List of languages of the Americas

Below is a list of ISO 639-3 codes of macrolanguages.

List

Code	Language	Classification	Country	Distribution	Population	Status	Alternate names	Autonym	Dialects
bla	Blackfoot	Algic, Algonquian	Canada	Alberta province: Blackfoot, Blood, and Piegan reserves	2,820 in Canada (2016 census), decreasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,000. Total users in all countries: 2,920	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Blood, Piikani, Siksika	Blackfeet, Niitsipowahsin, Pied Noir	Siksiká	Pikanii (Peigan, Piegan), Kainai (Blood), Siksika (Siksikaipowahsin).
bla	Blackfoot	Algic, Algonquian	United States	Montana: Blackfeet Reservation	100 in United States (2001 I. Goddard), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,970 (2010 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana	Blackfeet, Niitsipowahsin, Siksiká		Pikanii (Peigan, Piegan).
chy	Cheyenne	Algic, Algonquian	United States	Montana: Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation; central Oklahoma	380 (2018 W. Leman), decreasing. Spoken by 350 in Montana, 30 in Oklahoma (2018 W. Leman). Ethnic population: 4,000 (Golla 2007). In Montana	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation	Tsitsistas	Tsėhesenėstsestȯtse
mez	Menominee	Algic, Algonquian	United States	Wisconsin: former Menomini Reservation, northeast	60, all users. L1 users: 35 (Golla 2007), decreasing. 65 semispeakers (Golla 2007). L2 users: 25. Ethnic population: 800 (2000 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin	Menomini	Mamaceqtaw
mia	Miami	Algic, Algonquian	United States	Indiana: north central (Miami dialect); Oklahoma: northeast (Miami and Peoria dialects)	No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. The last fluent speaker died in 1989 (Mithun 1999). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1977 SIL)	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma	Illinois, Maumee, Miami-Illinois, Myaamia, Twatwa, Twightwee, Wea		Miami, Illinois.
sjw	Shawnee	Algic, Algonquian	United States	Oklahoma: central and northeast	260 (2015 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 11,500 (Golla 2007). 2,000 members of the Absentee Shawnee Tribe around Shawnee town (more than 100 speakers); 1,500 members of Eastern Shawnee Tribe in Ottawa County (a few elderly speakers). 8,000 members of the Loyal Shawnee in Cherokee region of Oklahoma around Whiteoak (fewer than 12 speakers) (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians, Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, Shawnee Tribe	Savannah, Sewanee, Shawano
arp	Arapaho	Algic, Algonquian, Arapaho	United States	Wyoming: Wind River Reservation; also associated with Cheyenne [chy] in central Oklahoma	1,070 (2015 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 5,940 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Arapaho Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (Northern Arapaho), Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes (Southern Arapaho), Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation	Arrapahoe	Hinónoʼeitíít
ats	Gros Ventre	Algic, Algonquian, Arapaho	United States	Montana: Fort Belknap reservation, Milk river	No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker, Jim White Crow, died in 1981 (Mithun 1999). Less than 10 fully fluent speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana	A’ananin, Aane, Ahahnelin, Ahe, Ananin, Atsina, Fall Indians, Gros Ventres, White Clay People		None known. Intelligible with Arapaho [arp].
atj	Atikamekw	Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais	Canada	Quebec province: between La Tuque and Senneterre, 200–400 km north of Montreal, along the upper reaches of Saint Maurice river, 3 isolated communities on Manuane, Obedjiwan, and Weymontachie reservations	6,160 (2016 census)	5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Atikamekw d’Opitciwan, Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci, Les Atikamekw de Manawan	Atihkamekw, Atikamek, Attikamek, Attimewk, Tête de Boule	Atikamekw	Nonpalatalized r-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect continuum. Very different from Montagnais [moe] and Naskapi [nsk] nearby.
crm	Cree, Moose	Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais	Canada	Southern tip of James Bay, Moosonee, Ontario. Moose Cree, East Cree [crl] and [crj], and Swampy Cree [csw] reside in this community and surrounding area (Moose Factory, Ontario)	3,000 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1982 SIL)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Brunswick House, Chapleau Cree, Flying Post, Matachewan, Missanabie Cree, Moose Cree, Taykwa Tagamou, Wahgoshig	Cri de Moose, West Main Cree, West Shore Cree, York Cree	ᐃᓕᓖᒧᐧᐃᓐ‎ (ililîmowin)	Nonpalatalized l-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect subgroup. A member of macrolanguage Cree [cre].
crl	Cree, Northern East	Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais	Canada	West central Quebec, east coast of lower Hudson Bay and James Bay; some speakers likely on Nunavut islands in James Bay; Whapmagoostui, Chisasibi, Wemindji, and most in Eastmain communities	320 (2016 census)	5* (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Cree Nation of Chisasibi, Cree Nation of Wemindji, Première nation de Whapmagoostui	Cri du Nord-Est, East Cree, East Main Cree, Eastern James Bay Cree Northern Dialect, James Bay Cree, James Bay Cree Northern	Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin, ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ‎ (Īyiyū Ayimūn)	Palatalized y-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect subgroup. Sometimes classified as Montagnais. A member of macrolanguage Cree [cre].
crk	Cree, Plains	Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais	Canada	North central Manitoba, scattered west across Saskatchewan and central Alberta to the foot of the Rocky Mountains; isolated enclave in British Columbia	3,070 in Canada (2016 census). Total users in all countries: 3,170	5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ahtahkakoop, Alexander, Beardy’s and Okemasis, Big Island Lake Cree, Big River, Bigstone Cree, Blueberry River, Canoe Lake Cree, Chiniki, Driftpile Cree, Enoch Cree, Ermineskin Tribe, Flying Dust, Fort Nelson, Frog Lake, George Gordon, James Smith, Kahkewistahaw, Kawacatoose, Kehewin Cree, Little Pine, Little Red River Cree, Loon River Cree, Louis Bull, Lubicon Lake, Lucky Man, Makwa Sahgaiehcan, Mikisew Cree, Ministikwan Lake Cree, Mistawasis Nêhiyawak, Montana, Moosomin, Muskeg Lake Cree, Muskoday, Ochapowace, Okanese, One Arrow, Onion Lake Cree, Pasqua, Paul, Peepeekisis Cree, Pelican Lake, Pheasant Rump Nakota, Piapot, Poundmaker, Red Pheasant, Saddle Lake Cree, Samson, Sapotaweyak Cree, Saulteau, Sawridge, Stoney, Star Blanket Cree, Sturgeon Lake, Sunchild, Sweetgrass, Tallcree Tribal Government, Thunderchild, Waterhen Lake, Wesley, White Bear, Whitefish Lake, Witchekan Lake	Cri des plaines, Nehiyaw, Western Cree	Nēhiyawēwin, ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ‎ (nēhiyawēwin)	Plains Cree, Western York Cree, Northern Alberta Cree. Nonpalatalized y-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect subgroup. A member of macrolanguage Cree [cre].
crk	Cree, Plains	Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais	United States	Montana: Rocky Boy Reservation north central	100 in United States (2001 I. Goddard), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,560 (2000 census). Ethnic population may include Chippewa [ciw]	8a (Moribund)	Nēhiyawēwin, Nehiyaw, Western Cree
crj	Cree, Southern East	Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais	Canada	Quebec, southeastward from James Bay, inland to the watershed east of Lake Mistissini. Coastal communities of Waskaganish, some in Eastmain. Inland, in Mistissini, Waswanipi, Nemaska, Ouje-Bougoumo	45 (2016 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Cree Nation of Mistissini, Cree Nation of Nemaska, Eastmain, Oujé-Bougoumou Cree, The Crees of the Waskaganish	Cri du Sud-Est, Eastern James Bay Cree Southern Dialect, James Bay Cree Southern Dialect	ᐄᓅ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ‎ (Īnū Ayimūn)	Palatalized y-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect subgroup. Sometimes classified as Montagnais. A member of macrolanguage Cree [cre].
csw	Cree, Swampy	Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais	Canada	Scattered communities, Ontario, Hudson Bay coast, James Bay northwest coast; inland into Manitoba, then Saskatchewan	2,500 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,800 (Golla 2007)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Albany, Attawapiskat, Chemawawin Cree, Cumberland House Cree, Fisher River, Fort Severn, Fox Lake, Gambler, God’s Lake, Manto Sipi Cree, Marcel Colomb, Mathias Colomb, Misipawistik Cree, Mosakahiken Cree, Norway House Cree, Okanese, Opaskwayak Cree, Peguis, Poplar River, Red Earth, Sapotaweyak Cree, Sawridge, Shamattawa, Shoal Lake Cree, Tataskweyak Cree, War Lake, Weenusk, Wuskwi Sipihk, York Factory	Cri des marais, Inilîmowin, Maskekon, Moskégon, Omaškêkowak, Omushkego, West Main Cree, West Shore Cree, York Cree	ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐍᐏᐣ‎ (nêhinawêwin)	Eastern Swampy Cree, Western Swampy Cree. Both nonpalatalized n-dialect and l-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect subgroup. A member of macrolanguage Cree [cre].
cwd	Cree, Woods	Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais	Canada	Far north Manitoba into Saskatchewan, inland southwest from Churchill	1,840 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 53,000 (1982 SIL)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Barren Lands, Beaver Lake Cree, Bunibonibee Cree, Chemawawin Cree, Cross Lake Band of Indians, Duncan’s, Fort McKay, Fort McMurray, Lac La Ronge, Montreal Lake, Nisichawayasihk Cree, O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree, Peerless Trout, Peter Ballantyne Cree, Red Earth, Shoal Lake Cree, Sturgeon Lake Cree, Sucker Creek, Swan River, Woodland Cree	Cri des bois	Nīhithawīwin, ᓀᐦᐃᖬᐍᐏᐣ‎ (nīhithawīwin)	Nonpalatalized th-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect subgroup. A member of macrolanguage Cree [cre].
moe	Montagnais	Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais	Canada	Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec provinces; Lake Saint John east along Saguenay Valley to north shore Saint Lawrence River, Gulf of Saint Lawrence east to St. Augustin, north to height of land at Schefferville and inland Labrador, Goose Bay and Lake Melville, 11 communities	10,200 (2016 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bande des Innus de Pessamit, Innu Takuaikan Uashat Mak Mani-Utenam, Innue Essipit, Innu Matimekush-Lac John, Les Innus de Ekuanitshit, Montagnais de Pakua Shipi, Montagnais de Unamen Shipu, Montagnais du Lac St-Jean, Mushuau Innu, Innus de Nutashkuan, Sheshatshiu Innu	Innu, Innu Aionun, Montagnais Innu	Innu Aimun	Western Montagnais, Eastern Montagnais. Palatalized l-dialect and palatalized n-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect subgroup. There are possibly 3 dialects based on the shifting of Proto-Algonquian *l within Western Montagnais to ‘n’. 2 Western Montagnais communities (Mashteuiatsh, Betsiamites) use ‘l’, as the reflex of Proto-Algonquian *l, and the other Western Montagnais (Uashat-Maliotenam, Matimekosh) use ‘n’. Uashat-Maliotenam and Matimekosh could be classified as Central Montagnais. All Eastern Montagnais speakers use ‘n’.
nsk	Naskapi	Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais	Canada	Newfoundland and Labrador provinces: Natuashish on the mainland, an isolated community in Labrador (Eastern Naskapi dialect); Quebec province: Kawawachikamach about 10 km northeast of Schefferville at watershed (Western Naskapi dialect)	1,210 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,300 (2017 N. Jancewicz). 900 Western Naskapi, 400 Eastern Naskapi	4 (Educational). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach	Innu Aimun, Iyuw Imuun, Naaskaapii iyuw iyimuuun, Naskapi Innu	Naskapi, ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ‎ (Iyuw Iyimuuun), ᓇᔅᑲᐱ‎ (Naskapi)	Western Naskapi (Kawawachikamach), Eastern Naskapi (Mushua Innu, Natuashish).
xpq	Mohegan-Pequot	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian	United States	Connecticut; New York. Eastern Connecticut (Mohegan and Pequot dialects); eastern Long Island, New York (Montauk dialect)	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Fidelia Fielding, died in 1908 (Mithun 1999). Ethnic population: 1,400 ethnic population of Mohegan-Pequot and Narragansett [xnt] (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, Mohegan Tribe of Indians of Connecticut, Shinnecock Indian Nation			Mohegan, Pequot, Montauk. Reportedly similar to Wampanoag [wam].
xnt	Narragansett	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian	United States	Connecticut; Rhode Island	No known L1 speakers. The last L1 speakers probably died by the 1850s; some rememberers survived into the 1880s (Wojciechowski 1999). Ethnic population: 1,400 ethnic population of Narragansett and Mohegan-Pequot [xpq] (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Narragansett Indian Tribe
pqm	Malecite-Passamaquoddy	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian	Canada	New Brunswick province: Saint John river villages	310 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (1998 SIL). Total users in all countries: 410	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Kingsclear, Madawaska Maliseet, Oromocto, Malecite de Viger, Saint Mary’s, Tobique, Woodstock	Maliseet-Passamaquoddy		Malecite (Maliseet, Wolastoqiyik), Passamaquoddy.
pqm	Malecite-Passamaquoddy	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian	United States	Maine: Indian Township and Pleasant Point	100 in United States (Golla 2007), decreasing. 850 Passamaquoddy (2015 census). Ethnic population: 2,500 (1997 K. Teeter)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians, Passamaquoddy Tribe	Maliseet-Passamaquoddy		Malecite (Maliseet), Passamaquoddy.
mic	Mi’kmaq	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian	Canada	New Brunswick province: Big Cove, Burnt Church, Eel Ground, Eel River Bar, Fort Folly, Indian Island, Pabino Falls, and Red Bank; Newfoundland and Labrador province: Newfoundland Island, 1 settlement south of Millertown; Nova Scotia: Afton, Bear River, Shubenagadie, Pictou, Truro, and Yarmouth, on Cape Breton Island: Chapel Island, Eskasoni, Memberto, Waikoqomaq, and Wakmatkuq; Prince Edward Island province; Quebec province: Gesgapeqiaq, Gespe’q, and Listuguj on east Gaspé peninsula	6,690 in Canada (2016 census), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 14,200 (1998 SIL). 1,500 are in mainland Nova Scotia, 4,000 on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 800 on Prince Edward Island and Lennox Island, 4,550 on the east coast of New Brunswick, 3,150 on the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, 200 in Newfoundland. Total users in all countries: 6,900	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Abegweit, Acadia, Annapolis Valley, Bear River, Buctouche MicMac, Eel Ground, Eel River Bar, Elsipogtog, Esgenoopetitj, Eskasoni, Fort Folly, Glooscap, Indian Island, Micmac de Gespeg, Lennox Island, Listuguj Mi’gmaq Government, Membertou, Metepenagiag Mi’kmaq, Miawpukek, Micmacs of Gesgapegiag, Millbrook, Pabineau, Paqtnkek Mi’kmaw, Pictou Landing, Potlotek, Qalipu Mi’kmaq, Sipekne’katik, Wagmatcook, We’koqma’q	Mi’gmaq, Mi’gmaw, Mi’gmawi’simg, Micmac, Miigmao, Restigouche	L’nui’simk, Míkmawísimk	Northern Micmac, Southern Micmac. Generally dialects are intelligible, but there are lexical, inflectional, word order, and spelling differences.
mic	Mi’kmaq	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian	United States	Maine : north near Fort Fairfield; Massachusetts: Boston; scattered elsewhere	210 in United States (2015 census). 8,150 L1 speakers in Canada and the United States(Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 6,800 (Golla 2007)	6b* (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians	Mi’gmaw, Mi’kmaw, Micmac, Miigmao, Restigouche
pim	Powhatan	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian	United States	Virginia: Tidewater	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker had either died or shifted to English by 1800 (Pereltsvaig 2017). Ethnic population: 3,000 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Pamunkey Indian Tribe	Virginia Algonkian, Virginia Algonquian
wam	Wampanoag	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian	United States	Massachusetts: southeast	No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. Last known speaker died at the end of the 19th century (Mithun 1999). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2006)	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) of Massachusetts	Massachusett, Massachusetts, Natick	Wôpanâak
aaq	Abenaki, Eastern	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Abenaki	United States	Maine: Androscoggin-Kennebec and Penobscot valleys	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Madeline Tower Shay, died in 1993 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 90 (2000 census). Total Abenaki in the United States	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Penobscot Nation	Abenaki, Alnombak, Alnôbak, Eastern Abnaki, Wawenock		Penobscot (Penawahpskewi), Caniba.
abe	Abenaki, Western	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Abenaki	Canada	Quebec province: Odanak Reserve on Saint Francois river	10 in Canada (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: 14	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Odanak, Première Nation des Abénakis de Wôlinak	Abenaki, Abenaqui, Alnombak, Saint Francis, Western Abnaki	Alnôbak
abe	Abenaki, Western	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Abenaki	United States	Vermont: north end of Lake Champlain	4 in United States (2012 D. Stevens)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Alnombak, Alnôbak
umu	Munsee	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Delaware	Canada	Ontario province: Moraviantown Reserve	4 in Canada (2009). Ethnic population: 400 (Kinkade 1991)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Delaware, Moravian of the Thames, Munsee-Delaware, Six Nations of the Grand River	Delaware, Ontario Delaware		None known. Reportedly similar to Unami [unm] in the United States. A member of macrolanguage Delaware [del].
umu	Munsee	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Delaware	United States	Scattered	No known L1 speakers in United States	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Delaware Nation, Stockbridge Munsee Community	Delaware, Munsee Delaware, Stockbridge-Munsee		None known. Similar to Unami [unm].
unm	Unami	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Delaware	United States	Oklahoma: Andarko, Bartlesville	No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. The last known speaker, Edward Thompson, died in 2002. Ethnic population: 11,000 (2015)	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: Delaware Nation, Delaware Tribe of Indians	Delaware, Lenape, Lenni-Lenape		Northern Unami, Southern Unami, Unalachtigo. A member of macrolanguage Delaware [del].
nnt	Nanticoke	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Nanticoke-Conoy	United States	Delaware: south; Maryland: east	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Lydia Clark, died in the 1840s. Ethnic population: 400 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant)
psy	Piscataway	Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Nanticoke-Conoy	United States	Maryland	No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably died or shifted to other languages by the late 18th century (Mackie 2006)	10 (Extinct)	Conoy
sac	Meskwaki	Algic, Algonquian, Fox	United States	Iowa: Tama. Kansas and Nebraska: eastern border area (Mesquakie dialect): Oklahoma: central (Mesquakie dialect); Fox and Sac Reservation (Fox and Sac dialects)	250 (Golla 2007). 200 Mesquakie in Iowa, more than 50 Sac and Fox in central Oklahoma, a few Nemaha Sauks on the Kansas-Nebraska border (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 760 Fox	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Sac & Fox Nation, Sac & Fox Nation of Missouri (Kansas and Nebraska), Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa	Mesquakie, Sac and Fox, Sauk-Fox		Fox, Sac (Sauk), Mesquakie. Kansas and Oklahoma groups closely related to Kickapoo [kic] of Oklahoma and Mexico.
kic	Kickapoo	Algic, Algonquian, Fox	Mexico	Coahuila de Zaragoza state: Nacimiento de Kikapú, 40 km northeast of Muzquiz	450 in Mexico (2011 UNSD)	6b (Threatened)	Kicapoux, Kicapus, Kikabeeux, Kikapaux, Kikapú, Quicapause
kic	Kickapoo	Algic, Algonquian, Fox	United States	Kansas: Horton northeast; Oklahoma: Jones and McCloud; Texas: Nuevo Nacimiento	400 in United States (Golla 2007), decreasing. 6 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 820 (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 850	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas, Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma	Kikapoo, Kikapú		None known. Possibly intelligible with Meskwaki [sac].
alq	Algonquin	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	Canada	Quebec province: northwest of Ottawa, and Maniwaki; Ontario province: Golden Lake	1,760 (2011 census), decreasing. 180 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Algonquins of Barriere Lake, Algonquins of Pikwakanagan, Anishnaabeg of Naongashiing, Atikameksheng Anishnawbek, Communauté anicinape de Kitcisakik, Conseil de la Première Nation Abitibiwinni, Dokis, Kebaowek, Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg, Long Point, Nation Anishnabe du Lac Simon, Nipissing, Timiskaming, Wahgoshig, Wolf Lake	Algonkin	Anicinàbemowin	Northern Algonquin, Southern Algonquin (Anishinaabemowin, Anishinàbemiwin, Nipissing). Northern Algonquin and Southern Algonquin varieties very different.
ciw	Chippewa	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	United States	Michigan; Minnesota; North Dakota; Wisconsin	5,000. Ethnic population: 104,000 (1990 census)	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation, Bay Mills Indian Community, Chippewa-Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy’s Reservation, Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin, Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation of Wisconsin, Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Michigan, Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan, Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin, Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan, Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan, Sokaogon Chippewa Community, St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin, Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota	Minnesota Ojibwe, Ojibway, Ojibwe, Southwestern Ojibwa	Anishinaabemowin	Upper Michigan-Wisconsin Chippewa, Central Minnesota Chippewa, Red Lake Chippewa, Minnesota Border Chippewa. Turtle Mountain in North Dakota shares features with Central Minnesota. Red Lake includes Northwest Angle on shore of Lake of the Woods. Nett Lake on the Minnesota border is closely related to Lac la Croix (Rainy River Ojibwa of Northwestern Ojibwa [ojb]) in Ontario. A member of macrolanguage Ojibwa [oji].
ojc	Ojibwa, Central	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	Canada	Ontario province: Lake Nipigon west to Lake Nipissing east	8,000 (2007 SIL). All Ojibwa varieties in Canada: 17,900 (2016 census)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Animbiigoo Zaagi’igan Anishinaabek, Batchewana, Biigtigong Nishnaabeg, Biinjitiwaabik Zaaging Anishinaabek, Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek, Brunswick House, Chapleau Ojibway, Flying Post, Garden River, Ginoogaming, Gull Bay, Long Lake, Magnetawan, Matachewan, Michipicoten, Nipissing, Pays Plat, Pic Mobert, Red Rock, Serpent River, Shawanaga, Temagami, Thessalon, Wahnapitae	Central Ojibwe, Ojibway, Ojibwe		An area of transitional dialects. A member of macrolanguage Ojibwa [oji].
ojg	Ojibwa, Eastern	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	Canada	Ontario province: north of Lake Ontario and east of Georgian Bay. East of north-south line through Bruce Peninsula base (Rhodes 1976)	25,900 (1998 census)	6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alderville, Chippewas of Georgina Island, Chippewas of Rama, Curve Lake, Hiawatha, Magnetawan, Mississauga, Mississaugas of Scugog Island, Mississaugas of the Credit, Shawanaga, Wasauksing	Ojibway, Ojibwe	Jibwemwin, Nishnaabemwin	A member of macrolanguage Ojibwa [oji].
ojb	Ojibwa, Northwestern	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	Canada	Manitoba and Ontario provinces	20,000 (2000 UBS)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum, Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Berens River, Big Grassy, Fort William, God’s Lake, Iskatewizaagegan, Lac Des Mille Lacs, Lac La Croix, Lac Seul, Little Grand Rapids, Martin Falls, Mitaanjigamiing, Naicatchewenin, Naotkamegwanning, Nigigoonsiminikaaning, Northwest Angle, Obashkaandagaang, Ochiichagwe’babigo’ining, Ojibways of Onigaming, Pauingassi, Pikangikum, Pinaymootang, Poplar Hill, Poplar River, Rainy River, Seine River, Shoal Lake, Wabaseemoong, Wabauskang, Wabigoon Lake Ojibway, Weenusk, Whitesand	Northern Ojibwa, Ojibway, Ojibwe	Nakawēmowin	Berens River Ojibwa (Saulteaux), Lac Seul Ojibwa, Albany River Ojibwa, Lake of the Woods Ojibwa, Rainy River Ojibwa. A member of macrolanguage Ojibwa [oji].
ojs	Ojibwa, Severn	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	Canada	Manitoba and Ontario provinces	12,900 (2016 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Albany, Animakee Wa Zhing, Aroland, Bearskin Lake, Brunswick House, Cat Lake, Constance Lake, Day Star, Deer Lake, Eabametoong, Flying Post, Garden Hill, Kasabonika Lake, Kee-Way-Win, Kingfisher, Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug, Lac Seul, Little Black Bear, Mattagami, McDowell Lake, Mishkeegogamang, Muskrat Dam Lake, Neskantaga, Nibinamik, North Caribou Lake, North Spirit Lake, Ojibway Nation of Saugeen, Red Sucker Lake, Sachigo Lake, Sandy Lake, Slate Falls, St. Theresa Point, Wapekeka, Wasagamack, Wawakapewin, Webequie, Weenusk, Wunnumin	Anishinaabemowin, Cree, Northern Ojibwa, Oji-Cree, Ojibway, Ojibwe, Ojicree	ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓂᓃᒧᐏᐣ‎ (Anishininiimowin)	Winisk River Ojibwa, Severn River Ojibwa. A member of macrolanguage Ojibwa [oji].
ojw	Ojibwa, Western	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	Canada	Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan provinces; west from Lake Winnipeg	10,000 (2002 W. Poser). Ethnic population: 60,000 (1997 SIL)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aamjiwnaang, Black River, Bloodvein, Brokenhead Ojibway, Buffalo Point, Cote, Couchiching, Cowessess, Dauphin River, Day Star, Eagle Lake, Ebb and Flow, Fishing Lake, Fort Alexander, George Gordon, Heart Lake, Henvey Inlet, Hollow Water, Kapawe’no, Keeseekoose, Keeseekoowenin, Kinistin Saulteaux, Kinonjeoshtegon, Lake Manitoba, Lake St. Martin, Little Saskatchewan, Long Plain, Muscowpetung, Muskoday, Muskowekwan, Nekaneet, O’Chiese, O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi, Okanese, Pasqua, Peguis, Pheasant Rump Nakota, Pine Creek, Poplar River, Rolling River, Roseau River Anishinabe, Sakimay, Sandy Bay, Sapotaweyak Cree, Saulteau, Saulteaux, Sawridge, Skownan, Sturgeon Lake, The Key, Tootinaowaziibeeng, War Lake, Waywayseecappo, White Bear, Yellow Quill	Nahkawēwin, Ojibway, Ojibwe, Plains Ojibway, Plains Ojibwe, Saulteau, Saulteaux, Saulteaux Ojibwe, Western Ojibwe	Anishnaubemowin, Nakawēmowin	A member of macrolanguage Ojibwa [oji].
otw	Ottawa	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	Canada	Ontario province: Lake Huron area islands, Manitoulin Island; Walople Island Reserve. West of a north south line through Bruce Peninsula (Rhodes 1976)	150 in Canada (2016 census). Nishnaabemwin is an emergent language, fusion of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwa [ojg], having a couple thousand speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 60,000. Total users in all countries: 7,360	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Atikameksheng Anishnawbek, Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Beausoleil, Caldwell, Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point, Chippewas of Nawash, Chippewas of the Thames, M’Chigeeng, Mattagami, Nipissing, Sagamok Anishnawbek, Saugeen, Shawanaga, Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Walpole Island, Wasauksing, Whitefish River, Wikwemikong, Zhiibaahaasing	Odawa, Ojibway, Ojibwe	Daawaamwin, Nishnaabemwin	A member of macrolanguage Ojibwa [oji].
otw	Ottawa	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	United States	Michigan: near Sault Sainte Marie and elsewhere	7,210 in United States (2010 census). 310 Ottawa, 6,900 Ojibwa. 10 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,910 (2000 census). 560 Ottawa, 8,350 Ojibwa	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma, Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan, Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan	Chippewa, Daawaamwin, Eastern Ojibwa, Nishnaabemwin, Odawa, Ojibwe
pot	Potawatomi	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	Canada	Ontario province: Walpole Island Reserve	No known L1 speakers in Canada	9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Beausoleil, Caldwell, M’Chigeeng, Moose Deer Point, Sagamok Anishnawbek, Saugeen, Shawanaga, Walpole Island, Wasauksing, Wikwemikong	Neshnabémwen, Pottawottomi
pot	Potawatomi	Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi	United States	Kansas; Michigan: southwest and north; Wisconsin: north; Oklahoma: central	21 in United States, all users. L1 users: 10 in United States (2018 J. Neeley), increasing. 8 speakers in Wisconsin and 2 speakers in Kansas (2018 J. Neeley). L2 users: 11 (2018 J. Neeley). Ethnic population: 25,000 (1997 L. Buszard-Welcher). Total users in all countries: 21 (as L1: 10; as L2: 11)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Forest County Potawatomi Community, Hannahville Indian Community, Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan, Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi, Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians (Michigan and Indiana), Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation	Nishnabek, Pottawotomi	Bode’wadmi
lmz	Lumbee	Algic, Algonquian, Unclassified	United States	Maryland; North Carolina: south; South Carolina		Unattested	Croatan
wiy	Wiyot	Algic, Ritwan	United States	California: northwest	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Della Prince, died in 1962 (Mithun 1999). Ethnic population: 450 (2000 A. Yamamoto)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria, Blue Lake Rancheria, Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria, Wiyot Tribe
yur	Yurok	Algic, Ritwan	United States	California: northwest	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Archie Thompson, died in 2013 (2013 L. Romney). A few dozen semispeakers and passive speakers, middle-aged or older (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 4,000 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Big Lagoon Rancheria, Blue Lake Rancheria, Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria, Elk Valley Rancheria, Resighini Rancheria, Tolowa Dee-ni’ Nation, Yurok Tribe of the Yurok Reservation
cul	Culina	Arauan	Peru	Ucayali region: near Brazil border, upper Purus and Santa Rosa rivers	420 in Peru (2007 census), increasing. Primarily monolingual. Ethnic population: 420	5 (Developing)	Kollina, Kulina, Kulino, Kulyna, Kurina, Madiha, Madihá, Madija
dny	Dení	Arauan	Brazil	Amazonas state: Terra Indigena Camadeni and Terra Indigena Deni, between Purus and Juruá rivers, Upper Cunhua and Xiruã rivers	740 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 880 (2006 FUNASA)	5* (Developing)	Dani	Madiha	Inauini. Reportedly similar to Kulina [cul].
cul	Kulina	Arauan	Brazil	Acre and Amazonas states: Juruá and Purus rivers	3,000 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 3,500 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 3,420	6b* (Threatened)	Corina, Culina, Kulyna, Kulína, Madihá, Madija	Madiha	Minor changes from Peruvian dialect.
pad	Paumarí	Arauan	Brazil	Amazonas state: Purus river. 3 villages	290 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 890 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Palmari, Purupurú		Paumarm (Pammari), Kurukuru (Curucuru), Uaiai. 3 inherently intelligible dialects.
swx	Suruahá	Arauan	Brazil	Amazonas state: Juruá, Jutaí and Purus rivers area	140 (Moore 2006). 140 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 140 (Crevels 2007)	6a (Vigorous)	Indios do Coxodoá, Sorowaha, Suruwahá, Zuruahã
jaa	Jamamadí	Arauan, Jamamadi	Brazil	Amazonas state: Jaruara; Lábrea municipality, 7 villages; Banawá river area; others scattered	1,080 (Crevels 2012). 100 Banawá Yafí, 800 Jamamadí, 180 Jaruára (Crevels 2012). Banawa Yafi (Kitiya) mostly monolingual; 160 ethnic Jarawara, also mostly monolingual (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 1,160 (Crevels 2012). 100 Banawá Yafí, 880 Jamamadí, 180 Jaruára (Crevels 2012)	4 (Educational)	Canamanti, Kanamanti, Kapaná, Madi, Yamadi, Yamamadí, Yamamandi		Bom Futuro, Jurua, Pauini, Mamoria (Mamori), Cuchudua (Maima), Tukurina, Jarawara (Jaruára, Yarawara), Banawá Yafí (Banauá, Banavá, Banawá, Jafí, Kitiya). Other groups called, Jamamadí, are reportedly more similar to Kulina [cul] or Dení [dny]. Tukurina dialect may be a separate language.
ayr	Aymara, Central	Aymaran, Aymara	Bolivia	La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí departments: west of eastern Andes	998,000 in Bolivia (2014 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 1,464,100	6b (Threatened)	Aimara, Aymar aru	Aymar	Chilean Aymara is very similar to La Paz, Bolivia dialect. A member of macrolanguage Aymara [aym].
ayr	Aymara, Central	Aymaran, Aymara	Chile	Antofagasta, Arica and Parinacota, and Tarapacá regions: Iquique area, extreme north mountains	19,000 in Chile (Fabre 2007). Ethnic population: 48,500 (2002). About half have some knowledge of the language (Crevels 2007)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (1993, Indigenous Peoples Law (No. 19.253)), Bilingual education programs in highland areas	Aimara
ayr	Aymara, Central	Aymaran, Aymara	Peru	Moquegua, Puno, and Tacna regions: Lake Titicaca area	443,000 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 443,000 (2007 census)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48)	Aimara, Aymara		Lupaca is the main literary dialect.
