (Vigorous) | !Hu, !Khung, !Ku, !Kung, !Xu, !Xun, !Xung, Ekoka !Xung, Ekoka-!Xû, Kung, Qxû, Qxü | ||
| knw | Kung-Ekoka | Kx’a, !Kung | South Africa | Northern Cape province: Diamondfields district, Kimberley, Schmidtsdrift military base | 3,700 in South Africa (Brenzinger 2013b) | 6a* (Vigorous) | !Hu, !Khung, !Ku, !Kung, !Xu, !Xun, Ekoka-!Xû, Kung, Qxü | ||
| vaj | Northwestern !Kung | Kx’a, !Kung | Namibia | Kavango East and Zambezi regions; Otjozondjupa region: southeast of Omataku river | 73,100 in Namibia (2016). Total users in all countries: 78,730 | 6a* (Vigorous) | !’O-!Khung, !Ku, !Kung, !Xun, Sekela, Vasekela Bushman, Vasekele | None known. May be the same as Kung-Ekoka [knw]. | |
| xeg | ǀǀXegwi | Tuu, !Ui | South Africa | Limpopo province | No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Jopi Mabinda, died in 1988 (Traill 2002) | 10 (Extinct) | Abathwa, Amabusmana, Amankgqwigqwi, Batwa, Boroa, Bush-C, Giǀkxigwi, Kiǀǀkxigwi, Kloukle, Lxloukxle, Nkqeshe, Tloue, Tloutle, ǀǀXegwe, ǀǀXekwi | ||
| xam | ǀXam | Tuu, !Ui | South Africa | Northern Cape province | No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1910s (Traill 1995) | 10 (Extinct) | !Kham, /Kam, /Kama-ka !Ke, /Xam, Xam, ǀKamka!e, ǀKham-Ka-!k’e, ǀXam-Ka-!k’e | Strandberg, Katkop, Achterveld. | |
| gku | ‡Ungkue | Tuu, !Ui | South Africa | Northern Cape province: Siya Themba municipality, near the confluence of the Orange and Vaal rivers | No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by late 20th century | 10 (Extinct) | Vaal–Orange, ǀǀKxau | None known. Reportedly similar to Nǀu [ngh]. | |
| ngh | Nǀǀng | Tuu, !Ui | South Africa | Northern Cape province: Olifantshoek and Upington towns | 5 (Brenzinger 2013b), decreasing. 5 elderly women, 3 speaking the Nǀuu dialect in Upington, 2 speaking the ǀǀAu variety in Olifantshoek. Ethnic population: 500 (1998 N. Crawhall) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Ng’uki, Nghuki, Nǀhuuki, Nǀu, Nǀuu, Nǀuuki, ‡Khomani | Nǀu, ǀǀAu, ǀǀNg!ke (ǀǀNg, ǀIngǀke, Ngǀǀ-ǀe). Reportedly similar to ǀXam [xam]. | |
| kqu | Seroa | Tuu, !Ui | South Africa | Free State province: Xhariep district; near Swaziland border | No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1870s (Traill 2002) | 10 (Extinct) | Vaal–Orange | !Gã!nge (!Gã!ne), ǀǀKuǀǀe. Had 3 dialects. | |
| nmn | !Xóõ | Tuu, Taa | Botswana | Ghanzi district: south; Kgalagadi district: north; Kweneng and Southern districts: west | 2,000 in Botswana (2011 C. Naumann). Total users in all countries: 2,500 | 6b* (Threatened) | !Khong, !Xo, !Xo’o~, East Taa, N/amani, Ngǀamani, Taa, Tsasi | Auni (ǀAuni, ǀAuo), Kakia (Masarwa), Kiǀhazi, Ngǀuǀǀen (ǀǀUǀǀen, ǀNuǀǀen, ǀUǀǀen, Ngǀuǀei, Nuǀǀen), Nusan (Ngǀusan, Noosan, Nu-San), Xatia (ǀEikusi, ǀKusi, Katia, Kattea, Khatia, Vaalpens), !Kwi, ǂHoan (Western ǂHoan). | |
| nmn | !Xóõ | Tuu, Taa | Namibia | Hardap region: Aranos and Leonardville area on Botswana border | 500 in Namibia (2014 C. Naumann) | 6b (Threatened) | Auni (ǀAuni, ǀAuo), Kakia (Masarwa), Kiǀhazi, Ngǀuǀen (ǀǀUǀǀen, ǀNuǀǀen, ǀUǀǀen, Ngǀuǀei, Nuǀǀen), Nusan (Ngǀusan, Noosan, Nu-San), Xatia (ǀEikusi, ǀKusi, Katia, Kattea, Khatia, Vaalpens), !Kwi. | ||
| dba | Bangime | Language isolate | Mali | Mopti region: Bandiagara circle, 7 villages | 2,000 (Blench 2005) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bangana, Bangeri Me, Bangeri Me Dogon, Bangerime, Bangi Me, Dyeni, Elebo, Noumandan, Numadaw | ||
| cet | Centúúm | Language isolate | Nigeria | Gombe state: Balanga LGA, Cham town | 200 (Crozier and Blench 1992) | 8a (Moribund) | Cen Tuum, Jalaa | ||
| hts | Hadza | Language isolate | Tanzania | Manyara region: Iramba and Mbulu districts; Simiyu region: Maswa district; Singida region: southeast of Lake Eyasi, south and northwest | 1,000 (2017 K. Miller), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,200 (2017 K. Miller) | 6b (Threatened) | Hadzabi, Hadzane, Hadzape, Hadzapi, Hatsa, Kangeju, Kindega, Kindiga, Kitindiga, Tindiga, Watindiga | No dialects. | |
| gdm | Laal | Language isolate | Chad | Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Gori (center), Damtar, and Mailao villages between Dik and Korbol | 750 (2000). Damtar village had its own dialect called Laabe with 3 speakers left in 1977 | 7 (Shifting) | Gori | Laal, Laabe. | |
| sad | Sandawe | Language isolate | Tanzania | Dodoma region: Kondoa district, between Bubu and Mponde rivers; Singida region | 60,000 (Brenzinger 2013b) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kisandawe, Kissandaui, Sandaui, Sandaweeki, Sandawi, Sandwe | Sandawso | Western Sandawe, Eastern Sandawe. |
