List of Nilo-Saharan languages

Below is a list of Nilo-Saharan languages.

List

Code	Language	Classification	Country	Distribution	Population	Status	Alternate names	Autonym	Dialects
ikx	Ik	Nilo-Saharan, Kuliak, Ik	Uganda	Kaabong district: Dodoth county, Kamion subcounty	7,500 (2011 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 14,000 (2014 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Icietot, Ng’ateus, Ng’ateuso, Ngulak, Teus, Teuso, Teuth	Icetod	None known. Very different from other Eastern Sudanic languages.
nyp	Nyang’i	Nilo-Saharan, Kuliak, Ngangea-So	Uganda	Kaabong district: Dodoth county, Karenga subcounty along Nyang’ia mountains west side	20 (2011 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (2014 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Gyangiya, Ngangea, Ngapore, Ngiangeya, Niporen, Nipori, Nuangeya, Nyang’ia, Nyangeya, Nyangiya, Nyuangia, Upale		None known. A separate language from Ik [ikx].
teu	Soo	Nilo-Saharan, Kuliak, Ngangea-So	Uganda	Amudat, Moroto, Nakapiripirit, and Napak districts; Mount Kadam border area	50 (2012 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 23,400 (2014 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Kadama, So, Toongi, “Tepes” (pej.), “Tepeth” (pej.)		Moroto, Kadam (Kadama), Napak (Mount Napak, Toongi). Moroto and Napak dialects are reportedly more similar; Kadam is different.
byt	Berti	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Eastern	Sudan	North Darfur state: Tagabo hills	No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably died or shifted to Arabic by the 1980s (Sommer 1992)	10 (Extinct)
zag	Zaghawa	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Eastern	Chad	Ennedi Est and Ennedi Ouest regions; Wadi Fira region: Kobé department, Iriba, Matadjana, and Tiné Djagaraba subprefectures	128,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)	Beri, Beri-Aa, Beria, Berri, Kebadi, Kuyuk, Merida, Soghaua, Zagaoua, Zagawa, Zauge, Zeggaoua, Zeghawa, Zorhaua		Tuer-Gala (Anna, Awe, Baele, Beria, Terawia), Kobe-Kapka, Dirong-Guruf, Tuba (Bideyat).
zag	Zaghawa	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Eastern	Sudan	North Darfur and West Darfur states, scattered	180,000 in Sudan (Osman 2006). Total users in all countries: 316,660	6a (Vigorous)	Beri, Beri-Aa, Berri, Bideyat, Kebadi, Kuyuk, Merida, Soghaua, Zagaoua, Zagawa, Zauge, Zeggaoua, Zeghawa, Zorhaua	Beria	Wagi (Tuer-Gala, Twer), Kube, Tuba (Bideyat). Wagi is the main dialect in Sudan. Ethnic subgroups are Kobe, Dor, and Anka, with slight dialect differences.
kby	Kanuri, Manga	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Niger	Zinder region; Diffa region: Diffa and Maine-soroa departments; Nigeria border area	280,000 in Niger (1998). Total users in all countries: 480,000	5* (Developing). Recognized language (1999, Constitution, Article 3)	Kanouri, Kanoury, Kanuri, Manga	kànòrí	Manga, Dagara. Dialect subgroup member with other Kanuri varieties and Kanembu [kbl] in Chad. A member of macrolanguage Kanuri [kau].
krt	Kanuri, Tumari	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Niger	Diffa region: N’guigmi and neighboring villages	40,000 (1998). 20,000 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Kanambu, Kanembu		Tumari, Sugurti (Suwurti), Kubari (Kuwuri). Different from Kanembu [kbl] in Chad, although referred to as Kanembu in Niger. Gradual differentiation between Kanembu in Chad and Kanuri dialects. Reportedly most similar to Movar dialect of Yerwa Kanuri [knc]. A member of macrolanguage Kanuri [kau].
knc	Kanuri, Yerwa	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Nigeria	Borno state: Bama, Gwoza, Kaga, Konduga, Kukawa, Maiduguri, Monguno, and Ngala LGAs; Gombe state: 1 enclave in each of Akko, Kwami, and Yamaltu-Deba LGAs; Yobe state: Damaturu, Fika, Fune, Geidam, Gujba, and Nguru LGAs	7,240,000 in Nigeria, all users. L1 users: 6,740,000 in Nigeria (2015). L2 users: 500,000. Total users in all countries: 7,842,500 (as L1: 7,342,500; as L2: 500,000)	3 (Wider communication). De facto language of provincial identity in Borno, Yobe, and Gombe states, used in education; widespread use generally	Bornu, Central Kanuri, Kanouri, Kanoury, “Beriberi” (pej.)	Kanuri, Yerwa Kanuri	Kaga (Kagama), Lare (Lere), Kwayam, Njesko, Kabari (Kuvuri), Ngazar, Guvja, Mao, Temageri, Fadawa, Yerwa. Kwayam dialect not understood by other Kanuri (Lukas 1937). Maiduguri dialect mutually intelligible. Reportedly most similar to Manga Kanuri [kby] and Tumari Kanuri [krt]. Yerwa is central dialect. A member of macrolanguage Kanuri [kau].
txj	Tarjumo	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Nigeria	Borno state	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Old Kanembu		None known. Reportedly similar to Yerwa Kanuri [knc] and Kanembu [kbl].
knc	Bornu	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Sudan	Scattered, in South Darfur, South Kordofan, West Darfur, and West Kordofan states and other regions	312,000 in Sudan (2012 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bornouans, Central Kanuri, Kanouri, Kanoury, Kanuri, Kole, Sirata, Yerwa Kanuri, “Beriberi” (pej.)		Dagara, Kaga (Kagama), Sugurti, Lare, Kwayam, Njesko, Kabari (Kuvuri), Ngazar, Guvja, Mao, Temageri, Fadawa, Maiduguri.
kbl	Kanembu	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Chad	Barh el Gazel region; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dagana department, Massakory subprefecture; Lac and Kanem regions	742,000 (2015)	3 (Wider communication)	Kaidi-Kanembu, Kanambu, Kanembou		Kanembu, Kanuri, Karkawu, Mando, Nguri. There is a gradual differentiation between dialects of Kanembu and Kanuri [knc].
bms	Kanuri, Bilma	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Niger	Agadez region: Bilma town area; southwest enclave	20,000 (2003)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bla Bla, Kanouri, Kanoury		Bilma, Fachi. Kanuri subgroup member.
kby	Kanuri, Manga	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Nigeria	Bauchi, Jigawa, and Yobe states	200,000 in Nigeria (1993)	3 (Wider communication)	Kanouri, Kanoury, Manga		Dagara, Manga.
knc	Kanuri, Yerwa	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi, Hadjer-Lamis, Mayo-Kebbi Est regions	154,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc). 34,500 in Chari-Baguirmi and 23,300 in N’Djamena	5* (Dispersed)	Aga, Bornouan, Bornouans, Bornu, Central Kanuri, Kanouri, Kanoury, Kanuri, Kole, Kolere, Sirata, “Baribari” (pej.), “Beriberi” (pej.)		Dagara, Kaga (Kagama), Sugurti, Lare, Kwayam, Njesko, Kabari (Kuvuri), Ngazar, Guvja, Mao, Temageri, Fadawa.
knc	Kanuri, Yerwa	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Niger	Diffa region: Banda area, west of Lake Chad, along Nigeria border	80,000 in Niger (1998)	5* (Dispersed)	Bornouans, Bornu, Central Kanuri, Kanouri, Kanoury, Kanuri, Kole, Sirata, “Beriberi” (pej.)		Movar (Mavar, Mobber, Mober, Mowor).
knc	Yerwa Kanuri	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri	Cameroon	Far North region: Diamaré division, Bogo and Maroua subdivisions; Mayo Danay and Mayo Kani divisions, as far as Guirvidig and Mindif; Mayo-Sava division, mainly north of Mora between Limani and Boundéri, and Kolofata subdivisions	56,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)	5* (Dispersed)	Bornouan, Bornouans, Bornu, Central Kanuri, Kanouri, Kanoury, Kanuri, Kole, Kolere, Sirata, “Baribari” (pej.), “Beriberi” (pej.)		Mowor (Movar), Dagara, Kaga (Kagama), Sugurti, Lare, Kwayam, Njesko, Kabari (Kuvuri), Ngazar, Guvja, Mao, Temageri, Fadawa, Maiduguri.
dzg	Dazaga	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Tebu	Chad	Barh el Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Ennedi-Ouest, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Wadi Fira regions	532,000 in Chad (2015). Total users in all countries: 582,000	3 (Wider communication)	Dasa, Daza, Dazza, Gorane, Teda-Daza, Tubu	Dazaga	Reportedly similar to Tedaga [tuq]. The Azzaga dialect, the speech of the Azza, a caste division, is different from Dazaga. Its relation to Dazaga and speech of the Azza among the Teda is not known.
dzg	Dazaga	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Tebu	Niger	Diffa region: N’guigmi department, east near Chadian border; Zinder region: Goure department	50,000 in Niger (2007 SIL)	5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (1999, Constitution, Article 3)	Daza, Tebu, Teda-Daza, Toubou, Tubu		Kashirda, Azzaga.
tuq	Tedaga	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Tebu	Chad	Borkou, Ennedi-Ouest, and Kanem regions; Tibesti region: Bardai area; all in far north desert	28,500 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 42,970	6a* (Vigorous)	Tebou, Tebu, Teda, Teda-Daza, Tibbu, Toda, Todaga, Todga, Toubou, Tubu, Tuda, Tudaga
tuq	Tedaga	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Tebu	Libya	Murzuq district: Al Katrun and Maknusa; southwest border area	2,470 in Libya (2016)	6b* (Threatened)
tuq	Tedaga	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Tebu	Niger	Agadez region: Bilma department; Diffa region: N’guigmi department	10,000 in Niger (1998 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Tebu, Teda, Teda-Daza, Tibbu, Toubou, Tubu
tuq	Tedaga	Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Tebu	Nigeria	Borno state: northeast LGAs. A few villages	2,000 in Nigeria (Blench and Zeitlyn 1990)	6a* (Vigorous)	Teda		Kecherda.
dtn	Daatsʼíin	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, B’aga	Ethiopia	Amhara region: Qwara district, small villages in Mahadid K’ebele; Benishangul-Gumuz region: Guba district, villages in Aynshemsh K’ebele	300 (2015 C. Ahland)	6a (Vigorous)	Sa-Daatsʼíin		Low mutual intelligibility with Gumuz [guk]. Lexical similarity: 86% with Gumuz [guk] (southern dialects).
guk	Gumuz	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, B’aga	Ethiopia	Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, and Oromia regions: Metemma area on Sudan border south through Gonder and Metekel zones; along Blue Nile south into Wellaga and Didessa valley up to Neqemt-Gimbi road; southwest of Addis Ababa, Welqite area villages	165,380 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 161,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). L2 users: 4,380. 88,200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 164,000 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 205,380 (as L1: 201,000; as L2: 4,380)	4 (Educational)	B’ega, Bega-Tse, Debatsa, Debuga, Dehenda, Gombo, Gumis, Gumz, Kadallu, Mendeya, Sa-B’aga, Sigumza, “Shankillinya” (pej.)	Sa-Gumuz	Guba, Wenbera, Sirba, Agalo, Yaso, Mandura, Dibate, Metemma. Noticeable dialect differences, and not all dialects are inherently intelligible. Mandura, Dibate, and Metemma form a distinct dialect subgroup.
guk	Gumuz	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, B’aga	Sudan	Blue Nile state: east Er Roseires district, Famaka and Fazoglo areas on the Blue Nile; Sennar state: Dinder district, north along Ethiopia border	40,000 in Sudan	6a* (Vigorous)	Debatsa, Deguba, Dehenda, Gombo, Gumis, Kadallu, Mendeya, Shankillinya, Shanqilla		Disoha (Desua), Dakunza (Degoja, Dugunza, Dukuna, Dukunza, Ganza, Gunza), Sai, Sese (Saysay), Dekoka, Dewiya, Kukwaya, Gombo, Jemhwa, Modea.
nrb	Nara	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nara	Eritrea	Gash-Barka region: north of Barentu	99,800 (2016), increasing	6a (Vigorous)	Nera, “Barea” (pej.), “Baria” (pej.), “Barya” (pej.)		Higir, Koyta, Santora. Little intelligibility of Kunama [kun].
xnz	Mattokki	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central	Egypt	Al Wadi al Jadid governorate: scattered in various cities; Aswan governorate: Lake Nasser northern tip, and near Kom Ombo, 50 km north of Aswan city	50,000 (2014), decreasing	7 (Shifting)	Kenuz, Kenuzi, Kenzi, Kunuz, Kunuz Nubian, Kunuzi	Mattokki	None known. Reportedly similar to Andaandi [dgl].
brk	Birked	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Birked	Sudan	North Darfur state: between Jebel Harayt and Rizaykat (Arab) country, north of Nyala; North Kordofan: south of El Obeid	No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1970s; ethnic Birked shifted to Arabic (Sommer 1992)	10 (Extinct)	Birgid, Birguid, Birkit, Birqed, Kajjara, Murgi		None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kadaru [kdu], 51% with Midob [mei].
dgl	Andaandi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Dongolawi	Sudan	Northern state: Dongola district; north boundary is Burgeg	70,000 (2014 M. Jaeger)	6b* (Threatened)	Danaagla, Danaqla, Dongola, Dongola Nubian, Dongolawi, Dongolawi Nubian, Dongolese	Andaandi	Reportedly similar to Mattokki dialect of Kenzi [xnz].
ghl	Ghulfan	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Kadaru-Ghulfan	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Dabri, Karkandi, Katang, Kurgul, Namang, Ninya, Moring, Ota, Shigda, and Tarda villages in Ghulfan Kurgul and Ghulfan Morung hills south of Dilling	33,000 (2012 J. Leclerc), decreasing. No monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Gulfan, Uncu, Uncunwee, Wunci, Wuncimbe		None known. Most closely related to Kadaru [kdu] (Jabal Sitta), then to Dilling [dil] and Wali [wll].