ayc	Aymara, Southern	Aymaran, Aymara	Peru	Moquegua, Puno, and Tacna regions: Lake Titicaca toward the ocean	213,000 (2011 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48)	Aymar, Aymar aru		Important verb forms and vocabulary differences from Central Aymara [ayr]. Dialect intelligibility needs investigation in Tacna and Moquegua (Landerman 1982). A member of macrolanguage Aymara [aym].
jqr	Jaqaru	Aymaran, Tupe	Peru	Lima region: Yauyos province, Cachuy and Tupe villages; into Ica region	740 (Crevels 2012). 730 Jaqaru and 9 Cauqui (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 W. Adelaar)	7 (Shifting)	Aru, Haq’aru, Haqaru, Haqearu		Cauqui (Cachuy, Kawki). Lexical similarity: 73% with Aymara [ayr], 79% with Cauqui dialect and Aymara.
kwi	Awa-Cuaiquer	Barbacoan, Northern	Colombia	Nariño department: Barbacoas area; Cuaiquer del Alto Albí, Cuambíyaslambi, Cumbal, Mallama, and Ricaurte reservations; Pacific slopes of Andes	12,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,400 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 14,100	6b* (Threatened)	Awa, Awa Pit, Coaiquer, Cuaiquer, Kwaiker, Quaiquer, auapit, Înkal Awa	Awapit	None known. Distantly related to Chachi [cbi] and Colorado [cof].
kwi	Awa-Cuaiquer	Barbacoan, Northern	Ecuador	Carchi and Esmeraldas provinces: extreme north, Andes west slopes, Colombia-Ecuador border, Mira river area	2,100 in Ecuador (Crevels 2012), decreasing. 1,000 monolinguals. Most monolinguals are women or children under age 16. Ethnic population: 3,130 (2012 UNSD)	6b (Threatened)	Awa, Awa Pit, Awapit, Cuaiquer, Înkal Awa
bpb	Barbacoas	Barbacoan, Northern	Colombia	Nariño department: Barbacoas coastal town area		Unattested	Barbácoa, Colima, Pasto
cof	Colorado	Barbacoan, Southern	Ecuador	Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas province: provincial capital area	1,870 (Crevels 2012). Some monolingual in remote communities. Ethnic population: 2,840 (2012 UNSD)	6b (Threatened)	Tsachela, Tsachila, Tsafiki, Tsafiqui		None known. Reportedly lexically similar to Chachi [cbi] and Awa-Cuaiquer [kwi], but major differences between the languages in phonology, syntax and grammatical structure (2011 W. Largo).
cbi	Chachi	Barbacoan, Southern	Ecuador	Esmeraldas province: Cayapas river and tributaries (Canandé, Cojimíes, Onzole, Sucio, and others), north coastal jungle	5,870 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 9,390 (2012 UNSD)	6b* (Threatened)	Cayapa, Cha’ Palaachi, Cha’palaachi, Kayapa	Cha’Palaa
bor	Borôro	Bororoan	Bolivia	Santa Cruz department: Ángel Sandoval province	2 in Bolivia (2004 S. Anonby), decreasing	8b (Nearly extinct)	Boe, Boe Wadáru
bor	Borôro	Bororoan	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Meruri, Sangradouro, Perigera	1,390 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,390 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,392	6b (Threatened)	Boe, Eastern Bororo	Boe Wadáru
otu	Otuke	Bororoan	Brazil	Mato Grosso state	No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1920s	10 (Extinct)	Loushiru, Louxiru, Louxiur, Otuké, Otuque, Otuqui, Otuqué		Related dialects or languages: Covareca, Curuminaca, Coraveca (Curave), Curucaneca, and Tapii; all extinct.
umo	Umotína	Bororoan	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: along the Paraguay River	No known L1 speakers (Crevels 2012). The last speaker, Julá Paré, died in 2004 (2011 E. Vital). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Barbados, Omotina, Umutina
kqq	Krenak	Botocudoan	Brazil	Minas Gerais state: between Conselheiro Pena and Resplendor towns; São Paulo state: small enclave; Doce river east bank	10 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 200 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Aimorés, Borun, Botocudo, Botocudos, Crenac, Crenaque, Krenac, Krenak-Nakrehé, Nakrehé
cad	Caddo	Caddoan	United States	Oklahoma: Caddo county	25 (Golla 2007). No monolinguals (2000 B. Levy). Ethnic population: 45 (2000 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Caddo Nation of Oklahoma	Caddoe, Hasí:nay, Hatsinai, Kado, Kadohadacho		None known. Related to Pawnee [paw], Kitsai [kii] and Wichita [wic].
wic	Wichita	Caddoan, Northern Caddoan	United States	Oklahoma: Caddo county, Anadarko	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Doris Jean Lamar-McLemore, died in 2016 (2016 R. Poolaw). Ethnic population: 2,100 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita; Keechi; Waco; Tawakonie)			Waco, Tawakoni. Reportedly similar to Kitsai [kii] and Pawnee [paw].
kii	Kitsai	Caddoan, Northern Caddoan, Kitsai-Proto-Pawnee	United States	Oklahoma: Caddo county, among Caddo [cad] language speakers	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1940 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 S. DeLancey)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita; Keechi; Waco; Tawakonie)	Kichai		None known. Reportedly more similar to Pawnee [paw] than to Wichita [wic].
paw	Pawnee	Caddoan, Northern Caddoan, Kitsai-Proto-Pawnee, Proto-Pawnee	United States	Oklahoma: north central	10 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,500 (Golla 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma			South Band, Skiri (Skidi). Reportedly similar to Arikara [ari], but not inherently intelligible with it. Kitsai [kii] is somewhat similar to Wichita [wic], but reportedly more similar to Pawnee.
ari	Arikara	Caddoan, Northern Caddoan, Kitsai-Proto-Pawnee, Proto-Pawnee	United States	North Dakota: Fort Berthold Reservation, mostly Parshall and White Shield	10 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 94 (2000 census)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation	Arikaree, Arikari, Arikaris, Ree, Ris, Sáhniš
jeb	Jebero	Cahuapanan	Peru	Loreto region: Alto Amazonas province, Jeberos district, between Marañon and Huallaga rivers	30 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2000 W. Adelaar)	7 (Shifting)	Chebero, Shiwilu, Xebero, Xihuila
cbt	Shawi	Cahuapanan	Peru	Loreto and San Martin regions: Cahuapanas, Paranapura, Shanusi, and Sillay rivers	14,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 21,400 (Crevels 2012)	5 (Developing)	Balsapuertino, Cahuapa, Cahuapana, Campo Piyapi, Chahui, Chawi, Chayabita, Chayahuita, Chayawita, Chayhuita, Paranapura, Shayabit, Tsaawí, Tshaahui	Shahui	Chayahuita, Cahuapana. Not intelligible with Jebero [jeb].
car	Carib	Cariban	French Guiana	Northwest coast, along lower Mana and Maroni rivers east of Maroni river mouth, Iracoubo and Organabo areas between Kourou and Mana	2,400 in French Guiana (Crevels 2012). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,000 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Caribe, Cariña, Galibi, Kalihna, Kalin’a, Kalinya, Kari’na, Kari’na auran, Kari’ña		Tyrewuju (Eastern Carib).
car	Carib	Cariban	Guyana	Barima-Waini and Pomeroon-Supenaam regions: Northwest, coastal river heads and coastal lowland forests	480 in Guyana (1991). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2000 J. Forte). The ethnic group represents 6% of the Amerindians in Guyana	6b* (Threatened)	Caribe, Cariña, Galibi, Kalihna, Kalinya, Kari’nja, Kari’nya, Kari’ña, Kariña, Karìna, Karìna auran		Murato (Myrato, Western Carib), Aretyry.
car	Carib	Cariban	Suriname	Coronie district: Welgelegen commune; Marowijne district: Albina and Galibi communes; Para district: Bigi Poika commune; Saramacca district: Calcutta commune; Sipaliwini district: Boven Coppename commune	1,200 in Suriname (Carlin 2001). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Caribe, Cariña, Galibí, Kali’na, Kalihna, Kalinya, Kara’ibs, Kari’na, Kari’na auran, Kari’nja, Kari’nya, Kari’ña, Karìna, Maraworno		Murato (Myrato, Western Carib), Tyrewuju (Eastern Carib), Aretyry.
car	Carib	Cariban	Venezuela	Anzoátegui, Bolívar, and Monagas states: Orinoco river mouth area; Guyana border; some in Delta Amacuro state	4,450 in Venezuela (2001 census). Ethnic population: 11,200 (Crevels 2007). Total users in all countries: 8,558	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Caribe, Cariña, Galibi, Kalihna, Kalinya, Kari’nja, Kari’ña, Kariña	Karìna auran	Tabajari, Murato (Myrato, Western Carib). Eastern dialect primarily in eastern Suriname and in French Guiana and Brazil; western dialect in central and western areas of Suriname and in Guyana and Venezuela.
car	Galibi	Cariban	Brazil	Amapá state: Terra Indigena Galibi, São José dos Galibi village on Oiapoque river right bank, south of Saint Georges, between Morcego and Taparabu streams	28 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 66 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Carib, Caribe, Cariña, Kalihna, Kalinya, Kari’na auran, Kari’ña, Maraworno, Marworno		Tyrewuju (Eastern Carib).
apy	Apalaí	Cariban, Central	Brazil	Pará state: Paru Leste river; some on Jarí and Citare rivers, 20 villages; a few in Amapá state	450 (1993 SIL). 100 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Apalay, Aparaí, Arakwayu
ciy	Chaima	Cariban, Central, Cumaná	Venezuela	Monagas state: south of Maturin; northeast border with Anzoátegui state; possibly also Sucre state	63 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 4,080 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Chayma, Guaga-Tagare, Sayma, Warapiche
cuo	Cumanagoto	Cariban, Central, Cumaná	Venezuela	Sucre state: east coastal region	No known L1 speakers (Campbell 1997). Probably extinct by late 20th century. Ethnic population: 550 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Cumanagota, Cumanogota, Cumaná, Kumanagoto, Kumaná
mch	Maquiritari	Cariban, Central, Makiritare	Brazil	Roraima state: near Venezuela border, Terra Indígena Yanomami	430 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 430 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Maiongong, Makiritare, Maquiritai, Maquiritare, Mayongong, Pawana, So’to, Ye’kuana, Yecuana, Yekuána, Yekwana		Cunuana, De’cuana (Wainungomo), Ihuruana, Maitsi, Mayongong (Ye’cuana, Yekuana).
mch	Maquiritari	Cariban, Central, Makiritare	Venezuela	Bolívar and Amazonas states: Brazilian border area on upper Auaris, Caura, Cuntinamo, Cunucunuma, Erebato, Matacuni, Padamo, mid-Paragua, and upper Ventuari rivers	6,200 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 6,520 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 6,630	6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Cunuana, De’cuana, De’kwana, De’kwana Carib, Maiongong, Maquiritai, Maquiritare, Pawana, Soto, Ye’cuana, Ye’kwana, Yekuana	Ye’kuana
pev	Pémono	Cariban, Central, Mapoyo-Yavarana	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Upper Majagua village, with Yabarana [yar] speakers	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the mid-2000s (2000 M. Muller)	10 (Extinct)			None known. Reportedly similar to Mapoyo [mcg] and Yabarana [yar].
tmz	Tamanaku	Cariban, Central, Mapoyo-Yavarana	Venezuela	Amazonas state: north, near Mapoyo [mcg] and Yabarana [yar] language areas	No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Tamanaco, Tamañkú		None known. Reportedly similar to Eñepa [pbh].
yar	Yabarana	Cariban, Central, Mapoyo-Yavarana	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Manapiare river basin, above San Juan de Manapiare	150 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 320 (Crevels 2007)	8a (Moribund)	Yauarana, Yavarana, Yawarana		Curasicana (Orechicano), Wokiare (Guaiquiare, Guayqueri, Uaiquiare). Reportedly similar to Mapoyo [mcg] and Pémono [pev].
mcg	Mapoyo	Cariban, Central, Mapoyo-Yavarana	Venezuela	Amazonas state: confluence of Orinoco and Toro rivers and downstream; Bolívar state: Palomo community and savanna between Caño Caripo north and Villacoa river south, near Caicara del Orinoco road to Puerto Ayacucho	2 (2014), decreasing. A few semi-speakers left (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 200 (Crevels 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Mapayo, Mapoio, Mapoye, Mopoi, Nepoye, Wanai		None known. Reportedly similar to Yabarana [yar].
way	Wayana	Cariban, Central, Wayana	Suriname	Marowijne district: upper Tapanahoni river; northwest of Trio [tri] language speakers	450 in Suriname (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,740	5* (Developing)	Alukuyana, Ayana, Oayana, Oiana, Oyana, Roucouyenne, Uaiana, Upurui, Wajana	Wayâna	None known. Partially intelligible of Apalaí [apy].
kbb	Kaxuiâna	Cariban, Central, Wayana	Brazil	Pará state: Cachorro river, Chapéu, Maharuwanï, and Santidade villages; Paru D’Oeste river, 4 villages north of Missão Tiriyó; Trombetes river near junction with Mapuwera, Aldeia Kasipakuru and Araçá villages. Most among the Trió [tri]; a few among Hixkaryána [hix]	150 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 230 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Caxuiana, Kachuana, Kashujana, Kashuyana, Katxuyana, Katxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxuyana-Xikuyana, Kaxúyana, Warikiana, Warikyana		Pawiyana (Pawixi).
way	Wayana	Cariban, Central, Wayana	Brazil	Pará state: Parque Indígena do Tumucumaque, and Terra Indígena Rio Paru D’Este, mainly on Paru de Leste river	290 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 450 (Moore 2006). Wayana and Aparai are registered as a single group of 420 members (1998)	8a (Moribund)	Alukuyana, Aparaí, Oayana, Oiana, Oyana, Uaiana, Upurui, Waiana, Wayâna		Rucuyen (Roucouyenne), Urucuiana (Urucena).
way	Wayana	Cariban, Central, Wayana	French Guiana	Southwestern border area, along upper Maroni river	1,000 in French Guiana (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)	Alukuyana, Guayana, Oayana, Uaiana, Upurui
sik	Sikiana	Cariban, Kashuyana	Brazil	Pará state: between Rio Cafuini and headwaters of the Turuna and Itapi, near the Suriname border	33 in Brazil (1986 SIL). Total users in all countries: 45	8a (Moribund)	Chikena, Chiquena, Chiquiana, Shikiana, Sikiâna, Sikïiyana, Xikiyana, Xikujana		None known. Reportedly similar to Salumá [slj].
sik	Sikiana	Cariban, Kashuyana	Suriname	Sipaliwini district: Kwamalasamutu area on Sipaliwini river	12 in Suriname (Crevels 2012), decreasing. Ethnic population: 60 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Chikena, Sikiuyana, Sikiyana, Sikïiyana, Tshikiana
mbc	Macushi	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper	Brazil	Roraima state; Contingo, Mau, Pium, Quino rivers	15,000 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 23,400 (2006 FUNASA). Total users in all countries: 15,930	6b* (Threatened)	Macusi, Macuxi, Makuchi, Makushi, Makusi, Makuxi, Teueia, Teweya		None known. Not intelligible with Pemon [aoc] or Patamona [pbc].
aoc	Pemon	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper	Venezuela	Bolívar state: Gran Sabana and adjacent areas	23,100 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 27,200 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 24,080	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4), Three dialects listed separately: Kamarakoto, Arekuna, and Taurepan	Pemong	Kamarakotos	Camaracoto (Kamarakoto), Taurepan (Taulipang, Taurepa, Taurepang), Arecuna (Arekuna, Aricuna, Daigok, Jarecouna, Jaricuna, Kamaragakok, Pemon, Pemóng, Pishauco, Potsawugok, Purucoto). Marginally intelligible with Akawaio [ake] and Patamona [pbc]. Camaracoto dialect may be a distinct language.
mbc	Macushi	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper	Guyana	Potaro-Siparuni and Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo regions: Southwest border area, Rupununi north savannahs, 20 small settlements up to Pakaraima mountain foothills	930 in Guyana (2001 FUNASA). Ethnic population: 7,750 (Crevels 2007)	7 (Shifting)	Macusi, Macussi, Makushi, Makusi, Makuxi, Teueia, Teweya
mbc	Macushi	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper	Venezuela	Bolívar state: southeast border area, Caroni river, west of Pan American highway	The number of Makushi speakers in Venezuela is not clear since 1992 Indigenous Census probably included them in the Pemon group (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 83 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Makushi, Makusi, Makuxi, Teweya
aoc	Pemon	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper	Brazil	Roraima state: Rio Branco, near Guyana border	500 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 580 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Kamarakotos, Pemong, Taulipáng, Taurepáng		Taulipang (Taurepa, Taurepan, Taurepang), Camaracota (Ipuricoto), Arecuna (Arekuna, Aricuna, Jaricuna), Ingarikó (Ingaricó).
aoc	Pemon	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper	Guyana	Cuyuni-Mazaruni region: Paruima and Kaikan on upland savannah	480 in Guyana (Forte 1990). Ethnic population: 500 (Crevels 2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kamarakotos, Pemong		Camaracoto, Taurepan (Taulipang, Taurepa, Taurepang), Arecuna (Arekuna, Aricuna, Jaricuna).
pbc	Patamona	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper, Kapong	Guyana	Potaro-Siparuni and Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo regions: west central, upland savanna in Pakaraima mountains, about 13 villages	4,700 in Guyana (Forte 1990). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 J. Forte)	6b* (Threatened)	Eremagok, Ingariko, Kapon		Reportedly similar to Macushi [mbc] but not inherently intelligible. Marginally intelligible of the Arecuna dialect of Pemon [aoc]. Reportedly most similar to Akawaio [ake], but vocabulary differences and language attitudes separate them.
ake	Akawaio	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper, Kapong	Guyana	Cuyuni-Mazaruni region: Mazaruni river basin, north of Patamona	4,500 in Guyana (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Crevels 2007). Total users in all countries: 5,850	6b* (Threatened)	Acahuayo, Acewaio, Akawai, Akawayo, Ingariko, Kapóng	Kapon	Reportedly similar to Macushi [mbc]; marginally intelligible with Arecuna dialect of Pemon [aoc].
ake	Akawaio	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper, Kapong	Venezuela	Bolívar state: upper Kamarang river; Monagas state: near Delta Amacuro border	180 in Venezuela (2001 census). Ethnic population: 250 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Acahuayo, Acawayo, Acewaio, Akawai, Akawayo, Kapon, Kapóng, Waicá, Waika
ake	Ingarikó	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper, Kapong	Brazil	Roraima state: Terra Indígena Raposa or Serra do Sol, near Cotingo river	1,170 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,170 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Acahuayo, Acewaio, Akawai, Akawaio, Akawayo, Akwaio, Kapon, Kapóng, Patamona
pbc	Patamona	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper, Kapong	Brazil	Roraima state: Terra Indígena Raposa or Serra do Sol	Ethnic population: 87 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)
pbc	Patamona	Cariban, North Amazonian, Pemón, Pemón proper, Kapong	Venezuela	Bolívar state: Guyana and Brazil east border area	Ethnic population: 200 (Crevels 2007)	8a (Moribund)	Kapon
atr	Waimiri-Atroarí	Cariban, North Amazonian, Yawaperí	Brazil	Amazonas state: border area with Roraima state on Alalau and Camanau, Jatapu, and Jauaperi rivers. 24 villages	2,010 (2018 ISA)	6a (Vigorous)	Atroahy, Atroahí, Atroarí, Atroaí, Atrowari, Atruahí, Ki’nya, Kinja, Kinja Iara, Kinã		Atruahi, Waimirí (Uaimirí, Wahmirí), Jawaperi (Yauaperi).
pbh	E’ñapa Woromaipu	Cariban, South Amazonian	Venezuela	Bolívar state: savannah and highland groups 240 km south of Caicara de Orinoco, west of Cuchivero river. 20 or more settlements	4,180 (Crevels 2012). 2,480 monolinguals. Nearly all women monolingual; men fairly bilingual in Spanish [spa]. Ethnic population: 4,270 (2001 census)	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Abira, Eye, Eñapa, Eñepa, Mapoyo, Panare, Panari	E’ñepa
aap	Arára, Pará	Cariban, South Amazonian, Arara	Brazil	Pará: Laranjal and Cachoeira Seca	340 (2010 I. Souza)	6a* (Vigorous)	Arára Bravos	Ukarãngmã	None known. Reportedly most similar extant languages are Ikpeng [txi] and Bakairí [bkq].
txi	Ikpeng	Cariban, South Amazonian, Arara	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú park	340 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 340 (2006 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Chicao, Tonore, Tunuli, Txicão, Txikân, Txikão		None known. Reportedly similar to Pará Arara [aap].
bkq	Bakairí	Cariban, South Amazonian, Bakairí	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: about 9 villages	950 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 950 (1999 ISA)	5* (Developing)	Bacairí	Kurâ
kui	Kuikúro-Kalapálo	Cariban, South Amazonian, Bakairí, Amonap	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park; 3 villages along Culuene river	1,110 (Crevels 2012). 600 Kuikúro and 500 Kalapálo	6b* (Threatened)	Apalakiri, Apalaquiri, Calapalu, Cuicuro, Cuicutl, Guicurú, Kalapalo, Kuikuru, Kurkuro		Mogareb, Matipú, Nahukwá, Kuikúro. Kuikúro and Kalapálo speak the same language, but are separate ethnically.
mzo	Matipuhy	Cariban, South Amazonian, Bakairí, Amonap	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park south, 2 villages	130 (Crevels 2012). 10 Matipuhy and 120 Nahukuá (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 230 (Crevels 2012). 100 Matipuhy and 130 Nahukuá (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Mariape-Nahuqua, Matipu		Matipuhy, Nahukuá (Nafukwá, Nahukwa, Nahuqua, Nakukwa).
slj	Salumá	Cariban, Tiriyó	Brazil	Pará state: upper Anamu, Trombetas river source, along Suriname border	240 (2000)	8a (Moribund)
cbd	Carijona	Cariban, Tiriyó, Karihona	Colombia	Guaviare department: Miraflores municipality southeast of Lake Espajo	6 (Crevels 2007). 6 speakers near La Pedrera and a few more near Miraflores (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 310 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Carifuna, Carihona, Hianacoto, Hianacoto-Umaua, Hianakoto, Huaque, Kaliohona, Karihona, Karijona, Koto, Omagua, Tsahá, Umawa		None known. Possibly 2 separate languages, Hianacoto-Umaua and Carijona (1973 M. Durbin). The 2 groups had no contact for many years.
ako	Akurio	Cariban, Tiriyó, Tiriyó	Suriname	Sipaliwini district: Trio villages Tëpu, Kwamalasamutu, and Palumeu on Tapanahoni and Sipaliwini rivers	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the first decade of the 2000s; 2 semi-speakers (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 40 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Akoerio, Akuliyo, Akuri, Akurijo, Akuriyo, Oyaricoulet, Triometesem, Triometesen, Wama, Wayaricuri		None known. Related to, but not inherently intelligible with, Trió [tri].
tri	Trió	Cariban, Tiriyó, Tiriyó	Brazil	Pará state: mostly on west Paru river; also Terra Indígena Parque Tumucumaque, on Marapi and East Paru rivers	1,160 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 1,160 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing)	Tarona, Tarëno, Tiriyó, Tirió, Yawi		Pianokotó.
tri	Trió	Cariban, Tiriyó, Tiriyó	Suriname	Sipaliwini district: Kwamalasamutu on Sipaliwini river, Palumeu on Palumeu river, Tëpu on upper Tapanahoni river	1,300 in Suriname (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,300 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 2,460	5 (Developing)	Tiriyó, Tirió	Tarëno ijomi
waw	Waiwai	Cariban, Waiwai	Suriname	Sipaliwini district: Kwamalasamutu area, Sipaliwini river, among Trio [tri] language speakers	10 in Suriname (Crevels 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 80 (Crevels 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Katuena		Tunayana.
hix	Hixkaryána	Cariban, Waiwai	Brazil	Pará and Amazonas states: upper Nhamunda river to Mapuera and Jatapu rivers	600 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 630 (Crevels 2012)	4 (Educational)	Chawiyana, Faruaru, Hichkaryana, Hishkariana, Hishkaryana, Hixkariana, Hyxkaryana, Kumiyana, Parucutu, Parukoto-Charuma, Sherewyana, Sokaka, Wabui, Xereu, Xerewyana		Reportedly similar to Waiwai [waw]. No dialectal variation. Some Hixkaryana who live among the Waiwai are called Sherewyana.
waw	Waiwai	Cariban, Waiwai	Brazil	Pará and Roraima states	2,020 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 2,900 (2005 ISA). Total users in all countries: 2,230	5* (Developing)	Ouayeone, Tunayana-Waiwai, Uaieue, Wai Wai	UaiUai	Katawian (Cachuena, Catauian, Catawian, Karahawyana, Katawina, Katuena, Katwena, Parucutu, Parukutu, Tonayana, Tunayana). Voegelin and Voegelin (1977) treat Katawian as a separate language.
waw	Waiwai	Cariban, Waiwai	Guyana	Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo region: southwest, headwaters of Essequibo river	200 in Guyana (Forte 1990). Ethnic population: 240 (Crevels 2007)	8a (Moribund)	Ouayeone, Parukota, Uaieue, Uaiuai, Wai Wai		Katawian (Katawina, Katwena).
jru	Japreria	Cariban, Yukpa, Yucpa-Yapreria	Venezuela	Zulia state: north Sierra de Perija	170 (2002 census). 10 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 220	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Yapreria		None known. Not inherently intelligible with other Carib languages of the area (1973 M. Durbin). Lexical similarity: 60% with Yukpa [yup] (2009 W. Largo and J. Morales).
yup	Yukpa	Cariban, Yukpa, Yucpa-Yapreria	Colombia	Cesar department: Augustín Codazzi municipality and municipalities north and south, Colombia-Venezuela border in Serranía de Perijá mountain range. Río Casacará dialect in Agustín Codassi municipality along Casacará river and Caño Iroka. Yukpa sur dialect, Becerril municipality	3,000 in Colombia (2009 W. Largo). 600 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,650 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 6,020	6b* (Threatened)	Carib Motilón, Japrería, Macoíta, Northern Motilone, Northern Motilón, Yuco, Yucpa, Yuko, Yukpa-Japería, Yupa	Yukpa	Río Casacará (Iroka), Río Maracas, Yukpa Sur (Caño Padilla-La Laguna), Coyaima. At least 5 extant dialects including 2 in Venezuela. Río Cascará and Río Maracas dialects are probably largest, and may be separate languages. Venezuela dialects seem more similar to Río Maracas. Unrelated to Barí [mot]. Lexical similarity: 60% with Japreria [jru] of Venezuela (2008 W. Largo).
yup	Yukpa	Cariban, Yukpa, Yucpa-Yapreria	Venezuela	Zulia state: Cesar region, north Sierra de Perijá, on the Colombia border, between Palmar river north and Tucuco river south	3,020 in Venezuela (2007). 2,220 urban; 800 rural. Ethnic population: 7,520 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Macoíta, Manso, Northern Motilone, Northern Motilón, Yucpa, Yuko, Yukpa-Japería, Yupa		Atapshi (Yukpa Norte), Iroka, Pariri (Yukpa Central), Wasama, Yikta, Macoíta, Irapa (Yukpa Sur).
ite	Itene	Chapacuran, Itene	Bolivia	El Beni department: junction of Mamoré and Iténez rivers	44 in Bolivia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 64 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 56	8a (Moribund)	Iteneo, Itenez, More		Itoreauhip.
ite	Itene	Chapacuran, Itene	Brazil	Rondônia state: Guajará-Mirim, Porto Velho	12 in Brazil (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 30 (2002)	8a (Moribund)	More
trz	Torá	Chapacuran, Itene	Brazil	Amazonas state: lower Rio Marmelos tributary of Rio Madeira	No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 2000s. Ethnic population: 310 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Tora, Toraz, Torerizes, Toré, Tura, Turá
orw	Oro Win	Chapacuran, Wari	Brazil	Rondônia state: Pacaás-Novos river headwaters, a tributary of Mamoré river	5 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 56 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Oto Towati		None known. Not intelligible of Tora [trz], Itene (More) [ite], and Pakaasnovos (Wari) [pav].
pav	Pakaásnovos	Chapacuran, Wari	Brazil	Rondônia state: 7 villages	2,720 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,720 (2006 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Jaru, Oro Wari, Orowari, Pacaas-Novos, Pacahanovo, Pacaás Novos, Pakaa Nova, Pakaanova, Pakaanovas, Uomo, Wari’
brn	Boruca	Chibchan, Chibchan A	Costa Rica	Puntarenas province: south coast between Golfito and Playa Bonita	No known L1 speakers (2010 D. Castro-Garcia). 3 semi-speakers (Adelaar 2007). Ethnic population: 2,590 (2011 census)	9 (Dormant)	Boruka, Borunca, Bronca, Brunca, Brunka, Burunca
tfr	Teribe	Chibchan, Chibchan A	Costa Rica	Puntarenas province: near Boruca Reservation	No known L1 speakers in Costa Rica. Ethnic population: 1,270 (2011 census)	9 (Dormant)	Naso, Terraba
tfr	Teribe	Chibchan, Chibchan A	Panama	Bocas del Toro province: Changuinola city, along the Teribe river; Chiriquí	3,300 in Panama (Adelaar 2007)	5* (Developing)	Nortenyo, Quequexque, Terraba, Tiribi, Tirribi	Naso
sab	Buglere	Chibchan, Chibchan A, Guaymiíc	Panama	Veraguas province: from highlands to Caribbean coast; Ngobe Bugle province: Kusapin, Muna, and Nurum districts	18,000 (2012 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Bobota, Bofota, Bugle, Muoy, Murire, Nortenyo	Buglere	Sabanero (Veraguas Sabanero), Bokotá (Bocota, Bogota, Bukueta).
gym	Ngäbere	Chibchan, Chibchan A, Guaymiíc	Costa Rica	Puntarenas province	2,840 in Costa Rica (2011 census). Ethnic population: 3,650 (2011 census)	6b (Threatened)	Guaymí, Nove
gym	Ngäbere	Chibchan, Chibchan A, Guaymiíc	Panama	Bocas del Toro province: Bocas del Toro and Changuinola districts; Chiriquí province: western districts, Tole district in east; Ngobe Bugle province; western Veraguas province	169,000 in Panama (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 171,840	5* (Developing)	Chiriqui, Guaymí, Ngobere, Ngäbe, Valiente	Ngäbere	Valiente, Eastern Guaymí (Chiriquí, Tolé).
bzd	Bribri	Chibchan, Chibchan A, Viceitic	Costa Rica	Limón province: Talamanca cantón, along Lari, Telire, and Uren rivers; Puntarenas province: Buenos Aires cantón	7,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 12,800 (2011 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Talamanca	Bribri	Salitre-Cabagra, Amubre-Katsi, Coroma. Reportedly most similar to, but unintelligible with Cabécar [cjp], Maleku Jaika [gut], and Teribe [tfr].
cjp	Cabécar	Chibchan, Chibchan A, Viceitic	Costa Rica	Cartago, Limón, Puntarenas, San José provinces: Turrialba region	11,100 (2011 census). 2,000 monolinguals (2015 M. Porras). The only language in Costa Rica with monolingual speakers, mostly women (Adelaar 2007). Ethnic population: 12,700 (2011 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Chirripó	Cabécar	Chirripó, Telire, Estrella, Ujarrás.