| nqo | N’ko | Mixed language | Burkina Faso | Scattered | No known L1 speakers in Burkina Faso. Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| nqo | N’ko | Mixed language | Côte d’Ivoire | Scattered | No known L1 speakers in Côte d’Ivoire. Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| nqo | N’ko | Mixed language | Gambia | Scattered | No known L1 speakers in Gambia. Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| nqo | N’ko | Mixed language | Guinea | Widespread | No known L1 speakers in Guinea. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: none known | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| nqo | N’ko | Mixed language | Liberia | Scattered | No known L1 speakers in Liberia. Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| nqo | N’ko | Mixed language | Senegal | Scattered | No known L1 speakers in Senegal. Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| nqo | N’ko | Mixed language | Sierra Leone | Scattered | No known L1 speakers in Sierra Leone. Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | |||
| mhd | Mbugu | Mixed language, Bantu-Cushitic | Tanzania | Tanga region: Lushoto district, Usambara mountains | 7,000 (1997). Ethnic population: 32,000 | 7 (Shifting) | Kibwayo, Kibwyo, Kimaa, Kimbugu, Ma’a, Mbougou, Wa Maathi, Wa-Ma’a, Wama’a | Inner Mbugu (Mbugu cha ndani), Normal Mbugu (Mbugu cha kawaida). | |
| tda | Tagdal | Mixed language, Songhay-Berber | Niger | Agadez region: Arlit and Tchirozerene departments; Tahoua region: southeast; northwest Zinder and north central Maradi regions | 26,900 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Igalan | Azawagh (Southern Tagdal), Air (Northern Tagdal). Tagdal lexicon is about 75%–80% Berber. Everyday vocabulary is about 50% Berber and 50% Songhay. | |
| cmt | Camtho | Mixed language, Zulu-Bantu | South Africa | Gauteng province: Soweto, Johannesburg, other urban settings | No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | Iscamtho, Isicamtho, Tsotsitaal | None known. Developed in the 1980s from the original Flaaitaal [fly], and sometimes called Tsotsitaal. Also described as a basically Zulu [zul] or Sotho language with heavy code-switching and many English [eng] and Afrikaans [afr] content morphemes. | |
| bqd | Bung | Unclassified | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Mayo-Banyo division | No known L1 speakers. 3 semi-speakers in 1997 (Connell 1997). Last speaker probably died in the 1970s | 10 (Extinct) | None known. It may have been a form of Kwanja [knp] (Connell 1997). | ||
| gic | Gail | Unclassified | South Africa | Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, and Western Cape provinces; mainly urban settings: Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria | 20,000, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers. L2 users: 20,000. Ethnic population: No ethnic community | 9 (Second language only) | None known. In Johannesburg more English based, in Pretoria more Afrikaans [afr] based. May be related to Polari [pld] in the United Kingdom. | ||
| kah | Kara | Unclassified | Central African Republic | Vakaga prefecture: Birao subprefecture | 4,800 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Dam Fer, Fer, Fertit | ||
| luw | Kasabe | Unclassified | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Mayo-Banyo division, Bankim subdivision | No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker died in November 1995 (1997 B. Carroll) | 10 (Extinct) | Luo | ||
| vkj | Kujarge | Unclassified | Chad | Sila region: Dar Fongoro, Jebel Mirra area, 7 villages; scattered in Fur and Sinyar in Sudanese villages along Azum and Wadi Salih rivers | 1,000 (Bender 1983b) | 7 (Shifting) | |||
| ldq | Lufu | Unclassified | Nigeria | Taraba state: Takum LGA, Lufu, and Lufu Jauro | Ethnic population: 3,200 (2006 J. Leclerc) | 8a (Moribund) | |||
| wma | Mawa | Unclassified | Nigeria | Bauchi state: Toro LGA, possibly Mara village | No known L1 speakers | Unattested | |||
| rer | Rer Bare | Unclassified | Ethiopia | Somali region: Gode zone, Wabi Shebelle river near Somalia border; along Ganale and Dawa rivers | No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 2000s | 10 (Extinct) | Adona, Rerebere | ||
| sbf | Shabo | Unclassified | Ethiopia | Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Sheka zone; Oromia region: Illubabor zone | 400 (2000 M. Brenzinger), decreasing. Ethnic population: 600 (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | Chabu, Sabu, “Mekeyer” (pej.), “Mikair” (pej.), “Mikeyir” (pej.), “Shako” (pej.) | None known. Distinct from Sheko [she]. Lexical similarity: 30% with Majang [mpe], 12% with other West Cushitic (Omotic) languages. | |
| woy | Weyto | Unclassified | Ethiopia | Amhara region: Lake Tana area | No known L1 speakers. The last speaker had either died or shifted to Amharic by 1900 (Sommer 1992). Ethnic population: 1,630. 1,520 (93%) speak Amharic as L1 | 9 (Dormant) | Wayto, Weyt’o | None known. Possibly Eastern Sudanic or an Awngi variety (Bender 1983b), or Cushitic (Bender et al 1976:14). | |
| yei | Yeni | Unclassified | Cameroon | Adamawa region: Nyalang area north of Mayo Darle village | No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the early 20th century | 10 (Extinct) |
References[edit]
- Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