kdu	Kadaru	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Kadaru-Ghulfan	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Jibaal as Sitta hills between Delami and Dilling	25,000 (2013 T. Alaki and R. Norton)	7 (Shifting)	Kadaro, Kadero, Kaderu, Kodhin, Kodhinniai, Kodoro, Tamya		Kadaru (Kodur), Kururu (Tagle), Kafir (Ka’e), Kurtala (Ngokra), Dabatna (Kaaral), Kuldaji (Kendal). Dialects spoken by six clan groups living on six separate hills. Western form used by the Berko people at Habila (southwest of Jebel Sitta, neighboring the Ghulfan) may be another dialect or a separate language. Lexical similarity: 93% with Dilling [dil], 92%–87% with Debri [dil], 60% with Birked [brk].
drb	Dair	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified	Sudan	North Kordofan state: west and south of Jebel Dair	1,000 (1978 GRN)	8a (Moribund)	Dabab, Daier, Thaminyi
dil	Dilling	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Dilling town and surrounding hills, including Kudur	11,000 (2012 J. Leclerc), decreasing. No monolinguals	8a (Moribund)	Delen, Warkimbe	Warki	Dilling, Debri. Lexical similarity: 94% with Dilling and Debri dialects; 93% with Kadaru [kdu].
elh	El Hugeirat	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified	Sudan	North Kordofan and South Kordofan states: Baboy, Bija, Sija, and Shenshin villages in El Hugeirat hills, divided by border	50 (2007 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals	8a (Moribund)	El Hagarat
kko	Karko	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Karko hills, 35 km west of Dilling, includes Dulman	7,000 (2004 A. Farah)	7 (Shifting)	Garko, Kaak, Karme, Kithonirishe	Kakenbi	Karko, Kasha, Shifir. Varieties spoken by the Ilaki on Abu Junuk to the west (1,000) and by the Tamang at El Tabaq southwest of Katla (800) may be dialects or separate languages.
wll	Wali	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified	Sudan	South Kordofan state: 12 km northeast of Katla	9,000 (2007 SIL). Many monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Walari, Walarishe, Wele
fia	Nobiin	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Northern	Egypt	Aswan governorate: Kom Ombo area; shares area with Mattokki [xnz]; scattered in cities	374,000 in Egypt (2016)	7 (Shifting)	Fadicca, Fadicha, Fadija, Fedicca, Fedija, Fiadidja, Fiadidja-Mahas, Fiyadikkya, Mahas, Mahas-Fiadidja, Sukot		Fiyadikka.
fia	Nobiin	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Northern	Sudan	Northern state: Wadi Halfa district, Burgeg to Wadi Halfa; possibly east of Khartoum city, New Halfa area	295,000 in Sudan (1996). Total users in all countries: 669,000	6b (Threatened)	Fiadidja-Mahas, Mahas-Fiadidja, Mahas-Fiyadikkya		Mahas (Mahasi, Mahass). Lexical similarity: 67% with Kenzi [xnz], but not intelligible of it.
mei	Midob	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Western	Sudan	Khartoum state: scattered throughout, and Omdurman district, Gezirat Aba island; White Nile state; North Darfur state: Mellit district, Malha area	76,000 (2012 J. Leclerc)	6a (Vigorous)	Meidob, Meidob Nubian, Midobi, Tid, Tid-N-Aal, Tidda		Shelkota (Shalkota), Kaageddi, Urrti (Uurti). Lexical similarity: 51% with Birgid [brk] (most similar).
aft	Afitti	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nyimang	Sudan	North Kordofan state: east Jebel ed Dair, main center is Sidra	4,000 (de Voogt 2009)	6b (Threatened)	Affitti, Dinik, Ditti, Unietti		None known. Lexical similarity: 59% with Ama [nyi].
nyi	Ama	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nyimang	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Al Fous, Fuony, Hajar Sultan, Kakara, Kalara, Koromiti, Nitil, Salara, Tundia, and other villages in Jebel Mandal range, Nyimang hills	142,000 (2012 J. Leclerc). Elderly and young children are monolingual	5 (Developing)	Inyimang, Nyima, Nyiman, Nyimang, Nyuwing	Ámá	Ama, Mandal (Male). 80% similarity between Ama and Mandal dialects. Lexical similarity: 59% with Afitti [aft].
mgb	Mararit	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Mararit	Chad	Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, Mabrone subprefecture, Mararit; Wadi Fira region: Biltine department, Am Zoer subprefecture, Abou Charib	42,400 (1993 census). 15,400 Mararit, 27,000 Abou Charib	6a* (Vigorous)	Abiri, Abiyi, Ebiri, Mararet, Merarit		Mararit, Abou Charib (Abu Sharib, Abu Sharin). Limited intelligibility between the Abou Charib and Mararit dialects. Very difficult intelligibility of Tama [tma]. Not intelligible of Sungor [sjg]. Lexical similarity: 62% with Tama [tma], 75% between the Abou Charib and Mararit dialects.
sjg	Assangori	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Tama-Sungor	Chad	Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, northwest of Adré	23,500 (1993 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Asong, Assoungor, Asungore, Azanguri, Bognak-Asungorung, Goran, Madungore, Soungor, Sungor		Sungor, Walad Dulla. Girga and Walad Dulla are ethnic groups which may or may not speak different dialects. Madungore may be a dialect of Tama [tma]. Lexical similarity: 62%–73% with Tama [tma].
tma	Tama	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Tama-Sungor	Chad	Wadi Fira region: Dar Tama department, Guéréda area; some in Ouaddaï region	62,900 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 67,900	6a* (Vigorous)	Miisiirii, Tamok, Tamongobo, Tamot		Tama, Orra, Haura, Girga. Lexical similarity: 62%–73% with Assangori [sjg].
tma	Tama	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Tama-Sungor	Sudan	South Darfur state: west of Nyala; West Darfur state. Sirba area, Abu Shadra, Abu Suruj, Agar, Bir Dagig, Budiflo, Gezin, Giilint, Goboron, Immed Marloga, Kengrem, Kondobe, Kuma Mardok, Matinoor, Muburung, Rigilmur, Saraf Jidad, Shitkol, Tord, and Zere (Erenga dialect:); Jabal Muun area, Salia town (Mileere dialect)	5,000 in Sudan (1970). Population known for Mileere only	6b (Threatened)			Tama, Erenga, Murase, Mileere (Milerinka).
liu	Logorik	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Eastern Daju	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Jebel Liguri and hills 15 km northeast of Kadugli	2,000 (Welmers 1971a)	6b (Threatened)	Liguri		Saburi, Tallau (Talau, Talo, Tilow), Liguri. Lexical similarity: 64% with Shatt [shj], 56% with Dar Fur Daju [daj] (Nyala and Lagowa), 57% with Dar Sila Daju [dau].
shj	Shatt	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Eastern Daju	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Shatt Daman, Shatt Safia, and Shatt Tebeldia; Abu Hashim and Abu Sinam areas	30,000 (2014 T. Stirtz)	6b* (Threatened)		Caning	None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Liguri [liu], 62% with Dar Fur Daju [daj] (Nyala and Lagowa), 60% with Dar Sila Daju [dau].
dau	Daju, Dar Sila	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju	Chad	Salamat region: Barh Azoum department, camps of internally displaced people; Sila region: Goz-Beïda area and east to Sudan border	63,100 in Chad (2000). Total users in all countries: 70,100	6a* (Vigorous)	Bokorike, Bokoruge, Dadjo, Dajou, Daju, Shila, Sila, Sula		None known. Not inherently intelligible with Dar Daju Daju [djc]. Lexical similarity: 74% with Daju [daj] of Darfur (Nyala and Lagowa), 60% with Shatt [shj], 57% with Logorik [liu].
byg	Baygo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju	Sudan	South Darfur state: southeast of Nyala, east Kube hills, Jebel Beygo	No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably survived into the 1960s (Sommer 1992). Ethnic population: 850 (1978 GRN)	9 (Dormant)	Baigo, Bego, Beigo, Beko, Beygo, Béogé
djc	Daju, Dar Daju	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju	Chad	Batha region: south border; Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, Eref and Mongo area	34,000 (1993 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dadjo, Dadju, Dajo, Dajou, Daju, Daju Mongo, Daju Oum Hadjer	Saaronge	Bardangal, Eref, Gadjira. Not inherently intelligible with Dar Sila Daju [dau]. Lexical similarity: 64% with Dar Sila Daju [dau].
daj	Daju, Dar Fur	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju	Sudan	West Darfur state: Geneina district; South Darfur state: Daju hills 40 km northeast of Nyala; South Kordofan state: Dar el Kabira, Jebel Miheila, Lagawa, Nyukri, Silecce, Tamanyik, and Warina area villages (Lagowa dialect)	80,000 (Bender 1983a)	6a (Vigorous)	Beke, Dagu, Daju Ferne, Fininga, Nyala-Lagowa	Bekke	Nyala, Lagowa (Lagawa). Lexical similarity: 83% with Nyala and Lagowa dialects, 74% with Daju Dar Sila [dau], 62% with Shatt [shj], 56% with Logorik [liu].
dau	Daju, Dar Sila	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju	Sudan	West Darfur state: Habilla district	7,000 in Sudan (2009 T. Alaki)	6b (Threatened)	Bokor, Bokorike, Bokoruge, Mongo-Sila, Sila, Sula		Mongo, Sila.
njl	Njalgulgule	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju	South Sudan	Northern Bahr al Ghazal state: Aweil county; Western Bahr al Ghazal state: northwest of Raga, Boro and Gossinga villages	900 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977)	8a (Moribund)	Bege, Begi, Beko, Ngulgule, Njangulgule, Nyolge, Nyoolne
soh	Aka	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Eastern Jebel, Aka-Kelo-Molo	Sudan	Blue Nile state: Jebel Silak, southwest of Ingessana hills	300 (Bender 1983a)	8a (Moribund)	Fa-C-Aka, Jebel Silak, Jebels Sillok, Sillok
xel	Kelo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Eastern Jebel, Aka-Kelo-Molo	Sudan	Blue Nile state: Geissan district, Beni Sheko and Keeli villages	200	8b (Nearly extinct)	Kelo-Beni Sheko, Ndu-Faa-Keelo, Tornasi		Beni Sheko, Kelo.
zmo	Molo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Eastern Jebel, Aka-Kelo-Molo	Sudan	Blue Nile state: Jebel Malkan	100 (1988 M. Bender), decreasing	8b (Nearly extinct)	Malkan, Tura-Ka-Molo
tbi	Gaam	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Eastern Jebel, Gaam	Sudan	Blue Nile state: Baw district, Jebel Tabi and outlying hills	93,000 (2012 J. Leclerc)	6a (Vigorous)	Ingassana, Ingessana, Kamanidi, Mamedja, Mamidza, Metabi, Muntabi, Tabi	Gaahmg	Soda (Tao), Kukur (Gor), Kulang (Bau, Kulelek), Buwahg (Buek).
bfa	Bari	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Juba, Kajo Keji and Lainya counties; both banks of the Nile, south of Terakeka on west bank, Mongalla on east bank, to Kajo Kaji escarpment	595,000 in South Sudan, all users. L1 users: 420,000 in South Sudan (2000). L2 users: 175,000 (2013 SIL). Total users in all countries: 641,500 (as L1: 466,500; as L2: 175,000)	3 (Wider communication). Regional language chosen for development by Rejaf Conference 1928	Beri	Kuku	Bari, Kuku, Nyangbara (Nyambara, Nyangwara), Nyepu (Ngyepu, Nyefu, Nyepo, Nypho), Pöjulu (Fadjulu, Fajelu, Madi, Pajulu), Ligo (Liggo). Lexical similarity: 86% with Bari and Nyepu dialects, 85% with Bari and Pöjulu, 81% with Bari and Kuku, 80% with Bari and Nyangbara, 71% with Mundari [mqu], 73% with Kakwa [keo].
keo	Kakwa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Haut-Uele province: Faradje territory; Ituri province: Aru territory, north of Aru	20,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo	6a* (Vigorous)	Bari Kakwa
keo	Kakwa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Yei county	40,000 in South Sudan (1978)	5 (Developing)	Bari Kakwa, Kakua, Kakwak, Kwakwak
keo	Kakwa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari	Uganda	Koboko and Yumbe districts	182,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Total users in all countries: 242,000	5* (Developing)	Bari Kakwa, Kakua, Kwakwak	Kakuwâ	Dialects of Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda differ little (Nida 1972). Very different from other Eastern Nilotic languages of Uganda. Lexical similarity: close with Bari [bfa].
bfa	Kuku	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari	Uganda	Kayunga, Koboko, and Yumbe districts	46,500 in Uganda (2014 census), decreasing. Census based on tribal affiliation	6b (Threatened)	Bari, Beri		Kuku, Nyepu (Ngyepu, Nyefu, Nyepo, Nypho), Pöjulu (Fadjulu, Fajelu, Fajulu, Pajulu), Nyangbara (Nyambara, Nyangwara), Mondari (Mandari, Mundari).
mqu	Mandari	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Terakeka county, both sides of the Nile; Western Equatoria state: small area in Mvolo county	70,000 (2014 T. Stirtz)	5 (Developing)	Chir, Kir, Mondari, Shir	Mundari	Lexical similarity: 71% with Bari [bfa]. Bari dialects: 75% with Nyanggwara, 71% with Ngyepu, 70% with Pöjulu, 66% with Kuku; 61% with Kakwa [keo].
ddd	Dongotono	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos county, Ikotos division; Lomohidang division, Chakari and Isoke villages	5,000 (2013 SIL)	6b (Threatened)			May be a separate language or dialect of Lango [lno]. Lexical similarity: 60% with Otuho [lot].
lno	Lango	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos county, Ikotos and Lomohidong divisions, Kidepo and Ludwera (Logir dialect); Ikotos division between Ikotos and Chukudum (Logire dialect); Ikotos and Kikire (Lokwaa dialect); Losite division, Lofos and Lotome (Lorwama dialect); Losite division, Bira (Ketebo dialect)	38,000 (2007 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Langgo		Madial Lorwama (Okolie), Logir, Lokwaa, Ketebo, Logire (Imotong).