pay	Pech	Chibchan, Chibchan B	Honduras	Colón department: near Caribbean coast; Olancho department: Dulce Nombre de Culmi and Catamacas municipalities	990 (Rivas 1993). Ethnic population: 6,020 (2013 census)	8a (Moribund)	Paya, Pesh, Seco
cbg	Chimila	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Northern Colombian	Colombia	Cesar department: Valle du Par minicipality; La Guajira department: La Jagua del Pilar and Urumita municipalities; Magdalena department: lowlands south and west of Fundación	350 (2009 T. Malone), increasing. Ethnic population: 1,500 (2009 T. Malone)	6b (Threatened)	Caca Weranos, Chimile, Ette Ennaka, Ette Taara, San Jorge, Shimizya, Simiza
kog	Kogi	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Northern Colombian, Arhuacan	Colombia	La Guajira and Magdalena departments: north, east, and west slopes of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta	9,910 (2004 DNP). Nearly all monolingual. Ethnic population: 9,910 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)	Cagaba, Coghui, Cogui, Kagaba, Kaggaba, Kawgian, Kogui
arh	Arhuaco	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Northern Colombian, Arhuacan, Southern and Eastern Arhuacan	Colombia	Cesar and Magdalena departments: northeast and southern slopes of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta	8,000 (2009 P. Frank). 7,200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 14,800 (Crevels 2012)	5 (Developing)	Arauco, Arhuac, Aruac, Aruaco, Auroguac, Bintucua, Bintuk, Bintukwa, Bíntuka, Bíntukua, Bítuncua, Ica, Ijca, Ijka, Ika, Ikan, Ike	Iku
mbp	Malayo	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Northern Colombian, Arhuacan, Southern and Eastern Arhuacan, Guamaca-Atanque	Colombia	Cesar and La Guajira departments: south and east slopes of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta	1,850 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 1,920 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Arosario, Arsario, Damana, Guamaca, Guamaka, Maracasero, Marocasero, Sancá, Sanja, Sanka, Wamaka, Wiwa
mot	Barí	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian	Colombia	Cesar department: Chimichagua, La Gloria, and Pailitas municipalities; Norte de Santander department: Reserva Indígena Motilón-Barí and Resguardo Indígena Gabarra-Catalaura in Upper Catatumbo and Oro rivers and Serranía de los Motilones region	3,500 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 3,620 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 5,020	6a* (Vigorous)	Bari, Barira, Cunausaya, Dobocubi, Motilone, Motilón
mot	Barí	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian	Venezuela	Zulia state: Sierra de Perijá southern zone, to Yukpa territory north and Catatumbo river south	1,520 in Venezuela (Crevels 2007). Significant number are still monolingual (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 2,200	6b* (Threatened)	Bari, Motilone, Motilón
tnd	Tunebo, Angosturas	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian, Cundicocuyese	Colombia	Arauca department: headwaters and southern tributaries of Casanare river	50. Ethnic population: All ethnic Tunebos: 7,010 (Crevels 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Uw Cuwa		None known. 71% intelligibility by Barro Negro [tbn] of Angosturas Tunebo.
tuf	Tunebo, Central	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian, Cundicocuyese	Venezuela	Apure state: Paéz district, Urdaneta municipality, south of San Cristobal, on Arauca river, near Colombian border, east of Guahibo [guh] language area	No known L1 speakers in Venezuela (Crevels 2007). Possibly extinct in Venezuela (Crevels 2007)	9 (Dormant)	Tunebo, Uw Cuwa, Uwa-Tunebo
tbn	Tunebo, Barro Negro	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian, Cundicocuyese	Colombia	Arauca and Casanare departments: Barro Negro, San Lope (Casanare), and Tabías (Casanare), south of Tame Arauca; isolated in Andes foothills, eastern plains above Paz de Ariporo	300 (1981 SIL). Ethnic population: All ethnic Tunebos: 7,010 (Crevels 2007)	6b (Threatened)	Eastern Tunebo		None known. 62% intelligibility of Cobaría Tunebo [tuf].
tuf	Tunebo, Central	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian, Cundicocuyese	Colombia	Arauca and Boyacá departments: Calafita, Cobaría (Boyacá), Satocá, Tegría (Boyacá) on north slopes of Sierra Nevada de Cocuy; Santander department: Capitanejo and Carcasi municipalities	2,500 in Colombia (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: All ethnic Tunebos: 7,010 (Crevels 2007)	5 (Developing)	Cobaría Tunebo, Lache, U’wa, Uwa-Tunebo	Uw Cuwa
tnb	Tunebo, Western	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Colombian, Southern Colombian, Cundicocuyese	Colombia	Norte de Santander and Santander departments: east of Floridablanca; some in Boyacá department	700 (1998). Ethnic population: All ethnic Tunebos: 7,010 (Crevels 2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Aguas Blancas, U’wa		None known. Most divergent Tunebo language.
kvn	Kuna, Border	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Cuna	Colombia	Antioquia department: north coast region near Panama isthmus, east and west banks of Gulf of Uraba; Chocó department: Arquía	2,600 in Colombia (2012 SIL). Total users in all countries: 3,500	5* (Developing)	Caiman Nuevo, Colombia Cuna, Cuna, Paya Kuna, Paya-Pucuro, Tule		None known. Classification of Kuna uncertain; may be an isolate with some Chibchan features.
kvn	Kuna, Border	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Cuna	Panama	Darién province: Paya and Pucuro villages	900 in Panama (2012 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Caiman Nuevo, Colombia Cuna, Cuna, Guna, Kuna de la Frontera, Long Hair Cuna, Paya-Pucuro Kuna
cuk	Kuna, San Blas	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Eastern Chibchan, Cuna	Panama	Colón province: Guna Yala comarca, Metro Colón; Darién province; Emberá and Kuna Yala provinces; Panamá province: Metro Panama City	57,100 (2000). 10,000 in Panama City, Colón, and on banana plantations (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 80,500 (2011 census)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2010, Law 88, 22 November 2010)	Cuna, Guna, San Blas Cuna, Tule Kaya	Duleigaiya	Bayano (Alto Bayano, Maje).
gut	Maléku Jaíka	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Votic	Costa Rica	Alajuela province: Tonjibe and Margarita reservations; northern lowlands	750 (2000). Ethnic population: 1,070 (2000)	7 (Shifting). Recognized language (2014, Reforma del Subsistema de Educación Indígena N° 37801-MEP)	Guatuso, Malécu lhaíca
rma	Rama	Chibchan, Chibchan B, Votic	Nicaragua	South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region: Rama Cay, 30-mile radius	740 (2009 UNSD). Ethnic population: 4,190 (2005 census)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (1993, Official Language Use, Atlantic Autonomous Regions, Law No. 162, Article 4)
qui	Quileute	Chimakuan	United States	Washington: Lower Hoh River and Quileute reservations on Pacific side of Olympic Peninsula	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1999 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 500 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Hoh Indian Tribe, Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation, Quinault Indian Nation	Quillayute		Quileute, Hoh.
chh	Chinook	Chinookan	United States	Oregon: Warm Springs Reservation; Washington: Yakima Reservation	No known L1 speakers. The last known speakers died in 1930. Ethnic population: 140 (2000 census)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation, Quinault Indian Nation, Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation	Lower Chinook, Shoalwater		Klatsop (Clatsop, Tlatsop), Shoalwater (Chinook Proper).
wac	Wasco-Wishram	Chinookan, Upper Chinookan	United States	Oregon: north central; Washington: south central	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Gladys Thompson, died in 2012 (2012 K. Foden-Vencil). Ethnic population: 750 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon	Columbia Chinook, Upper Chinook, Wasco, Wishram		Clackamas (Clackama), Kiksht, Multnomah, Kathlamet (Cathlamet).
cap	Chipaya	Chipaya-Uru	Bolivia	Oruro department: Atahuallpa province	1,800 (Crevels 2012), increasing. 90 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,130 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing)	Puquina	Chipaya	None known. May be Arawakan or distantly related to Mayan (Olson 1964).
ure	Uru	Chipaya-Uru	Bolivia	La Paz department: Lake Titicaca, Desaguadero river area; Oruro department: Atahuallpa province	No known L1 speakers (Crevels 2012). Last speaker died in 2004 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 230 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Iru-Itu, Morato, Muratu, Uchumataqu
noa	Woun Meu	Chocoan	Colombia	Chocó department: middle and lower San Juan river banks, especially north of Buenaventura; some in Valle del Cauca	4,000 in Colombia (Aikhenvald 2007). Ethnic population: 8,180 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 10,800	5* (Developing)	Chocó, Noanama, Waumeo, Waun Meo, Waunana, Waunméu, Waunán, Woun Meo, Wounaan, Wounaan Meu	Woun Meu
noa	Woun Meu	Chocoan	Panama	Darién, Emberá, and Panamá provinces: southeast lowlands along Panama Bay	6,800 in Panama (Adelaar 2007). Many monolinguals (Adelaar 2007)	5* (Developing)	Chanco, Chocama, Noanama, Noenama, Nonama, Waumeo, Waun Meo, Waunana, Woun Meo, Wounaan, Wounaan Meu, Wounmeu
emp	Emberá, Northern	Chocoan, Emberá, Northern Emberá	Colombia	Antioquia and Chocó departments: Atrato river basin; also inland from Cabo Corrientes north to Jurado on Pacific coast	49,700 in Colombia (2001 census). Ethnic population: Total Emberá in Colombia in 2001: 88,700 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing)	Atrato, Cholo, Darién, Eberã, Eberã Bed’ea, Embena, Embera, Emperã, Epena, Eperã Pedea, Epérã Pedée, Panama Embera, Pede, Pede Epenã, Sambú
emp	Emberá, Northern	Chocoan, Emberá, Northern Emberá	Panama	Darién province: Chepigana district; Emberá province; Panamá province: Chepos and Chiman districts; lowland jungle along rivers, Gulf San Miguel area	22,500 in Panama (2012 SIL). Total users in all countries: 72,200	5* (Developing)	Atrato, Chocó, Cholo, Darien, Darien Emberá, Ebera Bedea, Empera, Panama Embera	Embera	Related languages in order of closeness: Emberá-Catíoc[cto], Emberá-Baudó [bdc], Emberá-Tadó [tdc], Epena [sja], Emberá-Chamí [cmi], and Wounmeu [noa]. Panama and Colombia dialects are inherently intelligible. Northern Embera of the Upper Baudó area and downriver Emberá-Baudó are inherently intelligible.
cto	Emberá-Catío	Chocoan, Emberá, Northern Emberá	Colombia	Antioquia, Chocó, and Córdoba departments: Murri, San Jorge, San Pedro, and upper Sinu rivers	15,000 in Colombia (1992 SIL). 13,500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: Total Emberá in Colombia in 2001: 88,700 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 15,040	6a* (Vigorous)	Catio, Catío Emberá, Embena, Embera, Emberá-Katío, Epena, Epẽrã, Eyabida, Katio, ẽbẽrã bed’ea–Katío	Ẽ́bẽra Katío
cto	Emberá-Catío	Chocoan, Emberá, Northern Emberá	Panama	Darién province	40 in Panama (1982 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Catío, Embena, Epera, Katio
bdc	Emberá-Baudó	Chocoan, Emberá, Southern Emberá	Colombia	Chocó department: Baudó river basin and Pacific coastal rivers between Cabo Corrientes north towards Northern Embera language area	5,000 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: Total Emberá in Colombia in 2001: 88,700 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Baudó, Catrú, Embena, Embera, Epena		None known. Somewhat intelligible with Northern Emberá [emp] and Epena [sja].
cmi	Emberá-Chamí	Chocoan, Emberá, Southern Emberá	Colombia	Antioquia, Caldas, Chocó, Risaralda, and Valle del Cauca departments; includes Caramanta municipality	5,510 (2001 DNP). Ethnic population: Total Emberá in Colombia in 2001: 88,700 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing)	Chami, Chamí Emberá, Embena, Embera, Epena	ẽbẽra
tdc	Emberá-Tadó	Chocoan, Emberá, Southern Emberá	Colombia	Chocó department: upper San Juan region, and Parecito and Pared reservation near Certegüi; Risaralda department	2,300 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: Total Emberá in Colombia in 2001: 88,700 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Cholo, Embena, Embera, Epena, Katío, Êpêra
sja	Epena	Chocoan, Emberá, Southern Emberá	Colombia	Cauca, Nariño, and Valle del Cauca departments: 2 separate areas on South Pacific coast	3,500 in Colombia (2004 IMB), increasing. Total users in all countries: 3,552	4 (Educational)	Cholo, Embena, Embera, Emberá-Saija, Epená Saija, Saija, Southern Empera	Epéna Pedée	Basurudó.
sja	Epena	Chocoan, Emberá, Southern Emberá	Ecuador	Esmeraldas province: Borbón town on Santiago river delta; northern Pacific coast	52 in Ecuador (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 510 (2012 UNSD)	8a (Moribund)	Cholo, Emberá, Emberá Chami, Emberá del Sur, Emberá-Saija, Epená, Epená Saija, Epera Pedede, Epéna Pedée, Saija, Siapedie, Southern Embera, Southern Empera, Êpera		Basurudo.
sja	Epena	Chocoan, Emberá, Southern Emberá	Panama	Panamá province: southeast low hills inland		5* (Dispersed)	Cholo, Embera, Emberá-Saija, Epena Saija, Epéna Pedée, Saija, Southern Empera, Southern Epena		Basurudo.
cht	Cholón	Cholonan	Peru	Huanuco and San Martin regions: Tingo María to Valle, Huallaga river valley	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 2000 (2000 M. Wise)	10 (Extinct)	Seeptsa, Tinganeses		None known. Ruhlen classifies it as Andean; Adelaar as in Hibito-Cholon family.
hib	Hibito	Cholonan	Peru	Loreto region: Bobonaje river, Huayabamba tributary entering Huallaga west, Jelache tributary	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker probably survived into the 1970s (Loukotka 1968)	10 (Extinct)	Chibito, Hivito, Ibito, Jibito, Xibita, Xibitoana, Zibito
teh	Tehuelche	Chon	Argentina	Chubut province	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the 1960s or 1970s (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 10,600 (2004 INDEC)	9 (Dormant)	Aoniken, Gunua-Kena, Gununa-Kena, Gününa Küne, Gününa Yajich, Inaquen, Tewelche
ona	Ona	Chon, Island Chon	Argentina	Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur province: Patagonia	No known L1 speakers. The ethnic group disintegrated by early 20th century; last speakers died in the 1970s (Crevels 2007)	10 (Extinct)	Aona, Choon, Selknam, Shelknam
obi	Obispeño	Chumashan	United States	California: near Santa Barbara	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Rosario Cooper, died in 1917 (Golla 2011)	9 (Dormant)			None known. Not inherently intelligible with other Chumash varieties.
boi	Barbareño	Chumashan, Central Chumash	United States	California: near Santa Barbara	No known L1 speakers (Golla 2007), but emerging L2 speakers. Last speaker, Mary Yee, died in 1965 (2004 W. Poser)	9 (Reawakening)
inz	Ineseño	Chumashan, Central Chumash	United States	California: Santa Barbara area	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1965	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians of the Santa Ynez Reservation	Chumash, Chumasha Proper, Inezeño, Samala, Santa Inez, Santa Rosa, Ynezeño
puy	Purisimeño	Chumashan, Central Chumash	United States	California: south, near Santa Barbara	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers probably died by 1900	9 (Dormant)	Chumash, Chumasha Proper, La Purisima, Purismeño, Purísima, Santa Rosa		None known. Not intelligible with other Chumash varieties.
veo	Ventureño	Chumashan, Central Chumash	United States	California: south near Santa Barbara	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died before 1950 (Golla 2011)	9 (Dormant)			Not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Had multiple dialects.
crz	Cruzeño	Chumashan, Island Chumash	United States	California: Channel Islands off the coast from Santa Barbara	No known L1 speakers. All speakers relocated to mainland in early 19th century and probably extinct by early 20th century	9 (Dormant)	Chumash, Chumasha Proper, Island Chumash, Island Chumashan, Isleño, Santa Rosa, Ysleño		Not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Had multiple dialects.
coj	Cochimi	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman	Mexico	Baja California state: north of Loreto to north peninsula	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died by the 1970s (Mixco 1978). Ethnic population: 150 (Adelaar 2007). This may include Kumiai [dih] in La Huerta who call themselves Cochimí. Old Cochimí is extinct (Mixco 1978)	9 (Dormant)	Cadegomeño, Cadegomo, Cochetimi, Cochima, Cochimtee, Cochimí, Didiu, Joaquín, Laimon, Laymon-Cochimi, Laymonem, San Francesco Saverio Mission, San Francisco Xavier de, San Javier, San Xavier, Viggé-Biaundo Mission		None known. Troike (1970) regards it as 2 distinct languages.
klb	Kiliwa	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman	Mexico	Baja California state: Agua Escondida, Arroyo León, La Parra southeast of Ensenada, south of the Paipai, Tipai, and Cocopa	10 (Golla 2007). 29 (2000 INALI). No monolinguals (1993)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Kiliwi, Ko’lew, Quiligua		None known. Linguistically distinct from Paipai [ppi], Kumiai [dih], and Cocopa [coc] (Wares 1965).
coc	Cocopa	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman, Delta-California	Mexico	Baja California state; Sonora state: Mexicali and San Luis Río Colorado municipalities	120 in Mexico (2000 INALI). Ethnic population: 200 (1998). Total users in all countries: 490	7 (Shifting)	Cocopah, Cocopá, Cucapá, Cucupá, Kikimá, Kwikapá	Kuapá
coc	Cocopa	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman, Delta-California	United States	Arizona: lower Colorado river south of Yuma	370 in United States (2015 census). 6 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 700 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Cocopah Tribe of Arizona	Cocopah, Cucapá, Delta River Yuman, Kikima, Kuapá, Kwikapa
dih	Kumiai	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman, Delta-California	Mexico	Baja California state: Cañon de los Encinos, Ja’áa, La Huerta de los Indios, Rancho Nejí, San Antonio Nécua, and San José de la Zorra; mountains southeast of Tecate, 60 km east of Ensenada	290 in Mexico (2011 UNSD). No monolinguals (1993). Total users in all countries: 440	8a (Moribund)	Campo, Cochimí, Comeya, Cuchimí, Diegueno, Diegueño, Jamul Diegueño, Jamul Tiipay, Kamia, Kamiai, Kamiyahi, Kamiyai, Ki-Miai, Ko’al, Ku’ahl, Kumeyaai, Kumeyaay, Kumia, Kw’aal, Quemayá, Tiipay, Tipai’, Tipái, Tipéi
dih	Kumiai	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman, Delta-California	United States	California: east of San Diego and some in Imperial Valley	150 in United States (Golla 2007). 40–50 fluent speakers of Kumeyaay, 100 speakers of Tipai, a few elderly people speak Ipai (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Campo Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of the Campo Indian Reservation, Capitan Grande Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of California, Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians, Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel, Inaja Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of the Inaja and Cosmit Reservation, Jamul Indian Village of California, La Posta Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of the La Posta Indian Reservation, Manzanita Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of the Manzanita Reservation, Mesa Grande Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of the Mesa Grande Reservation, San Pasqual Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of California, Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation	Campo, Diegueño, Digueño, Kamia, Kumeyaay, Tipai’		Ipai, Tipai (Jamul Tiipay), Kumeyaay.
ppi	Paipai	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman, Pai	Mexico	Baja California state: Ensenada, south of Diegueño [dih] language area; Estado Valle de la Trinidad, La Palmita, Los Pocitos in Valle de la Trinidad, Rancho Aguascalientes, and Santa Catarina	100 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund)	Akwa’ala, Jaspuy pai
yuf	Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman, Pai	United States	Arizona: central and northwest. Walapai dialect: Grand Canyon south rim; Havasupai dialect: Grand Canyon bottom	690 (2015 census). 145 Havasupai, 300 Walapai, 245 Yavapai (2015 census). Ethnic population: 3,860 (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007). Including 570 Havasupai, 1,870 Walapai, 1,420 Yavapai (Ichihashi-Nakayama 2004)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Havasupai Tribe of the Havasupai Reservation, Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualapai Indian Reservation, Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation, Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe	Pai, Upland Yuman, Upper Colorado River Yuman		Havasupai, Walapai (Hualapai, Hualpai, Hwalbáy), Yavapai. 78%–98% intelligibility among dialects. Lexical similarity: 91%–95% among dialects.
mrc	Maricopa	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman, River, Mojave	United States	Arizona: Phoenix area; associated with Pima [ood] language speakers on Gila River and Salt River reservations	35 (2015 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 800 (Golla 2007). 160 in Arizona (2000 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation	Cocomaricopa, Piipaash		None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Mohave [mov], 58% with Havasupai [yuf], 57% with Walapai [yuf] and Yavapai [yuf].
yum	Quechan	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman, River, Mojave	United States	California: Fort Yuma Reservation in southeast corner	290 (2015 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2000 A. Yamamoto)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation (Arizona and California)	Kechan, Kwtsan, Quecl, Yuma		None known. Reportedly similar to Maricopa [mrc] and Mohave [mov].
mov	Mohave	Cochimí-Yuman, Yuman, River, Mojave	United States	Arizona-California border: Fort Mohave and Colorado River reservations	200 (2015 census). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Colorado River Indian Tribes of the Colorado River Indian Reservation (Arizona and California), Fort Mojave Indian Tribe (Arizona; California; Nevada)	Mojave, River Yuman, Upriver Yuman, Yuman		None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Maricopa [mrc], 63% with Walapai and Havasupai [yuf], 62% with Yavapai [yuf].
csz	Coos	Coosan	United States	Oregon: south coast	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Martha Harney Johnson, died in 1972 (Mithun 1999). Ethnic population: 150 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Coos; Lower Umpqua; and Siuslaw Indians of Oregon, Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation	Hanis
ale	Aleut	Eskimo-Aleut, Aleut	Russian Federation	Kamchatka krai: Komandor Islands, Bering island, Nikolskoye settlement	5 in Russian Federation (Dorais 2010). Ethnic population: 200 (Dorais 2010)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Unangam tunnu, Unangan, Unangany, Unanghan		Beringov (Atkan, Bering).
ale	Aleut	Eskimo-Aleut, Aleut	United States	Alaskan peninsula, east Aleutian Islands, and Pribilofs (Eastern Aleut dialect); Aleutian chain, Atka island (Western Aleut dialect)	150 in United States (Krauss 2007). Ethnic population: 2,300 (Dorais 2010). Total users in all countries: 155	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Agdaagux Tribe of King Cove, King Salmon Tribe, Native Village of Akutan, Native Village of Atka, Native Village of Belkofski, Native Village of False Pass, Native Village of Nelson Lagoon, Native Village of Nikolski, Native Village of Unga, Ninilchik Village, Pauloff Harbor Village, Pribilof Islands Aleut Communities of St. Paul & St. George Islands, Qagan Tayagungin Tribe of Sand Point Village, Qawalangin Tribe of Unalaska	Anangax, Unangax	Unangam tunnu	Eastern Aleut (Pribilof Aleut, Unalaskan), Western Aleut (Atka, Atkan, Attuan, Unangan, Unangany).
esi	Inupiatun, North Alaskan	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq	United States	Alaska: Norton Sound and Point Hope	All Inupiatun: 3,000, including [esk] (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 6,420 (2000 census). May include Northwest Alaska Inupiatun [esk]. All Inupiatun: 13,500 including [esk] (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Alatna Village, Atqasuk Village, Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, Kaktovik Village, Native Village of Ambler, Native Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government, Native Village of Buckland, Native Village of Deering, Native Village of Kiana, Native Village of Kivalina, Native Village of Kobuk, Native Village of Kotzebue, Native Village of Noatak, Native Village of Nuiqsut, Native Village of Point Hope, Native Village of Point Lay, Native Village of Selawik, Native Village of Shungnak, Noorvik Native Community, Village of Anaktuvuk Pass, Village of Wainwright	Eskimo, Inupiak, Inupiat, North Alaskan Inuktitut, North Alaskan Inupiaq, North Alaskan Inupiat, North Alaskan Iñupiaq		North Slope Inupiaq, Anaktuvik Inupiaq, Kobuk Inupiaq, Kotzebue Inupiaq, Malimiutun Inupiaq, Point Barrow Inupiaq, Uummarmiutun. A member of macrolanguage Inupiaq [ipk].
kal	Greenlandic	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq	Denmark	Scattered	7,000 in Denmark (2007 L. Toreby)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Greenland (1978, Greenland Homerule Act No. 577, Article 9(1))	Greenlandic Kalaallisut, Grønlandsk, Inuktitut, Kalaallisut
kal	Greenlandic	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq	Greenland	Widespread	50,000 in Greenland (2007 I. Larsen). 3,000 East Greenlandic, 44,000 West Greenlandic, 800 North Greenlandic. Total users in all countries: 57,000	1 (National). Statutory national language (1978, Home Rule Act No. 577 of 29 November, Article 9.1)	Greenlandic Inuktitut, Grønlandsk	Kalaallisut	West Greenlandic (Kalaallisut), East Greenlandic (Tunumiit oraasiat), Thule Inuit (Avanersuarmiutut, North Greenlandic, “Polar Eskimo” (pej.), Polar Inuit). Dialects border on being different languages (1995 M. Krauss).
ikt	Inuinnaqtun	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq	Canada	Northwest Territories: Beaufort sea, Mackensie river mouth east into Nunavut; Victoria Island area, Kugluktuk, Umingmatok, Bathurst Inlet, and Iquluktuuttraq communities, east to King William Island, and Boothian and Melville peninsula settlements; Hudson Bay northwest coast	1,020 (2016 census)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Inuvik Native	Western Canada Inuktun, Western Canadian Inuit, Western Canadian Inuktitut	Inuinnaqtun, ᐃᓄᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᓐ‎ (Inuvialuktun)	Natsilingmiutut (Natsilik, Netsilik, Netsilik Inuit), Siglitun (Inuvialuktun, Siglit), Inuinnaqtun. The names of the sub-dialects of Inuinnaqtun are: Kangiryuarmiutun, Coppermine, Bathurst, and Cambridge. The names of the sub-dialects of Natsilingmiutut are: Natsilik, Arviligjuaq, and Utkuhikhalik. A member of macrolanguage Inuktitut [iku].
ike	Inuktitut, Eastern Canadian	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq	Canada	Newfoundland and Labrador, Nunavut, and Quebec provinces: Hudson Strait, east through Nunavut, southern Baffin Island; northern coastal settlements in Quebec, and along North Atlantic coast	35,200 (2016 census)	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Nunavut Territory (1988, Inuit Language Protection Act, Chapter 17). Statutory provincial working language in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use	Canadian Inuit, Inuit, Inuit of Quebec, “Eastern Arctic Eskimo” (pej.), “Eastern Canadian Eskimo” (pej.)	ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ‎ (Inuktitut)	Quebec-Labrador Inuktitut (“Labrador Eskimo” (pej.), Labrador Inuktitut, Labrador Inuttitut, “Quebec Eskimo” (pej.), Rigolet Inuktitut, Tarramiut), Rigolet Inuktitut, Kivalliq, Baffin Inuktitut (Mittimatalik). A member of macrolanguage Inuktitut [iku].
esi	Inuktitut, North Alaskan	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq	Canada	Northwest Territories: Mackenzie delta region, Aklavik and Inuvik areas		7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aklavik	Inupiaq, Inupiat, North Alaskan Inupiat, “Eskimo” (pej.)		West Arctic Inupiatun (Bulkley Valley, Mackenzie Delta Inupiatun, Mackenzie Inupiatun, Western Iñupiaq), North Slope Inupiaq.
esk	Inupiatun, Northwest Alaska	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq	United States	Alaska: Bering Strait, Kobuk and Noatak rivers, and Seward Peninsula	5,580 (2010 census), decreasing. All Inuit languages: 75,000 out of 91,000 in the ethnic group (1995 M. Krauss). Census lists this as Eskimo. Ethnic population: All Inupiatun: 13,500 (includes [esi]) (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Chinik Eskimo Community (Golovin), King Island Native Community, Native Village of Brevig Mission, Native Village of Council, Native Village of Diomede, Native Village of Koyuk, Native Village of Mary’s Igloo, Native Village of Shaktoolik, Native Village of Shishmaref, Native Village of Teller, Native Village of Unalakleet, Native Village of Wales, Native Village of White Mountain, Nome Eskimo Community, Village of Solomon	Eskimo, Inupiatun, Northwest Alaska Inupiat, Seward Peninsula Inupiaq		Seward Inupiaq, King Island Inupiaq, Bering Strait Inupiaq, Qawiaraq, Diomede Inupiaq, Wales Inupiaq. A member of macrolanguage Inupiaq [ipk].
ess	Yupik, Central Siberian	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik	Russian Federation	Chukotka autonomous district: Bering Sea coast, Wrangel island; Providenie region, Chaplino, Novoe Chaplino, Provideniya, and Sireniki villages	200 in Russian Federation (Dorais 2010). Ethnic population: 1,200 (Dorais 2010)	7 (Shifting)	Asiatic Yupik, Bering Strait, Siberian Yupik, Yoit, Yuit, Yuitsky, Yuk		Aiwanat, Noohalit (Peekit), Wooteelit, Chaplino.
ynk	Yupik, Naukan	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik	Russian Federation	Chukotka autonomous district: Lavrentiya, Nunyamo, and Uelen villages	60 (Dorais 2010). Ethnic population: 450 (Dorais 2010)	8a (Moribund)	Naukan, Naukanski, Nevuqaq		60%–70% intelligibility of the Chaplino dialect of Central Siberian Yupik [ess].
ess	Yupik, Saint Lawrence Island	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik	United States	Alaska: Gambell, Savoonga on Saint Lawrence Island	1,000 in United States (Dorais 2010). Ethnic population: 1,400 (Dorais 2010). Total users in all countries: 1,200	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Native Village of Gambell, Native Village of Savoonga	Bering Strait Yupik, Central Siberian Yupik, Saint Lawrence Island Eskimo, Siberian Yupik, Sivuqaghmiistun, Yoit, Yuit	Yupik	Chaplino. Chaplino and Naukan have 60%–70% mutual intelligibility.
ysr	Yupik, Sirenik	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik	Russian Federation	Chukotka autonomous district: Chukot peninsula, Sireniki village	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Vyie, died in 1997 (Dorais 2010)	10 (Extinct)	Old Sirenik, Sirenik, Sirenik Eskimo, Sirenikski, Vuteen
esu	Yupik, Central	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik, Alaskan Yupik	United States	Alaska: Delta area, Nunivak Island, Unalakleet to Bristol Bay coast to Unalakleet on Norton Sound; inland along Kuskokwim, Nushagak, and Yukon rivers; Chevak (Cup’ik dialect)	10,000 (Dorais 2010). Ethnic population: 25,000 (Dorais 2010)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Akiachak Native Community, Akiak Native Community, Algaaciq Native Village (St. Mary’s), Asa’carsarmiut Tribe, Chevak Native Village, Chinik Eskimo Community (Golovin), Chuloonawick Native Village, Curyung Tribal Council, Egegik Village, Ekwok Village, Emmonak Village, Holy Cross Village, Igiugig Village, Iqurmuit Traditional Council, Kasigluk Traditional Elders Council, Kokhanok Village, Levelock Village, Manokotak Village, Naknek Native Village, Native Village of Aleknagik, Native Village of Chuathbaluk (Russian Mission; Kuskokwim), Native Village of Eek, Native Village of Ekuk, Native Village of Elim, Native Village of Georgetown, Native Village of Goodnews Bay, Native Village of Hamilton, Native Village of Hooper Bay, Native Village of Kipnuk, Native Village of Kongiganak, Native Village of Kwigillingok, Native Village of Kwinhagak (Quinhagak), Native Village of Marshall (Fortuna Ledge), Native Village of Mekoryuk, Native Village of Napaimute, Native Village of Napakiak, Native Village of Napaskiak, Native Village of Nightmute, Native Village of Nunam Iqua, Native Village of Nunapitchuk, Native Village of Paimiut, Native Village of Pitka’s Point, Native Village of Saint Michael, Native Village of Scammon Bay, Native Village of Tuntutuliak, Native Village of Tununak, New Koliganek Village Council, New Stuyahok Village, Newhalen Village, Newtok Village, Nunakauyarmiut Tribe, Organized Village of Kwethluk, Orutsararmuit Native Village (Bethel), Oscarville Traditional Village, Pilot Station Traditional Village, Platinum Traditional Village, Portage Creek Village (Ohgsenakale), South Naknek Village, Stebbins Community Association, Traditional Village of Togiak, Tuluksak Native Community, Twin Hills Village, Umkumiute Native Village, Village of Alakanuk, Village of Aniak, Village of Atmautluak, Village of Bill Moore’s Slough, Village of Chefornak, Village of Clarks Point, Village of Crooked Creek, Village of Iliamna, Village of Kalskag, Village of Kotlik, Village of Lower Kalskag, Village of Ohogamiut, Village of Red Devil, Village of Sleetmute, Village of Stony River, Yupiit of Andreafski	Central Alaskan Yupik, Kuskokwim Eskimo		Nunivak Island, General Central Yupik, Hooper Bay-Chevak (Chevak Yupik, Hooper Bay-Chevak Yupik), Unaliq, Egegik. 3 quite distinct dialects.
ems	Yupik, Pacific Gulf	Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik, Alaskan Yupik	United States	Alaska: Prince William Sound area, Tatitlek, Chenega Bay, Cordova, a few in Valdez; Kenai peninsula southwest coast, Cook Inlet entrance, Nanwalek, Port Graham, and Seldovia	200 (Dorais 2010). Ethnic population: 3,500 (Dorais 2010)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Chignik Bay Tribal Council, Chignik Lake Village, Ivanoff Bay Village, Kaguyak Village, Native Village of Afognak, Native Village of Akhiok, Native Village of Chenega (Chanega), Native Village of Chignik Lagoon, Native Village of Eyak (Cordova), Native Village of Kanatak, Native Village of Karluk, Native Village of Larsen Bay, Native Village of Nanwalek (English Bay), Native Village of Ouzinkie, Native Village of Perryville, Native Village of Pilot Point, Native Village of Port Graham, Native Village of Port Heiden, Native Village of Port Lions, Native Village of Tatitlek, Ninilchik Village, Seldovia Village Tribe, Sun’aq Tribe of Kodiak, Tangirnaq Native Village, Ugashik Village, Village of Old Harbor	Aleut, Alutiiq, Chugach Eskimo, Koniag-Chugach, Pacific Yupik, South Alaska Eskimo, Sugcestun, Sugpiak Eskimo, Sugpiaq Eskimo, Suk	Sugpiaq	Chugach, Koniag.
eya	Eyak	Eyak-Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Copper river mouth	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Marie Smith Jones, died in January 2008 (2008 BBC News). Ethnic population: 50 (1995 M. Krauss)	9 (Dormant). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310)
nav	Navajo	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Apachean	United States	Arizona: northeast; Colorado; New Mexico: northwest; Utah: southeast	167,000 (2015 census). 7,600 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 266,000 (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007)	6b* (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Colorado River Indian Tribes of the Colorado River Indian Reservation (Arizona and California), Navajo Nation (Arizona; New Mexico; Utah)	Diné, Navaho	Diné Bizaad, Naabeehó bizaad
apj	Apache, Jicarilla	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Apachean, Apache	United States	New Mexico: Dulce area	510 (2015 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,100 (Golla 2007). All Apache varieties: 13,270 (2000 census)	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Jicarilla Apache Nation	Hikariya, Hoyero, Jicarilla Abáachi, Ollero	Abáachi mizaa
apk	Apache, Kiowa	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Apachean, Apache	United States	Oklahoma: Caddo county	No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker died in 2008 (Morgan 2012). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Apache Tribe of Oklahoma	Na’isha, Plains Apache
apl	Apache, Lipan	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Apachean, Apache	United States	New Mexico: Mescalero Reservation	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (1981 R. W. Young)	9 (Dormant)	Lipan
apm	Apache, Mescalero-Chiricahua	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Apachean, Apache	United States	New Mexico: Mescalero Reservation; Oklahoma: some Chiricahua at Fort Sill	1,500 (Golla 2007). 1,500 Mescalero in New Mexico, 3 Chiricahua in Oklahoma (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: More than 3,000 Mescalero (Golla 2007). 175 Chiricawa, including 149 in New Mexico (2000 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation, San Carlos Apache Tribe of the San Carlos Reservation		Ndee bizaa	Chiricahua (Aiaho, Chiricagua, Chishi), Mescalero (Faraones). Little dialectal variation between Chiricahua and Mescalero. Mostly a distinction in tribal identity (Golla 2007).
apw	Apache, Western	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Apachean, Apache	United States	Arizona: several reservations east central	14,000 (Golla 2007). 6,000 on San Carlos, 7,000 on Fort Apache Reservation (White Mountain Apache Tribe); smaller numbers at Tonto, Camp Verde, and Fort McDowell reservations (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 20,200 (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: San Carlos Apache Tribe of the San Carlos Reservation, Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona, White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation	Coyotero, Nnee biyáti’	Ndee biyáti’	Cibecue, San Carlos, Tonto, White Mountain.
dgr	Dogrib	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	Canada	Northwest Territories, between Great Slave lake and Great Bear lake. 6 communities: Bechoko, Whati (formerly Lac la Martre), Gameti, Wekweti, Detah, and Ndilo (a subcommunity of Yellowknife). Rae is center. Detah and Ndilo host the Weledeh dialect	1,650 (2016 census). 250 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,220 (2018)	6b (Threatened). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted offical use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Dechi Laot’i, Dog Rib Rae, Gameti, Wha Ti, Yellowknives Dene	Flanc-de-chien, Thlingchadine	Tlicho	Weledeh, Central Dogrib. Detah-Ndilo dialect developed from intermarriage between Yellowknife Subdivision of the Dëne [chp] and Dogrib. Lexical similarity: 84% with Southern Slavey [xsl], 82% with Northern Slavey [scs].
aht	Ahtena	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Cantwell, Chickaloon, and Copper river above Eyak river mouth, upper Susitna and Nenana drainages, 8 total communities; Washington state	45 (2015 census). Ethnic population: 500 (1995 M. Krauss)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Cheesh-Na Tribe, Chickaloon Native Village, Gulkana Village, Knik Tribe, Mentasta Traditional Council, Native Village of Cantwell, Native Village of Chitina, Native Village of Gakona, Native Village of Kluti Kaah (aka Copper Center), Native Village of Tazlina	Ahtna, Atna, Atnakenaege’, Copper River, Mednovskiy
bcr	Babine	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	Canada	British Columbia province: scattered. Bulkley river and Burns lake areas(Wetsuset’en dialect); Lake Babine and Takla Lake communities (Babine Proper dialect)	430 (FPCC 2014). 295 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). 100 fluent speakers and 100 passive speakers of Wetsuwet’en. 200 speakers of all degrees of fluency of Babine Proper (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 3,410 (FPCC 2014)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Burns Lake, Hagwilget Village, Lake Babine, Nee-Tahi-Buhn, Skin Tyee, Takla Lake, Wet’suwet’en, Witset, Yekooche	Babine Carrier, Lake Babine, Nadot’en, Nat’oot’en, Northern Carrier	Nedut’en	Wetsuset’en (Babine-Witsuwit’en, Bulkley Lakes, Witsuwit’en), Babine Proper, Takla, Francois Lake.
bea	Beaver	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	Canada	British Columbia and Alberta provinces: Chateh (Assumption) on Hay river, and Prophet river south of Fort Nelson	160 (FPCC 2014). 450 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,560 (FPCC 2014)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Beaver, Blueberry River, Doig River, Halfway River, Horse Lake, Prophet River, Saulteau, West Moberly	Castor, Dane-zaa, Dane-zaa Záágé, Danezaa, Dunne-za, Dunneza	Danezaa ZaageɁ‎ (Danezaa Zaage)
clc	Chilcotin	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	Canada	British Columbia province: west of Williams Lake. 7 reserve communities: Alexandria, Anahim, Nemiah, Redstone, Stone, Toosey, Ulkatcho	860 (FPCC 2014). 760 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,350 (FPCC 2014)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alexis Creek, Tl’etinqox Government, Toosey, Xeni Gwet’in First Nations Government, Yunesit’in Government	Nenqayni Ch’ih, Tzilkotin	Tŝinlhqot’in
ing	Degexit’an	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Anvik, Athapaskans, and Shageluk at Holy Cross, below Grayling on the Yukon river	15 (2015 census). Ethnic population: 280 (Golla 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Anvik Village, Shageluk Native Village, Village of Stony River	Deg Xit’an, “Ingalik” (pej.), “Ingalit” (pej.)	Deg Xinag
chp	Dene	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	Canada	Northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, southeastern Northwest Territories (Snowdrift and Fort Resolution), Fort Smith, Fort Chipewyan, Wolliston Post, Buffalo Narrows, Brochet, and some communities in Reindeer Lake	10,700 (2016 census)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Athabasca Chipewyan, Barren Lands, Birch Narrows, Black Lake, Buffalo River Dene, Chipewyan Prairie, Clearwater River Dene, Cold Lake, Deninu K’ue, English River, Fond du Lac, Fort McKay, Fort McMurray, Hatchet Lake, K’atlodeeche, Lutsel K’e Dene, Northlands Denesuline, Salt River, Sayisi Dene, Smith’s Landing, Yellowknives Dene	Dëne Súline, “Chipewyan” (pej.)	Dënesųłıné	Yellowknife.
gwi	Gwich’in	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	Canada	Northwest Territories: Aklavik, Inuvik, Tsiigehtchic, Fort McPherson; Yukon Territory: Old Crow	260 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,900 (Krauss 2007). Total users in all countries: 560	7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gwichya Gwich’in, Inuvik Native, Tetlit Gwich’in, Vuntut Gwitchin	Kutchin, Loucheux, Takudh, Tukudh	Dinju Zhuh K’yuu	Fort Yukon Gwich’in, Arctic Village Gwich’in, Western Canada Gwich’in (Loucheux, Takudh, Tukudh), Arctic Red River.
gwi	Gwich’in	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Arctic village, Birch Creek, Chalkyitsik, Circle, Fort Yukon, and Venetie; on Yukon river and tributaries	300 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Krauss 2007)	7 (Shifting). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Beaver Village, Birch Creek Tribe, Chalkyitsik Village, Circle Native Community, Native Village of Fort Yukon, Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government (Arctic Village and Village of Venetie)	Dinju Zhuh K’yuu, Kutchin		Arctic Red River, Arctic Village Gwich’in, Fort Yukon Gwich’in, Western Canada Gwich’in (Loucheux, Takudh, Tukudh).
haa	Han	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	Canada	Yukon territory: Dawson City	7 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 300	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in	Dawson, Han-Kutchin, Hän, Moosehide, Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in
haa	Han	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Eagle; Yukon river near Alaska-Canada border	12 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 50 (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: 19	8b (Nearly extinct). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Native Village of Eagle	Dawson, Han-Kutchin, Hän, Moosehide	Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in
hoi	Holikachuk	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Grayling village on lower Yukon river	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Wilson Deacon, died in 2012. Ethnic population: 200 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Organized Village of Grayling (aka Holikachuk)	Innoko		None known. Reportedly similar to Koyukon [koy].
koy	Koyukon	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Koyukuk and middle Yukon rivers	65 (2015 census). Ethnic population: 2,300 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Allakaket Village, Beaver Village, Evansville Village (aka Bettles Field), Galena Village (aka Louden Village), Hughes Village, Huslia Village, Koyukuk Native Village, Manley Hot Springs Village, Native Village of Ruby, Native Village of Stevens, Native Village of Tanana, Nulato Village, Rampart Village, Village of Kaltag	Ten’a	Denaakk’e	Upper Koyukon, Central Koyukon, Lower Koyukon. Reportedly similar to Holikachuk [hoi].
kuu	Kuskokwim, Upper	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Upper Kuskokwim, McGrath, Nikolai, and Telida rivers	40 (Golla 2007). 3 households (1997). Ethnic population: 160 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: McGrath Native Village, Nikolai Village, Takotna Village, Telida Village, Village of Stony River	Kolchan, McGrath Ingalik
srs	Sarsi	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	Canada	Alberta province: Calgary area	80 (2016 census). A small number of semi-speakers and passive speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 600 (1977 SIL)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Tsuut’ina	Sarcee, Tsuu T’ina, Tsúùtínà
sek	Sekani	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	Canada	British Columbia province: Beaver community of Prophet River, Fort McLeod, Iskut Tahltan community, Ware	30 (FPCC 2014). 240 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,410 (FPCC 2014)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: McLeod Lake, Tsay Keh Dene	Tsek’ehne, Tsek’hene	Tse’khene
tcb	Tanacross	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Dot Lake, Tanacross, Upper Tanana area, Healy Lake, and Tok	60 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 220 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Healy Lake Village, Native Village of Tanacross, Village of Dot Lake		Nee’anděg’	Healy Lake, Mansfield-Ketchumstuck. Little dialect variation. Mansfield-Ketchumstuck is most important politically and numerically. Reportedly most similar to Upper Tanana [tau], but with different tone systems.
tfn	Tanaina	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Cook Inlet and adjacent area	90 (2015 census). Ethnic population: 900 (Golla 2007)	7 (Shifting). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Eklutna Native Village, Kenaitze Indian Tribe, Knik Tribe, Lime Village, Native Village of Tyonek, Ninilchik Village, Nondalton Village, Pedro Bay Village, Village of Red Devil, Village of Salamatoff, Village of Stony River	Dena’ina, Kinayskiy		Kenai Peninsula, Upper Inlet, Coastal-Inland, Stoney River.
taa	Tanana, Lower	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: Tanana river below Fairbanks, Minto, and Nenana	15 (Krauss 2007). Ethnic population: 400 (Krauss 2007)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Native Village of Minto, Nenana Native Association	Tanana, Tanana Athabaskan		Chena, Salcha-Goodpaster.
tau	Tanana, Upper	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	Canada	Yukon territory: Beaver Creek	10 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 40 (Krauss 1997)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: White River	Nee’aaneegn’
tau	Tanana, Upper	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan	United States	Alaska: upper Tanana river area, Northway, Tetlin, and Tok villages	100 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 300 (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: 110	7 (Shifting). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Native Village of Tetlin, Northway Village		Nee’aaneegn’	Nabesna, Tetlin, Northway, Scottie Creek.
crx	Carrier	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Carrier	Canada	British Columbia province: Stuart and Trembleur lake area	680 (FPCC 2014). 1,380 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 9,350 (FPCC 2014)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Burns Lake, Cheslatta Carrier, Lheidli T’enneh, Lhoosk’uz Dene, Lhtako Dene, Nadleh Whuten, Nak’azdli Whut’en, Nazko, Saik’uz, Stellat’en, Takla Lake, Tl’azt’en, Toosey, Ulkatcho, Yekooche	Central Carrier, Dakelhne, Porteur, Takelne, Takulie	Dakelh	Necoslie, Pinchie, Tachie, Grand Rapids, Middle River, Portage.
caf	Carrier, Southern	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Carrier	Canada	British Columbia province: west of Quesnel and south of Cheslatta lake, Anahim Lake-Ulkatcho, toward the Fraser river and tributaries	500 (1987 SIL). 2,060 identified in 2001. Census does not separate Babine [bcr], Central Carrier [crx], and Southern Carrier. All Athapaskan L1 speakers in Canada 17,400 (2016 census)	8a (Moribund)			Cheslatta, Prince George, Stoney Creek, Nautley, Stellaquo. Lexical similarity: 90% with Central Carrier [crx].
scs	Slavey, North	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Slavey-Hare	Canada	Northwest Territories: Mackenzie district, middle Mackenzie River from Fort Norman north, around Great Bear Lake; Colville Lake, Deline, Fort Good Hope, Norman Wells, and Tulita in Mackenzie Mountains; Yellowknife	770 (2016 census). Bearlake dialect: 580; Hare dialect: 145; Mountain dialect: 100 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,950 (Golla 2007). Bearlake dialect: 1,070. Hare dialect: 710. Mountain dialect: 170 (Golla 2007)	6b (Threatened). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Behdzi Ahda’, Deline, Fort Good Hope, Nahanni Butte, Ross River, Tulita Dene, Yellowknives Dene	Dene, Dené, Esclave du Nord, Mackenzian, “Slave” (pej.), “Slavi” (pej.)	Satúotine Yatí	Hare, Bearlake, Mountain Slavey. North and South Slavey [xsl] form a chain of related varieties. A member of macrolanguage Slave [den].
xsl	Slavey, South	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Slavey-Hare	Canada	Alberta province: Hay River area and Steen River-May Creek watershed; British Columbia province: Fort Nelson-Snake river area; Northwest Territories: Mackenzie district, Great Slave Lake, upper Mackenzie River	950 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,600 (1995 M. Krauss)	7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Acho Dene Koe, Deh Gáh Got’ie Dene, Dene Tha’, Fort Nelson, Jean Marie River, K’atlodeeche, Ka’a’gee Tu, Liidlii Kue, Pehdzeh Ki, Ross River, Sambaa K’e, West Point, Yellowknives Dene	Acha’otinne, Dene, Dene Tha’, Denetha, Dené, Esclave du Sud, Mackenzian, “Slave” (pej.), “Slavi” (pej.)	Deh Gáh Ghotie Zhatie	In North [scs] and South Slavey dialect continuum which includes Hare, Bear Lake, Mountain, South Slavey, northern Alberta Slavey and Fort Nelson Slavey. A member of macrolanguage Slave [den].
kkz	Kaska	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tahltan	Canada	British Columbia province: Dease Lake, Fireside, Good Hope Lake, Lower Post, Muncho Lake; Yukon territory: Lower Post, Ross River, Watson Lake	16 (FPCC 2014). 62 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 540 (FPCC 2014)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Dease River, Kwadacha, Liard, Ross River	Caska, Eastern Nahane, Kaska Dena, Nahane, Nahani	Danezāgé’	None known. High intelligibility of Tahltan [tht] and Sekani [sek].
tgx	Tagish	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tahltan	Canada	Yukon territory: some at Carcross	No known L1 speakers. The last known fluent speaker, Lucy Wren, died in 2008. Ethnic population: 400 (Krauss 1997)	9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carcross/Tagish, Kwanlin Dun	Dene K’e
tht	Tahltan	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tahltan	Canada	British Columbia province: Telegraph Creek, Iskut	45 (FPCC 2014). 60 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 2,460 (FPCC 2014)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Iskut, Tahltan	Nahanni, Tāltān		None known. Mutually intelligible of Kaska [kkz].
ttm	Tutchone, Northern	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tuchone	Canada	Yukon territory: Carmacks, Mayo-Stewart, Selkirk-Pelly, White River, and Whitehorse areas	220 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,100 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nacho Nyak Dun, Little Salmon/Carmacks, Selkirk, White River	Selkirk, Tutchone du Nord
tce	Tutchone, Southern	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tuchone	Canada	Yukon territory: Aishihik, Burwash Landing, Champagne, Haines Junction, Kloo Lake, Klukshu, Lake Laberge, and Whitehorse settlements	70 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,400 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aishihik, Champagne, Champagne and Aishihik, Kluane, Kwanlin Dun, Ta’an Kwach’an	Tutchone du Sud
hup	Hupa	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, California Athabaskan	United States	California: Hoopa Valley Reservation, northwest	31, all users. L1 users: 1 (2015 Oregon Public Broadcasting), decreasing. L2 users: 30 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Hinton 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Blue Lake Rancheria, Hoopa Valley Tribe	Hoopa, Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe’		Whilkut.
ktw	Kato	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, California Athabaskan	United States	California: Laytonville Reservation northwest	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s. A few have fragmentary memories of the language (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 92 (1982 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Cahto Indian Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria, Round Valley Indian Tribes-Round Valley Reservation	Batem-Da-Kai-Ee, Cahto, Kai Po-Mo, Tlokeang
mvb	Mattole	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, California Athabaskan	United States	California: north	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1950s	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria
wlk	Wailaki	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, California Athabaskan	United States	California: north	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s (2015 L. Stansberry)	10 (Extinct). Language of registered tribe: Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians of California, Round Valley Indian Tribes-Round Valley Reservation, Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California	Upper Eel River
gce	Galice	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Oregon Athabaskan	United States	Oregon: southwest	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Hoxie Simmons, died in 1963 (Mithun 1999)	10 (Extinct). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation
ctc	Chetco	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Oregon Athabaskan, Tolowa-Chetco	United States	Oregon: south coast	No known L1 speakers. There were 4 known speakers in 1964 (Mithun 1999). The last first-language speaker died before 1990 (Golla 2011). Ethnic population: 100 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria, Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation
tol	Tolowa	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Oregon Athabaskan, Tolowa-Chetco	United States	California: Smith River Rancheria, near Crescent City	No known L1 speakers (Golla 2011), but emerging L2 speakers. The last fluent speaker may have died before 1990 (Golla 2011). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2000 A. Yamamoto)	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: Big Lagoon Rancheria, Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria, Elk Valley Rancheria, Tolowa Dee-ni’ Nation	Smith River
coq	Coquille	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Oregon Athabaskan, Tututni-Chasta Costa-Coquille	United States	Oregon: southwest	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in mid-1970s	10 (Extinct). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation, Coquille Indian Tribe	Chasta Costa, Ko’kwel, Miluk, Mishikhwutmetunee, Tutuni-Chasta Costa-Coquille, Upper Coquille
tuu	Tututni	Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Oregon Athabaskan, Tututni-Chasta Costa-Coquille	United States	Oregon: southwest	3 (2017)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation	Lower Rogue River		Upper Coquille (Coquille, Flores Creek), Tututni, Euchre Creek, Chasta Costa (Shasta Costa).
tli	Tlingit	Eyak-Athabaskan, Tlingit	Canada	British Columbia province: Atlin; Yukon territory: Carcross, Teslin	2 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 7 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 400 (FPCC 2014)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carcross/Tagish, Kwanlin Dun, Taku River Tlingit, Teslin Tlingit	Inland Tlingit, Kolosch, Kolosh, Thlinget, Tlinkit, Łingít
tli	Tlingit	Eyak-Athabaskan, Tlingit	United States	Alaska: Carcross-Tagish inland, Ketchikan south to Yakutat north	1,240 in United States (2015 census), decreasing. 500 fluent speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 10,000 (1995 M. Krauss). Total users in all countries: 1,242	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Angoon Community Association, Central Council of the Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes, Chilkat Indian Village (Klukwan), Chilkoot Indian Association (Haines), Craig Community Association, Douglas Indian Association, Hoonah Indian Association, Ketchikan Indian Corporation, Klawock Cooperative Association, Organized Village of Kake, Organized Village of Saxman, Petersburg Indian Association, Sitka Tribe of Alaska, Skagway Village, Wrangell Cooperative Association, Yakutat Tlingit Tribe	Kolosch, Kolosh, Thlinget, Tlinkit	Łingít	Northern Tlingit, Transitional Southern Tlingit, Sanya-Henya Tlingit, Tongass.
cui	Cuiba	Guajiboan	Venezuela	Apure state: upper Capanaparo river area and Riecito tributary	440 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Nearly all monolingual. Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4), The Amorua dialect of Cuiba [cui] is listed separately in the statute	Cuiva, Kuiva		Chiricoa, Amaruwa (Amorua), Masiguare, Siripu, Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara, Mella, Ptamo, Sicuane (Sicuari).
cui	Cuiba	Guajiboan	Colombia	Arauca department: Cravo Norte municipality; Casanare department: Betania, El Merey, Esmeralda, Mochuelo, San José de Ariporo, and Santa María on Capanaparo river and tributaries; Vichada department: Meta river south bank	2,200 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). 1,500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,450 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 2,640	5* (Developing)	Cuiva, Hiwi, Kuiva, Maiben	Cuiba-Wámonae	Chiricoa, Masiware (Masiguare), Chiripo (Siripu, Wupiwi), Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara, Mayayero, Mochuelo-Casanare-Cuiba, Tampiwi (Mariposas), Amaruwa (Amorua). 8 dialects in Venezuela and Colombia.
guo	Guayabero	Guajiboan	Colombia	Guaviare and Meta departments: upper Guaviare river	1,000 (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 1,120 (Crevels 2012)	5 (Developing)	Cunimía, Jiw, Mítua, Mítus
guh	Guahibo	Guajiboan, Guajibo	Colombia	Arauca, Casanare, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, and Vichada departments: plains region, border areas	23,000 in Colombia (Arango Ochoa and Sánchez Gutierrez 1998). 9,200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 23,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 35,000	6a (Vigorous)	Goahibo, Goahiva, Guaigua, Guajibo, Guayba, Hiwi, Jive, Wahibo, Wahivo, “Sicuani” (pej.), “Sikuani” (pej.)	Hivi	Guahibo (Sikuani), Amorua (Rio Tomo Guahibo), Tigrero, Vichadeño. Guahiban languages may not be within Arawakan.
guh	Guahibo	Guajiboan, Guajibo	Venezuela	Amazonas, Apure, and Bolívar states; Upper Orinoco and Meta rivers, Orinoco river from Caicaro de Orinoco	12,000 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). 37% urban (2001 census). Ethnic population: 14,800 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Guajibo, Hivi, Hiwi, Jivi, Jiwi, Sikuani, Wahibo
mbn	Macaguán	Guajiboan, Guajibo	Colombia	Arauca department: Puerto Rondon and Tame municipalities; Casanare department: Hato Corozal municipality; Casanare river, other scattered locations	300 (Civallero 2008). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 440 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Agualinda Guahibo, Hitnü, Jitnu, Macaguane, Macaguane-Hitnu		None known. Unintelligible to other Guahibo variety speakers.
gob	Playero	Guajiboan, Guajibo	Colombia	Arauca department: Venezuela border, Arauca river banks from Arauca to Gaviotas Island	150 in Colombia (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 160 (Crevels 2007). Total users in all countries: 350	6b (Threatened)	Guahibo Playero, Pepojivi, Rio Arauca Guahibo		None known. Low intelligibility of other Guahibo.
gob	Playero	Guajiboan, Guajibo	Venezuela	Apure state: western zone, to north of Arauca river and Colombian Pepojivi settlements	200 in Venezuela (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 200 (Crevels 2007)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Guahibo Playero, Pepojivi
kbc	Kadiwéu	Guaykuruan, Guaykurú	Brazil	Mato Grosso do Sul state: Serra da Bodoquena area; 3 villages	1,590 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 1,630 (2006 FUNASA)	6a (Vigorous)	Cadiuéu, Caduvéo, Ediu-Adig, Ejiwajigi, Kadiweo, Mbaya-Guaikuru
moc	Mocoví	Guaykuruan, Southern	Argentina	Chaco and Santa Fe provinces	2,780 (Crevels 2012). A few elderly monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,800 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Mbocobí, Mocobí, Mokovi
plg	Pilagá	Guaykuruan, Southern	Argentina	Chaco province; Formosa province: Bermejo and Pilcomayo river valleys; Salta province	3,490 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 4,470 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Pilaca		Toba-Pilagá (Sombrero Negro), Chaco Pilagá. Intelligibility between dialects needs investigation.
tob	Toba	Guaykuruan, Southern	Argentina	Chaco province: Bermejito, Castelli, Fontana, La Leonesa, Las Palmas, Miraflores, Pampa del Indio, Pcia, Resistencia, Roca, Saenz Peña, San Martín, Tres Isletas; Corrientes province; Formosa province: El Colorado, Misión Laishí, San Carlos; Santa Fe province: Rosario	30,400 in Argentina (Crevels 2012). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 69,500 (2004 INDEC). Total users in all countries: 31,580	6b (Threatened)	Chaco Sur, Namqom, Qoml’ek, Toba Qom, Toba Sur	Qom	Southeast Toba, Northern Toba, Toba Sur, Toba-Pilagá (Toba Sombrero negro, Toba del Oeste).
tob	Toba	Guaykuruan, Southern	Bolivia	Tarija department: Pilmacayo river, between Villa Montes and Paraguay border	No known L1 speakers in Bolivia. The Toba speakers were pushed out of Bolivia to neighboring countries by 1936 (Crevels 2007)	9 (Dormant)	Namqom, Qom, Qoml’ek
tob	Toba Qom	Guaykuruan, Southern	Paraguay	San Pedro department: Boquerón-Arasapety and Urukuy-Las Palmas; Presidente Hayes department: Cerrito-Cerriteño, Cerrito-Río Verde, Cerrito-Rosarino, Naiñec, and San José	1,180 in Paraguay (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Emok-Lik, Namqom, Qom, Qom-Lik, Qoml’ek, Takshika, Toba-Qom
hdn	Haida, Northern	Haida	Canada	British Columbia province: Haida Gwaii islands, Masset village	2 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 7 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 4,550 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 6	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Old Massett Village Council	Masset	Xaad Kil	None known. Borderline inherent intelligibility with Southern Haida [hax]. A member of macrolanguage Haida [hai].
hdn	Haida, Northern	Haida	United States	Alaska: Craig, Hydaburg, Kasaan, Ketchikan, and Prince of Wales island south tip; panhandle south tip	4 in United States (2017). Ethnic population: 130 (Golla 2007). 600 (1995 M. Krauss)	8b (Nearly extinct). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310)	Xaad Kil, Xaat Kíl
hax	Haida, Southern	Haida	Canada	British Columbia province: Haida Gwaii islands, Skidegate	7 (FPCC 2014). 6 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 500 (Golla 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Skidegate	Xaaydaa Kil		Skidegate, Masset. Borderline intelligibility with Northern Haida [hdn]. A member of macrolanguage Haida [hai].
amr	Amarakaeri	Harákmbut	Peru	Madre de Dios region: Madre de Dios and Colorado rivers	1,910 (2007 census). Includes Huachipaeri [hug]. Ethnic population: 2,090 (2013 Ministerio de Educación). Includes Huachipaeri [hug]	6b* (Threatened)	Amaracaire, Amarakaire, Arakmbut, Arakmbut Háte, Harakmbut, Haté, Kareneri, Kochimberi, Küpondirideri, Wakitaneri, Wintaperi, “Mashco” (pej.)	aratbuten hua’a	Kisambaeri.
hug	Huachipaeri	Harákmbut	Peru	Cusco region: Keros and upper Madre de Dios rivers	310 (2000). Ethnic population: 2,090 (2013 Ministerio de Educación). Includes Amarakaeri [amr]	6b (Threatened)	Huachipaire, Wachipaeri, Wacipaire, “Mashco” (pej.)		Huachipaire, Sapiteri, Toyeri (Toyoeri, Tuyuneri), Arasairi (Arasa, Arasaeri, Arasaire, Araza, Arazaire, Careneri). Reportedly similar to Amarakaeri [amr]. Sapiteri integrating with Amarakaeri. Toyeri is similar to Sapiteri. Some Kisambaeri (Amarakaeri dialect) integrated with the Toyeri and others with Sapiteri. Manuquiari may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Huachipaeri. Pukirieri may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Arasairi. Arasairi is distinct from Amarakaeri or Huachipaeri; similar to Sapiteri.
hve	Huave, San Dionisio del Mar	Huavean	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juchitán district, San Dionisio del Mar; southeast coast	2,550 (2005 census). 1 monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Huave del Este	Ombeyajts	None known. 98% intelligibility of Santa María del Mar Huave [hvv], 88% of San Mateo del Mar Huave [huv].
hue	Huave, San Francisco del Mar	Huavean	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juchitán district, old and new San Francisco del Mar; southeast coast	620 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 3,900 (1990 census)	7 (Shifting)	Huave del Este	Ombeyajts	None known. 38% intelligibility of San Mateo del Mar Huave [huv]. Most divergent variety of Huave. Only fishermen tested, who were familiar with other varieties.
huv	Huave, San Mateo del Mar	Huavean	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Mateo del Mar; southeast coast	11,000 (2005 census). 1,550 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Huave del Oeste	Ombeayiüts	None known. Very limited intelligibility of other Huave varieties; 88% of San Dionisio del Mar [hve].
hvv	Huave, Santa María del Mar	Huavean	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Santa María del Mar; southeast coast	500 (1993 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Huave del Oeste, Ombeayiüts		None known. Very limited intelligibility of other Huave, although most similar to San Dionisio [hve].
chr	Cherokee	Iroquoian	United States	Oklahoma: Cherokee Reservation; North Carolina: Great Smokey Mountains area	1,520 (2018 Cherokee Nation Tribal Survey). Spoken by 1,200 of the 124,000 member Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma, by 217 of the 8,600 members of the Eastern Band of Cherokees in North Carolina, by 101 of the 8,000 members of the United Keetoowah Band of Oklahoma and Arkansas. 130 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 376,000 (2018 Cherokee Nation Tribal Survey)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Cherokee Nation, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma	Aniyunwiya, Tslagi	Tsalagi, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ‎ (Tsalagi Gawonihisdi)	Elati (Eastern Cherokee, Lower Cherokee, Underhill Cherokee), Keetoowah (Kituhwa, Middle Cherokee), Otali (Overhill Cherokee, Upper Cherokee, Western Cherokee), Overhill-Middle Cherokee.