lky	Lokoya	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Juba county, Liria and Ngangala; Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, Longairo and Okaru areas	12,400. No monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	Ellyria, Koyo, Loirya, Lokoiya, Lokoja, Loquia, Lowoi, Oirya, Owoi, Oxoriok		None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Otuho [lot], 57% with Lopit [lpx], 56% with Dongotono [ddd].
lpx	Lopit	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, north end of Lopit Hills	50,000 (1995 S. Randal)	6a (Vigorous)	Lafiit, Lafit, Lafite, Lofit, Lopid, Loppit		Lolongo, Logonowati, Mura, Iboni. Lexical similarity: 63% with Otuho [lot].
lot	Otuho	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos, Magwi, and Torit counties	135,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). 2,500 Koriot, 1,000 Lomya	5 (Developing)	Latooka, Lattuka, Latuka, Latuko, Lotuho, Lotuka, Lotuko, Lotuxo, Olotorit, Otuxo	Otuho	Koriok, Logiri (Logir), Lomya (Lomia), Lorwama, Lowudo (Lauda, Loudo), Logotok. Logiri and Lorwama may be dialects of Lango [lno], not Otuho. Lexical similarity: 64% with Lokoya [lky], 63% with Lopit [lpx], 60% with Dongotono [ddd].
mas	Maasai	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Ongamo-Maa	Kenya	Kajiado and Narok counties; Kiambu county: enclave west of Nairobi; Laikipia county: enclave north of Nairobi; Taita-Taveta county: small border area	842,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. Total users in all countries: 1,524,000	5 (Developing)	Masai, ɔl Maa	Maa	Kaputiei, Keekonyokie, Matapo, Laitokitok, Iloodokilani, Damat, Purko, Loitai, Siria, Moitanik (Wuasinkishu), Kore, Arusa (Arusha), Parakuyo (Baraguyu, Ilparakuyo, Kwavi), Kisonko. Arusha is distinct from Bantu Chaga-related variety. Reportedly Arusha, who are pastoralists, dress like Maasai and speak a Maasai-related variety; whereas, agriculturalists intermarry with the Chaga. Other sources say the Arusha originally spoke a Bantu language. Lexical similarity: 82%–86% between Kenya and Tanzania dialects. Purko has 91%–96% lexical similarity with other Kenya dialects, 82% with Baraguyu, 86% with Arusa, 77%–89% with Samburu [saq], 82%–89% with Chamus [saq], 60% with Ngasa [nsg] (Ongamo).
saq	Samburu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Ongamo-Maa	Kenya	Isiolo, Marsabit, and Samburu counties: Lake Turkana east towards Marsabit	237,000 (2009 census), increasing. Ilchamus 27,300, Njemps 5,300 (2009 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Burkeneji, E Lokop, Lokop, Nkutuk, Sambur, Sampur		Chamus (Ilcamus, Ilchamus), Njemps. Lexical similarity: 94%–88% with the Chamus dialect, 89%–77% with Maasai [mas], 59% with Ngasa [nsg] (Ongamo), 82% between Chamus and Maasai [mas].
mas	Maasai	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Ongamo-Maa	Tanzania	Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Manyara, and Tanga regions: Kenya border, east of Serengeti National Park; Dodoma and Mara regions: Baraguyu from Indian Ocean nearly to Malawi	682,000 in Tanzania (2016)	6a (Vigorous)	Kimaasai, Lumbwa, Maa, Masai, Massai		Arusha (Arusa, Arusha-Chini, Il-Arusha, Kuma, Larusha, L-Arusha, Rusa, Rusha), Parakuyo (Baraguyu, Kwavi), Kisonko (Kisongo), Sikirari, Salei, Serenget, L-Aitayiok.
nsg	Ngasa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Ongamo-Maa	Tanzania	Kilimanjaro region: Rombo district, Useri division, Ubetu-Kahe sub-division, Ubetu	No known L1 speakers. 15 semi-speakers in 2003 (Legère 2012)	10 (Extinct)	Kingasa, Kingassa, Ongamo, Shaka		Lexical similarity: 60% with Maasai [mas], 59% with Samburu [saq], 58% with the Chamus dialect of Samburu.
teo	Teso	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Teso	Kenya	Busia county: north of Mambara	339,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing	6a (Vigorous)	Ateso		Orom (Rom).
teo	Teso	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Teso	Uganda	Amuria, Bukedea, Butebo, Kaberamaido, Katakwi, Kumi, Ngora, Pallisa, Serere, Soroti, and Tororo districts; Lake Bisina area	2,360,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Total users in all countries: 2,699,000	5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in Tororo, 10 other districts	Ateso, Bakedi, Bakidi, Elgumi, Etossio, Ikumama, Iteso, Wamia	Atεsᴐ	Orom (Rom). Limited intelligibility with other varieties in the Teso-Turkana group. The dialect in Ngora is considered standard. Lexical similarity: 76% with Turkana [tuv], 75% with Ng’aKarimojong [kdj].
tuv	Turkana	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana	Kenya	Samburu and Turkana counties: west and south of Lake Turkana	989,000 (2009 census). 593,000 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Buma, Bume, Turkwana	Ng’aturkana	Northern Turkana, Southern Turkana. Inherently intelligible of Toposa [toq] speakers, but hostile to them. Partially intelligible of Ng’aKarimojong [kdj], Jie [kdj], and Nyangatom [nnj], but all 5 are ethnically distinct. A few phonological, lexical, and discourse marker differences between them. Northern Turkana [tuv] and Eastern Toposa [toq] are reportedly more similar to Southern Turkana [tuv], but Western Toposa [toq] is further apart linguistically. The 4 varieties form a subgroup divided in the middle by the Kenya-Sudan border. Lexical similarity: 85% similarity with Ng’aKarimojong [kdj], 76% with Teso [teo].
nnj	Nyangatom	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: south Omo zone, Omo and Kibish rivers area	24,420, all users. L1 users: 24,300 (2007 census). L2 users: 120. 13,800 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 25,200 (2007 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Dongiro, Donyiro, Idongiro, Inyangatom		None known. Inherently intelligible with Toposa [toq] and Turkana [tuv].
kdj	Ng’akarimojong	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana	Uganda	Amudat, Kaabong, Kotido, Moroto, Nakapiripirit, and Napak districts	691,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Includes 165,000 Jie, 129,000 Dodoth and 25,000 Napore (2014 census)	5 (Developing)	Akarimojong, Karamojong, Karimojong, Karimonjong, N’Karamojong, Ng’akaramojong, Ngakarimojong, Ngakarimojongo, a-karamojoŋ, a-karimojoŋ, ŋaKaramojoŋ	ŋaKarimojoŋ	Jie (Jiye), Dodoth, Matheniko, Napore, Bokora, Pian. Dialects correspond with sub-tribes of Karimojong and have very high mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 83%–95% between dialects, 85% with Turkana [tuv], 75% with Teso [teo].
toq	Toposa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: Kapoeta North, Kapoeta South and Kapoeta East counties; along Singaita and Lokalyen rivers	100,000 (2000 M. Schroeder). Most are monolingual	5 (Developing)	Akara, Kare, Kumi, Taposa, Topotha	ŋatoposa	Eastern Toposa, Western Toposa, Jiye. Inherently intelligible with Nyangatom [nnj], Karamojong [kdj], and Turkana [tuv], but each has strong ethnic attitudes. Limited intelligibility of Teso [teo].
kpz	Kupsapiiny	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Elgon	Uganda	Bukwa, Kapchorwa, and Kween districts; some in Amudat and Nakapiripirit districts; Kenya border area	274,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation	5 (Developing)	Kuksabin, Kupsabiny, Sabiny, Sapei, Sebei	Kupsapiiny	Mbai (Tingey), Kongasis (Sor), Benet (Kumosop, Kween, Mosop, “Ndorobo” (pej.), Ogiek). Mutually intelligible with Sabaot [spy]. Benet is the variety most closely similar to Sabaot [spy] and may be a separate language (2018 R. Nzogi). Lexically similarity: with Saboat [spy] in Kenya.
spy	Sabaot	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Elgon	Kenya	Bungoma and Trans Nzoia counties: Mount Elgon southeastern slopes	241,000 (2009 census), increasing	5 (Developing)	Sebei, “Mount Elgon Maasai” (pej.)	Sābāwōōt	Bong’omeek (Bong’om, Pong’om), Koony (Kony), Book (Bok, Pok), Soomeek, Mosoop, Sabiiny. Related to Kupsapiiny [kpz] of Uganda. A member of macrolanguage Kalenjin [kln].
sgc	Kipsigis	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Kipsigis	Kenya	Bomet, Kericho, Nakuru, and Narok counties	1,916,000 (2009 census), increasing	5 (Developing)	Kipsiikis, Kipsikiis, Kipsikis		None known. Reportedly similar to Nandi [niq]. A member of macrolanguage Kalenjin [kln].
enb	Markweeta	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Markweta	Kenya	Baringo, Elgeyo-Marakwet, Nandi, and West Pokot counties	180,000 (2009 census)	5 (Developing)	Marakuet, Marakwet	Markweta	Endo (Endo-Marakwet, Northern Markweeta), Sambirir (Southern Markweeta), Cherang’any. Low intelligibility of major Kalenjin dialects. A member of macrolanguage Kalenjin [kln].
tuy	Tugen	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Nandi	Kenya	Baringo, Nakuru, and Nyandarua counties: generally north of Nakuru town; some in Laikipia county	140,000 (2009 census), increasing	6a (Vigorous)			None known. People may not be able to use other Kalenjin [kln] literature. A member of macrolanguage Kalenjin [kln].
eyo	Keiyo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Nandi	Kenya	Elgeyo-Marakwet and Uasin Gishu counties	314,000 (2009 census), increasing	6a (Vigorous)	Elgeyo, Keyo		A member of macrolanguage Kalenjin [kln].
kqh	Kisankasa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Nandi	Tanzania	Arusha region	4,670 (1987)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Distinct from Aasáx [aas].
niq	Nandi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Nandi	Kenya	Nandi and Uasin Gishu counties; Kisumu county: some north of Kisumu town	949,000 (2009 census)	5* (Developing)	Cemual, Kalenjin Nandi, Naandi		A member of macrolanguage Kalenjin [kln].
tec	Terik	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Nandi-Markweta, Nandi	Kenya	Nandi and Uasin Gishu counties: west of Eldoret	301,000 (2009 census), increasing	6a (Vigorous)	Nyang’ori		None known. Reportedly similar to Nandi [niq]. A member of macrolanguage Kalenjin [kln].
oki	Akie	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Okiek	Tanzania	Manyara, Simiyu, and Tanga regions	250 in Tanzania (2016 K. Legere). Another 250 semi-speakers	7 (Shifting)	Akiek, Okiek, “Il-Torobo” (pej.), “Kindorobo” (pej.)
oki	Okiek	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Okiek	Kenya	Nakuru county: east Mau escarpment. Mau forest between Amala and Ewas Ng’iro rivers near Nosogami stream (Sogoo dialect)	50 L1 speakers in Kenya and Tanzania (Austin 2008). Spoken by a small number of people (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Ethnic population: 79,000 (2009 census). Total users in all countries: 250	8b (Nearly extinct)	Akie, Akiek, Kinare, Ogiek, “Ndorobo” (pej.)		Okiek, Suiei, Sogoo (Sokoo). A member of macrolanguage Kalenjin [kln].
pko	Pökoot	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Pokot	Kenya	Baringo, Turkana and West Pokot counties; Nakuru and Nyandarua counties: northeast of Nakuru town	633,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. Total users in all countries: 738,000	5 (Developing)	Pakot, Pokot, Pökot, Suk, ng’ala Pokot	ngala Pökot	East Pokot, West Pokot. A member of macrolanguage Kalenjin [kln].
pko	Pökoot	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Kalenjin, Pokot	Uganda	Amudat and Nakapiripirit districts	105,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation	5 (Developing)	Pakot, Pokot, Suk
tcc	Datooga	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Tatoga	Tanzania	Dodoma, Manyara, Singida, and Tabora regions; Mara region: Bunda and Serengeti districts. Mainly north volcanic highlands near Mount Hanang (Barabaig dialect)	161,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Includes 23,000 Taturu	5 (Developing)	Datog, Datoga, Tatog, Tatoga, Taturu, “Mangati” (pej.)		Bajuta (Bajuuta), Gisamjanga (Gisamjang, Gisamjank, Kisamajeng), Barabayiiga (Barabaig, Barabaik, Barabayga, Barbaig), Tsimajeega (Isimijeega, Isimijega), Rootigaanga (Rotigeenga, Rotigenga), Buraadiiga (Buradiga, Bureadiga), Bianjiida (Biyanjiida, Utatu), Darorajek (Daragwajega, Darorajega), Salawajega, Gidang’odiga, Bisiyeda, Ghumbiega. Sabaot [spy] is probably most similar. Barabaik and Kisamajeng dialects are very similar and are completely inherently intelligible. There are several other dialects or ethnic groups: Darorajega, Gidang’odiga, Bisiyeda, Daragwajega, Salawajega, Ghumbiega, and Mangatiga. Lexical similarity: 50% with Kalenjin [kln] languages and Omotik [omt] of Kenya.
omt	Omotik	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Southern, Tatoga	Kenya	Narok county: Lemek area	50 (1980). Ethnic population: 200 (2000)	8a (Moribund)	Laamoot, Omotic, “Ndorobo” (pej.)		Suiei. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kalenjin [kln], 50% with Datooga [tcc].
dip	Dinka, Northeastern	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka	South Sudan	Jonglei state: Canal/Pigi and Fangak counties; Unity state: Pariang county; Upper Nile state: Baliet, Melut, and Renk counties	320,000 (1986 UBS)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts	Padang, White Nile Dinka	Thuɔŋjäŋ	Abiliang (Akoon, Bawom, Bowom, Dinka Ibrahim), Dongjol, Luac (Luaic), Ngok-Sobat (Jok, Ngork), Ageer (Abuya, Ageir, Ager, Beer, Niel, Nyel, Paloc, Paloic), Rut, Thoi. Lexical similarity: 92% with Northwestern Dinka [diw], 88% with Southwestern Dinka [dik] and Southeastern Dinka [dks], 86% with South Central Dinka [dib]. A member of macrolanguage Dinka [din].