cay	Cayuga	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock	Canada	Ontario province: Grand River, Six Nations Reserve	40 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Yamamoto 2007). Total users in all countries: 46	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Lower Cayuga, Six Nations of the Grand River, Upper Cayuga		Gayogo̱hó:nǫ’
cay	Cayuga	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock	United States	New York: Cattaraugus Reservation	6 in United States (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 45 (2000 census)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Cayuga Nation, Seneca-Cayuga Nation	Gayogo̱hó:nǫ’
ono	Onondaga	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock	Canada	Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve	40 in Canada (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: 52	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bearfoot Onondaga, Onondaga Clear Sky, Six Nations of the Grand River	Onandaga, Ongwehonhwe	Onoñda’géga’
ono	Onondaga	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock	United States	New York: south of Syracuse	12 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,600 (Golla 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Onondaga Nation	Onandaga, Ongwehonhwe, Onoñda’géga’
see	Seneca	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock	Canada	Ontario: Six Nations Reserve, near Brantford	No known L1 speakers in Canada. Ethnic population: 900 (2013)	9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Konadaha Seneca, Niharondasa Seneca, Six Nations of the Grand River	Onödowá’ga:
see	Seneca	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock	United States	New York: Allegheny, Cattaraugus, and Tonawanda reservations	100 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 900 (2000 census). 6,240 (1997 W. Chafe)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Seneca Nation of Indians, Seneca-Cayuga Nation, Tonawanda Band of Seneca, Niharondasa Seneca		Onödowá’ga:
moh	Mohawk	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock, Mohawk-Oneida	Canada	Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve, Tyendinaga Reserve on Bay of Quinte near Kingston, and a small settlement at Wahta Mohawk Territory east of Georgian Bay; Quebec province: Caughnawaga and Oka near Montreal	990 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 24,000 (1999 SIL). Total users in all countries: 3,040 (as L1: 2,940; as L2: 100)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bay of Quinte Mohawk, Lower Mohawk, Mohawks of Akwesasne, Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke, Mohawks of Kanesatake, Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte, Six Nations of the Grand River, Upper Mohawk, Wahta Mohawk, Walker Mohawk	Kanien’kehaka	Kanien’kéha
moh	Mohawk	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock, Mohawk-Oneida	United States	New York: Saint Regis Reservation, north	2,050 in United States, all users. L1 users: 1,950 in United States (2015 census). L2 users: 100 (2011 M. Mithun). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1999 SIL)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe	Kanien’kéha, Kanienkehaka
one	Oneida	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock, Mohawk-Oneida	Canada	Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve	55 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Golla 2007). On Thames River near London, Ontario. Total users in all countries: 67	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Oneida, Oneida Nation of the Thames, Six Nations of the Grand River
one	Oneida	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock, Mohawk-Oneida	United States	New York: central; Wisconsin: east	12 in United States (Golla 2007). No reliable estimates for number of speakers in New York state (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 11,000 (Golla 2007). At Green Bay, Wisconsin	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Oneida Nation of New York, Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin
wya	Wyandot	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Huronian, Huron-Petun	Canada	Quebec province: Wendake community	No known L1 speakers in Canada. The last speakers survived into the 1960s	9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nation Huronne Wendat	Wendat
wya	Wyandot	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Huronian, Huron-Petun	United States	Oklahoma: Wyandotte, northeast	No known L1 speakers in United States, but emerging L2 speakers. Last speaker died about 1960 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 3,600 (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: none known	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: Wyandotte Nation	Wendat, Wyandotte, Wyendat		Huron, Wyandot.
ntw	Nottoway	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Tuscarora-Nottoway	United States	Virginia: Southampton county	No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker, Edith Turner, died in 1838	9 (Dormant)
tus	Tuscarora	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Tuscarora-Nottoway	Canada	Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve	No known L1 speakers in Canada. The last speaker in Canada, Helen Salter, died in December 1995 (Skutnabb-Kangas 2000)	9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Six Nations of the Grand River, Tuscarora
tus	Tuscarora	Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Tuscarora-Nottoway	United States	New York: Tuscarora Reservation near Niagara Falls; North Carolina: east	2 in United States (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,200 (1997 M. Mithun)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Tuscarora Nation of New York	Skarohreh	Ska:rù:rę’
ark	Arikapú	Jabutian	Brazil	Rondônia state; Rio Branco headwaters, Guaporé tributary	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into the 2010s. Ethnic population: 30 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Aricapú, Mashubi, Maxubí
jbt	Jabutí	Jabutian	Brazil	Rondônia state: Rio Branco Post	40 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 170 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Djeoromitxí, Jabotí, Jeoromitxí, Quipiu, Yabutí
acs	Acroá	Jean, Central	Brazil	Bahia state	No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Coroá
xkr	Xakriabá	Jean, Central	Brazil	Minas Gerais state	No known L1 speakers. Became extinct in latter 19th century. Ethnic population: 7,670 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Chakriaba, Chicriaba, Chicriabá, Chikriaba, Shacriaba, Shakriabá, Shicriaba, Shicriabá, Xacriabá, Xikriabá
xav	Xavánte	Jean, Central	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: 6 noncontiguous reservations. 80 villages	19,000 (2010 census). 7,000 monolinguals	4 (Educational)	A’uwe Uptabi, A’we, Akuên, Akwen, Awen, Chavante, Crisca, Pusciti, Shavante, Tapacua	A’uwẽ
xer	Xerénte	Jean, Central	Brazil	Tocantins state: between Rio do Sono and Rio Tocantins	2,570 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,570 (Crevels 2012)	5 (Developing)	Acuen, Akwen, Akwẽ-Xerente, Sherenté	Akwẽ
apn	Apinayé	Jean, Northern	Brazil	Tocantins and Maranhão states, near Tocantinopolis; 6 villages	1,500 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,530 (2006 FUNASA)	5* (Developing)	Afotigé, Aogé, Apinagé, Apinaié, Apinajé, Otogé, Oupinagee, Pinagé, Pinaré, Timbira Ocidentais, Uhitische, Utinsche, Western Timbira	Apinayé
txu	Kayapó	Jean, Northern	Brazil	Mato Grosso and Pará states: Xingú Park, both sides of Xingú river, west up to the Iriri and tributaries; west bank to Fresco and Zinho rivers; 14 villages	7,270 (Crevels 2012). 19 communities in regular contact with outsiders; also 3–4 isolated Kayapó groups of 30–100 people (Crevels 2007). 3,950 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,270 (Crevels 2012)	5 (Developing)	Cayapo, Kokraimoro, Mebêngokrê, Put Karot		Xikrin (Diore, Xukru), Kararaó, Kayapó-Kradaú. Dialects only slightly different from village names.
kre	Panará	Jean, Northern	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Parque Indígena do Xingú; Pará state: Terra Indígena Panará, on Iriri river	375 (2008 SIL). Ethnic population: 380	5* (Developing)	Indios Gigantes, Kreen Akarore, Kren Akarore, Krenakarore, Krenakore, Krenhakarore		Not a dialect of Kayapó [txu]; possibly more similar to Canela [ram].
suy	Suyá	Jean, Northern	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park, headwaters of Rio Culuene; Pará state: Terra Indígena Capoto or Jarina reservation, Kayapó villages (2002 ISA)	410 (Crevels 2012). 350 Suya (main dialect); 58 Tapayúna (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 410 (Crevels 2012). 350 Suya (main dialect); 58 Tapayúna (Crevels 2012). All Tapayuna speak their native language (Crevels 2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kisêdjê, Mẽkisêdjê, Suiá		Tapayúna (Beiço de Pau), Yaruma (Jarumá, Waiku).
ram	Canela	Jean, Northern, Timbira	Brazil	Maranhão state	2,500 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2006 FUNASA)	5* (Developing)	Kanela	Canela	Apâniekra (Apânhecra, Apânjekra, Apânyekra, Canela Apanyekrá, Kanela Apanyekra), Ramkokamekra (Canela Ramkokamekrá, Kanela-Ramkokamekrá).
gvp	Gavião, Pará	Jean, Northern, Timbira	Brazil	Pará state: Kaikoture near Maraba; possibly in original locations in Maranhão state	970 (Crevels 2012). 480 Gavião Perkatêjê and 490 Pukobjê (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 970 (2006 ISA). 480 Parakatêjê and 470 Pukobjê (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Gavião Perkatêjê, Gavião do Mãe Maria, Gavião do Pará, Parakatêjê, Perkatêjê, Pukobjê		None known. Related to Krinkati-Timbira [xri], Canela [ram], and Krahô [xra].
xra	Krahô	Jean, Northern, Timbira	Brazil	Maranhão and Tocantins states; 5 villages	2,180 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,180 (2006 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Craho, Craô, Kraô, Mehim		None known. Different from Canela [ram], but may be able to use literature adapted from Canela. Lexical similarity: high with Apinaye [apn].
xre	Kreye	Jean, Northern, Timbira	Brazil	Maranhão and Pará states	No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s. Ethnic population: 30 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Crange, Crenge, Crenye, Creye, Krem-Ye, Kren-Yê, Tage, Taze
xri	Krikati-Timbira	Jean, Northern, Timbira	Brazil	Maranhão state: Amarante municipality, Governador village	680 (2005 FUNASA). Ethnic population: 680 (2005 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Krikati-Gaviao, Krinkati-Gaviao, Krinkati-Timbira		Krinkati (Karakati), Timbira. Krikati and Timbira are separate ethnic groups speaking related dialects.
xok	Xokleng	Jean, Southern	Brazil	Santa Catarina state: Itajaí river tributary	100 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 890 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Aweikoma, Aweikoma-Kaingang, Botocudos, Bugres, Bugré, Kaingang de Santa Catarina, Laklanô, Shokléng, Xakléng, Xogléng, Xokré, Xokrén, Xokréng
kgp	Kaingang	Jean, Southern, Kaingang	Brazil	Paraná State: 9 reservations between Paranapena and Iguaçu rivers; Rio Grande do Sul state: 5 reservations of southeast dialect south of Uruguay river east of Passo Fundo river; southwest dialect on 7 reservations; east of Passo Fundo river; outskirts of cities in Rio Grande do Sul; Santa Catarina state: 8 reservations between Iguaçu and Uruguay rivers; São Paulo state: 3 reservations north of Paranapena river; Scattered	18,500 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 28,000 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Bugre, Caingang, Caingangue, Coroado, Coroados, Kanhgág		Paraná Kaingang, Central Kaingang, Southwest Kaingang, Southeast Kaingang.
zkp	Kaingáng, São Paulo	Jean, Southern, Kaingang	Brazil	São Paulo	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1989 SIL)	10 (Extinct)
jic	Tol	Jicaquean	Honduras	Francisco Morazán department: Montaña de la Flor and Yoro	350 (1997). Ethnic population: 19,000 (2013 census)	7 (Shifting)	Tolpan, Tolupan, Torrupan, “Jicaque” (pej.), “Xicaque” (pej.)	Tol	No distinct dialects. It may be distantly related to Subtiaba [sut] of Nicaragua (no remaining speakers), Malinaltepec Me’phaa [tcf] of Mexico, or the Hokan languages.
agr	Awajún	Jivaroan	Peru	Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto, and San Martin regions: upper west Marañon river area; Cahuapanas, Mayo, and Potro rivers	53,400 (2007 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 55,400 (2007 census)	4 (Educational)	Aguajún, Aguaruna, Ahuajún, Awajunt	Awajún
hub	Wampís	Jivaroan, Jívaro	Peru	Amazonas and Loreto regions: high jungle of the Andes along Morona and Santiago rivers	10,200 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 10,200 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Huambisa, Huambiza, Wambisa	Wampís	None known. Reportedly similar to Aguaruna [agr] and Achuar-Shiwiar [acu].
acu	Achuar-Shiwiar	Jivaroan, Jívaro	Ecuador	Morona-Santiago province: Taisha canton, Huasaga; Pastaza province: Pastaza canton, Montalvo and Simón Bolívar communities. Between Conambo, Macuma, and Pindoyacu rivers, north to Achuar, Alto Corrientes, and Pindoyacu communities, south to Peru border	3,520 in Ecuador (Crevels 2012). 2,940 Achuar and 580 Shiwiar (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 6,200 (2012 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 7,940	5 (Developing)	Achiar chícham, Achual, Achuale, Achuar, Achuar-Shiviar, Achuar-Shiwiara, Achuara, Achuare, Ashuar, Atchuara, Jivaro, Shiwiar chícham, Áints	Achuár chícham
acu	Achuar-Shiwiar	Jivaroan, Jívaro	Peru	Loreto region: Ecuador border, between Morona and Tigre rivers	4,420 in Peru (2007 census). Majority are monolingual. Ethnic population: 11,100 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Achual, Achuale, Achuar, Achuara, Achuár chícham, Jivaro, Maina		Shiwiar, Achuar.
jiv	Shuar	Jivaroan, Jívaro	Ecuador	Morona-Santiago province: east of Cuenca city	42,300 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 61,900 (2012 UNSD)	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2008, Constitution, Article 2)	Chicham, Chiwaro, Jivaro, Shuara, Siurra, Siwora, Xivaro, “Jibaro” (pej.)	Shuar Chicham
vkm	Kamakan	Kamakanan, Kamakán	Brazil	Bahia state	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s (Loukotka 1968)	10 (Extinct)	Ezeshio, Kamakán
kpj	Karajá	Karajá	Brazil	Mato Grosso, Pará, and Tocantins states: Bananal island, Araguaia river; possibly also Goias state	3,060 (Crevels 2012). Javaé 800, Karajá 2,250, Xambioá 10 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 4,010 (Crevels 2012). Javaé 1,210, Karajá 2,530, Xambioá 270 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Caraiauna, Carajá, Chambioa, Iny, Ynã		Javaé (Javahe), Karajá (Carajá, Iny), Xambioá (Iraru Mahãdu, Ixybiowa, Karajá do Norte). Men and women speak different dialects.
xat	Katawixi	Katukinan	Brazil	Amazonas state: Canutama municipality; Jacareúba river	10 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 250 (Moore 2006)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Catauichi, Catauixi, Catawishi, Catawixi, Jacareúba
kav	Katukína	Katukinan	Brazil	Acre	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1970s (1976 SIL). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Catuquina, Katukina do Jutaí, Katukina do Rio Biá, Pedá Djapá, Pidá-Djapá, Tüküná		Cutiadapa (Kutia-Dyapa).
kee	Keres, Eastern	Keresan	United States	New Mexico: Cochiti, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santo Domingo, and Zia pueblos	6,680 (Golla 2007). Includes 500 Zia speakers, 390 Santa Ana, 2,340 San Felipe, 2,850 Santo Domingo, 600 Cochiti (Golla 2007). 2010 census lists 13,100 as Keres. Ethnic population: 8,100 (Golla 2007). Includes 1,200 Cochiti, 2,600 San Felipe, 650 Santa Ana, 2,850 Santo Domingo, 800 Zia	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Kewa Pueblo, Pueblo of Cochiti, Pueblo of San Felipe, Pueblo of Santa Ana, Pueblo of Zia	Eastern Keres Pueblo, Rio Grande Keresan		Cochiti, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santo Domingo, Zia.
kjq	Keres, Western	Keresan	United States	New Mexico: north central	3,990 (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007). Includes 1,930 Acoma, 2,060 Laguna (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007); 2015 census lists 13,200 as Keres. Ethnic population: 10,700 (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007). Includes 3,860 Acoma, 6,870 Laguna	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Pueblo of Acoma, Pueblo of Laguna	Western Keres Pueblo		Acoma, Laguna.
tow	Jemez	Kiowa-Tanoan	United States	New Mexico: north central	1,790 (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007), decreasing. 6 monolinguals (1990). Ethnic population: 1,940 (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Pueblo of Jemez	Jemez Towa, Towa
kio	Kiowa	Kiowa-Tanoan	United States	Oklahoma: west central	400 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma	Cáuigù, Cáuijò:gyà, Gaigwu	Cáuijògà
tew	Tewa	Kiowa-Tanoan	United States	Arizona: Hano and Hopi Reservation; New Mexico: Nambe, Pojoaque, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, North of Santa Fe, and Tesuque pueblos	1,500 (Golla 2007), decreasing. 1,200 speakers in New Mexico, 300 in Arizona (Golla 2007). 18 monolinguals (1990 census). Ethnic population: 4,860 (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Hopi Tribe of Arizona, Ohkay Owingeh, Pueblo of Nambe, Pueblo of Pojoaque, Pueblo of San Ildefonso, Pueblo of Santa Clara, Pueblo of Tesuque	Tano		Hano, Nambe, Pojoaque, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, Tesuque.
twf	Tiwa, Northern	Kiowa-Tanoan, Tanoan	United States	New Mexico: north central	1,070 (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007), decreasing. 998 Taos, 66 Picuris speakers (Ichihashi-Nakayama et al 2007). Picuris spoken by nearly all 230 members of the Picuris Pueblo. 800 Taos speakers out of 1,600 in the pueblo (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,830 (Golla 2007)	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Pueblo of Picuris, Pueblo of Taos			Taos, Picuris. Taos and Picuris are not mutually intelligible (Golla 2007).
tix	Tiwa, Southern	Kiowa-Tanoan, Tanoan	United States	New Mexico: Isleta and Sandia pueblos, north and south of Albuquerque	1,600 (Golla 2007), decreasing. 1,500 Isleta, 100 Sandia speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 4,500 (Golla 2007). Including 4,000 Isleta and 500 Sandia (Golla 2007)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Pueblo of Isleta, Pueblo of Sandia, Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo			Sandia, Isleta (Isleta Pueblo).
pue	Puelche	Language isolate	Argentina	Chubut Province	No known L1 speakers. The last L1 speaker was Trruúlmani, a woman who died in 1934	10 (Extinct)	Gennaken, Gününa Küne, Northern Tehuelche, Pampa
vil	Vilela	Language isolate	Argentina	Chaco province: Resistencia; near Paraguay border	No known L1 speakers. 20 speakers were reported in 1981. 2 semi-speakers remain (Crevels 2007). These semi-speakers are a brother and sister, known only by their initials, ML and GC. They were 74 and 70 in 2008 (Harrison et al 2008)	10 (Extinct)
yag	Yámana	Language isolate	Argentina	Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur province: Extreme south Isla Grande	No known L1 speakers in Argentina. The last Yámana speaker in Argentina either died or relocated to Chile between 1965 and 1970 (Vidal 1999)	10 (Extinct)	Háusi Kúta, Yahgan
caw	Callawalla	Language isolate	Bolivia	La Paz department: Charazani; highlands north of Lake Titicaca	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s	9 (Dormant)	Callahuaya, Kallawaya		Seems to have Quechua affixes and syntactic patterns, but distinctive roots from a dialect of the extinct Puquina language.
caz	Canichana	Language isolate	Bolivia	El Beni department: Puerto del Carmen area	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1990s. Ethnic population: 1,550 (2001 DNPI)	9 (Dormant)	Kanichana		None known. Reportedly of the Tucanoan family.
cyb	Cayubaba	Language isolate	Bolivia	El Beni department: Yakuma province; west of Mamore river, north of Santa Ana	No known L1 speakers. Cayubaba ceased to spoken several generations ago (Crevels and Muysken 2012). Ethnic population: 650 (2006 PIB)	9 (Dormant)	Cayuvava, Cayuwaba, Kayuvava
cax	Chiquitano	Language isolate	Bolivia	Santa Cruz department: Ángel Sandoval and Germán Busch, Chiquitos, Concepción, Florida, Lomerío, Ñuflo de Chávez, Roboré, San Ignacio, San Javier, San José, San Miguel, San Rafael, San Ramón, Santa Rosa de la Roca, and Velasco provinces	4,620 in Bolivia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 47,100 (Adelaar 2004). Total users in all countries: 4,670	6b (Threatened)	Besïro, Chikitano, Chiquito, Tarapecosi		Concepción, San Ignacio de Velazco, San Javier (Javierano, Xavierano), Santiago, San Miguel.
ito	Itonama	Language isolate	Bolivia	El Beni department: Chumano, Huaracajes, La Selva, Magdalena, Nueva Calama, San Borja, San Ramón, Versalles. Itonamas river area	1 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,940 (2006 PIB)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Machoto, Saramo		None known. Ruhlen classifies it as Paezan.
lec	Leco	Language isolate	Bolivia	La Paz department: Apolo area, Karura, Candelaria, Tutilimundi, and Uyapi, Coroico river in Trapichiponte in KeleKelera, Pucasucho, Inca, Trinidad, Mulihuara, Chirimayo, Muiri, Ilipana Yuyo, Munaypata, Irimo, Correo, Santo Domingo. Lake Titicaca east; scattered on Mapiri-Kaka river	20 (2001 S. van de Kerke). Ethnic population: 4,190 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Leko, Rik’a
mzp	Movima	Language isolate	Bolivia	El Beni department: 18 de Noviembre, 20 de Enero, Bella Flor, Buen Día, Carmen de Iruyañez, Carnavales, Ipimo, Miraflores, Navidad, San Lorenzo, Santa Ana del Yacuma	1,170 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 12,200 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)			None known. Reportedly Tucanoan.
yuz	Yuracare	Language isolate	Bolivia	El Beni and Cochabamba departments, primarily along Chapare river	1,810 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,830 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Yura, Yurakare, Yurakaré		Mansinyo, Soloto.
xwa	Kwaza	Language isolate	Brazil	Rondônia state: west of Vilhena, near Cuiabá-Porto Velho highway. Same reserve as Aikanãs [tba] and Latundês [ltn]	25 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 40 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Coaiá, Koaiá, Koaya, Quaiá
tba	Aikanã	Language isolate	Brazil	Rondônia, west of Vilhena, near Cuiabá-Porto Velho highway	150 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 200 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Aikaná, Corumbiara, Huari, Kasupá, Kolumbiara, Mondé, Tubarão, Uari, Wari		Masaká (Massaca), Tubanao.
atx	Arutani	Language isolate	Brazil	Roraima	No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Last known speaker probably survived into the 2010s. Total users in all countries: none known	9 (Dormant)	Anake, Aoaqui, Auakê, Auaqué, Awaikê, Awake, Oewaku, Orotani, Uruak, Urutaní
cax	Chiquitano	Language isolate	Brazil	Mato Grosso, border area with Bolivia, municipalities of Vila Bela, Cáceres and Porto Espiridião	50 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 740 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Anenho, Linguará
gta	Guató	Language isolate	Brazil	Mato Grosso do Sul state: Paraguai river banks and up São Lourenço river, along Bolivian border	5 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 370 (2006 FUNASA)	8b (Nearly extinct)
fun	Iatê	Language isolate	Brazil	Alagoas state; Pernambuco State: Sertão, Águas Belas municipality, 2 villages	1,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,930 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Carnijó, Fornió, Fulniô, Furniô, Yatê		Fulniô, Yatê. Lexical similarity: 98% between Fulniô and Yatê dialects.
irn	Irántxe	Language isolate	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Rio Cravari headwaters, Rio Sangue tributary, a tributary of Rio Juruena	90 (Crevels 2012). 10 Irántxe and 80 Münkü (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 360 (2006 ISA). 280 Irántxe and 80 Münkü (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Iranche, Iranshe, Iranxe, Manoki, Münkü		Münkü (Kenkü, Menku, Menky, Myky, Mynky, Myy), Irántxe.
kxo	Kanoé	Language isolate	Brazil	Rondônia state: Guaporé river	3 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 95 (Crevels 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Amniapé, Canoé, Canoê, Guarategaja, Guaratira, Guaratégaya, Kanoê, Kapishanã, Kapixana, Kapixaná, Koaratira
kzw	Karirí-Xocó	Language isolate	Brazil	Alagoas state	No known L1 speakers. Spoken into last half of 20th century. Ethnic population: 1,470 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Cariri, Dzubukuá, Kariri Xucó, Karirí, Kipeá, Kiriri, Tumbulalá, Xocó, Xokó, Xokó-Karirí, Xukuru Kariri, Xukurú		Kipeá (Quipea), Kamurú (Camuru), Sabujá (Pedra Branca). Other dialects or languages are even less well attested. Classified as Equatorial, Macro-Carib (Swadesh), Macro-Ge (1975 A. Rodrigues), Isolate (Larsen 1984).
xak	Máku	Language isolate	Brazil	Roraima territory, Uraricuera river	No known L1 speakers in Brazil. The last speaker died in 2001	10 (Extinct)	Maco, Macu, Maku, Makó, Makú, Máko
opy	Ofayé	Language isolate	Brazil	Mato Grosso do Sul state: Ivinhema, Vacaris, and Verde rivers; Brasilándia area	12 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 61 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Ofaié, Ofaié-Xavante, Ofayé-Xavante, Opaié-Shavante, Opayé
oti	Oti	Language isolate	Brazil	São Paulo	No known L1 speakers. Became extinct early in the 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Chavante, Eochavante, Euchavante, Otí
paz	Pankararú	Language isolate	Brazil	Pernambuco and Alagoas states	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1960s. Ethnic population: 6,520 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Pancaru, Pancaré, Pankarará, Pankaravu, Pankaroru, Pankarú		None known. Possibly related to Xukuru [xoo].
rkb	Rikbaktsa	Language isolate	Brazil	Mato Grosso and Amazonas states: confluence of Sangue and Juruena rivers, Japuira on the east bank of the Juruena between Arinos and Sangue rivers; Posto Escondido on Juruena west bank 700 km north. 9 villages, 14 settlements	40 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,120 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Aripaktsá, Canoeiro, Erigbaagtsá, Erigpactsá, Erigpaktsá, Erikbaktsá, Erikbatsá, Erikpatsá, Orelhas de Pau, Rikpakcá, Rikpaktsá
tca	Ticuna	Language isolate	Brazil	Amazonas state: upper Solimões river area, more than 20 indigenous islands, more than 90 villages	35,000 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 35,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 48,580	5 (Developing)	Du-ûgü, Duüxügu, Magüa, Tikuna, Tucuna, Tukuna	ticunagaxũ
tpy	Trumai	Language isolate	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park, source of Xingú river, villages along banks	51 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 120 (Moore 2006)	8a (Moribund)			None known. Ruhlen (1987) and others classify it as Equatorial.
tud	Tuxá	Language isolate	Brazil	Bahia and Pernambuco states	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 3,930 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Payacú, Rodela, Todela, Tusha, Tushá
uam	Uamué	Language isolate	Brazil	Pernambuco state: Floresta area	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,740 (Crevels 2007)	9 (Dormant)	Aticum, Atikum, Huamuê, Wamoé
xoo	Xukurú	Language isolate	Brazil	Bahía state; Pernambuco state: Serra de Urubá (Arobá) near Cimbres city	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1960s (Meader 1978). Ethnic population: 2,650 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Ichikile, Kirirí, Kirirí-Xokó, Shukuru, Shukurú, Xucuru, Xukuru-Kariri
kut	Kutenai	Language isolate	Canada	British Columbia province: Columbia Lake, Saint Mary’s, Tobacco Plains (Upper Kutenai dialect); British Columbia province: Lower Kutenai at Creston (Lower Kutenai dialect)	25 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 20 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,150 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 245	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Chiniki, Lower Kootenay, Stoney, Tobacco Plains, Wesley	Kootenai, Kootenay	Ktunaxa	Lower Kutenai, Upper Kutenai.
kuz	Kunza	Language isolate	Chile	Antofagasta region: El Loa province; Caspana, Peine, and Socaire (Salar de Atacama)	No known L1 speakers. The last speakers either died or shifted entirely to Spanish by 1978. Ethnic population: 21,000 (2002 census)	9 (Dormant)	Atacameño, Likan Antai, Likanantaí, Lipe, Ulipe		None known. Classified as Macro-Chibchan.
yag	Yámana	Language isolate	Chile	Magallanes region: Patagonia area, Navarino island, Puerto Williams, Ukika hamlet	1 in Chile (2018). One elderly speaker in Puerto Williams, Cristina Calderón, age 89 (2018). Ethnic population: 70 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Tequenica, Yaghan, Yagán, Yahgan	Háusi Kúta
ano	Andoque	Language isolate	Colombia	Amazonas department: Aduche tributary of Caquetá, 15 km downriver from Araracuara; Caquetá department: Solano municipality	370 (2007 B. Pencue), decreasing. 10,000 in 1908 (Landaburu 1979). 50 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Andoke, Businka, Cha’oie, Paasi-ahá, Paasiaja, Paatsiaja, Poosioho
kbh	Camsá	Language isolate	Colombia	Putumayo department: Sibundoy valley, near Ingas	4,000 (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 4,770 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing)	Camëntxá, Coche, Kamemtxa, Kamsa, Kamse, Kamëntsa, Sibundoy, Sibundoy-Gaché	Camënts̈á
con	Cofán	Language isolate	Colombia	Nariño department; Putumayo department: Orito, San Miguel, and Valle del Gamuéz. Colombia-Ecuador border area	380 in Colombia (Crevels 2012), decreasing. Many monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,140 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	A’i, A’ingae, Kofan, Kofane		Aguarico, Santa Rosa.
tca	Ticuna	Language isolate	Colombia	Amazonas department: between Leticia and Perutate, north along the Amazon River	6,600 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 7,100 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Tikuna, Tucuna, Tukúna
con	Cofán	Language isolate	Ecuador	Napo province: near Santa Rosa de Sucumbíos, and down Aguarico river 130 km; Sucumbíos province; 5 main centers in Colombia and Ecuador border areas	640 in Ecuador (Crevels 2012), increasing. Many monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,080 (2012 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 1,020	5 (Developing)	A’i, Kofane, Kofán	A’ingae
auc	Waorani	Language isolate	Ecuador	Orellana province: south from Tiputini river, including portions of Yasuní National Park; Pastaza province: Arajuno and Pastaza cantons including a small group near Puyo community; Napo province; eastern jungle between Napo and Curaray rivers	1,650 (2004). Ethnic population: 2,420 (2010 census)	6b (Threatened)	Huao, Huao Auca, Huaorani, Sabela, Wao, Wao Terero, Wao Tiriro, Waodäni, Waodäni Tededö, Waos, Waotededo, “Auca” (pej.)	Wao Tededö
xin	Xinca	Language isolate	Guatemala	Jutiapa and Santa Rosa departments	No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. Last fluent speakers probably died by the 1970s; some semi-speakers survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 16,200 (2003 census)	9 (Reawakening). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Ikomagi, Jinca, Shinkan, Shinkan Complex, Sinca, Szinca, Xincan, Xinka, “Popoloco” (pej.)		None known. Language may be related to Lenca [len].
wba	Warao	Language isolate	Guyana	Barima-Waini, Pomeroon-Supenaam, and Essequibo Islands-West Demerara regions: near the coast, mixed with Arawak [ake] and Carib [car] speakers	Few speakers (Forte 1990). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 J. Forte)	8a (Moribund)	Guarao, Guarauno, Warau, Warrau
tdm	Taruma	Language isolate	Guyana	Southern East Berbice-Corentyne and Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo regions, Guyana-Brazil border area, in the Wapishana [wap] language area	1 (2015)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Aroaqui, Charuma, Saloema, Saluma, Taruamá
cuy	Cuitlatec	Language isolate	Mexico	Guerrero state: Balsas river	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the 1960s (2017 (I. Maddieson)	10 (Extinct)
sei	Seri	Language isolate	Mexico	Sonora state: coast. 2 villages	900 (2007 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Comcaac, Comcáac, Comcáackg, Concaac, Concáac, Congcaac, Cuncaac, Komkak, Konkaak, Kunkaahac, Kunkaak, Könkáak	Cmiique Iitom	None known. A few linguists posited a relationship to Hokan [ppi].
avs	Aushiri	Language isolate	Peru	Loreto region: Escuelacocha, Napo river right bank tributaries	No known L1 speakers. One semi-speaker reported on the Napo River in 2008 and another living near Iquitos (Crevels 2012)	10 (Extinct)	A’éwa, Abijira, Auxira, Awshira, Vacacocha		None known. Similar to Arabela [arl] (1987 M. Wise).
cbu	Kandozi-Chapra	Language isolate	Peru	Loreto region: Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Morona, and Pastaza rivers	3,260 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 3,260 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Candoshi, Candoshi-Shapra, Candoxi, Kandoshi, Kandozi, Murato		Chapara (Shapra), Kandoáshi (Kanduásh, Kánduash). May be distantly related to Arawakan; probably not Jivaroan.
myr	Muniche	Language isolate	Peru	Loreto region: Paranapura river	No known L1 speakers (Michael et al 2013). Three semi-speakers, ages 60–90; 10 remember but not fluent (Michael et al 2013). The last known fluent speaker, Victoria Huancho Icahuate, died in the late 1990s	9 (Dormant)	Munichi, Munichino, Otanabe, Otanave
omu	Omurano	Language isolate	Peru	Loreto region	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by 1958	10 (Extinct)	Humurana, Hunurana, Mayna, Numurana, Omurana, Roamaina, Umurano
trr	Taushiro	Language isolate	Peru	Loreto region: Aucayacu river and tributary	1 (2017 N. Casey). Ethnic population: 5 (2017)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Pinche, Pinchi		None known. Possibly Zaparoan. Ruhlen says related to Candoshi-Shapra [cbu].
tca	Ticuna	Language isolate	Peru	Loreto region: Chimbote to San Antonio do Iça in Brazil; northeast Amazon river area	6,980 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 6,980 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Duuxugu, Tikuna, Tukuna
ura	Urarina	Language isolate	Peru	Loreto region: Urarinas district, Chambira, Pucayacu, and Urituyacu rivers	4,850 (2007 census). Women are monolingual. Ethnic population: 4,850 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Cimarrón, Itucale, Itucali, Itukale, Kacha Edze, Kacha Ere, Oroarina, Shimacu, Simacu	Oruarinya	Several dialects with minor differences. Ruhlen and others classify it as Andean.
wba	Warao	Language isolate	Suriname	Nickerie district: near Guyana border	400 in Suriname (2005 J. Leclerc)	8a (Moribund)	Guarao, Guarauno, Warrau
eus	Basque	Language isolate	United States	Scattered	1,860 in United States (2015 census)	5* (Dispersed)	Euskara
cid	Chimariko	Language isolate	United States	California: northwest	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Martha Zigler, died around 1950 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: No ethnic group members left (1997 K. Turner)	10 (Extinct)
ctm	Chitimacha	Language isolate	United States	Louisiana: south	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Delphine Decloux, died in 1940 (Mithun 1999). Ethnic population: 300 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana	Chetemacha
esq	Esselen	Language isolate	United States	California: central coast near Carmel	No known L1 speakers. No native speakers survived into the twentieth century (Mithun 1999). Ethnic population: 80 (2000 A. Yamamoto)	9 (Dormant)	Huelel
kyh	Karok	Language isolate	United States	California: northwest along Klamath river	12 (Golla 2007). 30 have some L2 fluency (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 340 (2000 census). 1,900 (2000 A. Yamamoto)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria, Karuk Tribe, Quartz Valley Indian Community of the Quartz Valley Reservation of California	Karuk		No significant dialect differences.
kla	Klamath-Modoc	Language isolate	United States	Oregon: east and north of Klamath and Agency lakes	6, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Mabie Eggsman, died in 2003 (2003 L. Juillerat). L2 users: 6 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 170 (2000 census)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Klamath Tribes, Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma, Quartz Valley Indian Community of the Quartz Valley Reservation of California	Klamath		None known. Reportedly most similar to Molale [mbe].
kut	Kutenai	Language isolate	United States	Idaho: Flathead Reservation; Montana	220 in United States (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 360 (2000 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho	Kootenai, Ktunaxa
mbe	Molale	Language isolate	United States	Oregon; Washington	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Fred Yelkes, died in 1958 (Wurm et al 1996)	10 (Extinct). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon, Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation, Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians	Molala, Molalla, Molele
ncz	Natchez	Language isolate	United States	Louisiana (Taensa dialect); Mississippi (Taensa dialect); Oklahoma among Creeks and Cherokees	6, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. The last speaker, Nancy Raven, died in 1957. L2 users: 6 (2011 H. Fields)	9 (Reawakening)			Taensa.
sln	Salinan	Language isolate	United States	California: central coast	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died around 1960 (Mithun 1999). Ethnic population: 200 (1997 K. Turner)	9 (Dormant)			Formerly 2 dialects, Antoniano and Migueleño. A few linguists have posited a relationship to Hokan.
sht	Shasta	Language isolate	United States	California: north	No known L1 speakers (Golla 2011). The last fluent speaker, Clara Wicks, died in 1978 (Golla 2011)	10 (Extinct). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon, Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation, Quartz Valley Indian Community of the Quartz Valley Reservation of California	Sastean, Shastan		Formerly 4 dialects.
sis	Siuslaw	Language isolate	United States	Oregon: south coast	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1970s (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 100 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Coos; Lower Umpqua; and Siuslaw Indians of Oregon, Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation	Lower Umpqua, Siuslawan
tqw	Tonkawa	Language isolate	United States	Oklahoma: central	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the late 1960s (Pego 2001). Ethnic population: 200 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
tun	Tunica	Language isolate	United States	Louisiana: north central	32, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. The last known native speaker, Sesostrie Youchigant (aka Sam Young), died in 1948 (1964 M. Haas). L2 users: 32 (2017 J. Maxwell)	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe of Louisiana
was	Washo	Language isolate	United States	California; Nevada; southeast of Lake Tahoe	10 (1998 J. Brook). Several dozen fully fluent speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Golla 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Susanville Indian Rancheria, Washoe Tribe (Nevada and California)	Washoe
yuc	Yuchi	Language isolate	United States	Oklahoma: Bristow and Hectorsville, east central among Creek people, near Sapulpa	16, all users. L1 users: 4 (2016 R. Grounds). L2 users: 12 (2016 R. Grounds). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Golla 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Euchee, Tsoyaha, Uchean, Uchi, Yuchee, Zoyaha
zun	Zuni	Language isolate	United States	New Mexico: south McKinley County Reservation, south of Gallup	9,620 (2015 census), increasing. Few, if any, monolinguals (2000)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation	Ashiwi, Shiwi, Zuñi	Shiwi’ma
yau	Yuwana	Language isolate	Venezuela	Amazonas state: isolated groups on Iguana, an Asita river tributary, and on the Parucito, a Manapiare river tributary; Bolívar state: Kaima river, a Cuchivero river tributary	770 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 770 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Chicano, Chikano, Ho, Hodï, Hoti, Jodi, Joti, Waruwaru, Yoana, Yuana		None known. Linguistic similarities to Yanomamö [guu] and Piaroa [pid] (Salivan).
atx	Arutani	Language isolate	Venezuela	Bolívar state: Paraqua and Uraricáa rivers’ headwaters below Karum river area	No known L1 speakers in Venezuela. Last known speaker probably survived into the 2010s. Ethnic population: 29 (2002 SIL)	9 (Dormant)	Aoaqui, Auakê, Auaqué, Awaké, Oewaku, Uruak, Urutaní
xak	Máku	Language isolate	Venezuela	Amazonas state: San Fernando de Atabapo zone, between the Padamo and Cunucunuma rivers	No known L1 speakers in Venezuela. The last speaker died in 2001. Total users in all countries: none known	10 (Extinct)	Maku, Makú, Máko
spc	Sapé	Language isolate	Venezuela	Bolívar state: 3 small settlements on Karuna and Paragua rivers	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker died in 2004. Ethnic population: 20 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Caliana, Chirichano, Kaliána, Kariana		None known. Some lexical correspondences with Warao [wba]. Greenberg classified it provisionally as Macro-Tucanoan.
wba	Warao	Language isolate	Venezuela	Delta Amacuro, Monagas, and Sucre states: Orinoco river delta	32,400 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 36,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 32,800	6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Guarao, Guarau, Guarauno, Warau, Warrau
len	Lenca	Lencan	Honduras	Comayagua, Francisco Morazán, Intibucá, La Paz, Lempira, and Valle departments	No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker probably died by the 1970s (Campbell et al 1978). Some semi-speakers (Adelaar 2007). Ethnic population: 454,000 (2013 census)	9 (Dormant)			None known. Some considered it Macro-Chibchan.
mjd	Maidu, Northwest	Maiduan	United States	California: Butte, and Yuba counties, Feather river, Oroville area. Ethnic group scattered	No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Enterprise Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California, Mechoopda Indian Tribe of Chico Rancheria, Mooretown Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California, Round Valley Indian Tribes-Round Valley Reservation	Concow, Holólupai, Konkau, Konkow, Koyoomk’awi, Koyoongk’awi, Maiduan, Mechoopda, Meidoo, Michopdo, Nákum, Secumne, Sekumne, Tsamak, Yuba, “Digger” (pej.)		None known. A separate language from other Maidu varieties.
nsz	Nisenan	Maiduan	United States	California: central foothills of the Sierras	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1980s (Golla 2011)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians-Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract), United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria of California	Neeshenam, Nishinam, Pujuni, Southern Maidu, Wapumni		None known. Distinct from other Maidu varieties.
nmu	Maidu, Northeast	Maiduan, Maidu	United States	California: Plumas and Lassen counties, northern Sierras	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Farrell Cunningham, died in 2013 (2013 J. Little). Only a few semispeakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 110 (2000 census)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Berry Creek Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California, Greenville Rancheria, Mooretown Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California, Susanville Indian Rancheria	Maidu, Maidu Proper, Mountain Maidu, Májdy
vmv	Maidu, Valley	Maiduan, Maidu	United States	California: Chico	No known L1 speakers (2000). Extinct by the twenty-first century	10 (Extinct)	Chico, Chico Maidu
plu	Palikúr	Maipurean, Northern, Eastern, Palikur	Brazil	Amapá state: Oiapoque municipality, Terra Indígena Uaçá I and II, in 10 villages; Urucauá river banks, right-bank tributary of the Uaçá between Uaçá and Curipi rivers	1,290 in Brazil (2010 IEPE). Ethnic population: 1,330 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,540	5* (Developing)	Aukuyene, Aukwayene, Paikwene, Palicur, Palijur, Palikour, Paliku’ene, Palincur, Paricores, Paricuria, Parikurene, Parinkur-lene	Pa’ikwaki
plu	Palikúr	Maipurean, Northern, Eastern, Palikur	French Guiana	Central coast and lower Oyapock river	250 in French Guiana (Queixalos 2000). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Pa’ikwaki, Palicur, Palikour
arw	Arawak	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean	French Guiana	Northeast and Cayenne area, Balaté, Larivot, Saint-Sabat, and Sainte-Rose de Lima communities	380 in French Guiana (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Lokono
arw	Arawak	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean	Guyana	Widespread. West coast and northeast along Corantyne river	1,500 in Guyana (Forte 1990). Ethnic population: 15,500. The ethnic group represents 33% of the Amerindians in Guyana	8a (Moribund)	Arowak, Lokono
arw	Arawak	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean	Suriname	Commewijne and Para districts: villages from coast to 30 km inland, mainly on the savanna	500 in Suriname (Crevels 2012). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 2,510	8a (Moribund)	Araguaco, Arahuaco, Arahuacos, Arawac, Arowak, Arrowukas, Aruak, Aruaqui, Arwuak, Lokono, Luccumi	Lokono Dian
arw	Arawak	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean	Venezuela	Bolívar and Delta Amacuro states; coastal area near Guyana	130 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 430 (2008). 230 of the ethnic group are monolingual in Spanish [spa], some in English [eng]	8a (Moribund)	Arhwak, Arowak, Aruaco, Lokono
pbg	Paraujano	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean	Venezuela	Zulia state: Lake Maracaibo, near Guajiro	20 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 11,200 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Anun, Añú, Parahujano		Alile, Toa.
tnq	Taíno	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean	Puerto Rico	Bayamon Municipality, southwest of San Juan on north coast; otherwise scattered	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker died no later than the late 19th century (Wahayona Campos Reyes 2004)	9 (Dormant)	Taino
guc	Wayuu	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean	Colombia	La Guajira department: Guajira peninsula, Caribbean coast	122,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 150,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 416,000	5* (Developing)	Goajiro, Guajira, Guajiro, Uáira, Wahiro, Waiu, Wayu, Wayúu	Wayuunaiki
guc	Wayuu	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean	Venezuela	Mérida, Trujillo, and Zulia states: Guajira peninsula and surrounding Lake Maracaibo	294,000 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 294,000 (2001 census)	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Goajiro, Guajira, Guajiro, Wayuunaiki
cab	Garifuna	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean, Iñeri	Honduras	Atlántida and Colón departments; Cortes department: north coast between Masca and Plaplaya in Gracias a Dios department; Islas de la Bahía (Roatan island) department; cities: La Ceiba, Puerto Cortés, San Pedro Sula, and Tegucigalpa; 37 villages	98,000 in Honduras (Rivas 1993). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 43,100 (2013 census). Total users in all countries: 175,000	5* (Developing)	Black Carib, Caribe, Central American Carib, Island Carib, Karif	Garifuna	Western Garifuna, Eastern Garifuna. Eastern Garifuna dialect is in Honduras and Nicaragua (leaves out, r, and tends to shorten words), Western Garifuna in Guatemala and Belize. Related to Island Carib [car], with Spanish [spa], English [eng], and French [fra] borrowings.
cab	Garifuna	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean, Iñeri	Belize	Belize, Stann Creek, and Toledo districts: 6 villages	8,440 in Belize (2014 UNSD). Ethnic population: 15,100 (2013 census)	6b (Threatened)	Caribe, Central American Carib, “Black Carib” (pej.), “Moreno” (pej.)
cab	Garifuna	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean, Iñeri	Guatemala	Izabal department: Livingston and Puerto Barrios villages; northeast coast	3,560 in Guatemala (2002 census). Ethnic population: 5,040 (2003 census)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Black Carib, Caribe, Central American Carib, Garífuna
cab	Garifuna	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Ta-Maipurean, Iñeri	Nicaragua	South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region: Orinoco village	No known L1 speakers in Nicaragua (2012 R. Reeck). Ethnic population: 3,270 (2005 census)	9 (Dormant). Recognized language (1993, Official Language Use, Atlantic Autonomous Regions, Law No. 162, Article 4)	Black Carib, Caribe, Central American Carib, “Moreno” (pej.)
aox	Atorada	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana	Guyana	Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo region: Southwest, near Wapishana [wap] language area	Few in Guyana	8a (Moribund)	Ator’ti, Atorai, Dauri		None known. Lexical similarity: 50% with Wapishana [wap], 20% with Mapidian [mpw].
mpw	Mapidian	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana	Brazil	Roraima state: with the Waiwai [waw]	10 in Brazil (Moore 2006)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Mahuayana, Maiopitian, Maopityan, Mawayana		None known. Lexical similarity: 10% with Wapishana [wap] and 20% with Atorada [aox].
wap	Wapishana	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana	Guyana	East Berbice-Corentyne and Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo regions: southwest, south of the Kanuku mountains, a few villages northwest of the Waiwai [waw] language area	6,000 in Guyana (2000 J. Forte). Ethnic population: 6,900 (Crevels 2007). Total users in all countries: 12,500	6b* (Threatened)	Uapixana, Vapidiana, Wapichan, Wapichana, Wapisana, Wapishshiana, Wapisiana, Wapitxana, Wapixana		Amariba. Lexical similarity: 10% with Mapidian [mpw].
aox	Atorada	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana	Brazil	Roraima	Few in Brazil (2000)	8a (Moribund)	Ator’ti, Atorad, Atorai, Dauri
mpw	Mapidian	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana	Guyana	Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo region	No known L1 speakers in Guyana. The last speakers either died or moved to Brazil by the 1960s	10 (Extinct)	Maiopitian, Maopidian, Maopityan, Mapidi, Mapidiana, Mawayana
wap	Wapishana	Maipurean, Northern, Maritime, Wapixana	Brazil	Roraima state: 23 indigenous lands	6,500 in Brazil (2000 ISA). Ethnic population: 7,000 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Aruma, Uapixana, Vapidiana, Wapishiana, Wapisiana, Wapixiana, Wapixiána, Wapixána		Amariba, Atorai.
rgr	Resígaro	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon	Peru	Loreto region: Bora and Ocaina villages	1 (2017). Ethnic population: 37 (2007 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Resígero
bae	Baré	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Central Upper Amazon, Baré	Brazil	Amazonas state: Xié river area	2 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,790 (Moore 2006)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Balé
bae	Baré	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Central Upper Amazon, Baré	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Maroa town; upper Río Negro from Brazil-Venezuela border to Casiquiare Canal, extreme southwest at Colombia border	A few elders. 2 semi-speakers (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 2,820 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 2	8b (Nearly extinct)	Arihini, Balé, Barauana, Barauna, Barawana, Cunipusana, Ihini, Maldavaca, Mitua, Yavita
bvv	Baniva	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Central Upper Amazon, Yavitero	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Atabapo and Casiquiare regions; Colombia border area	No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by late 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Abane, Avani, Ayane, Banibo, Baniva Yavitero		Baniva, Quirruba.
yvt	Yavitero	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Central Upper Amazon, Yavitero	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Yavita region	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the 2000s	10 (Extinct)	Paraene, Parene, Yavitano
tae	Tariana	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki	Brazil	Amazonas state: Santa Rosa (Juquira), Iauarete, Periquitos, and Ji-Ponta on Middle Vaupés river	100 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,910 (2002 ISA)	8a (Moribund)	Taliáseri, Tariano, Tariáno, Tarîna
tae	Tariana	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki	Colombia	Vaupés department: lower Papurí	No known L1 speakers in Colombia. Last known speaker in Colombia likely survived into the 1990s. Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Tariano, Tariána
bwi	Baniwa	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki, Karu	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Colombia border area, between Curipaco [kpc] and Guarequena [gae] language areas	610 in Venezuela (2007 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,410 (2001 census). Total users in all countries: 6,420	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Baniba, Banibo, Baniua do Içana, Baniva, Maniba		The Carutana dialect is extinct. Related to Curripaco [kpc]. Groups on middle Içana and Ayarí rivers speak Baniwa: Hohodené, Kadaupuritana, Sucuriyu-Tapuya, Siusy-Tapuya, Irá-Tapuya, Kawá-Tapuya, Waliperedakenai (Ribeiro 1967).
bwi	Baniwa	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki, Karu	Brazil	Amazonas state: Middle Içana river	5,810 in Brazil (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Baniba, Baniua do Içana, Baniva, Dakenei, Issana, Kohoroxitari, Maniba, Wakuenai, Walimanai		Carutana.
kpc	Curripaco	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki, Karu	Brazil	Amazonas state: Içana	1,330 in Brazil (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Coripaco, Cumata, Curipaco, Ipeca, Ipeka-Tapuia, Koripako, Korispaso, Kuripako, Pacu, Paku-Tapuya, Palioariene, Pato Tapuia, Pato-Tapuya, Payualiene, Payuliene		Ipeka-Tapuia, Korripako (Karupaka), Unhun (Cadauapuritana, Enhen), Waliperi (Veliperi).
kpc	Curripaco	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki, Karu	Colombia	Guainía department: Barrio La Primavera and Inírida on Inírida and Isana rivers, headwaters of Río Negro; Vaupés department: Mitu and Papunahua minicipalities	7,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 7,830 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 12,070	5* (Developing)	Baniva del Isana, Curipaco, Curripaco-Baniva, Karrupaku, Koripako, Kuripaco, Kurripaco, Kurripako, Kúrrim, Waquenia		None known. Reportedly similar to Baniwa [bwi].
kpc	Curripaco	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Eastern Nawiki, Karu	Venezuela	Amazonas state: San Fernando de Atabapo and Victorino zones	3,740 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 4,930 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Baniva-Kurripako, Baniwa del Isana, Curipaco, Kuripako, Kurripako, Wakuénai, Yaverete-Tapuya		Ôjo-Kjárru, Âja-Kurri, Êje-Kjénim.
xir	Xiriâna	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Unclassified	Brazil	Amazonas state: Demeni and Rio Negro tributaries, near Venezuela border	No known L1 speakers. There were 200 monolingual speakers in 1960 (Migliazza and Grimes 1961), but the language became dormant by the 2000s. Ethnic population: 900 (2000)	9 (Dormant)	Bahuana, Bahwana, Barauána, Chiriana, Chiriána, Shiriana, Shriana, Xiriana
ybn	Yabaâna	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Unclassified	Brazil	Amazonas state: Marauia and Cauaboris rivers’ headwaters, tributaries of the left bank of Rio Negro	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted entirely to Portuguese by 1986 (Rodrigues 1986). Ethnic population: 90 (1986 SIL)	9 (Dormant)	Hobacana, Jabaana, Jabâ-ana, Yabarana, Yabaána
cbb	Cabiyarí	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki	Colombia	Amazonas and Vaupés departments: Cananarí river area, tributary of the Apaporis and Vaupés	270 (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 310 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Cabiuarí, Cabuyari, Cauyarí, Cuyare, Kabiyarí, Kauyarí, Kawiarí, Kawillary, Kawiri, Kawiyarí
ycn	Yucuna	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki	Colombia	Amazonas department: Puerto Santander municipality, 3 enclaves; Ararcuara, La Pedrera on lower Caquetá, Leticia, Mirití-Paraná; Caqueta department: part of westernmost enclave	770 (Crevels 2012). 10 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 770 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing)	Matapi, Yucuna-Matapí, Yukuna	Yucuna	None known. In some traditional ceremonies ritual language used, mostly unintelligible even to those who have learned it.
pio	Piapoco	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki, Piapoco	Colombia	Guainía department: Guaviare south bank border areas; Vichada department: between Vichada and Guaviare rivers	4,930 in Colombia (2007 Moyano). Ethnic population: 4,930 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 6,680	5* (Developing)	Piapoko, Tsáçe	Wenewika	None known. Very similar to Guarequena [gae] (Crevels 2007).
aca	Achagua	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki, Piapoco	Colombia	Casanare department; Meta department: Upper Meta River, between Puerto López and Puerto Gaitán, El Turpial reservation, and Umapo community	250 (2000 M. Lozano), decreasing. Ethnic population: 280 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Ajagua, Xagua		None known. Reportedly similar to Piapoco [pio].
pio	Piapoco	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki, Piapoco	Venezuela	Amazonas state: San Fernando de Atapapo area along the Orinoco. South of Vichada department	1,750 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,940 (2001 census)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Amarizado, Dzaze, Enegua, Kuipaco, Piapoko, Piapoko Dejá, Tsáçe, Wenewika, Wenéwika, Yapoco
mht	Mandahuaca	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki, Warekena	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Colombia border, extreme southwest on Baria river and Casiquiare canal, east of Baré [bae] language area	No known L1 speakers. Last speakers may have survived into the 1990s. Ethnic population: The size of the ethnic group is not clear since the usually cited number of 3,000 (1975 G. Indigenista) probably includes Baré [bae], Baniva [bwi] and Mandahuaca (Crevels 2007)	10 (Extinct)	Arihini, Bale, Cunipusana, Ihini, Maldavaca, Mandauaca, Mandauáca, Mandawaca, Mandawaka, Mandawáka, Mitua, Yavita
gae	Guarequena	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki, Warekena	Brazil	Amazonas state: Rio Chié (Xié) and Içana; near Venezuelan border	20 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 810 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Arequena, Uarequena, Uerequema, Urequema, Warekéna, Werekena, Werikena
gae	Guarequena	Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon, Western Nawiki, Warekena	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Guzmán Blanco on San Miguel river below Maroa	160 in Venezuela (2001 census). Ethnic population: 510 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 180	8a (Moribund)	Arequena, Guarekena, Uerequema, Urequema, Warekena
cni	Asháninka	Maipurean, Southern, Campa	Peru	Apurimac, Ayacucho, Cusco, Junin, and Ucayali regions: Apurimac, Ene, Perene, and Tambo rivers and tributaries	35,200 (2007 SIL). 2007 census lists 63,000, which includes all varieties of Ashaninka and Asheninka. Ethnic population: 35,200 (2007 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Ashinanca, Asháninca, “Campa” (pej.), “Kampa” (pej.)	Asháninka	None known. Partially intelligible with Ashéninka varieties, Caquinte [cot] and Matsigenka [mcb].
cpc	Ajyíninka Apurucayali	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga	Peru	Huanuco, Pasco, and Ucayali regions: Apurucayali tributary, Pachitea river	4,000 (2000 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Ashaninca, Ashéninca Apurucayali, “Apurucayali Campa” (pej.), “Axininka Campa” (pej.), “Campa” (pej.), “Kampa” (pej.)	Ajyéninka	None known. Somewhat intelligible with other varieties of Ashéninka.
cjo	Ashéninka, Pajonal	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga	Peru	Junin, Pasco, and Ucayali regions: central Gran Pajonal area	12,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2002 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Asheninka, Ashéninca, Atsiri, Pajonal, “Campa” (pej.)
prq	Ashéninka, Perené	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga	Peru	Junin region: upper Perené river	300 (Mihas 2014). Ethnic population: 5,500 (2001 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Asheninka, Perené Ashéninca, “Perené Campa” (pej.)		None known. Phonological and grammatical differences from other Asheninka varieties.
cpu	Ashéninka, Pichis	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga	Peru	Pasco region: Pichis river and tributaries except Apurucayali	10,700 (2007 census). Includes Ajyninka Apurucayal [cpc]	5 (Developing)	Asheninka, Pichis Ashéninca, “Pichis Campa” (pej.)		Bajo Pichís. Somewhat intelligible with other Ashéninka languages. Bajo Pichis variety that is spoken on the Anacayali has many features of Pajonal Asheninka [cjo].
cpy	Ashéninka, South Ucayali	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga	Peru	Ucayali region: upper Ucayali river and tributaries	13,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 14,000 (2002 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Asheninka		None known. Most closely related to Pajonal Ashéninka [cjo].
cpb	Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga	Brazil	Acre state: border area with Peru, Juruá river between Amônia, Arara, and Breu tributaries; Tarauacá river, Envira tributary	810 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 870 (2004 CPIAC)	6a* (Vigorous)	Campa, Kampa
cpb	Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga	Peru	Huanuco and Ucayali regions: Arruya, Cohengua, Inuya, Shahuaya, Sheshea rivers, Ucayali river tributaries of Pachitea, Yurúa river	7,000 in Peru (2001 SIL). Total users in all countries: 7,810	5* (Developing)	Asheninka, Ucayali Ashéninca		None known. Somewhat intelligible with other Ashéninka varieties.
cox	Nanti	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga	Peru	Cusco region: headwaters of Camisea and Timpia rivers	94 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Most closely related to Matsigenka [mcb], but have remained separate.
not	Nomatsigenga	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga	Peru	Junin region: Anapati river system in the foothills, between Ene and Perené rivers	8,020 (2007 census). 5,500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,020 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Atiri, Ina’o, Inato, Inthome, Intsome, Nomatsiguenga, “Nomatsiguenga Campa” (pej.)	Nomatsigenga	None known. Reportedly most similar to Matsigenka [mcb].
cot	Caquinte	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Machiguenga	Peru	Cusco and Junin regions: Picha, Poyeni, and Mayapo rivers, upper Poyeni river, which flows into Tambo Yori and Agueni rivers which become Mipaya river flowing into the Urubamba; a few on Sensa and Vitiricaya rivers, affluents of the Urubamba	440 (2007 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 440 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Caquinte Campa, Kakinte, Poyenisati, “Cachomashiri” (pej.)	Aguenquetsatsare	None known. Reportedly most similar to Asháninka [cni].
mcb	Matsigenka	Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Machiguenga	Peru	Cusco, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali regions: Camisea, Kompiroshiato, Picha, Manu, Mishagua, Tigompinia, Timpia, and Urubamba rivers	11,300 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 11,300 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Machiguenga, Matsiganga, Matsigenga, Matsiguenga, Mañaries, Niagantsi	Matsigenka	Reportedly most similar to Nomatsiguenga [not]. There are minor dialects.
pab	Parecís	Maipurean, Southern, Central, Paresí	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Jubá, Guaporé, Verde, Papagaio, Burití, and Juruena rivers. 15–20 villages	1,800 (Brandão 2014). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Brandão 2014)	5* (Developing)	Arití, Paressí, Paresí, Pareás, Porçoes	Haliti	None known. Very similar to Saraveca [sar] (Crevels 2007).
sar	Saraveca	Maipurean, Southern, Central, Paresí	Bolivia	Santa Cruz department: Velasco province	No known L1 speakers (Crevels 2007). Probably extinct by the 1970s	10 (Extinct)
mmh	Mehináku	Maipurean, Southern, Central, Waurá	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park	200 (Crevels 2012). All Mehinaku still speak their mother tongue (Crevels 2007). Combined Waura [wau] and Mehinaku speakers: 600 (2012). Ethnic population: 230 (2006 ISA)	6a (Vigorous)	Mahinaku, Mehinaco, Mehinako, Meinaku, Minaco		Waurá-kumá. Somewhat intelligible of Waurá [wau]. There is a dialect of Mehinaku called Waurá-kumá which is influenced by Waurá [wau].
wau	Waurá	Maipurean, Southern, Central, Waurá, Waurá-Meinaku	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park	320 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 320 (Moore 2006)	5* (Developing)	Aura, Uará, Uaura, Waujá, Waurá-Meinaku		None known. Partially intelligible of Mehináku [mmh].
yaw	Yawalapití	Maipurean, Southern, Central, Waurá, Waurá-Meinaku	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park	8 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 220 (Moore 2006)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Iaualapití, Jaulapiti, Yaulapiti
pnk	Paunaka	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Mojo	Bolivia	Santa Cruz department: San José de Chiquitos province	5 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Pauna, Paunaca		None known. Reportedly similar to Baure [brg] and Trinitario [trn].
brg	Baure	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Mojo	Bolivia	El Beni department: Iténez and Mamoré provinces, Baures, Huacaraje, Magdalena municipalities, Baures and El Carmen, San Miguel, Tujure, Cairo, Alta Gracia, Jasiaquini, Bereuro, San Francisco, San Pedro, Buena Hora, Las Peñas, and Pueblo Baure villages; between Iténez and Río Blanco rivers	67 (Crevels 2012), decreasing. Ethnic population: 980 (2006 PIB)	8a (Moribund)		Baure
ign	Ignaciano	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Mojo, Mojo	Bolivia	El Beni department	1,080 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Limited comprehension of Trinitario [trn].
trn	Trinitario	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Mojo, Mojo	Bolivia	El Beni department	3,140 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 30,000 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Mojos, Moxos		Loreto (Loretano), Javierano.
apu	Apurinã	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro	Brazil	Amazonas state: Purus river, from Rio Branco to Manaus; Mato Grosso state	2,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 6,990 (2010 FUNASA)	6b* (Threatened)	Ipurinã, Ipurinãn, Kangite, Popengare
inp	Iñapari	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro	Peru	Madre de Dios region: Puerto Maldonado area on Piedras river, mouth of Sabaluyo	4 (1999 SIL). Ethnic population: 68 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Inamari
knm	Kanamarí	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro	Brazil	Amazonas state: Itaquai, Jurua, Jutai rivers’ upper regions	1,330 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 1,650 (Crevels 2012). 100 Tshom-Djapa in 1985 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)	Canamarí, Djapá, Kanamaré, Tâkâna, Tüküná		Tshom-Djapa (Txunhuã Dyapá, Txunhuã-Djapá), Tsohon-Djapa.
mpd	Machinere	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro, Piro	Brazil	Acre state: Assis and Sena Madureira municipalities, Terra Indígena Mamoadate	940 in Brazil (2004 CPIAC). Total users in all countries: 953	7 (Shifting)	Machineri, Manchinere, Manchineri, Manitenerí, Manitenére, Maxinéri		Distinct from Yine [pib] (Piro) in Peru. The Manitenére dialect may be different from Machinere.
pib	Yine	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro, Piro	Peru	Cusco, Junin, and Ucayali regions; Conatmana and Pucallpa, Ucayali river, east central Urubamba river area	3,260 (2007 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 3,260 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Apurinã, Chontaquiro, Contaquiro, Pira, Pirro, Simiranch, Tokanï, Yinerï, “Piro” (pej.), “Simirinche” (pej.)	Yine	None known. Machinere [mpd] in Brazil is different enough to need separate literature.
mpd	Machinere	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro, Piro	Bolivia	Pando department: Nicolás Suárez province, Bolpebra municipality, San Miguel; on Acre river	13 in Bolivia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 30 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Machineri, Manchinere, Manchineri, Manitenerí, Manitenére, Maxinéri
cuj	Mashco Piro	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro, Piro	Peru	Madre de Dios region: Purús province; Upper Purús area	200 (Crevels 2012). 60 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Cujareno, Cujareño, Nomole, “Mashco” (pej.)		None known. About 60% inherent intelligibility of Yine [pib].
gqn	Guana	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Terena	Brazil	Mato Grosso do Sul state: near the Terêna	No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 250 (2005 ISA)	9 (Dormant)	Chana, Chuala, East Paraná, Equinao, Equiniquinao, Guaná, Kinihinao, Kinikinao, Kinikinau		None known. Related to Terêna [ter] and Irantxe [irn].
ter	Terêna	Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Terena	Brazil	Mato Grosso do Sul state: east of Paraguay river in Miranda and Aguidauana rivers area, 20 villages and 2 cities; some in São Paulo state	15,800 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 20,000 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Etelena, Tereno
ccc	Chamicuro	Maipurean, Southern, Western	Peru	Loreto region: Pampa Hermosa on Huallaga tributary	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker died in the early 2000s (2018 S. Parker). Ethnic population: 100 (2015 S. Parker). Virtually all inhabitants of Pampa Hermosa are ethnic Chamicuro	9 (Dormant)	Chamekolo, Chamicolo, Chamicura
ame	Yanesha’	Maipurean, Southern, Western	Peru	Junin region: headwaters of Pachitea and Perené rivers; Pasco region: central and east	7,520 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 7,520 (2007 census)	5* (Developing)	Amagues, Amagé, Amajé, Amajó, Amoishe, Amueixa, Amuese, Amuesha, Amueshua, Amuetamo, Lorenzo, Omagé	Yanesha’
mzx	Mawayana	Maipurean, Unclassified	Guyana	Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo region: southwest, among the Waiwai [waw] language group	No known L1 speakers in Guyana. The last speakers in Guyana survived into the 1960s and either moved to Suriname or shifted to Waiwai [waw] (Carlin and Mans 2015). Total users in all countries: 2	10 (Extinct)	Mahuayana		None known. No semantic similarity with and not related to Wapishana [wap], Atorada [aox], or Mapidian [mpw] (2002 R. Hicks).
unk	Enawené-Nawé	Maipurean, Unclassified	Brazil	Mato Grosso state	450 (Crevels 2012). Most are still monolingual (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 450 (2006 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Eneuene-Mare, Salumã		None known. Related to Parecís [pab].
mzx	Mawayana	Maipurean, Unclassified	Suriname	Sipaliwini district	2 in Suriname (2013 M. Michels), decreasing. Ethnic population: 40 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)
huh	Huilliche	Mapudungu	Chile	Los Lagos and Los Ríos regions: Valdivia to Chiloé south of Mapuche	A few elderly speakers (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1982 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Huiliche, Veliche		Tsesungún (Chesungun). Related to Mapudungun [arn], but barely intelligible with it.