diw	Dinka, Northwestern	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka	South Sudan	Unity state: Abiemnhom and Pariang counties; into Abyei area	80,000 (1986)	6a (Vigorous)			Alor, Ngok-Kordofan, Pan Aru, Ruweng. Lexical similarity: 88% with Southwestern Dinka [dik] and Southeastern Dinka [dks], 84% with South Central Dinka [dib]. A member of macrolanguage Dinka [din].
dib	Dinka, South Central	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka	South Sudan	Mainly Lakes state, except Wulu county southwest; Unity and Warrap states: small border areas	250000	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1))	Central Dinka	Thuɔŋjäŋ	Aliap (Aker, Aliab, Thany), Ciec (Ador, Ajak, Chiech, Cic, Ciem, Kwac), Gok (Cok, Gauk), Agar. Gok dialect is influenced by Southwestern Dinka [dik]. Lexical similarity: 90% with Southeastern Dinka [dks]. A member of macrolanguage Dinka [din].
dks	Dinka, Southeastern	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka	South Sudan	Jonglei state: Bor South and Twic East counties	250,000 in South Sudan. Total users in all countries: 252,120	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts	Cam, Eastern Dinka	Thuɔŋjäŋ	Bor (Bor Gok), Athoc (Athoic, Atoc, Bor Athoic, Borathoi), Ghol, Nyarweng (Narreweng, Nyarueng), Tuic (Twi). A member of macrolanguage Dinka [din].
dik	Dinka, Southwestern	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka	South Sudan	Bahr al Ghazal and Warrap states; Lakes state: Cueibet and Rumbek counties, Jur river area	450,000 (1982 UBS)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts	Western Dinka	Thuɔŋjäŋ	Rek (Raik), Abiem (Ajong Dit, Ajong Thi, Akany Kok, Akern Jok, Anei, Apuoth, Apwoth), Aguok (Agwok), Apuk, Awan, Lau, Luac, Malual (Atoktou, Duliit, Korok, Makem, Malwal, Peth), Paliet (Ajak, Baliet, Bon Shwai, Buoncwai, Bwoncwai, Kondair, Kongder, Tainbour, Thany Bur), Palioupiny (Akjuet, Akwang, Ayat, Cimel, Gomjuer, Palioping), Tuic (Adhiang, Amiol, Nyang, Thon, Twic, Twich, Twij). Luac dialect is different from Luac dialect in Northeastern Dinka [dip]. Lexical similarity: 89% with South Central Dinka [dib], 90% with Southeastern Dinka [dks]. A member of macrolanguage Dinka [din].
nus	Nuer	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer	Ethiopia	Gambela region: along Baro river	154,120 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 153,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). L2 users: 1,120. 61,600 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 148,000 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Naath, Nuwer		Eastern Nuer (Abigar, Door, Ji, Jikany, Kany).
nus	Nuer	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer	South Sudan	Jonglei state: north of a Jonglei-to-Pibor Post line; Unity state: south of Bentin town; Upper Nile state: Baliet, Lukapin/Nasir, and Ulang counties; small border areas in Lakes, Northern Bahr al Ghazal, and Warrap states	740,000 in South Sudan (1982). 2,940 Western Jikany, 12,500 Lou, 1,100 Nyuong, 2,500 Thiang, 5,900 Bul, 2,400 Jagai, 6,700 Laak, 4,900 Leik, 1,600 Door, 17,600 Eastern Jikany (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Total users in all countries: 896,280 (as L1: 895,160; as L2: 1,120)	4 (Educational)	Naadh	Naath	Dor (Door), Eastern Jikany (Jekaing, Jikain), Abigar, Western Jikany, Cien, Thognaath (Thok Nath), Lou (Lau), Nyuong, Thiang (Bul, Gawaar, Jagai, Laak, Leik).
atu	Reel	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer	South Sudan	Lakes state: south Yirol West county	50,000 (1998). The Kuek and Jikeyi have many monolinguals and are regarded as having the purest form of the language (SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Atuot, Atwot, Thok Cieng Reel	Thok Reel	Cieng Luai, Cieng Nhyam. Lexical similarity 77% with Nuer [nus]; 49% with Dinka languages.
anu	Anuak	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Anuak	South Sudan	Jonglei state: Akobo and Pochalla counties	52,000 in South Sudan (1991 UBS). Total users in all countries: 144,710 (as L1: 142,600; as L2: 2,110)	5 (Developing)	Anyuak, Anywa, Anywaa, Anywak, Dha Anywak, Dho Anywaa, Jambo, Nuro, dho-Anywaa	Dha Anywaa	None known. Reportedly more similar to Acholi [ach] and Luo languages of Uganda than to Shilluk [shk].
anu	Anuak	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Anuak	Ethiopia	Gambela region: Akobo river right bank, Alworo, Baro, and Gilo rivers; small areas in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region and Oromia region	92,710 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 90,600 in Ethiopia (2007 census). L2 users: 2,110. 34,300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 89,100 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Anyiwak, Anyuak, Anywa, Anywaa, Anywak, Bar, Burjin, Dha Anywaa, Jambo, Miroy, Moojanga, Nuro, Yambo, Yembo		Adoyo, Coro, Lul, Opëno.
bxb	Belanda Bor	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Bor	South Sudan	Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur River county, Ayo, Bazia, Gitten, Raffili Tirga, and Taban villages; Western Equatoria state: Nagero county, Tambura town, Bangazegino, Komai, and Nagero villages	8,000 (1983)	5 (Developing)	De Bor	Di Bor
lwo	Luwo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Jur	South Sudan	Warrap state: Gogrial East, Gogrial West, and Tonj North counties; Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur River and Wau counties	80,000 (1983 census)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts	Dhe Luwo, Dhe Lwo, Dheluwo, Giur, Jo Lwo, Jur, Jur Luo, Jur Luwo, Jur Lwo, Luo, Lwo, dhɛ luuhɔ	dhe Luuo	None known. Different from Lango (Lwo) [laj] of Uganda, or Dholuo [luo] of Kenya and Luo [luo] of Tanzania, but related.
bdi	Burun	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Burun	Sudan	Blue Nile state: north Kurmuk district	41,000 (2012 J. Leclerc)	5 (Developing)	Borun, Cai, Kurmuk, Lange		Ragreig, Abuldugu (Bogon, Mugo-Mborkoina), Maiak, Mufwa (Mopo), Mughaja (Mugaja, Mumughadja). Some southern dialects intelligible with Mabaan [mfz].
jum	Jumjum	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Mabaan	South Sudan	Upper Nile state: northeast Mabaan county, Sudan border area		6a (Vigorous)	Berin, Olga, Wadega, Wadkai
jum	Jumjum	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Mabaan	Sudan	Blue Nile state: west Kurmuk district, Jebels Tunga, Terta, and Wadega areas on South Sudan border	70,000 in Sudan (2012 J. Leclerc)	6a (Vigorous)	Berin, Olga, Wadega, Wadkai
mfz	Mabaan	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Mabaan	South Sudan	Upper Nile state: Mabaan county	90,000 (2017 UBS)	5 (Developing)	Barga, Gura, Ma Baan, Maaban, Maban, Meban, Southern Burun, Tonko, Tungan, Ulu		Partially intelligible with some southern dialects of Burun [bdi].
shk	Shilluk	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Shilluk	South Sudan	Upper Nile state: Fashoda, Malakal, Manyo, and Panyikang counties	175,000 (1982 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Chulla, Dhocolo, Shulla	Colo	None known. Lexical similarity 60% with Anuak [anu], Pari [lkr], and Luwo [lwo].
thu	Thuri	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Thuri	South Sudan	Northern Bahr al Ghazal state: Aweil Centre county, Bar-Mayen and Nyabulo; Raga county, east of Deim Zubeir on roads to Wau; Lol river west of Marial-Bai	6,600 (Tucker and Bryan 1956)	7 (Shifting)	Dhe Thuri, Jo Thuri, Shatt, Wada Thuri		Bodho (Dembo, Demen, Dhe Boodho, Dombo), Colo (Dhe Colo, Jo Colo, Jur Shol), Manangeer (Jur Manangeer).
lkr	Päri	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Unclassified	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, Angulumeere, Bura, Jebel Lafon, Kor, Pucwaa, Pugari, and Wiatuo villages	28,000 (1987 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Lokoro, Pari	Dhi-Pari
adh	Adhola	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Adhola	Uganda	Tororo District: near Lake Victoria; Bugiri, Busia, Butaleja, and Namayingo districts	482,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation	5 (Developing)	Badama, Jopadhola, Ludama	Dhopadhola	None known. Most distinct of Western Nilotic languages in Uganda.
kdi	Kumam	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Kuman	Uganda	Amuria, Kaberamaido, Serere, and Soroti districts: Lake Kwania area; some in Amolatar, Buyende, Dokolo, Kamuli, Lira, and Otuke districts	266,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation	6a (Vigorous)	Akokolemu, Akum, Ikokolemu, Ikumama, Kuman, Kumum		None known. Mutually intelligible of Acholi [ach] and Lango [laj]. Lexical similarity: 82% with Acholi [ach], 81% with Lango [laj].
lth	Thur	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi	Uganda	Abim district: Labwor county	98,000 (2014 census). Census based on tribal affiliation	5 (Developing)	Acholi-Labwor, Ethur, Labwor	Lëb Thur	Nyakwai (Nyakwae), Abim, Morulem, Lotukei, Alerek.
alz	Alur	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Alur	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ituri province: Mahagi territory, northwest to Djalasiga area	750,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Total users in all countries: 1,735,000	5* (Developing)	Aloro, Alua, Alulu, Dho Alur, Jo Alur, Lur, Luri	DhuAlur	Jonam, Ngora. Lexical similarity: 96% between the Jonam and Ngora dialects.
alz	Alur	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Alur	Uganda	Arua, Nebbi, Nyadri, Yumbe, and Zombo districts: north of Lake Albert	985,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. 106,000 ethnically identified as Jonam (2014 census)	5 (Developing)	Aloro, Alua, Alulu, Dho Alur, DhuAlur, Jo Alur, Lur, Luri		Jokot, Jonam, Mambisa, Wanyoro.
laj	Lango	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Lango-Acholi	Uganda	Abim, Alebtong, Amolatar, Apac, Dokolo, Kole, Lira, Otuke, and Oyam districts: north of Lake Kyoga	2,130,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation	5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in Apac, 6 other districts north of Lake Kyogo	Langi, Leb Laŋo, Leb Lango, Leb-Lango, Lwo, Lwoo, Lëblaŋo, leb Lano	Lëblango	None known. Lexical similarity: distinct from Acholi [ach] (Lwo), Lango [lno] of Sudan (related to Lotuko), or Lango [did] (Didinga) of Sudan.
ach	Acholi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Lango-Acholi	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: Magwi and Torit counties, Acholi hills	27,000 in South Sudan (2000 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Acoli, Acooli, Akoli, Atscholi, Dok Acoli, Gang, Log Acoli, Lwo, Shuli
ach	Acholi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Lango-Acholi	Uganda	Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Nwoya, Oyam, and Pader districts	1,500,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Includes 34,200 Dhopaluo (2014 census). Total users in all countries: 1,527,000	5 (Developing)	Acoli, Acooli, Akoli, Atscholi, Dok Acoli, Gang, Log Acoli, Lwo, Lwoo, Lëbacoli, Shuli	Acholi	Dhopaluo (Chope, Chopi). Reported intelligibility with Lango [laj], Kumam [kdi], Dhopadhola [adh], but percentages unknown. Lexical similarity: with Lango [laj], Kumam [kdi], Dhopadhola [adh], Thur [lth].
luo	Dholuo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Luo	Kenya	Homa Bay, Kisumu, Migori, and Siaya counties; north Kisii and Nyamira counties; Busia and Kakamega counties: border areas. Kavirondo Gulf area	4,044,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. Total users in all countries: 4,229,000	5 (Developing)	Luo, “Kavirondo Luo” (pej.), “Nilotic Kavirondo” (pej.)	Dholuo
luo	Luo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Luo	Tanzania	Mara region: Tarime district, Girango, Luo Imbo, Nyancha, and Suba divisions	185,000 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009)	6a (Vigorous)	Dholuo, Doluo, Kavirondo, Kidjaluo
mpe	Majang	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, North, Majang	Ethiopia	Gambela and Oromia regions; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: a long, narrow belt east of Gambela, and Guraferda south	30,000 (Joswig 2018)	4 (Educational)	Ajo, Ato Majang, Ato Majanger-Onk, Majanjiro, Masango, Masongo, Mejenger, Mesengo, Messengo, Mezhenger, Ojanjur, Tama	Ato Majangerongk	Minor dialect variation.
xwg	Kwegu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southeast, Kwegu	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Omo river west bank, Kuchur village, and a small group north	5,110 (2007 census). 3,470 Bacha and 1,640 Koyego (2007 census). Ethnic population: 4,570 (2007 census). 2,630 Bacha and 1,940 Koyego	8a (Moribund)	Bacha, Koegu, Koyego, Kwegi, Menja, Nidi		Yidinich (Yidi, Yidinit), Muguji. Listed dialects may not be inherently intelligible with Kwegu. May be a name for several hunter groups. Lexical similarity: 36% with Mursi [muz].
mym	Me’en	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southeast, Pastoral, Me’en	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Bench-Maji zone; highlanders (Banio dialect) in Bachuma area; lowlanders (Koruwo dialect) south; Bodi near Omo river	157,300, all users. L1 users: 151,000 (2007 census), increasing. Includes 5,770 Bodi (2010 UNSD). L2 users: 6,300. 143,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 157,000 (2007 census). Includes 6,980 Bodi (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Me’enite, Mekan, Mela, Men, Meqan, Mie’en, Mieken, Suro, “Teshenna” (pej.), “Teshina” (pej.), “Tishana” (pej.), “Tishena” (pej.)	Mɛʼɛnɛn‎ (Me’enen)	Banio, Bodi (Mela, Podi), Koruwo. Lexical similarity: 65% with the Chai and Tirma dialects of Suri [suq], 30% with Murle [mur]. Lexical differences between highland and lowland.