arn	Mapudungun	Mapudungu	Argentina	Neuquén, Río Negro, and Chubut provinces; Mendoza province, possibly Buenos Aires	8,410 in Argentina (2004 census). Ethnic population: 114,000 (2004)	8a (Moribund)	Huilliche, Manzanero, Mapuche, Mapudungu, Maputongo, Pehuenche, Ranquel, “Araucanian” (pej.), “Araucano” (pej.)		Pehuenche.
arn	Mapudungun	Mapudungu	Chile	Araucanía, Bíobío, Los Lagos, and Los Ríos regions: Arauco, Bíobío, Valdivia, Osorno	250,000 in Chile (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 604,000 (2002). Total users in all countries: 258,410	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (1993, Indigenous Peoples Law (No. 19.253))	Araucana, Mapuche, Mapudungu, Mapuzungun, “Araucano” (pej.)	Mapudungun	Moluche (Manzanero, Ngoluche), Picunche, Pehuenche. Easy intelligibility among dialects. Pehuenche and Moluche are reportedly very similar.
gva	Guana	Mascoyan	Paraguay	Alto Paraguay department: Riacho Mosquito; Concepción department: San Lázaro district, Valle Mi on Apa river banks	28 (Crevels 2007). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 260 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Cashquiha, Kaskihá, Vana		Layana (Niguecactemigi), Echoaldi (Chararana, Echonoana). Reportedly similar to Sanapaná [spn] and Angaité [aqt].
aqt	Angaité	Mascoyan	Paraguay	Presidente Hayes department: La Patria	1,030 (2002 census). Ethnic population: 3,690 (2002 census)	6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Enenlhet, Kovalhvok, Koyaqteves
enl	Enlhet	Mascoyan	Paraguay	Alto Paraguay department; Boquerón department: Filadelfia; Presidente Hayes department: Paratodo and north	6,440 (2002 census). Ethnic population: 7,220 (2002 census)	6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Eenlhit, Enlhet Norte, Enlhet-Lengua, Enslet, Enthlit, Lengua, Lengua Norte, Powok, Vowak
enx	Enxet	Mascoyan	Paraguay	Presidente Hayes department: Lolita and east to the Paraguay river	3,840 (2002 census). Ethnic population: 5,840 (2002 census)	6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Enxet Sur, Lengua Sur
spn	Sanapaná	Mascoyan	Paraguay	Alto Paraguay and Boquerón departments; Presidente Hayes department: Anaconda north to La Palmera south	980 (2002 census). Ethnic population: 2,270 (2002 census)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Kasnapan, Kelya’mok, Sa’apan, Saapa’ang	Nenlhet	90% or more inherent mutual intelligibility between dialects. Lexical similarity: 85% with Enlhet [enl].
tmf	Toba-Maskoy	Mascoyan, Mascoy	Paraguay	Alto Paraguay department: Puerto Guarani area south; Concepción and Presidente Hayes departments: Boquerón Kue, Casanillo-Aldea Campo Rayo, Casanillo-Aldea Capiatá, Casanillo-Aldea Casanillo, Casanillo-Aldea Linda Vista, Casanillo-Campo Aroma, Casanillo-San Rafael, Castilla, Estancia Laguna Porã, Livio Fariña-Pueblito, María Auxiliadora-Km 40, Pozo Amarillo, Riacho Mosquito, San Isidro-Km 39; confluence, Apa and Paraguai rivers	1,260 (Crevels 2012), decreasing. 1,250 Toba-Enenlhet and 12 Toba-Maskoy (Crevels 2012). All women and young children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,270 (Crevels 2012). 1,510 Toba-Enenlhet and 760 Toba-Maskoy (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Cabanatit, Enenxet, Machicui, Quilyilhrayrom, Toba of Paraguay, Toba-Enenlhet
mca	Maka	Matacoan	Paraguay	Alto Paraná department: Micro Centro; Central department: Comunidad Maka (Corumba Kue); Cordillera department; possibly Itapúa department, Ita Paso; Presidente Hayes department: Villa Hayes and Kenkukek; San Pedro department; Paraguai river, northeast of Asuncion	1,040 (Crevels 2012). 400 monolinguals (2012). Ethnic population: 1,300 (Crevels 2012)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Enimaca, Enimaga, Maca, Macá, Maká, Towolhi	Mak’á
cag	Nivaclé	Matacoan	Argentina	Salta province: Rivadavia and San Martín departments; Tartagal outskirts and Misión La Paz	220 in Argentina (2004 INDEC). Ethnic population: 550 (2001 INDEC)	8a (Moribund)	Ashlushlay, Guisnai, “Chulupe” (pej.), “Chulupi” (pej.), “Chulupie” (pej.), “Churupi” (pej.)		Forest Nivaclé, River Nivaclé.
cag	Nivaclé	Matacoan	Paraguay	Boquerón department: southeast; Presidente Hayes department: west; Chaco region	10,100 in Paraguay (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 12,200 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 10,320	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Ashlushlay, Axluslay, Axluxlay, Nivaklé, “Choropí” (pej.), “Chulupe” (pej.), “Chulupie” (pej.), “Chulupí” (pej.), “Chunupí” (pej.), “Churupí” (pej.)	Guisnai	Forest Nivaclé (Jotoy Lhavós), River Nivaclé (Tovoc Lhavós). Mataguayo languages are less similar than Mascoy languages in Paraguay (Fasold 1984).
crq	Chorote, Iyo’wujwa	Matacoan, Chorote	Argentina	Salta province	1,500 in Argentina (Crevels 2007). 1,690, all Chorote, both [crt] and [crq] (Crevels 2012). 750 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,610 (Crevels 2012). Includes all ethnic Chorote, both [crt] and [crq]. Total users in all countries: 1,870	5 (Developing)		Yojwaja	Chorote (Iyowujwa), Manjui (Inkijwas, I’no’, Manjuy).
crt	Chorote, Iyojwa’ja	Matacoan, Chorote	Argentina	Salta province: near the Pilcomayo river	800 (Crevels 2007). 1,690, all Chorote, both [crt] and [crq] (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Chorote, Choroti, Eklenjuy, Yofuaha, Yowúwa		None known. Distinct from Iyo’wujwa Chorote [crq] (Drayson).
crq	Manjui	Matacoan, Chorote	Paraguay	Boquerón department: Campo Loa, Colonia 22, Estigarribia, Filadelfia, Mcal, Neuland, Pedro P. Pena, Platanilia, Santa Rosa, Yakaquash	370 in Paraguay (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Chorote, Choroti, I’no’, Inkijwas, Manjuy, Yojwaja		Choroti (Chorote), Yofuáha, Yowúwa.
mzh	Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay	Matacoan, Mataco	Argentina	Formosa and Salta provinces: Pilcomayo river right bank, near Bolivia border	15,000 (1999). Ethnic population: 40,000 (2004 INDEC). 40,000 Wichí Güisnay, Wichí Vejoz and Wichí Nocten	6b (Threatened)	Güisnay, Wichí, “Mataco” (pej.), “Mataco Güisnay” (pej.), “Mataco Pilcomayo” (pej.), “Matako” (pej.)	Wichí Lhamtés
mtp	Wichí Lhamtés Nocten	Matacoan, Mataco	Argentina	Chaco province: General Güemes department; Formosa province: Bermejo, Matacos, Patiño, Ramón Lista departments; Salta province: Anta, Metán, Orán, Rivadavia, and San Martín departments	100 in Argentina. Many monolinguals. Ethnic population: 40,000 (2004 INDEC). 40,000 Wichí Güisnay, Wichí Vejoz and Wichí Nocten	6b* (Threatened)	Nocten, Noctenes, Oktenai, “Mataco Nocten” (pej.)
mtp	Wichí Lhamtés Nocten	Matacoan, Mataco	Bolivia	Tarija department: Cordillera de Pirapo; southwest of Pilcomayo river	1,930 in Bolivia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,020 (1994). Total users in all countries: 2,030	5* (Developing)	Bolivian, Noctenes, Noctén, Oktenai, Weenhayek, “Mataco” (pej.), “Mataco Nocten” (pej.)	’weenhayeklhayhi’, ’weenhayeklhàmet
wlv	Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz	Matacoan, Mataco	Argentina	Chaco, Formosa, Salta, and Jujuy provinces: upper Bermejo river valley and Pilcomayo river	25,000 (1991 UBS). Ethnic population: 40,000 (2004 INDEC). 40,000 Wichí Güisnay, Wichí Vejoz and Wichí Nocten (2004 INDEC)	5 (Developing)	Vejos, Vejoz, “Mataco Vejoz” (pej.)	wichi	Bermejo Vejoz. Not intelligible of other Chaco languages.
mbl	Maxakalí	Maxakalian	Brazil	Minas Gerais and Bahia states: 160 km inland from coast. 14 villages	1,270 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,270 (Crevels 2012)	5 (Developing)	Caposho, Cumanasho, Kumanuxú, Macuni, Mashakalí, Maxacalí, Monacó, Monaxo, Monocho, Tikmuún	Tikmũ’ũn Yĩy’ax
pth	Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe	Maxakalian	Brazil	Minas Gerais and Bahia states; Pôsto Paraguassu in Itabuna municipality	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the late 1930s (Loukotka 1968). Ethnic population: 2,220 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Hã Hã Hãe, Patashó, Pataxi, Pataxó, Pataxó-Hãhaãi, Patoxó
cob	Chicomuceltec	Mayan, Huastecan	Guatemala	Huehuetenango and Petén departments	No known L1 speakers in Guatemala. The last speaker probably died in the 1930s (Campbell and Canger 1978)	9 (Dormant). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Cakchiquel Mam
cob	Chicomuceltec	Mayan, Huastecan	Mexico	Chiapas state: Amatenango de la Frontera municipality near Guatemala border	No known L1 speakers in Mexico. The last competent speakers probably died by the 1930s; some rememberers may have survived into the 1980s (Campbell and Canger 1978). Ethnic population: 1,500. Total users in all countries: none known	9 (Dormant)	Cac’chiquel Mam, Cakchiquel Mam, Chicomukeltec, Chicomulcelteco
hus	Huastec	Mayan, Huastecan, Huastec	Mexico	Veracruz state: 60 villages; San Luis Potosí state: 12 villages; Cerro Azul on southeast edge, Tepetzintla on south edge, Tantima on north edge, Santa María Ixcatepec on west edge; Amatlán Tuxpan, Galeana y Zaragoza Vieja, San Francisco Chontla, Tamiahua, and Tancoco; east of Huasteco Veracruz-Llave	132,000 (2000 INALI)	5 (Developing)	Tenek, Tének	Teenek	San Luis Potosi Huastec (Potosino Huastec), Southeastern Huastec (Huasteco de San Francisco Chontla), Huasteco de Tantoyuca, Huasteco de Veracruz. Sociological factors require literature in Veracruz variety of Huastec.
chf	Chontal, Tabasco	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Core Mayan, Cholan-Tzeltalan, Cholan, Chol-Chontal	Mexico	Tabasco state: 21 towns north-central and south	37,100 (2011 UNSD)	6a (Vigorous)	Chontal Maya, Chontal de Tabasco	Yocot’an	Tamulté de las Sábanas Chontal, Buena Vista Chontal, Miramar Chontal, Chontal de Tabasco central, Chontal de Tabasco del Este, Chontal de Tabasco del Norte, Chontal de Tabasco del Sureste. Dialect speakers understand San Carlos Macuspana 80%–94%.
ctu	Chol	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Core Mayan, Cholan-Tzeltalan, Cholan, Chol-Chontal, Chol	Mexico	Chiapas state: Chivalito, Limar, Tila, and Vicente Guerrero	222,000 (2011 UNSD). 40,000 monolinguals	5 (Developing)		Lakty’añ	Ch’ol de Sabanilla, Chol de Tila (Ch’ol del Noroeste), Chol de Tumbalá (Ch’ol del Sureste).
caa	Ch’orti’	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Core Mayan, Cholan-Tzeltalan, Cholan, Chorti-Cholti	Guatemala	Chiquimula and Zacapa departments; eastern border with Honduras	11,700 in Guatemala (2003 census). Ethnic population: 46,800 (2003 census)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Chorti’
caa	Ch’orti’	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Core Mayan, Cholan-Tzeltalan, Cholan, Chorti-Cholti	Honduras	Copán department: along Guatemala border	No known L1 speakers in Honduras. Ethnic population: 33,300 (2013 census)	9 (Dormant)
tzh	Tzeltal	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Core Mayan, Cholan-Tzeltalan, Tzeltalan, Tzeltal	Mexico	Chiapas: Oxchuc area	273,000 (2000 INALI). 50,000 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Cancuc, Chanal, Highland Tzeltal, Oxchuc Tzeltal, Tenango, Tenejapa, Tenejapa Tzeltal, Tseltal	Bats’il k’op	Amatenango del Valle, Bachajon Tzeltal (Lowland Tzeltal, Tzeltal de Ocosingo), Chanal Cancuc, Tenango, Tzeltal del Norte, Tzeltal del occidente, Tzeltal del oriente, Tzeltal del Sur.
tzo	Tzotzil	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Core Mayan, Cholan-Tzeltalan, Tzeltalan, Tzotzil	Mexico	Central Chiapas, Venustiano Carranza municipality, Venustiano Carranza, El Puerto, and El Paraiso de Grijalva towns; West central Chiapas, San Juan Chamula, Huitiupan, Simojovel, San Juan del Bosque, San Cristóbal Las Casas, Bochil, Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacan, Ocozocoautla, Ixtapa (Nibak), Jitotol, Teopisca, Amatan, and Ishuatan; Chiapas, Chenalhó and Huixtán regions	235,000 (2000 INALI)	6b* (Threatened)	San Bartolomé Venustiano Carranza Tzotzil, Tsotsil	Bats’i k’op	Chamula Tzotzil, Chenalho Tzotzil (San Miguel Mitontic, San Pablo Chalchihuitan, San Pedro Chenalhó, Santa Catarina Pantelho), San Andrés Larrainzar Tzotzil (San Andres Tzotzil), Huixtán Tzotzil (Angel Albino Corzo, Huixtán, La Concordia, Villa Corzo), Zinacantán Tzotzil (Zinacanteco Tzotzil). 66% intelligibility of Chenalhó Tzotzil, 65% of Zinacantán, 57% of Chamula, 56% of Huixtán; Chenalho variety partial intelligibility of San Andrés Larrainzar.
kek	Kekchí	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean	Belize	Southwest corner, inland following east slopes, Maya Mountains, Toledo and Stann Creek districts; also in Cayo District, Belmopan area	17,600 in Belize (2014 UNSD)	6a* (Vigorous)	Cacché, Ketchi, Quecchí
kek	Q’eqchi’	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean	Guatemala	Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, and Quiché departments; Izabal department: north from the lake; Petén department: south of Flores	716,000 in Guatemala (2003 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 852,000 (2003 census). Total users in all countries: 733,600	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Cacche’, Kekchi’, Kekchí, Ketchi’, Kʼekchiʼ, Quecchi’	Q’eqchi’	Alta Verapaz Cobán. Only slight dialect differences.
usp	Uspanteko	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean	Guatemala	Quiché department: Chicamán municipio, Las Pacayas village is center; San Miguel Uspantán municipio area	3,970 (2013 census). Ethnic population: 7,490 (2003 census)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Uspanteco	Uspanteko
acr	Achi	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean, Poqom-K’ichean, Core K’ichean	Guatemala	Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, and El Progreso departments; Quiché department: Uspantan municipality	82,600 (2003 census). 5,000 monolinguals (2015 C. Barrera). Ethnic population: 106,000 (2003 census)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)		Qach’a’teem	Cubulco Achi, Maya Achi (Rabinal Achi).
quc	K’iche’	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean, Poqom-K’ichean, Core K’ichean	Guatemala	Quiché department: Chichicastenango, Chiché, Cunén, Joyabaj, Sacapulas, San Andrés Sajcabajá, Uspantán, Zacualpa municipalities; Quetzaltenango, Retalhuleu, Sololá, Suchitepéquez, and Totonicapán departments; some communities in Huehuetenango and Baja Verapaz departments	891,000 (2003 census). 300,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,270,000 (2003 census)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Central K’iche’, Central Quiché, Chiquel, Quiché	Qach’abel	Cunén Kiché, Joyabaj Kiché, West Central Kiché, Eastern Kiché, San Andrés Kiché.
quv	Sakapulteko	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean, Poqom-K’ichean, Core K’ichean	Guatemala	Quiché department: Sacapulas municipality; some in Guatemala City	6,970 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 9,760 (2003 census)	7 (Shifting). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Sacapulas K’iche’, Sacapulteco
qum	Sipakapense	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean, Poqom-K’ichean, Core K’ichean	Guatemala	San Marcos department	5,690 (2003 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 10,700 (2003 census)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Sipacapa, Sipacapa Quiché, Sipacapense, Sipacapeño
cak	Kaqchikel	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean, Poqom-K’ichean, Core K’ichean, Kaqchikel-Tz’utujil	Guatemala	Chimaltenango department: Akatenango, San Martín Jilotepeque and Yepocapa municipalities; Santa Ana Chimaltenango and San Martín municipalities, San Juan Sacatepéquez municipality; Escuintla and Quiché departments; Sacatepéquez department; Sololá department: north and east shores of Lake Atitlán; Guatemala department	445,000 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 833,000 (2003 census)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Cakchiquel, Kaqchiquel, Maya	Kaqchikel	Acatenango Southwestern Cakchiquel, Eastern Cakchiquel, Northern Cakchiquel, Santa María de Jesús Cakchiquel (Kach’ab’al), Santo Domingo Xenacoj Cakchiquel, South Central Cakchiquel, Southern Cakchiquel, Western Cakchiquel, Yepocapa Southwestern Cakchiquel.
tzj	Tz’utujil	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean, Poqom-K’ichean, Core K’ichean, Kaqchikel-Tz’utujil	Guatemala	Sololá department: Lake Atitlán, south and southwest shore; Suchitepéquez department: Chicacao area north	63,200 (2003 census), increasing. 17,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 78,500 (2003 census)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Eastern Tzutujil, Santiago Atitlán Tzutujil, Tzutuhil, Tzutujil, Tzutujil Oriental	Tz’utujil	Western Tzutujil.
poc	Poqomam	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean, Poqom-K’ichean, Poqom, Poqomam	Guatemala	Chiquimula department; Jalapa department: San Luis Jilotepeque; Guatemala department: 1 enclave northeast of Guatemala City, Chinautla; the other 20 km southwest, mostly in Escuintla department	11,300 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 42,000 (2003 census)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Pocomán, Pokomam	Qaq’oral	Central Poqomam, Eastern Poqomam, Southern Poqomam (Palín Pocomam).
poh	Poqomchi’	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, K’ichean, Poqom-K’ichean, Poqom, Poqomchi’	Guatemala	Alta Verapaz department: San Cristobal Verapaz area; Baja Verapaz department: notheast of Salama; Quiché department: eastward from Uspantan	92,900 (2003 census). 40,000 monolinguals (2017 B. Ramirez). Ethnic population: 114,000 (2003 census)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Pocomchí, Poconchí, Pokomchí, Pokonchí, Tactic Pokomchí	Poqonchi	Eastern Poqomchi, Santa Cruz Verapaz Poqomchi, Western Poqomchi.
agu	Awakateko	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, Mamean, Awakateko-Ixil	Guatemala	Huehuetenango department	9,610 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 11,100 (2003 census)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Aguacatec, Aguacateco	Qa’yol	Chalchiteko (Chalchitec).
ixl	Ixil	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, Mamean, Awakateko-Ixil	Guatemala	Quiché department: Chajul, Cotzal, and Nebaj municipalities	83,600 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 95,300 (2003 census)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)		Ixil	Nebaj, Cotzal, Chajul. 70%–75% intelligibility among the 3 Ixil dialects.
mam	Mam	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, Mamean, Teco-Mam	Guatemala	Huehuetenango department: San Sebastián and other towns; Quetzaltenango and Retalhuleu departments; San Marcos department: Ixchiguán, San Juan Ostuncalco, San Martín Sacatepéquez, Sibinal, Tectitán. Dialects in San Miguel Ixtahuacán (18,000) and Concepción Tutapa (30,000)	478,000 in Guatemala (2003 census). Ethnic population: 617,000 (2003 census). Total users in all countries: 488,500	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Huehuetenango Mam, Kyol, Qyol, Qyol Mam, Qyool	B’anax Mam, Qyool Mam	Southern Mam (Mam Quetzalteco, Ostuncalco Mam, Quetzaltenango Mam, San Juan Ostuncalco Mam), Tajumulco Mam, Tacanec (Mamé, Tacaná Mam, Tiló, Western Mam), Central Mam (Comitancillo Mam, Mam Marquense, Mam Occidental, San Marcos Comitancillo Mam, Western Mam), Todos Santos Cuchumatán Mam (Todos Santos Mam). Tacanec is the most distinctive of all the Mam varieties. Lexical similarity: 77% between Tajumulco and Comitancillo dialects.
mam	Mam	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, Mamean, Teco-Mam	Mexico	Chiapas state: Buenos Aires hills above Motozintla, Cacahuatán, Mazapa, Ojo de Agua near Guadalupe, outside Pacayal near La Mesilla border, and Tapachula	10,500 in Mexico (2011 UNSD)	5 (Dispersed)	B’anax Mam, Qyool		Tacanec (Mame, Tacana Mam, Tacaneco), Todos Santos Mam, Mam de la Frontera, Mam del Norte, Mam del Sur, Mam de la Sierra, Mam del Soconusco.
ttc	Tectitec	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, Mamean, Teco-Mam	Mexico	Chiapas state: Amatenango de la Frontera, Mazapa de Madero, and Motozintla	71 in Mexico (2000 INALI)	8a (Moribund)	B’a’aj, K’onti’l, Qyool, Teco, Tectitán Mame, Teko, Tujqyol
ttc	Tektiteko	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, K’ichean-Mamean, Mamean, Teco-Mam	Guatemala	Huehuetenango department: Tectitán area, Cuilco	1,140 in Guatemala (2003 census). Ethnic population: 2,080 (2003 census). Total users in all countries: 1,211	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	K’onti’l, Maya-Tekiteko, Qyool, Teco, Tectitec, Tectiteco, Tectitán Mam, Tujqyol, “Teko” (pej.)	B’a’aj	None known. Reportedly similar to Mam [mam].
cac	Chuj	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Q’anjob’alan-Chujean, Chujean	Guatemala	Huehuetenango department: central western Coatán river area	59,000 in Guatemala (2003 census). Ethnic population: 64,400 (2003 census). Total users in all countries: 61,630	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Chuh, Chuhe, Chuj de San Mateo Ixtatán, Chuje	Koti’
cac	Chuj	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Q’anjob’alan-Chujean, Chujean	Mexico	Chiapas state: Trinitaria municipality, Cuauhtémoc and Tziscau villages; Campeche and Quintana Roo states	2,630 in Mexico (2011 UNSD)	6b (Threatened)	Chapai, Chuj de San Mateo Ixtatán, Koti’
toj	Tojolabal	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Q’anjob’alan-Chujean, Chujean	Mexico	Chiapas state: Altamirano and Margaritas	54,200 (2011 UNSD). 7,700 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Chañabal, Comiteco, Tojol-ab’al	Tojolabal
mhc	Mocho	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Q’anjob’alan-Chujean, Q’anjob’alan	Mexico	Chiapas state: Motozintla and Tuzantán on Guatemala-Mexico border	110 (2011 UNSD). No monolinguals	8a (Moribund)	Motocintleco, Motozintleco, Qato’k		Motozintleco, Tuzanteco (Muchu’). Not intelligible of Mam varieties (1973 SIL). Tuzanteco and Mocho are 2 distinct dialects of the same language (1967 T. Kaufman).
knj	Akateko	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Q’anjob’alan-Chujean, Q’anjob’alan, Q’anjob’al-Akateko-Jakalteko	Guatemala	Huehuetenango department: San Miguel Acatán area	35,800 in Guatemala (2003 census). Ethnic population: 39,400 (2003 census). Total users in all countries: 45,430	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Acatec, Acateco, Conob, Kanjobal, Q’anjob’al, San Miguel Acatán Kanjobal, Western Kanjobal, Western Q’anjob’al	K’anjob’al
jac	Jakalteko	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Q’anjob’alan-Chujean, Q’anjob’alan, Q’anjob’al-Akateko-Jakalteko	Guatemala	Huehuetenango department: Concepción Huista and Jacaltenango areas, near Mexico border	34,000 in Guatemala (2003 census). Ethnic population: 47,000 (2003 census). Total users in all countries: 34,500	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Popti’	Jakalteko-Popti’	Eastern Jakalteko (Eastern Jacalteco), Western Jakalteko (Western Jacaltec, Western Jacalteco). The eastern and western varieties understand each other’s spoken languages, but not written text.
jac	Jakalteko	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Q’anjob’alan-Chujean, Q’anjob’alan, Q’anjob’al-Akateko-Jakalteko	Mexico	Chiapas state: Amatenango de la Frontera municipality; Concepción Saravia near Frontera Comalapa municipality	500 in Mexico (2000 INALI)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Jakalteko del Oeste, Jakalteko-Popti’
knj	Kanjobal, Western	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Q’anjob’alan-Chujean, Q’anjob’alan, Q’anjob’al-Akateko-Jakalteko	Mexico	Campeche, Chiapas and Quintana Roo states: Champotón, Frontera Comalapa, La Trinitaria, Othón P. Blanco	9,630 in Mexico (2011 UNSD)	6a (Vigorous)	Acatec, Acateco, Conob, K’anjob’al, Kanjobal de San Miguel Acatán, Kuti’
kjb	Q’anjob’al	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Q’anjob’alan-Chujean, Q’anjob’alan, Q’anjob’al-Akateko-Jakalteko	Guatemala	Huehuetenango department: Santa Eulalia; Quiché department: near Soloma	140,000 in Guatemala (2003 census). Ethnic population: 159,000 (2003 census). Total users in all countries: 148,340	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2013, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Conob, Eastern Kanjobal, Eastern Qanjobal, K’anjobal, Kanhobal, Kanjobal, Qanjobal, Santa Eulalia Kanjobal	Q’anjob’al
itz	Itza’	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Yucatecan, Mopan-Itzá	Guatemala	Petén department: north of Lake Petén Itzá	1,090 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 1,980 (2003 census)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Icaiche Maya, Maya, Petén Itza’ Maya, Yucatec Maya
mop	Maya, Mopán	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Yucatecan, Mopan-Itzá	Belize	Cayo, Stann Creek, and Toledo districts: highlands	10,600 in Belize (2014 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 13,060	5* (Developing)	Mopan, Mopane	Maya Mopán
mop	Maya, Mopán	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Yucatecan, Mopan-Itzá	Guatemala	Petén department: Lake Peten Itza road area, one enclave between Dolores and Poptun, the other near San Luis	2,460 in Guatemala (2003 census). Ethnic population: 2,890 (2003 census)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2003, Law of National Languages, Decree 19)	Maya Mopán, Mopane
lac	Lacandon	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Yucatecan, Yucatec-Lacandon	Mexico	Chiapas state: Betel, Lacanjá San Quintín, Lake Metzaboc, Metzaboc, Najá	600 (2015 S. Cook). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2000)	5 (Developing)	Lacandón, Lakantún	Jach-t’aan	Lacanjá, Najá.
yua	Maya, Yucatec	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Yucatecan, Yucatec-Lacandon	Belize	Cayo district: San Antonio and Succoths; possibly also Corozal and Orange Walk districts near the Mexico border	2,520 in Belize (2014 UNSD)	6b (Threatened)	Maaya, Maaya t’aan, Maayáa, Maya, Yucantán Maya, Yucateco
yua	Maya, Yucatec	Mayan, Yucatecan-Core Mayan, Yucatecan, Yucatec-Lacandon	Mexico	Quintana Roo and Yucatán states; Campeche state: except west of Rio Chompan; Tabasco state	735,000 in Mexico (2000 INALI). 58,800 monolinguals (2007). Total users in all countries: 762,520	5 (Developing)	Maaya, Maayáa, Peninsular Maya, Yucatan Maya, Yucatec, Yucateco, Yukatek	Maaya t’aan
yan	Mayangna	Misumalpan	Honduras	Colón department: southeast corner; Gracias a Dios and Olancho departments: between Patuca and Wanki rivers	700 in Honduras (1997 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,690 (2013 census)	5 (Developing)	Sumu, Tawahka		Twahka.
yan	Mayangna	Misumalpan	Nicaragua	Jinotega department; North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region: Bambana and Tungi along Waspuk river; Santo Tomás de Umbra on the upper Wawa; Panamahka dialect along Wanki river; Tuahka dialect: Wasakin area near Rosita	8,000 in Nicaragua (Adelaar 2007). 8,540 (2005 census). Ethnic population: 9,760 (2005 census). Total users in all countries: 8,700	5* (Developing)			Panamahka (Panamaca), Tuahka (Taguasca). Reportedly similar to Ulwa [ulw].
miq	Mískito	Misumalpan	Honduras	Colón department; Gracias a Dios and Olancho departments, south, Coco river watershed; coastal area, and northwest from Puerto Lempira	29,000 in Honduras (Rivas 1993). Ethnic population: 80,000 (2013 census)	5 (Developing)	Marquito, Mosquito, Mískitu, Mísquito
miq	Mískito	Misumalpan	Nicaragua	Jinotega department; North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region and South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region; Bihmuna, Bocana de Paiwas, Bonanza, Karawala, Leimus, Prinzapolka, Puerto Cabeza city, Rosita, San Carlos (Río Coco), Sangnilaya, Sisin, Siuna, Tronquera, Wasla, Waspam; Río Coco area and Pearl lagoon to Black river coast and lowlands	114,000 in Nicaragua (2009 UNSD). Ethnic population: 121,000 (2005 census). Total users in all countries: 143,000	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (1993, Official Language Use, Atlantic Autonomous Regions, Law No. 162, Article 4)	Marquito, Miskuto, Mosquito, Mísquito	Mískitu	Honduran Mískito (Mam), Tawira (Tauira), Baymuna (Baldam, Baymunana), Wanki (Wangki), Cabo (Kabo). Reportedly most similar to Mayangna [yan]. Wanki dialect spoken in Puerto Cabeza area; other dialects in settlements southwest.
ulw	Ulwa	Misumalpan	Nicaragua	South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region: Karawala village	350 (2009 J. Mejia). 83 (2005 census). Ethnic population: 700 (2005 census)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (1993, Official Language Use, Atlantic Autonomous Regions, Law No. 162, Article 4)	Sumu, Ulúa, Woolwa		None known. Reportedly similar to Mayangna [yan].
ccr	Cacaopera	Misumalpan, Sumu-Cacaopera-Matagalpa, Cacaopera-Matagalpa	El Salvador	Morazan department	No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speakers Survived into the early 20th centry	10 (Extinct)			None known. Reportedly similar to Matagalpa [mtn].
mtn	Matagalpa	Misumalpan, Sumu-Cacaopera-Matagalpa, Cacaopera-Matagalpa	Nicaragua	Jinotega and Matagalpa departments; Central highlands	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1997. Ethnic population: 15,000 (2005 census)	9 (Dormant)	Pantasmas
cst	Ohlone, Northern	Miwok-Costanoan, Costanoan	United States	California: Monterrey and San Benito counties	No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. Last fluent speakers in the 18th or early 19th centuries	9 (Reawakening)			East Bay, San Francisco, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Soledad.
css	Ohlone, Southern	Miwok-Costanoan, Costanoan	United States	California: Monterrey and San Benito counties	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Isabel Meadows, died in 1939	9 (Dormant)			Mutsun (San Juan Bautista), Rumsen (Carmel, Runsien, San Carlos).
pmw	Miwok, Plains	Miwok-Costanoan, Miwokan, Eastern Miwokan	United States	California: San Joaquin and Cosumnes rivers’ deltas	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the late 1990s (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Wilton Rancheria	Valley Miwok
csm	Miwok, Central Sierra	Miwok-Costanoan, Miwokan, Eastern Miwokan, Sierra Miwok	United States	California: upper valleys of the Stanislause and Tuolumne rivers	12 (1994 L. Hinton). Eastern Central Sierra: 6, Western Central Sierra: 6. 50 Sierra Miwok (from 2000 census) may include Northern Sierra [nsq] and Southern Sierra [skd]. Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 A. Yamamoto). Includes all Miwok	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California, California Valley Miwok Tribe, Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California, Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians-Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract), Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians of the Tuolumne Rancheria of California, Wilton Rancheria			Eastern Central Sierra Miwok, Western Central Sierra Miwok. Distinct from other Miwok varieties.