muz	Mursi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: central Omo area, lowlands southwest of Jinka	7,424, all users. L1 users: 7,390 (2007 census). L2 users: 34. 7,000 monolinguals (2017 M. Bryant). Ethnic population: 7,480 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Dama, Merdu, Meritu, Munɛn, Mursinya, Murzi, Murzu, Nyikalabong		Closely related to the Chai dialect of Suri [suq].
suq	Suri	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Bench-Maji zone, toward Sudan border; west of Mizan Teferi	26,900 (2007 census), increasing. 24,200 monolinguals (2017)	4 (Educational)	Churi, Dama, Dhuri, Eastern Suri, Shuri, Shuro, Surma	Surichɛn	Tirmaga (Cirma, Dirma, Terema, Terna, Tid, Tirima, Tirma, Tirmagi), Chai (Caci, Cai). Lexical similarity: 81% with Mursi [muz].
did	Didinga	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: Budi county, Chukudum area; Didinga hills	60,000 (2007 SIL)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1))	’Di’dinga, Lango, Toi, Xaroxa	Dĩdĩnga	None known. Ethnic groups: Chukudum and Lowudo. Slight differences in speech between Chukudum and Lowudo, apparently mainly phonetic. Lexical similarity: 83% with Narim [loh], 71% with Murle [mur].
loh	Narim	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: north Budi county, 10 villages	3,620 (Fukui 1984)	5 (Developing)	Lariim, Larim, Lariminit, Larimo, Longarim, Nariim	Boya	None known. Lexical similarity: 74% with Murle [mur], 83% with Didinga [did].
mur	Murle	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Murle	South Sudan	Jonglei state: Bor and Pibor counties	60,000 (1982 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Adkibba, Agiba, Ajibba, Beir, Merule, Mourle, Murelei, Murlɛ, Murule	Murleye	Ethnic subgroups: Lotilla, Boma, and Olam (Ngalam). Maacir may be a dialect or ethnic group. Lexical similarity: 74% with Narim [loh], 71% with Didinga [did].
tex	Tennet	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Tennet	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, Arilo division, Dorik, Lomorotok, Longilayo, and Lovirang villages	10,000 (2009 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Tenet	Tennette	None known. Some intelligibility with Murle [mur], Narim [loh], and Didinga [did] (in descending order).
koe	Kacipo-Balesi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi	Ethiopia	Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: south border with Sudan	2,360 in Ethiopia (2007 census). Ethnic population: 2,700 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Kacipo, Silmamo, Suri, Suri-Baale, Tsilmano, Zelmam, Zelmamu, Zilmamu, Zulmamu
koe	Kacipo-Balesi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi	South Sudan	Eastern Equatoria state: northwest corner; Jonglei state: Pibor county, Mewun, Rumeat, and Upper Boma villages on Boma plateau near Ethiopia border	5,000 in South Sudan (2010 SIL). Almost all monolingual. Total users in all countries: 7,360	6a (Vigorous)	Baale	Kacipo	None known. Lexical similarity: 40%–54% with Murle [mur], 35% with Mursi [muz].
teq	Temein	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Temein	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Farik, Kuris, Kwiye, Nekring, Tokoing, Tukur, and Tulu villages between Jebels Ghulfan Morung and Julud	13,000 (2006). 6,000 in home area villages; 7,000 in other towns in Sudan	6b* (Threatened)	Rone, Ronge, Temainian		None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Tese [keg].
keg	Tese	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Temein	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Keiga Jirru, and 6 villages northeast of Kadugli	1,400 (Welmers 1971a)	6b (Threatened)	Keiga Girru, Keiga Jirru, Teis-Umm-Danab		None known. Lexical similarity 67% with Temein [teq].
kcp	Kanga	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Miri hills, west and southwest of Kadugli; Kufa village cluster southeast of Miri, northeast of Lima, and north of Kanga. Bilenya, Dologi, Lenyaguyox, Lima, Kilag, Kufa, Mashaish, and Toole (center) villages (Kufa-Lima dialect)	14,000 (2012 J. Leclerc)	6b (Threatened)			Abu Sinun, Chiroro-Kursi, Kanga, Kufa-Lima, Krongo Abdalla. Lexical similarity: 85% with the Tumma dialect of Katcha-Kadugli-Miri [xtc] (most similar).
tbr	Tumtum	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Kurondi south of Eliri Hills. North Eliri hills (Talassa dialect); west Talodi hills (Tumtum dialect)	7,300. 6,000 in Karondi, 1,300 in Tumtum	6b (Threatened)			Karondi (Korindi, Kurondi), Talassa (Talasa), Tumtum. Lexical similarity: 85% with Krongo [kgo] (most similar).
xtc	Katcha-Kadugli-Miri	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo	Sudan	South Kordofan state. Belanya, Dabakaya, Farouq, Kafina, Katcha, and Tuna villages (Katcha dialect); ’Daalimo, Kadugli, Kulba, Murta, Takko, and Thappare villages (Kadugli dialect); Hayar al-Nimr, Kadoda, Kasari, Kuduru, Kya, Luba, Miri Bara, Miri Guwa, Nyimodu, Sogolle, Tulluk, and Umduiu villages (Miri dialect)	75,000 (2004 SIL). 30,000 Katcha and Kadugli (2004), 4,000 Miri	6b (Threatened)			Katcha (Dholubi, Tolubi), Kadugli (Dakalla, Dhalla, Kudugli, Morta, Talla, Toma Ma Dalla), Miri, Damba, Tumma. Stevenson (1984) treats them as dialects of one language. Ruhlen (1987) and Schadeberg (1989) treat them as separate. Samir Bulus says that Tumma is dialect of Katcha. Lexical similarity: 85% among Katcha, Kadugli, and Miri dialects, 88% between Kadugli and Damba.
kec	Keiga	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Jebel Demik, northwest of Kadugli; Ambong area, Ambong, Ambongadi, Arungekkaadi, Bila Ndulang, Kandang, Kuluwaring, Lakkadi, Roofik, Saadhing, Taffor, and Tingiragadi villages; Lubung area, Kuwaik, Miya Ndumuru, Miya Ntaarang, Miya Ntaluwa, Semalili, and Tungunungunu villages; Tumuro area, Jughuba, Kayide, Koolo, and Tumuro villages	6,070 (Stevenson 1984)	7 (Shifting)	Kayigang, Keiga-Al-Kheil, Keiga-Timero, Yega		Demik (Rofik), Keiga (Aigang). Lexical similarity: 60% with closest Kadugli languages.
kgo	Krongo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Angolo, Tabanya, and Toroji in Krongo hills; Buram, Damaguto, Dar, Dimadragu, and Dimodongo	21,700 (Stevenson 1984)	5 (Developing)	Dimodongo, Kadumodi, Korongo, Kurungu, Tabanya	Niino mo-di	Fama-Teis-Kua. Lexical similarity: 85% with Tumtum [tbr].
tey	Tulishi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo	Sudan	South Kordofan state: Lagawa and northeast at Aabiisa, Aliyooro Manadaha, Jebels Tulishi, Kamdang, Kirakaati, Laati, Lawwa, Nattilongke, Ntukungnge, and Thudhi villages. 25km southwest of Lagawa (Dar el Kabira dialect)	2,500 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007)	6b (Threatened)	Kuntulishi, Thulishi, Tulesh		Tulishi, Kamda (Kamdang), Dar El Kabira (Logoke, Minjimmina, Truj, Turuj). Dar el Kabira and Kamdang dialects are reportedly similar.
gly	Gule	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman	Sudan	Blue Nile state: Damazin district, Jebel Gule, San and Roro hills	No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1980s (Sommer 1992). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Bender 1983a)	9 (Dormant)	Anej, Fecakomodiyo, Hamej
kmq	Gwama	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman	Ethiopia	Benishangul-Gumuz region: Mao Komo special woreda; Oromia region: West Wollega zone, Begi district; some villages near South Sudan border. Benishangul-Gumuz region (Lowland dialect); Oromia region: Begi and Tongo (Highland dialect)	15,000 (Küspert 2015). Ethnic population: 20,000 (Küspert 2015)	5 (Developing)	Afan Mao, Amam, Gogwama, Goma, Guwama, Kewama, Kuro, Kuwama, Kwama, Kwoma, Nokanoka, North Koma, Qewama, Takwama	Gwama, Ttwa Gwama	Highland Gwama (T’wa Sit Shwala), Lowland Gwama. Use of Highland Gwama is decreasing (Küspert 2015).
xom	Komo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman	Ethiopia	Benishangul-Gumuz region: Mao-Komo special district south of Asosa; Gambela region: Itang special district, Pokung; Sombo Garre (Wallaga, southwest of Mugi); Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region: Bonga special district	1,000 in Ethiopia (Meckelberg 2016). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2018)	6b (Threatened)	Central Koma, Gʊ̀ Kɔ̀mɔ̀, Koma, Madiin, South Koma, Tta Komo
xom	Komo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman	South Sudan	Upper Nile state: Longochuk and Maiwut counties, on Ethiopia border		6a (Vigorous)	Aru, Koma, Tta Komo
xom	Komo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman	Sudan	Blue Nile state: Kurmuk district, Ahmar, Tombak, and Yabus rivers area	10,000 in Sudan (1979 W. James). Total users in all countries: 11,000	6a (Vigorous)	Central Koma, Como, Gokwom, Hayahaya, Koma of Daga, Madiin	Tta Komo	Beilla, Chali. Dialects may be separate languages. Lexical similarity: 52% with Uduk [udu].
lgn	T’apo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman	Ethiopia	Gambela region: Sudan border area, 5 villages	5,000 in Ethiopia (2014). Most are monolingual. Community self-reports population up to 20,000	6a (Vigorous)	Ansita, Ciita, Cita, Kina, Kwina, Opo, Opo-Shita, Opuo, Opuuo, Po, Shiita, Shita, T’ap’o, Tʼashita, Upo, “Langa” (pej.)	T’apo	Modin, Bilogo. Lexical similarity: 24% with Komo [xom].
lgn	T’apo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman	South Sudan	Upper Nile state: Maiwut and Nasir counties, Kigile and Maiwut areas. Longachuk county, Daga river area, Paitath and Tedibi villages (Buldit dialect)		6a* (Vigorous)	Ansita, Ciita, Cita, Kina, Kwina, Opo, Opo-Shita, Opuo, Opuuo, Po, Pur, Shita, Shitta, “Langa” (pej.)		Buldit (Barun, Baruun), Kusgilo.
udu	Uduk	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman	South Sudan	Upper Nile state: Mabaan county, on eastern border with Sudan	22,000 in Sudan and South Sudan (split between the 2 not known)	5 (Developing)	Kebeirka, Korara, Kumus, Kwanim Pa, Othan, Twampa
udu	Uduk	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman	Sudan	Blue Nile state: Kurmuk district, from Belila north, south to Yabus river	22,000 in Sudan and South Sudan (split between the two not known)	5 (Developing)	Kebeirka, Korara, Kumus, Kwanim Pa, Othan	Twampa
wti	Berta	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites	Ethiopia	Benishangul-Gumuz region: Blue Nile river and Sudan border corner north of Asosa; Dalati, Sirba Abay area east of Dabus river; Matahara east	213,500 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 197,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census), increasing. L2 users: 16,500. 99,700 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 199,000 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 393,500 (as L1: 377,000; as L2: 16,500)	4 (Educational)	Barta, Bela-Shangul, Bela-Shanguru, Bertha, Burta, Funj, Jebelawi, Rotana, Wetawit	Beni-Shangul	Shuru, Bake, Undu, Mayu, Fadashi (Fedashe), Dabuso. May be more than one language with Dabuso as the more distant dialect (2017 S. Neudorf).
wti	Berta	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites	Sudan	Blue Nile state: Geissan, Kurmuk, and south Roseires district, Ethiopia border area	180,000 in Sudan (Osman 2006)	6b* (Threatened)	Barta, Burta, Gwami, Rotana, Wetawit, “Beni Shangul” (pej.)		Shuru, Bake, Undu, Mayu, Fadashi.
dno	Ndrulo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Lendu	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ituri province: Mahagi territory, Walendu Watsi collectivity	126,800 in Democratic Republic of the Congo, all users. L1 users: 87,200 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2018 SIL). L2 users: 39,600 (2018 SIL). Total users in all countries: 145,700 (as L1: 106,100; as L2: 39,600)	5* (Developing)	Ddradha, “Lendu North” (pej.), “Lendu-Ndrŭló” (pej.)	Ndralo, Ndrŭló	None known. Most similar to Lendu [led] and Ngiti [niy].
dno	Ndrulo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Lendu	Uganda	Hoima and Masindi districts; Zombo district: Nyapea, Paidha, and Zeu subcounties	18,900 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing	6b (Threatened)	Ndrŭló, Ndukpa, “Lendu North” (pej.), “Lendu-Ndrŭló” (pej.)		None known. Most similar to Lendu [led] and Ngiti [niy].
led	Lendu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Lendu	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ituri province: Djugu territory, west and northwest of Lake Albert	750,000 (1996 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Bale, Baledha, Balendru, Baletha, Batha, Bbadha, Bbaledha, Hema-Nord, Kihema-Nord, Kilendu		Djadha (Jidha), Tadha, Pidha, Ddralo (Ddradha), Njawlo (Njawdha). Tadha is standard dialect. Djadha is largest and is used for literature. Jidha is the variety of the Bagegere (Northern Hema) who have adopted Lendu.
niy	Ngiti	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Lendu	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ituri province: Irumu territory, south of Bunia	100,000 (1991)	5* (Developing)	Bindi, Dru, Druna, Kingeti, Kingiti, Lendu-Sud, Ngeti	Ndruna
asv	Asoa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbetu	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Haut-Uele province: Rungu territory, Ituri forest	25,500 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Asua, Asuae, Asuati, “Aka” (pej.)
lmi	Lombi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbetu	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Nord-Kivu province: northwest; Tshopo province: Bafwasende territory, Barumi and Bekeni collectivités, Bangolu, Banguruye, and Opienge areas	12,000 (1993 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Lumbi, Odyalombito, Rombi, Rumbi, Rumli		Reportedly similar to Mangbetu [mdj], but not as close as Mangbetu dialects are to each other.
mdj	Mangbetu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbetu	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Bas-Uele province: Poko territory; Haut-Uele province: Niangara, Rungu, Wamba, and Watsa territories; Tshopo province: northeast corner of Banalia territory. Haut-Uele province: Wamba territory (Aberu dialect); Tshopo province: Banalia territory (Popoi dialect)	620000	5* (Developing)	Amangbetu, Kingbetu, Mambetto, Mangbɛtʉ, Mangbettu, Mangbέtʉ, Nemangbetu	Nɛ́mangbɛtʉ	Aberu, Meje (Medje, Meegye), Mangbetu, Makere, Malele, Popoi. Medje dialect has most speakers, and is most widely understood.
bct	Bendi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ituri province: Djugu territory, between Bunia and Djalasiga	32,000 (1991 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Mabendi, Mabeni
efe	Efe	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Haut-Uele province: Watsa territory; Ituri province: Djugu, Irumu, and Mambasa territories; Nord-Kivu province: enclave north of Beni	20,000 (1991 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
les	Lese	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Haut-Uele province: Watsa territory; Ituri province: Djugu, Irumu, and Mambasa territories; Nord-Kivu province: border enclave north of Beni	50,000 (1991 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Balese, Lesa, Lesse, Lissi, Mbuti, Walese, Walisi		Lese Karo, Arumbi (Upstream Lese), Ndese (Lese Dese), Vukutu (Obi, Vonkutu), Fare. Reportedly similar to Mamvu [mdi], Bendi [bct], Mangbutu [mdk], and Efe [efe].
mdi	Mamvu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Haut-Uele province: Watsa territory, west and southwest of Watsa	60,000 (1991 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)		Tengo	Amengi, Mamvu (Momfu, Momvu).
mdk	Mangbutu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Haut-Uele province: Watsa territory, south of Kibali river and east of Moto river	15,000 (1991 SIL). 1,200 Andinai	6a* (Vigorous)	Mangu-Ngutu, Mombuttu, Wambutu		Andinai, Makutana, Angwe (Andali). Users of the Andinai dialect are separated from other users of Mangbutu by users of Lese [les]. The Andali are a clan speaking the Angwe dialect.
mxh	Mvuba	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Nord-Kivu province: Beni territory, Oicha area	5,100 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000). Total users in all countries: 7,980	6b* (Threatened)	Bambuba, Bamvuba, Mbuba, Mvuba-A, Obiye		None known. Reportedly similar to Lese [les].
ndp	Ndo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ituri province: Aru and Mahagi territories, south of Lowa river, west and northwest of Djalasiga. Oke’bu dialect on Uganda border	100,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo	6a* (Vigorous)	Ke’bu, Kebutu, Ndu, Oke’bu		Avari (Avare, Avere, Aviritu), Oke’bu, Membi (Meembi, Membitu, Mombi, Ndo).
ndp	Ndo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe	Uganda	Zombo district: Warr and Kango areas; Arua district: Okoro county	54,100 in Uganda (2014 census). Census based on tribal affiliation. Total users in all countries: 154,100	5* (Developing)	Kebu, Kebu’tu, Ndu, Okebu		Avari (Avere, Aviritu), Oke’bu (Kebu, Kebutu, Ndo Oke’bu), Membi (Membitu).
log	Logo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Haut-Uele province: Faradje territory, and Watsa town	210,000 (1989 SIL). 100,000 Ogambi	5* (Developing)	Logoti	Lògòti	Ogambi (Northern Logo, Ogamaru), Doka, Lolya, Obilebha (Obelebha, Obileba), Bhagira (Bagela), Bari (Bari-Logo, Bariti). A dialect subgroup, with Lolya as central. Reportedly similar to Avokaya [avu] and Omi [omi]. Avokaya in the northern Ogambi Area, may be more similar to Logo [log] than to Avokaya in Sudan.
avu	Avokaya	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Yei River state: Yei county; Western Equatoria state: Maridi and Mundri West counties. Sudan-Congo border south of Maridi (Ajugu dialect); mainly between Naam and Olo rivers and east (Ojila dialect)	40,000 in South Sudan (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 65,000	5 (Developing)	Abukeia, Avukaya	Ãvõkáyã	Ojila (Odzila, Odziliwa), Ajugu (Adjiga, Agamoru, Ojiga). Avokaya Pur dialect near Faradje (in Democratic Republic of Congo) is reportedly more similar to Logo [log] than to the Ojila dialect of Sudan.
lgg	Lugbara	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central	Uganda	Arua, Koboko, Nyadri and Yumbe districts	1,100,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Total users in all countries: 1,940,000	5 (Developing)	High Lugbara, Logbara, Lubarati, Western Lugbara	Lugbarati	Arua (Ayivu, Standard Lugbara), Maracha, Terego (Omugo). Lexical similarity: 93% with Maracha and Terego dialects, 87% with Arua and Terego dialects, 80% with Arua dialect and Ogoko Southern Madi [snm], 76% with Arua dialect and Okollo Southern Madi [snm] (1992 SIL).
luc	Aringa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central	Uganda	Yumbe district: north of Lugbara, west of Ma’di	495,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation	5 (Developing)	Low Lugbara	Ãrị̃ngã	None known. Intelligible with Lugbara [lgg].
avu	Avokaya	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Haut-Uele province: Faradje territory, near Sudan border	25,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1989 SIL). 2,000 Ojila, 10,000 Northern Ogambi	6a* (Vigorous)	Abukeia, Avukaya		Ojila, Ajigu (Ajugu), Northern Ogambi, Avokaya Pur.
kbo	Kaliko	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ituri province: north Aru territory, along South Sudan border	7,500 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1989 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kaliko-Ma’di, Keliko, Ma’di, Maditi		Didi, Dogo.
kbo	Keliko	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Morobo county	30,000 in South Sudan (2018 SIL). Total users in all countries: 42,500	5 (Developing)	Kaliko	Kẹ̃lị̃kọ́	Eastern Keliko, Western Keliko.
lgg	Lugbara	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ituri province: Aru territory, 6 collectivités	840,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001)	6a* (Vigorous)	High Lugbara, Lugbarati		Zaki, Abedju-Azaki, Lu, Aluru, Nio, Otsho.
omi	Omi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ituri province: Aru territory, between Nzoro and Lowa rivers along Aru to Aba road	91,000 (2005 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kaliko-Omi		Reportedly similar to Kaliko [kbo]. Previously considered a Kaliko dialect.
mgd	Moru	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Northern	South Sudan	Western Equatoria state: Mundri East and Mundri West counties	70,000 (1982 SIL). 1,200 Agi, 2,500 Andri, 5,000 Kadiro, 9,000 Miza, 400 Wa’di	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1))		Kala Moru	Agi, Andri, ’Bali’ba, Kadiro, Lakama’di, Miza, Wa’di. Andri and ’Bali’ba dialects are similar, Kadiro and Lakama’di are nearly identical.
snm	Ma’di, Southern	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Southern	Uganda	Arua district: Madi-Okollo county; Nebbi, Nyadri, Yumbe, and Zombo districts	60,000 (2010 SIL), increasing	6a (Vigorous)			Okollo (Ma’di Okollo), Ogoko, Rigbo. Reportedly more similar to Lugbara [lgg] than to Ma’di (Moyo) [mhi], which they do not understand. Ogoko and Rigbo dialects are more similar to Lugbara [lgg] than Okollo; intelligibility testing needed. Okollo considered most pure. Southern Ma’di dialects in Rigbo, Ogoko, and Okollo areas, should be considered Lugbara dialects (1992 SIL). Lexical similarity: 85% between Ogoko dialect and Adjumani Ma’di [mhi], 83% between Okollo and Ogoko, 80% between Ogoko and Arua Lugbara, 80% between Ogoko and Moyo Ma’di, 78% between Ogoko and Moyo Ma’di, 76% between Okollo dialect and Arua Lugbara [lgg], 64% between Okollo and Moyo Ma’di, 59% between Okollo and Adjumani Ma’di [mhi] (Boone and Watson 1999).
mhi	Ma’di	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Southern	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Juba country; Eastern Equatoria state: Naguri county	18,000 in South Sudan (1982)	6a (Vigorous)	Ma’adi, Ma’diti, Mãꞌdí		Pandikeri, Lokai, Burulo.
mhi	Ma’di	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Southern	Uganda	Adjumani, Moyo, and Yumbe districts; some in Amuru and Nwoya districts; west and east Nile regions, near Nimule, north Sudan border	293,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Numbers probably include Southern Madi speakers. Total users in all countries: 311,000	5 (Developing)	Ma’adi, Ma’aditi, Ma’di Ti, Ma’di ti, Ma’diti, Madi	Mãꞌdí	Moyo, Adjumani (Oyuwi). Lexical similarity: 89% with Moyo and Oyuwi Ma’di dialects, 85% with Oyuwi and Ogoko Southern Ma’di [snm], 80% with Moyo and Ogoko Southern Ma’di, 78% with Moyo and Aringa [luc], 76% with Oyuwi and Aringa, 64% between Moyo and Okolli Southern Ma’di, and 59% between Oyuwi and Okollo Southern Ma’di (Boone and Watson 1999).
lul	Olu’bo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Southern	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Juba county, southeast of Juba, Lulba hills, main town is Lokiliri; Eastern Equatoria state	15,000 (1985 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Lolubo, Luluba, Lulubo, Olubogo, Oluboti, Ondoe
bdh	Baka	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Baka	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Haut-Uele province: Garamba National Park to Sudan border	1,300 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1993 UBS)	6b* (Threatened)	Tara Baaka
bdh	Baka	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Baka	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Yei county, northwest of Yei; Western Equatoria state: Maridi county, south and west of Maridi	25,000 in South Sudan (1993 UBS). Total users in all countries: 26,300	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts	Tara Baka	baká e
bot	Bongo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Bongo	South Sudan	Warrap state: Tonj South county, Aguka and Busere villages; Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur and Wau Rivers counties	10,100 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bungu, Dor		Bungo, Busere Bongo, Tonj Bongo. Slight dialect differences between River Busere variety, with Zande influence, and that around Tonj. Bungo dialect has minor differences.
blm	Beli	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Terekeka county; Lakes state: Wulu county, south and west of Rumbek	65,000 (2009 SIL)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts	’Beli, Behli, Beili, Jur Beli	Beli	Wulu, Bahri Girinti, Sopi (Supi). Lexical similarity: 46% with Jur Modo [bex], 45% with Bongo [bot], 41% with Mo’da [gbn] and Morokodo [mgc], 39% with Baka [bdh].
bex	Jur Modo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli	South Sudan	Western Equatoria state: Mvolo county	100,000 (2004 SIL)	4 (Educational)	Jur, Jur Mödö	Mödö	Lori, Modo (Jur Modo, Modo Lali), Wira, Wetu.
mwu	Mittu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli	South Sudan	Gogrial state	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the 1940s	10 (Extinct)	Wetu
nwm	Nyamusa-Molo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo’da	South Sudan	Central Equatoria state: Terakeka county border areas; Western Equatoria state: southeast Mvolo county, Lesi area	1,630 (2011 R. Abraham)	6a (Vigorous)			Nyamusa, Molo. Lexical similarity: 84% with Nyamusa and Molo dialects, 70%–75% with Jur Modo [bex] dialect cluster.
gbn	Mo’da	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo’da	South Sudan	Lakes state: Wulu county, Dokoo and Wako; Western Equatoria state: Juba and Mvolo counties	600 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977)	7 (Shifting)	Gbara, Gberi, Gweri, Muda		None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Morokodo [mgc], 58% with Jur Modo [bex], 41% with Beli [blm], 49% with Bongo [bot], 38% with Baka [bdh].
mgc	Morokodo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo’da	South Sudan	Western Equatoria state: Maridi, north Mundri West counties, south Mvolo county	50,000 (2011 A. Persson). 280 Biti (2011 A. Persson)	6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts	Ma’di		Biti, Ma’du, Morokodo. Lexical similarity: 63% with Jur Modo [bex], 41% with Beli [blm], 45% with Bongo [bot], 43% with Baka [bdh].
yul	Yulu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara	Central African Republic	Haute-Kotto prefecture: Ouadda subprefecture; Vakaga prefecture: Ouanda-Djallé subprefecture	4,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 13,000	6b* (Threatened)	Youlou		Binga, Yulu. Aja is not a dialect of Yulu, but of Kresh [krs] (1987 R. Brown).
fuu	Furu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara	Central African Republic	Basse-Kotto prefecture: Mobaye subprefecture, 11 villages	4,000 in Central African Republic (1996)	6b* (Threatened)	Bagero, Bagiro, Baguero, Baguiro
fuu	Furu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Nord-Ubangi province: Bosobolo and Mobaye territories, east of Bosobolo	12,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1984 census). Total users in all countries: 16,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Bagero, Bagiro, Baguero, Baguiro
kcm	Gula	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara	Central African Republic	Vakaga prefecture: Birao subprefecture, Kafia Kingi near Sudan border	13,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 13,200	6a* (Vigorous)	Goula, Gula du Mamoun, Kara, Kara de Soudan, Kara of Sudan, Tar Gula, Yamegi		Molo, Mele, Mot-Mar (Moto-Mara), Sar (Sara), Mere, Zura (Koto).
kcm	Gula	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara	Sudan	South Darfur state: Kafia Kingi	200 in Sudan (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Kara, Kara of Sudan, Yamegi		Gula (Goula), Nguru (Bubu, Koyo).
yul	Yulu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Haut-Lomami province: near Kamina	3,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2011 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Youlou		Binga.
yul	Yulu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara	South Sudan	Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county; Menangba, 50 km west of Raga (Binga dialect); Khor Buga, 5 km west of Raga (Yulu dialect)	3,000 in South Sudan (1987 SIL). Population is total for both Sudan and South Sudan. 2,000 Yulu, 1,000 Binga	7 (Shifting)	Youlou		Yulu, Binga.
yul	Yulu	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara	Sudan	South Darfur state: Habbaniya area	3,000 in Sudan (1987 SIL). Population is total for both Sudan and South Sudan. 2,000 Yulu, 1,000 Binga	7 (Shifting)	Youlou		Binga, Yulu.
bvq	Birri	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi	Central African Republic	Haut-Mbomou prefecture: scattered	200 (1996). Ethnic population: 5,000. No longer spoken in Sudan (1993)	8a (Moribund)	Biri, Bviri, Viri		Mboto, Munga. Only one dialect spoken in Central African Republic.
fgr	Fongoro	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi	Chad	Sila region: Dar Fongoro area along Sudan border	A few elderly speakers (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Gele, Kole
mne	Naba	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi	Chad	Barh el Gazel region: southeast; Batha region: Batha Est department, Ati subprefecture, Batha Ouest department, Oum Hadjer subprefecture; Lake Fitri area east to Ati (Bilala dialect); Bokoro subprefecture, Moïto to Bokoro, and Ati to Oum Hadjer (Kuka dialect); southwest of Ati (Medogo dialect)	410,000 (2013 J. Leclerc). 137,000 Bilala, 76,700 Kuka, and 19,200 Medogo	6a* (Vigorous)			Bilala (Bilaala, Boulala, Bulala, Ma, Mage), Kuka (Kouka, Lisi), Medogo (Modogo, Mud). Related but not inherently intelligible of Berakou [bxv] or Kenga [kyq]. Lexical similarity: between Bilala, Kuka, and Medogo dialects is 99%.
bmi	Bagirmi	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region: Massenya subprefecture, Massenya area, Bousso subprefecture, Bousso area; Mayo-Kebbi Est and Moyen-Chari regions. West of Massenya and along Chari river between Guélendeng and N’Djamena (Bangri dialect); Chari river from Bousso to Guélendeng (Dam dialect); Massenya (Gol dialect); east of Massenya (Kibar dialect)	44,800 in Chad (1993 census)	3 (Wider communication). Widely spoken as L2 or becoming L1 in neighboring people groups	Baghirmi, Bagrimma, Baguirme, Baguirmi, Lis, Lisi, Mbarma, Tar Bagrimma, Tar Barma	Barma	Gol, Kibar, Bangri, Dam. Many dialects.
bxv	Berakou	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi	Chad	Chari-Baguirmi region: Bokoro and N’Djamena subprefectures	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1990s (1995 D. Djarangar)	10 (Extinct)	Babalia, Bubalia		Bolo Djarma, Mondogossou, Manawadji, Yiryo.
dsi	Disa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi	Chad	Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Chinguil subprefecture	2,370 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)
glu	Gula	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi	Chad	Moyen-Chari region: Lac Iro department, Alako and Boum-Kebir subprefectures, southwest of Lake Iro; Guéra region: border area	10,300 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bayo, Goula, Sara Goula, Sara Gula		Kofoy, Malé, Moufa, Souka, Toussa. Probably related to Disa [dsi].
jyy	Jaya	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi	Chad	Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture	2,200 (1993 census)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Lexical similarity: 44% with Naba [mne].
kyq	Kenga	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi	Chad	Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture, Bitkine area, 52 villages, including Bolongo and Bokiyo	40,000 (1997 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Cenge, Kenge	Taar Cɛŋɛ	Cenge (Tar Cenge), Banama (Tar Banama), Bidjir, Banala (Tar Banala), Bolong (Tar Bolongo). Lexical similarity: 62% with Jaya [jyy], 81%–93% with the Bolong (Tar Bolongo) dialect.
bdo	Morom	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi	Chad	Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dababa department, Bokoro and Gama subprefectures	4,500 (2002 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bernde, Tar Murba		Bayo, Morbo, Morom. Bolong may be a dialect of Kenga [kyq]. Lexical similarity: 59% with Bagirmi [bmi], 53%–72% with Kenga, 54%–73% with Jaya [jyy], 55%–70% with Naba [mne], 55%–70% with the Bilala dialect of Naba.
gqr	Gor	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Logone Oriental region: La Pendé department, Bodo center area; Mandoul region	128,000 (2013 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bodo		Bodo, Yamod. Reportedly similar to Bedjond [bjv] and Gor [gqr], with high intelligibility.
mge	Mango	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Logone Oriental region: La Pendé department, Bodo subprefecture; Mandoul and Tandjilé regions	77,000 (2013 J. Leclerc)	5* (Developing)	Doba, Mbay Doba, Mongo		None known. Reportedly similar to Bedjond [bjv] and Gor [gqr], with high inherent intelligibility.
sba	Ngambay	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Logone Occidental region; Logone Oriental region: Lanya department, Bébedjia; La Nya Pendé department, Goré subprefecture; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Mayo-Dallah department; Mayo-Kebbi Est and Tandjilé regions; centered in Moundou area	1,320,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 1,377,000	3 (Wider communication)	Gamba, Gambaye, Gamblai, Ngambai, Sara Ngambai, Sara-Ngambay		Lara, Benoye, Murum (Mouroum), Kere, Bemar (Daba de Goré). Some consider Laka [lap] to be a dialect of Ngambay.
bjv	Bedjond	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Logone Oriental region: east central; Mandoul region: Mandoul Occidental department, Bediondo area	36,000 (Caprile and Fedry 1969)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bediondo, Bediondo Mbai, Bedjondo, Bédjonde, Mbay Bediondo, Mbay Bejondo	Bedjond, Nangnda	Bedjond, Bébote, Yom.
dgk	Dagba	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Central African Republic	Ouham prefecture: Batangafo, Bossangoa, and Kabo subprefectures	34,000 in Central African Republic (2007 K. Wolff). Total users in all countries: 44,000	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. May be intelligible of Kabba [ksp].
dgk	Dagba	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Moyen-Chari region: Grande Sido department, Maro and Sido subprefectures, Ngokorio, Ntilo, and Sido villages, Jardin quartier in Sarh	10,000 in Chad (2007 S. Hossack)	6a* (Vigorous)
gvl	Gulay	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Logone Oriental (1 canton), Mandoul (6 cantons), Tandjilé (1 canton) regions, between Doba, Koumra, and Laï	163,000 (1993 census). 23,500 Pen in 26 villages (1995 D. Djarangar)	5* (Developing)	Goulai, Goulaye, Goulei, Gouley, Gulai, Gulei	Guley	Gulay, Pen (Peni).
hor	Horo	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Moyen-Chari region	No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the early 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Hor
ksp	Kaba	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Logone Oriental region: La Nya Pendé department, Goré subprefecture, Goré area and southeast	70,000 in Chad (1993 census)	5* (Developing)	Kaba de Baibokoum, Kaba de Goré, Kaba de Paoua, Kabba, Western Kaba
ksp	Kabba	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Central African Republic	Ouham prefecture: Markounda subprefecture; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Paoua subprefecture	72,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 142,000	5* (Developing)	Kaba, Sara	Kabba
lap	Laka	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Central African Republic	Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bocaranga subprefecture, 9 villages on Chad border	2,050 in Central African Republic (1996)	6b* (Threatened)	Kabba Laka
lap	Laka	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Logone Occidental region; Logone Oriental region: La Nya Pendé department, Goré subprefecture, Monts de Lam department, Baïbokoum subprefecture; 310 villages. Goré subprefecture, Ngadjibian, Békan, and Timbéri cantons (Mang dialect), Bessao and Pandzangué cantons south of Moundou (Bémour dialect), Ngamadja-Dodang II and Bessao-Oudoumian area (Maïngao dialect), Andoum and Pandzangué cantons, Pan area (Goula dialect), Oudoumian (Paï dialect)	55,100 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 57,150	5* (Developing)	Kabba Laka		Mang, Bémour, Maïngao, Goula, Paï. Some consider it a dialect of Ngambay [sba].
myb	Mbay	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Central African Republic	Ouham prefecture: Batangafo and Markounda subprefectures	8,300 in Central African Republic (1996)	5* (Developing)	Mbai, Mbaï
myb	Mbay	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Mandoul region: Barh Sara department, Moïssala area	80,000 in Chad (1990 J. Keegan). Total users in all countries: 88,300	5* (Developing)	Mbai, Mbay Moissala, Mbaye, Moissala Mbai, Sara Mbai	Mbaï	Bédjou, Kan (Mbay-Kan), Ngoka (Mbang), Bédégué, Mougo, Bbate.
nmc	Ngam	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Central African Republic	Ouham prefecture: Kabo subprefecture	17,700 in Central African Republic (1996)	5* (Developing)	Ngama
nmc	Ngam	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Mandoul region: Barh Sara department, Dembo subprefecture, Maro area; Moyen-Chari region: Grande Sido department, Maro. Nara in Djéké canton (Kle dialect); Djéké canton (Kon Ngam dialect); Barh Kôh department, Maro canton and Moussafoyo subprefecture (Ngam Tel dialect); Maro, Moyo, and Danamadji (Ngam Tira dialect)	43,700 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 61,400	5* (Developing)	Ngahm, Ngama, Ngamh, Sarngam		Ngam Tel, Ngam Tira, Kon Ngam, Kle, Ngam Gir Bor.
sba	Ngambay	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Cameroon	North region: Bénoué division, Garoua; Mayo-Rey division, Mandingring and Rey-Bouba subdivisions, Chad border area east of Tcholliré; all along route to Garoua	57,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Ngambay people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm)	5* (Dispersed)	Gamb-Lai, Gamba, Gambai, Gambaye, Ngambai, Sara, Sara Ngambai
mwm	Sar	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper	Chad	Mandoul and Moyen-Chari regions: Balimba, Bédaya, Bessada, Djoli, Koumogo, Koumra, Matékaga, and Sarh cantons	183,000 (1993 census). 74,700 Madjingay (1964), 16,300 No (1964), 32,000 Nar (1977)	3 (Wider communication)	Madjingay, Sara, Sara Madjingay, Sara Madjingaye	Majngany	Majingai (Madja Ngai, Madjingay, Madjingaye, Majinngay), Nar, No.
kwv	Kaba Naa, Sara	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba	Chad	Moyen-Chari region: Lac Iro department, centered in Kyabé. Kyabé subprefecture, Dindjebo and Dindjekono villages (Dunje dialect)	35,000 in Chad (1993 UBS). 5,560 in Bale village, 4,940 in Koskabo, 4,550 in Kyabé. Total users in all countries: 39,000	5* (Developing)	Dana, Kaba Na, Kaba Naa, Kaba Nar, Na, Sara Kaba	Naa, Sara Kaba Naa	Dunje (Dendje, Denje, Dindje, Dinje, Dounje, Sara Dunjo), Na, Mbanga (Banga), Tie (Tiye). Sara Kaba Náà may be the same as Sara Kaba [sbz] of Central African Republic.
kwg	Kaba Démé, Sara	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba	Central African Republic	Bamingui-Bangoran and Nana-Grébizi prefectures		5* (Developing)	Kaba ’Dem, Kaba Demi, Kaba Démé, Sara Kaba Dem, Sara Kaba Ɗem, Tà Sàra, Ɗem
kwg	Kaba Démé, Sara	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba	Chad	Guéra region; Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh and Lac Iro departments, Banda, Bobé, Hélibongo, Kemata, and Moussafoyo villages along Chari river	40,000 in Chad (1993 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Kaba ’Dem, Kaba Demi, Kaba Démé, Sara Kaba Dem, Tà Sàra	Sara Kaba Ɗem, Ɗem	Sime, Mara, Kuruwer (Kuwaré), Boho.
kwv	Kaba Naa, Sara	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba	Central African Republic	Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Ndélé subprefecture, near Chad border; Nana-Mambéré prefecture: Baoro subprefecture, Mbanga village; far west Vakaga prefecture: small area on Bahr Kameur river, 9 villages	4,000 in Central African Republic (1996)	5* (Developing)	Dana, Kaba Na, Kaba Naa, Kaba Nar, Na, Naa, Sara Kaba		Dunje (Dendje, Denje, Dindje, Dinje, Dounje, Kaba Dunjo, Sara Dinjo, Sara Dunjo), Na, Mbanga (Banga), Tie (Tiye).
kxj	Kulfa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba	Chad	Moyen-Chari region: Kyabé subprefecture, centered in Alako and Kirimikoro southwest of Lake Iro; some in Guéra region	7,110 (1993 census). 4,000 Koulfa, 2,200 Kouroumi, 910 Bara (1993 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kulfe, Kurmi, Kurumi, “Kaba So” (pej.)		Bara, Kulfa (Koulfa), Kurumi (Kouroumi). Lexical similarity: 80% with Sara Kaba Náà [kwv].
sbz	Sara Kaba	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba	Central African Republic	Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Ndélé subprefecture; Vakaga prefecture: Birao subprefecture	13,600 (1996)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ta Sara		None known. May be intelligible of Sara Kaba Náà [kwv].
ndy	Lutos	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale	Central African Republic	Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Ndélé subprefecture; Nana-Grébizi prefecture: Kaga Bandoro subprefecture; Ouham prefecture: Kabo subprefecture	17,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 18,980	6a* (Vigorous)	Rito, Ruto		Nduka (Ndouka, Ndoukwa), Lutos (Louto, Luto, Rito, Routo, Ruto), Wada (Wad), Nduga (Ngougua), Konga. Lutos dialect in Chad; Ruto and Nduka dialects in Central African Republic. Not intelligible of Sar [mwm] or Ngambay [sba].
vae	Vale	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale	Central African Republic	Nana-Grébizi prefecture: Kaga Bandoro subprefecture; Ouham prefecture: Batangafo and Kabo subprefectures	5,400 (1996)	6a* (Vigorous)			Vale, Tana (Tane, Tele). Not intelligible of Sara Kaba Náà [kwv] or Ngambay [sba].
ndy	Lutos	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale	Chad	Mandoul region; Moyen-Chari region: Grande Sido department, on Central African Republic border	1,980 in Chad (1993 census)	6b* (Threatened)			Ruto (Louto, Luto, Rito, Routo).
sys	Sinyar	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sinyar	Chad	Ouaddaï region; Sila region: near confluence of Azum, Kaja, and Salih rivers	12,300 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Shamya, Shamyan, Shemya, Sinya, Symiarta, Taar Shamyan, Zimirra
aja	Aja	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Kresh	South Sudan	Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Kparakpara just west of Raga	200 (1993 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Adja, Ajja		None known. Consider themselves a Kresh tribe, but their language is not intelligible to the Kresh; nearer to Banda in vocabulary and to Kresh [krs] in structure (Santandrea).
krs	Gbaya	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Kresh	South Sudan	Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga and north through Katta, Boro and Kosho to Kafia Kingi, south of Radom National Park	20,000 in South Sudan, all users. L1 users: 16,000 in South Sudan (2013 SIL). L2 users: 4,000. Total users in all countries: 20,000 (as L1: 16,000; as L2: 4,000)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution Article 6(1))	Kpala, Kpara, Kparla, Kredj, Kreich, Kreish, Kresh	gbäyä	Naka (Kresh-Boro), Gbaya-Ndogo (Kresh-Ndogo), Gbaya-Ngbongbo (Kresh-Hofra), Gbaya-Gboko, Orlo (Woro), Gbaya-Dara, Dongo. 8 tribes and dialects. Gbaya-Ndogo is prestigious and understood by all. Naka is largest and also well understood.
krs	Gbaya	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Kresh	Sudan	South Darfur state: Radom district, Kafia Kingi and south		5 (Developing)
amj	Amdang	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Fur	Chad	Batha region: Batha Est department, Haraze Djombo Kibit and Oum Hadjer subprefectures; Ouaddaï region; Wadi Fira region: Biltine department, Biltine subprefecture, Mimi Goz and Mimi Hadjer cantons	41,100 (2000). Population lower in Wadi Fira (home region) than in Batha and Ouaddaï regions	6a* (Vigorous)	Andang, Andangti, Biltine, Mima, Mime, Mimi, Mututu, Simi Amdangtii
fvr	Fur	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Fur	Chad	Sila region	1,800 in Chad	6a (Vigorous)	For, Four, Kondjara, Konjara
fvr	Fur	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Fur	Sudan	North Darfur, South Darfur, and West Darfur states; some villages in east Sudan	744,000 in Sudan (2004 SIL). Ethnic population: 900,000 (2014 SIL). Total users in all countries: 745,800	5 (Developing)	Dala, For, Fora, Fordunga, Forok, Forta, Furakang, Furawi, Kadirgi, Konjara, Korra, Kungara, Kurka, Lali, Onage, Yerge, bèle fòòr, fòòraŋ bèle	Poor’íŋ Belé’ŋ
kun	Kunama	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Kunama	Eritrea	Gash-Barka region: between Gash river and Ethiopia border; Aimara west of Barentu, Barka south of Barentu, Marda north, northeast, and east of Barentu, Barentu	229,000 in Eritrea (2016), increasing. Total users in all countries: 236,570 (as L1: 236,430; as L2: 140)	4 (Educational)	Baada, Baaden, Baaza, Baazayn, Baazen, Bada, Baden, Baza, Bazen, Cunama, Diila	Kunama	Barka (Berka), Marda, Aymasa (Aaimasa, Aimara, Odasa), Tika (Lakatakura-Tika, Tiika), Ilit (Iiliit, Iilit, Iliit), Bitama (Bitaama), Sokodasa (Sogadas, Sogodas), Takazze-Setiit (Setiit, Setit), Tigray. Bitama and Ilit are nearly unintelligible to other Kunama dialect speakers. Barka is largest and is intelligible to speakers of all others.
kun	Kunama	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Kunama	Ethiopia	Tigray region: west of Sheraro and Yirga	7,570 in Ethiopia, all users. L1 users: 7,430 in Ethiopia (2007 census). L2 users: 140 (1994 census). Ethnic population: 4,860 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)
kth	Karanga	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban	Chad	Batha region; Ouaddaï region: Ouara department; Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, Am Dam area to Abéché. Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, southwest of Am Dam (Bakha dialect); northeast of Am Dam (Karanga and Koniéré dialects); Ouaddaï region: Ouara department, south of Abéché and north of Karanga dialect area (Kashmere dialect)	10,000 (1999 SIL). 4,700 Karanga and 1,420 Bakha	6b* (Threatened)	Kurunga		Karanga (Kurunga), Kashmere (Kachmere), Bakha (Bakhat, Baxa, Faala, Fala), Koniéré (Kognere, Konyare, Mooyo, Moyo). Lexical similarity: 73% with Maba [mde], 94% between Karanga and Kashmere dialects.
klf	Kendeje	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Kendeje	Chad	Ouaddaï region: Assoungha and Ouara departments, rural Abéché and Adré subprefectures, northwest of Hadjer Hadid	1,860 (2000)	7 (Shifting)	Yaali		Yaali, Faranga. Lexical similarity: 89% between dialects with little contact between them.
mde	Maba	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Maba	Chad	Batha region; Ouaddaï region: Djourf-al-Ahmar and Ouara departments; Sila region; Wadi Fira region: Biltine department, Biltine subprefecture; most of Ouara department and villages south of Biltine	296,000 in Chad (2006 E. Zürcher), decreasing. Very few monolinguals	3 (Wider communication)	Aulad Djema, Awlad Djema, Bargo, Bergo, Borgho, Borgu, Kana Mabang, Mabaa, Mabak, Mabang, Ouaddai, Ouaddaien, Uled Djemma, Wadai, Waddayen	Bura Mabang	Maba, Kabartu, Kodroy, Kondongo. Lexical similarity: 73% with Karanga [kth], 63% with Marfa [mvu], 42% with Masalit [mls].
mvu	Marfa	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Maba	Chad	Ouaddaï region: Ouara department, south of Abéché	5,000 (1999 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Marba		Not a dialect of Masalit [mls]. Lexical similarity: 63% with Maba [mde], 69% with Karanga [kth], 45% with Masalit [mls].
mls	Masalit	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Masalit	Chad	Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, Adré area; Sila region. Ouaddaï region (Western Masalit dialect)	90,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc), increasing	6a (Vigorous)	Kaana Masala, Kana Masaraka, Masale, Masara, Masaraka, Massalit, Massolit		Northern Masalit, Western Masalit, Southern Masalit, Masaltang.
mls	Masalit	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Masalit	Sudan	South Darfur state: scattered; West Darfur state: Geneina and Habila districts. North and east of Geneina (Northern Masalit dialect)	350,000 in Sudan (2011 SIL). Total users in all countries: 440,000	6a (Vigorous)	Massalit, Mesalit	Kana Masaraka	Dialect in West Darfur differs from that in South Darfur. Lexical similarity: 36% with Karanga [kth], 42% with Maba [mfz], 45% with Marfa [mvu].
mdg	Massalat	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Masalit	Chad	Batha region: Batha Est department, Oum Hadjer subprefecture; Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, Am Dam subprefecture	10 (1991 R. Blench). Ethnic population: 29,800 (1993 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)
kie	Kibet	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Runga-Kibet	Chad	Salamat region: Barh-Azoum department; northeast of Am Timan and southwest of Goz Beïda; Sila region	18,500 (Bender 1983a)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kaben, Kabentang, Kibeet, Kibeit		Dagel (Daggal), Murru (Mourro, Muro), Kibet. Reportedly similar to Runga [rou]. Not a dialect of Tama [tma] as reported in some sources.
rou	Runga	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Runga-Kibet	Central African Republic	Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture; Vakaga prefecture: Birao subprefecture	21,500 in Central African Republic (1996)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ayki, Aykindang, Rounga, Runga de Ndele
rou	Runga	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Runga-Kibet	Chad	Ouaddaï region; Salamat region: Haraze-Mangueigne department; Sila region	21,500 in Chad (1993 census), decreasing. Total users in all countries: 43,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Aiki, Ayki, Aykindang, Rounga, Roungo		None known. Reportedly similar to Kibet [kie].
sbj	Surbakhal	Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Surbakhal	Chad	Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, Adré subprefecture, between Alacha and Hadjer Hadid	7,890 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Sourbakhal		None known. Lexical similarity: 74% with Masalit [mls].
kcy	Korandje	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai	Algeria	Tabelbala oasis, about halfway between Béchar and Tindouf, 3 villages: Kwara, Ifrnyu, Yami	3,000 (2010 L. Souag)	7 (Shifting)	Belbalis, Kwarandzyey
dsq	Tadaksahak	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Northern	Mali	Gao region: Menaka circle, west into Ansongo circle. Menaka is principal town	100,000 in Mali (2007 M. Almaki), increasing. 70,000 youth are monolingual. Total users in all countries: 101,800	6a (Vigorous)	Daosahaq, Daoussahaq, Daoussak, Dausahaq, Dawsahaq	Idaksahak	No major dialects. Closely related to Tagdal [tda] (Niger), Tasawaq [twq] (Niger), and Korandje [kcy] (Algeria). Northern Songhay Languages share features from Songhay languages and Tamasheq [taq].
twq	Tasawaq	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Northern	Niger	Agadez region: In-Gall and Teguidda-In-Tessoumt	8,000 (1998 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ingelshi	Ingalkoyyu’	None known. Reportedly similar to Tagdal [tda], Tadaksahak [dsq] of Mali, and Korandje [kcy] of Algeria.
dje	Zarma	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Niger	Dosso and Tillabéri regions; also Niamey	3,590,000 in Niger (2016). Total users in all countries: 3,680,100	4 (Educational). Recognized language (1999, Constitution, Article 3)	Adzerma, Djerma, Dyabarma, Dyarma, Dyerma, Zabarma, Zarbarma, Zarmaci, Zerma	Zarma sanni, Zarmaciine	Kaado. In Niger, dialects from Dendi [ddn] and Songai blend into Zarma. Intelligibility is high, ethnic autonym: Dendi or Songai. Cannot understand Songhay, Koyraboro Senni [ses] in Mali.
ddn	Dendi	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Benin	Alibori and Atacora departments: Djougou, Parakou, and other towns north along Medru and Niger rivers down to Kandi	255,000 in Benin (2016). Total users in all countries: 257,050	3 (Wider communication)	Dandawa	Songhay	Closely related to Zarma [dje] and Songhay [hmb]. They form a dialect subgroup.
ses	Songhay, Koyraboro Senni	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Mali	Gao region: Gao town area along Niger river; Tombouctou region: Niafunké to Niger border	430,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 300,000 monolinguals (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 850,000	5 (Developing). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1)	East Songhay, Gao Songhay, Koyra Senni, Koyra Senni Songhay, Songai, Songay Senni, Songhai, Songhay, Songoi, Songoy, Sonrai, Sonrhai		Gao, Fulan Kirya. Intelligibility good among all dialects on Niger River. Fulan Kirya dialect has more limited intelligibility through heavy lexical borrowing from Fulfulde [ffm] and Humburi Senni Songhay [hmb]. The Gao dialect is dominant in all respects. Lexical similarity: 77% with Gao and Timbuktu dialects; 50% with Tadaksahak [dsq].
ddn	Dendi	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Nigeria	Kebbi state: Argungu and Bagudo LGAs, on upper Niger river	2,050 in Nigeria (2000)	5 (Dispersed)	Dandawa, Songhay
hmb	Songhay	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Burkina Faso	Sahel region: Oudalan and Seno provinces, Falagountou, Ouanobian, and other towns. Central northeast	10,000 in Burkina Faso (2011 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Central Songai, Humburi Senni Songhay, Songai, Songay, Songay Senni, Songhai, Songoi, Songoy, Sonrai, Sonrhai		Marensé (Koroboré, Maransé).
hmb	Songhay, Humburi Senni	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Mali	Mopti region: Douentza circle, between Gao and Mopti cities; Tombouctou region: Gourma-Rharous circle	15,000 in Mali (1999 J. Heath). Total users in all countries: 25,000	6a (Vigorous)	Central Songai, Hombori Songhay, Songai, Songay Senni, Songhai, Songhay, Songhoy, Songoi, Songoy, Sonrai, Sonrhai		Hombori, Maransé. Maransé dialect is 77% intelligible of Songhay of Falangountou. Lexical similarity: Maransé is 65% with Songhay of Falangoutou, 35% with Songhay of Gao.
khq	Songhay, Koyra Chiini	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Mali	Mopti region: Douentza and Youvarou circles; northeast Ségou region: Niono circle, northeast to Niger river; Tombouctou region: Niger river, both banks	200,000 (1999 SIL), increasing	4 (Educational)	Songai, Songhai, Songhay, Songhoy, Songoi, Songoy, Sonrai, Sonrhai, Timbuktu Songhoy, West Songhoy		Koyra Chiini, Djenné Chiini. Main dialect division between Timbuktu and the upriver towns from Diré to Niafunké. Very distinct in Djenné city. Lexical similarity: 77% with Gao and Timbuktu dialects, 50% lexical similarity with Tadaksahak [dsq].
tst	Tondi Songway Kiini	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Mali	Mopti region: Douentza circle, Kikara village northeast	3,000 (1998 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Songway Kiini, TSK		None known. Clearly distinct from other Songhay languages.
dje	Zarma	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Burkina Faso	Est region: Tapoa province, scattered settlements	600 in Burkina Faso (1987 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Adzerma, Djerma, Dyabarma, Dyarma, Dyerma, Zabarma, Zarbarma, Zarma sanni, Zarmaciine, Zerma
dje	Zarma	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Nigeria	Kebbi state: Argungu, Birnin Kebbi, and Bunza LGAs; Niger state: on Kontagora road; Yobe state: north of Nguru	87,800 in Nigeria (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Adzerma, Djerma, Dyabarma, Dyarma, Dyerma, Zabarma, Zarbarma, Zarma sanni, Zarmaciine, Zerma		Kaado.
dje	Zarmaci	Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern	Mali	Gao region: Ansongo circle, 2 villages south of Menaka at Niger border	1,700 in Mali (2012 G. Davis)	5 (Dispersed)	Adzerma, Djerma, Dyabarma, Dyarma, Dyerma, Zabarma, Zarbarma, Zarma, Zarmaciine, Zerma

References

• Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

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