nsq	Miwok, Northern Sierra	Miwok-Costanoan, Miwokan, Eastern Miwokan, Sierra Miwok	United States	California: Jackson Rancheria near Westpoint	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1990s	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California, California Valley Miwok Tribe, Ione Band of Miwok Indians of California, Jackson Band of Miwuk Indians, Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians-Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract), United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria of California			None known. Distinct from other Miwok varieties.
skd	Miwok, Southern Sierra	Miwok-Costanoan, Miwokan, Eastern Miwokan, Sierra Miwok	United States	California: Merced and Chowchilla rivers’ headwaters and Mariposa Creek	No known L1 speakers. The last known speakers may have survived into the 2010s	10 (Extinct). Language of registered tribe: Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California, California Valley Miwok Tribe, Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians-Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract)	Me-Wuk, Meewoc, Mewoc, Miwoc, Miwokan, Mokélumne, Moquelumnan, San Raphael, Talatui, Talutui, Yosemite
csi	Miwok, Coast	Miwok-Costanoan, Miwokan, Western Miwokan	United States	California: coast from San Francisco Bay to Bodega Bay	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Sarah Ballard, died in 1978 (2006 N. Mullane)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria			Bodega, Huimen, Marin Miwok.
lmw	Miwok, Lake	Miwok-Costanoan, Miwokan, Western Miwokan	United States	California: Clear Lake basin	No known L1 speakers. 2–3 semispeakers only, not actively using language (Golla 2007); last known speaker survived into the late 1990s	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California			None known. Distinct from other Miwok varieties.
ckz	Kaqchikel-K’iche’ Mixed Language	Mixed language, Cakchiquel-Quiché	Guatemala	Sacatepéquez department: Santa María Cauqué and Santiago	2,000 (1998 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Cauque Mixed Language		None known. Came from the K’iche’ area in the colonial period. Older speakers show a base of K’iche’.
plo	Popoluca, Oluta	Mixe-Zoquean, Mixean	Mexico	Veracruz state: Oluta, inland, west of Texistepec, south of Acayucan, east of Sayula	1 (2011 UNSD). Ethnic population: 10,000 (1990 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Oluta, Oluta Mijean, Olutec, Popoluca de Oluta
pos	Popoluca, Sayula	Mixe-Zoquean, Mixean	Mexico	Veracruz state: south of Sayula	3,030 (Adelaar 2007). 15 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)
neq	Mixe, North Central	Mixe-Zoquean, Mixean, Oaxaca Mixean	Mexico	Oaxaca state: northeast Mixe district, towns including those listed as dialects	13,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 13,000 (2002 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Hayuuk, Northeastern Mixe	Ayuuk	Zacatepec, Puxmetecán, Olotepec, Mixistlan, Cotzocón Mixe (Mixe de San Juan Cotzocón), Atitlán Mixe (Mixe de Atitlán).
pxm	Mixe, Quetzaltepec	Mixe-Zoquean, Mixean, Oaxaca Mixean	Mexico	Oaxaca state: northeast Mixe district	8,090 (2000 INALI)	6b* (Threatened)	Central Mixe, Chuxnabán Mixe, Midland Mixe, Mixe Alto del Sur
mto	Mixe, Totontepec	Mixe-Zoquean, Mixean, Oaxaca Mixean	Mexico	Oaxaca state: north of Zacatepec, 10 towns	5,470 (2000 INALI). 870 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Mixe Alto del Norte, Northwestern Mixe	Ayuk	Most distinct Mixe variety. 89% intelligibility of Zacatepec dialect of North Central Mixe [neq], 79% of Olotepec dialect of North Central Mixe [neq], 72% of Tlahuitoltepec [mxp], 70% of Mixistlán dialect of North Central Mixe [neq].
mco	Mixe, Coatlán	Mixe-Zoquean, Mixean, Oaxaca Mixean, Lowland Mixe	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Coatlán, Camotlán, Ixcuintepec, San José, and Santa Isabel	5,000 (1993 SIL). All Mixe languages: 90,000 (1993 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Southeastern Mixe	Ayuk	Coatlán Mixe, Camotlán Mixe.
mir	Mixe, Isthmus	Mixe-Zoquean, Mixean, Oaxaca Mixean, Lowland Mixe	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Juan Guichicovi municipality, Tehuantepec isthmus near Veracruz state border. 3 towns	22,500 (2000 INALI)	5* (Developing)	Ayuk, Eastern Mixe, Guichicovi Mixe, Mixe del Istmo, Mixe medio del este	hagunaax, hayuuc
mzl	Mixe, Mazatlán	Mixe-Zoquean, Mixean, Oaxaca Mixean, Lowland Mixe	Mexico	Oaxaca state: 7 towns in the east	19,200 (2000)	5* (Developing)	East Central Mixe, Tutla Mixe	Ayuuk
mxq	Mixe, Juquila	Mixe-Zoquean, Mixean, Oaxaca Mixean, Midland Mixe	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Ocotepec municipality, Juquila and Quetzaltepec	8,000 (2002 SIL)	5* (Developing)	South Central Mixe	Ayuk	Juquila Mixe, Ocotepec Mixe.
mxp	Mixe, Tlahuitoltepec	Mixe-Zoquean, Mixean, Oaxaca Mixean, South Highland Mixe	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Albarradas Zapoteco area. 3 towns	16,800 (2000 INALI)	6a* (Vigorous)	Mixe Alto del Centro, West Central Mixe
zoh	Zoque, Chimalapa	Mixe-Zoquean, Zoquean	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Miguel Chimalapa and Santa María Chimalapa	4,500 (1990 census). 15 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	San Miguel Chimalapa Zoque
zoc	Zoque, Copainalá	Mixe-Zoquean, Zoquean, Chiapas Zoquean	Mexico	Chiapas state: Copainalá	10,000 (1990 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Zoque de Copainalá		Ocotepec, Ostuacán (Ostuacan Zoque). 83% intelligibility of Francisco León [zos] (most similar).
zos	Zoque, Francisco León	Mixe-Zoquean, Zoquean, Chiapas Zoquean	Mexico	Four separate enclaves in 4 states; largest, northwest Mezcalapa Chiapas, into Tabasco, Veracruz-Llave, and Oaxaca, mainly near Grijalve river, Sayula area; second area, southern Mezcalapa Chiapas, Grijalve river near Argostura reservoir; third, eastern Mezcalapa Chiapas and Tabasco states, area surrounding northwest Guatemala tip, west bank, San Antonio river and Laguna de Naja; fourth, west central Mezcalapa Chiapas, upper reaches, Grijalve river	20,000 (1990 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Santa Magdalena Zoque, Zoque de Francisco León		Chapultenango, San Pedro Yaspac. Reportedly similar to Copainalá [zoc].
zor	Zoque, Rayón	Mixe-Zoquean, Zoquean, Chiapas Zoquean, Northeast Zoque	Mexico	Chiapas state: Rayón and Tapilula	2,100 (1990 census). 20 monolinguals (1990 census). Ethnic population: 10,400 (1990 census)	7 (Shifting)	Zoque de Rayón		None known. Distinct from other Zoque.
poi	Popoluca, Highland	Mixe-Zoquean, Zoquean, Gulf Zoquean	Mexico	Veracruz state: Amamaloya, Barosa, Buena Vista, Col Benito Juárez, Cuilonia, El Aguacate, Estrivera, Guadalupe Victoria, Horno de Cal, Kilómetro Diez, La Florida, La Magdalena, Las Palmas, Soteapan; Bay of Campeche, area inland between Lake Catemaco and San Juan point, towards Hueyapan and Acayucan	26,000 (2000 INALI)	5 (Developing)	Popoluca, Popoluca de la Sierra	Nuntajɨyi	None known. More similar to Zoque than to Mixe.
poq	Popoluca, Texistepec	Mixe-Zoquean, Zoquean, Gulf Zoquean	Mexico	Veracruz state: Texistepec area east of Oluta	1 (2011 UNSD). Ethnic population: 15,800 (1990 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Texistepec
zoq	Zoque, Tabasco	Mixe-Zoquean, Zoquean, Gulf Zoquean	Mexico	Tabasco state: Jalapa de Méndez municipality, Ayapa	12 (2016 J. Rangel)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Ayapanec, Zoque de Ayapanec, Zoque de Tabasco, numte oote
cas	Tsimané	Mosetenan	Bolivia	El Beni department: San Miguel de Huachi and Santa Ana de Alto Beni; along Maniqui river; La Paz department: north of La Paz city	7,300 (Crevels 2012). 950 Mosetén, 6,350 Tsimané (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 10,200 (Crevels 2012). 1,590 Mosetén, 8,610 Tsimané (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Chimané, Moseteno, Mosetén		Tsimané, Mosetén. Mosetén move into Tsimané communities and function with seemingly no communication difficulties (2002 NTM).
myp	Pirahã	Muran	Brazil	Amazonas state: Maici and Autaces rivers	390 (Crevels 2012). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 9,690 (Crevels 2012). 9,300 Múra, 390 Pirahã (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)	Mura, Múra-Pirahã, Pirahán	Xapaitíiso	Múra. No remaining L1 speakers of Múra dialect (Crevels 2012).
cku	Koasati	Muskogean, Eastern Muskogean, Central Muskogean, Apalachee-Alabama-Koasati, Alabama-Koasati	United States	Louisiana: Koasati Reservation near Elton; Texas: Alabama-Koasati Reservation near Livingston	370 (2015 census), decreasing	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas, Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana	Coushatta	Koasati	None known. Koasati and Alabama [akz] grammars are significantly different. Lexical similarity: less than 50% with Alabama [akz].
akz	Alabama	Muskogean, Eastern Muskogean, Central Muskogean, Apalachee-Alabama-Koasati, Alabama-Koasati	United States	Texas: Alabama-Coushatta Reservation near Livingston	370 (2015 census). Ethnic population: 460 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas, Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town	Albaamo, Albaamo innaaɬiilka, Alibamu		None known. Lexical similarity: less than 50% with Koasati [cku].
mik	Mikasuki	Muskogean, Eastern Muskogean, Central Muskogean, Hitchiti-Mikasuki	United States	Florida: Big Cypress, Immokalee, Hollywood, and Tampa Seminole reservations	290 (2015 census). Spoken by most of the 400 members of the Miccosukee Tribe as well as by many of the 2,700 members of the Seminole Tribe (Golla 2007). 35 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, Seminole Tribe of Florida	Miccosukee, Mikasuki Seminole		Hitchiti, Mikasuki. Hitchiti dialect is extinct. Not intelligible with Alabama [akz] or Koasati [cku].
mus	Muskogee	Muskogean, Eastern Muskogean, Creek-Seminole	United States	Oklahoma: south Alabama Creek, Creek and Seminole; Florida: Seminole of Brighton Reservation	4,470 (2015 census). Spoken by 4,000–6,000 residents of the former territory of the Muscogee Nation and Seminole Nation in Oklahoma and by fewer than 200 of the Seminole Tribe of Florida (Golla 2007). 45 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 52,000 (1997 C. Pye)	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Kialegee Tribal Town, Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Poarch Band of Creeks, Seminole Tribe of Florida, Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, Thlopthlocco Tribal Town	Creek		Creek, Seminole. Reportedly similar to Mikasuki [mik] in Florida. Dialects reportedly very similar.
cic	Chickasaw	Muskogean, Western Muskogean	United States	Oklahoma: Byng and Happyland (near Ada) north, Davis and Ardmore west, to Fillmore and Wapanucka east. California: Los Angeles	75 (2017 Chickasaw Nation), decreasing. Ethnic population: 35,000 (1999 Chickasaw Nation)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: The Chickasaw Nation	Chikashshanompa’		None known. Choctaw [cho] find Chickasaw unintelligible.
cho	Choctaw	Muskogean, Western Muskogean	United States	Louisiana; Mississippi: east central; Oklahoma: McCurtain county; Tennessee	9,640 (2015 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 20,000 (Golla 2007). In Oklahoma	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Jena Band of Choctaw Indians, Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe of Louisiana		Chahta, Chahta Anumpa	None known. Choctaw find Chickasaw [cic] unintelligible.
sae	Sabanê	Nambikwara	Brazil	Mato Grosso state	3 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 140 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Sabanês, Sabones, Sowainte
nab	Nambikuára, Southern	Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: along Porto Velho-Cuiabá highway. 10 villages	720 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 720 (Moore 2006)	5* (Developing)	Nambicuara, Nambikwara, Nambikwara do Sul, Nambiquara, Southern Nambikwara		Manduka, Khithaulhu (Kitãulhu, ki³thãu³lhu²), Halotesu, Saxwentesu, Wakalitesu, Serra Azul, Hahaintesu, Wasusu, Alatesu, Waikisu, Galera, Sarare, Alaketesu, Anunsu.
wmd	Mamaindê	Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: between Cabixi and Pardo rivers	300 (2017 D. Eberhard). Losing speakers among the youth in one of the 4 villages. Ethnic population: 330 (Crevels 2012). 250 Mamaindê, 80 Negarotê	6b (Threatened)	Mamaindé	Mamainsahai’gidu	Negaroté, Tawende. Similar to Lakondê [lkd], Latundê [ltn], and Tawandê [xtw].
lkd	Lakondê	Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern, Roosevelt Cluster	Brazil	Rondônia state: Vilhena village	1 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 7 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)			None known. Similar to Latundê [ltn], Mamaindé [wmd], and Tawandê [xtw].
ltn	Latundê	Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern, Roosevelt Cluster	Brazil	Rondônia state: Aikaná-Latundê Indigenous Reserve	10 (2010 S. Anonby). Ethnic population: 20 (2010 S. Anonby)	8a (Moribund)	Leitodu		None known. Similar to Lakondé [lkd], Mamaindé [wmd], and Tawandê [xtw].
xtw	Tawandê	Nambikwara, Nambikwara Complex, Northern, Roosevelt Cluster	Brazil	Rondônia state: Pyrineus de Souza village, near Vilhena town	1 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Da’wan’du, Tawaindê		None known. Similar to Lakondê [lkd], Latundê [ltn], and Mamaindê [wmd].
amu	Amuzgo, Guerrero	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Amuzgo	Mexico	Guerrero state: Xochistlahuaca municipality, Cochoapa, Cozoyoapan, Guadalupe Victoria, Huehuetonoc, Huistepec, Rancho del Cura, Tlacoachistlahuaca, and Zacoalpan. Santa Catarina river separates Guerrero variety from Oaxaca varieties	45,900 (2011 UNSD). 10,000 monolinguals (1990 census)	5 (Developing)	Amuzgo de Guerrero, Jñom’ndaa, Nomndaa, Ñonda	Ñomndaa	Amuzgo del Norte, Amuzgo del Sur. Most towns in Guerrero understand the Amuzgo spoken in Xochistlahuaca (Amuzgo del Norte). Huixtepec is a Guerrero town but has various dialectical differences (Amuzgo del Sur).
azm	Amuzgo, Ipalapa	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Amuzgo	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Putla district, La Ciénaga, Santa María Ipalapa northeast of San Pedro Amuzgos, Tlaxiaco to coast	2,030 (2011 UNSD). 20 monolinguals (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Amuzgo Bajo del Este, Ts’unuma	Jñunda	None known. Somewhat intelligible with other Amuzgo.
azg	Amuzgo, San Pedro Amuzgos	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Amuzgo	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Putla district, San Pedro Amuzgos and outlying settlements	5,200 (2011 UNSD)	6a (Vigorous)	Amuzgo Bajo del Este, Amuzgo de Oaxaca, Amuzgo de San Pedro Amuzgos, Jñon’ndaa, Oaxaca Amuzgo, Ñonda	Jnꞌoon	None known. 76% comprehension of Guerrero Amuzgo [amu].
cux	Cuicatec, Tepeuxila	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Cuiatec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: 16 towns in northwest	8,680 (2000 INALI). 850 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Cuicateco del centro, Dbaku	Dibaku	Santa María Pápalo. 88% intelligibility of Teutila Cuicatec [cut].
cut	Cuicatec, Teutila	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Cuiatec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Pedro Teutila; 8 towns	3,140 (2000 INALI). 260 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Dbaku, Duaku	Dubaku	Cuicateco del Norte, Cuicateco del oriente. 79% intelligibility of Tepeuxila [cux].
vmc	Mixtec, Juxtlahuaca	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Martin Duraznos, San Miguel Tlacotepec, San Sebastián Tecomaxtlahuaca, Santa María Tindú, and Santa María Yucunicoco, central Santiago Juxtlahuaca, Santos Reyes Tepejillo; Baja California state: San Quintín valley	16,000 (1990 census). 5,500 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Central Juxtlahuaca Mixtec, Mixteco de Juxtlahuaca		None known. 84% intelligibility of Silacayoapan [mks], 80% of Yucuane [mvg] and San Miguel Piedras [xtp], 63% of Santa Cruz Mixtepec [mix], 48% of Coicoyán [vmc] (Western Juxtlahuaca), 37% of Tezoatlán [mxb], 18% of Zacatepec [mza], 10% of Ñumí.
xtl	Mixtec, Tijaltepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Tlaxiaco district, San Pablo Tijaltepec, and Santa María Yosoyúa towns	3,250 (2005 census). 420 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco de San Pablo Tijaltepec, Mixteco de Santa María Yosoyúa	Tu’un savi	None known. 89% intelligibility of San Miguel el Grande [mig] and Yosondúa [mpm], 82% of San Mateo Peñasco, 81% of Sinicahua [xti] and 66% of Teita [xtj].
xty	Mixtec, Yoloxóchitl	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Guerrero state: San Luís Acatlán municipality, Cuanacastitlán and Yoloxóchitl, south of Tlapa, halfway between the Metlatónoc and Ayutla Mixtec	10,600 (2000 INALI)	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco de Yoloxóchitl	Tu’un savi	None known. Metlatónoc [mxv] has 35% intelligibility of Yoloxóchitl, and Ayutla [miy] has 30%.
miy	Mixtec, Ayutla	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Guerrero state: Ayutla and scattered in about 30 mountain towns	11,600 (2000 INALI). 3,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Coastal Guerrero Mixtec, Mixteco de Ayutla	Tu’un savi	None known. Lexical similarity: 30% with Metlatónoc [mxv] and Yoloxóchitl [xty]; 5% with San Juan Colorado [mjc], Silacayoapan [mks], and Santa Maria Zacatepec [mza]. Considered a Mixtec isolate with a large number of words unlike other variants.
miu	Mixtec, Cacaloxtepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Santiago Cacaloxtepec town	460 (2005 census). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,250	8a (Moribund)	Huajuapan Mixtec, Mixteco de Cacaloxtepec		None known. 59% intelligibility of Silacayoapan [mks] (most similar).
xtb	Mixtec, Chazumba	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Santiago Chazumba municipality and town, San Pedro y San Pablo Tequixtepec; Puebla state: Petlalcingo, Santa Gertrudis Cosoltepec, Totoltepec de Guerrero and Zapotitlán villages	3,790 (2000 INALI). 30 monolinguals	8a (Moribund)	Da’an davi, Mixteco de Chazumba, Mixteco de la Frontera Puebla-Oaxaca, Northern Oaxaca Mixtec		None known. 53% inherent intelligibility of Cacaloxtepec [miu], 24% of Chigmecatitlán [mii], 19% of Cuyamecalco [xtu] (Coatzospan).
mii	Mixtec, Chigmecatitlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Puebla state: Santa Catarina Tlaltempan and Santa María Chigmecatitlán south of Puebla City	1,350 (2010 INEGI). 160 monolinguals (2010 INEGI)	6b* (Threatened)	Central Puebla Mixtec, Mixteco de Santa María Chigmecatitlán	Da’an davi	None known. 23% intelligibility of Chazumba [mit] (Southern Puebla reportedly most similar). An island of Mixtec surrounded by Popoloca and Nahuatl varieties. Low intelligibility with all Mixtec; very different.
miz	Mixtec, Coatzospan	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Juan Coatzóspan	2,090 (2000 INALI). 300 monolinguals (2005 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Mixteco de Coatzóspan, Mixteco de San Juan Coatzospan, Teotitlán Mixtec	Tu’un davi	None known. 25% intelligibility of Chazumba [xtb]. Cuyamecalco [xtu] reportedly similar, but intelligibility inadequate.
xtd	Mixtec, Diuxi-Tilantongo	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Diuxi and Tilantongo areas, 20 towns or villages. Mexico City, Oaxaca City and Puebla City	3,410 (2000 INALI), decreasing. In rapid decline due to migration to the United States. 150 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Central Nochistlán Mixtec, Mixteco de Diuxi-Tilantongo, Mixteco del Este Central	Tnu’un dau	None known. 37% intelligibility of Peñoles [mil] (Eastern); reportedly more similar to Nuxaá [mxy].
xtm	Mixtec, Magdalena Peñasco	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Tlaxiaco district, San Agustín Tlacotepec, San Cristobal Amoltepec, San Mateo Peñasco, and Santa María Magdalena Peñasco municipalities	7,350 (2005 census). 1,170 monolinguals (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Peñasco Mixtec	Sa’an Ñuu Savi	San Agustín Tlacotepec Mixtec (Tlacotepec Mixtec), San Cristóbal Amoltepec Mixtec, San Mateo Peñasco Mixtec. 89% intelligibility of San Cristóbal Amoltepec (not the same as Santiago Amoltepec [mbz], in the District of Sola de Vega), 76% of Tijaltepec [xtl] and Sinicahua [xti], 73% of San Miguel el Grande [mig], 72% of Tlacotepec [xtm], 68% of Ocotepec [mie], 64% of Northern Tlaxiaco (Nduaxico) [xtn], 58% of Yucuañe [mvg].
mxv	Mixtec, Metlatónoc	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Guerrero state: Cochoapa and Tlacoachistlahuaca municipalities, Metlatónoc, San Rafael, and towns south	46,600 (2000). Many monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)			None known. 90% or higher intelligibility of nearby varieties, but only 50% of most Alacatlatzala [mim]. Alcozauca Mixtec [xta] is separate language.
mie	Mixtec, Ocotepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: west central	6,170 (2000 INALI). 600 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco de Santo Tomás Ocotepec, Mixteco de Sierra Sur Noroeste, Ocotepec Mixtec, Santo Tomás Ocotepec Mixtec	Tu’un savi	None known. 80% intelligibility of Ñumí [xtn] (Northwestern Tlaxiaco).
mig	Mixtec, San Miguel el Grande	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Chalcatongo	6,000 (2005 census). 330 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	Chalcatongo Mixtec, Mixteco de San Pedro Molinos, Mixteco del Sur Bajo		None known. 86% intelligibility of Yosondúa [mpm] (most similar).
mza	Mixtec, Santa María Zacatepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Atotonilco, Las Palmas, Nejapa, Rancho de la Virgen, San Juan Viejo, San Miguel, and Tapanco towns	2,570 (2005 census). 510 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco de Santa María Zacatepec, Southern Putla Mixtec, Zacatepec Mixtec, “Tacuate” (pej.)	Tu’un Va’a	None known. 64% intelligibility of Ixtayutla [vmj], 63% of Jicaltepec [mio] (Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec), 40%–50% of Metlatónoc [mxv], 25%–30% of Yoloxochitl [xty].
mxy	Mixtec, Southeastern Nochixtlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Nochixtlán district, El Oro, La Herradura, La Paz, La Unión Zaragoza, Ojo de Agua Nuxaá, Reforma, San Andrés Nuxiño, Santa Inés de Zaragoza, and Santo Domingo Nuxaá	4,200 (2000 INALI). 180 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	Mixteco de Santo Domingo Nuxaá, Mixteco del Sureste de Nochixtlán		Santo Domingo Nuxaá Mixtec, San Andrés Nuxiño Mixtec, Santa Inés de Zaragoza Mixtec. 60%–70% intelligibility of Peñoles Mixtec [mil]. Understand little of San Miguel Piedras [xtp] or San Pedro Tidaá Mixtec [mtx].
meh	Mixtec, Southwestern Tlaxiaco	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state	7,340 (2000 census). 1,000 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Mixteco de Santiago Nuyoo, Mixteco del Suroeste de Tlaxiaco, Mixteco del suroeste del distrito de Tlaxiaco, Nuyoo Mixtec, Southeastern Ocotepec Mixtec	Tu̱ꞌun káꞌánꞌ kájí	Nuyoo, Yucuhiti. 54% intelligibility of Atatláhuca [mib] (most similar).
mtx	Mixtec, Tidaá	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state	380 (2000 INALI). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 900 (1990 census)	6b (Threatened)	Mixteco de San Pedro Tidaá, Mixteco de Tidaá, North Central Nochixtlán Mixtec	Tnu’un dawi	None known. 60% intelligibility of Peñoles [mil] (Eastern) (most similar); Nuxaá is reportedly similar.
mtu	Mixtec, Tututepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Pedro Tututepec, Santa Cruz Tututepec, Santa María Acatepec, and other towns	1,020 (2000 INALI). Ethnic population: 30,000 (1990 census)	8a (Moribund)	Mixteco de San Pedro Tututepec, Mixteco de Villa de Tututepec	Tu’un savi	Santa María Acatepec. 61% intelligibility of Ixtayutla [vmj] (most similar), 50% of Pinotepa [mio].
mpm	Mixtec, Yosondúa	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state	2,000 (2010 SIL). 60 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Mixteco de Santiago Yosondúa, Southern Tlaxiaco Mixtec		None known. 70% intelligibility of San Miguel el Grande [mig]. San Mateo Sindihui [xts] has 19% intelligibility of Yosondúa.
mvg	Mixtec, Yucuañe	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: northeast Tlaxiaco district, San Bartolomé Yucuañe. Many work in Mexico City and the United States	710 (2000 INALI). 90 monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Mixteco de San Bartolomé Yucuañe, Mixteco del Sureste Central	Tnu’u savi	87% intelligibility of San Cristóbal Amoltepec [xtm], 86% of Tijaltepec [xtl], 85% of Magdalena Peñasco [xtm], 64% of Teita [xtj], 60% of Nduaxico [xtn] (Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec), 56% of Tlacotepec [xtm]. 2 dialects in San Agustín Tlacotepec.
mab	Mixtec, Yutanduchi	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Nochixtlán district, Yutanduchi de Guerrero	960 (2000 INALI). 8 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco de Yutanduchi, Mixteco de Yutanduchi de Guerrero, Southern Nochixtlan Mixtec	Tu’un savi	None known. 49% intelligibility of Estetla (Eastern) [mil], 48% of San Juan Tamazola [vmx], 20% of Yosondúa [mpm] and Soyaltepec [vmq], 18%–36% of Peñoles [mil], 15% of Chalcatongo [mig], 13% of Tilantongo [xtd].
mim	Mixtec, Alacatlatzala	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Guerrero state: Alacatlatzala, Cahuatache, Cuautipa, Cuba Libre, Jilotepec, Ocuapa, and Potoichan, Quiahuitlatlatzala, San Isidro Labrador, Tenaztalcingo, Tepecocatlán, Tototepec, Xonacatlán, and Zacatipa towns; across western border, into Oaxaca state	30,000 (2011 SIL). 18,000 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Central Misteko, Highland Guerrero Mixtec, Mixteco de Alacatlatzala	To’on Savi	Potoichán (Ocuapa), Atlamajalcingo del Monte, Cahuatache Tototepec, Cuatzoquitengo, Plan de Guadalupe. 65%–85% intelligibility of Metlatónoc [mxv]. Some had 70% intelligibility of Silacayoapan [mks].
xta	Mixtec, Alcozauca	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Guerrero: near Metlatónoc, 14 villages; Oaxaca state: south of San Mateo Neyapan	10,000 (1994 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco de Alocozauca, Mixteco de Xochapa		Xochapa Mixtec, Petlacalancingo Mixtec. 92% intelligibility of Metlatónoc [mxv]; Metlatónoc has 70% intelligibility of Xochapa dialect.
mbz	Mixtec, Amoltepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Santiago Amoltepec municipality, Sola de Vega district, Barranca Oscura, Colonia de Jesús, El Armadillo, El Cocal, El Laurel, El Mamey, El Zapote, La Mesilla, La Tortuga, Las Cuevas, Llano Conejo and Llano Tigre. 20 villages	5,630 (2000 INALI). 500 monolinguals (2005 census). Ethnic population: 12,000	6b (Threatened)	Mixteco de Amoltepec, Western Sola de Vega Mixtec	Tnu’u Ñuu Savi	None known. 63% intelligibility of Ixtayutla [vmj], 52% of Pinotepa Nacional [mio], 46% of Yosondúa [mpm], 42% of Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec [meh], 32% of Zacatepec [mza], 25% of San Juan Colorado [mjc], 20% of Jamiltepec [mxt], 15% of Chayuco [mih]. People manage to communicate with Ixtayutla, but not Yosondúa, Zacatepec, or Jamiltepec.
mip	Mixtec, Apasco-Apoala	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Jocotipac, Nduayaco, San Miguel Chicahua, San Miguel Huautla, Santa María Apasco and other towns	10,000 (1990 SIL). 1,000 monolinguals (1990)	6b* (Threatened)	Apasco Mixtec, Apoala Mixtec, Mixteco de Santiago Apoala, Northern Nochixtlán Mixtec		None known. 26% intelligibility of Southern Puebla Mixtec [mit].
mib	Mixtec, Atatlahuca	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Esteban Atatlahuca and Santa Catarina Yosonotú towns	8,300 (1995 census). 440 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Mixteco de San Esteban Atatlahuca, San Esteban Atatlahuca Mixteco, South Central Tlaxiaco Mixtec		None known. 68% intelligibility of Yosondúa [mpm].
mih	Mixtec, Chayuco	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Saint Catarina Mechoacán and San Agustín Chayuco municipalities	10,000 (1990 SIL). 950 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	Eastern Jamiltepec-Chayuco Mixtec, Mixteco de Chayucu	Tu’un savi	Mechoán. 69% intelligibility of Western Jamiltepec [jmx].
xtu	Mixtec, Cuyamecalco	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Cuicatlán district, Cuyamecalco, San Miguel Santa Flor, and Santa Ana Cuauhtémoc	1,880 (2000 INALI). 70 monolinguals in San Miguel	6b (Threatened)	Cuicatlán Mixtec, Mixteco de Cañada central, Mixteco de Cuyamecalco	Tu’un savi	None known. Reportedly similar to San Juan Coatzospan [miz].
mxs	Mixtec, Huitepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Huitepec municipality, San Antonio Huitepec, San Francisco Yucucundo and Santiago Huajolotipac. Baja California state: near Ensenada	2,400 (2000 INALI). 200 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco de Huitepec, Mixteco de San Antonio Huitepec, Mixteco de Zaachila	Tu’un sav	None known. 77% intelligibility of Estetla (Eastern) [mil], 75% of Chalcatongo [mig], 52% of Peñoles [mil], 20% of Yosondúa [mpm], 8% of Tilantongo [xtd].
mce	Mixtec, Itundujia	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Putla district, Guerrero and Morelos villages southwest of Yosondúa, southeast of Putla	850 (2000 INALI). 17 monolinguals (2005 census)	7 (Shifting)	Eastern Putla Mixtec, Mixteco de Santa Cruz Itundujia, Tu’un savi		60% intelligibility of Yosondúa [mpm], 59% of Chalcatongo [mig], 25% of San Martín Peras dialect of Western Juxtlahuaca [jmx], 15% of Amoltepec [mbz], 12% of Zacatepec [mza], 10% of San Esteban Atatláhuca [mib], 10% of Nuyoo dialect of Southwestern Tlaxiaco [meh], 0% of Ixtayutla [vmj].
vmj	Mixtec, Ixtayutla	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Jamiltepec district, Carasul, El Carasol, El Huamuche, El Mosco, Frutillo, Ixtayutla, La Humedad, Las Limas, Llano Escondido, Llano Verde, Macahuite, Nuyuku, Olintepec, Pueblo Viejo, San Lucas, Santiago Ixtayutla, Xiniyuba, Yomuche, Yucuyá	6,380 (2000 INALI). 3,800 monolinguals (2005 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Mixteco de Santiago Ixtayutla, Northeastern Jamiltepec Mixtec	Tu’un savi	None known. 79% intelligibility of Amoltepec [mbz], 59% of Chayuco [mih], 49% of Jamiltepec [mxt], 40% of San Juan Colorado [mjc], 30% of Zacatepec [mza].
mxt	Mixtec, Jamiltepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Andrés Huaxtaltepec, Santa Elena Comaltepec, Santa María Huazolotitlán, Santiago Jamiltepec, Santiago Tetepec	9,760 (2000 INALI). 1,300 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Eastern Jamiltepec-San Cristobal Mixtec, Mixteco de Jamiltepec, Mixteco de Oaxaca de Costa Central Baja, Mixteco de Santa María Huazolotitlán
vmm	Mixtec, Mitlatongo	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Nochixtlán, Santa Cruz Mitlatongo, and Santiago Mitlatongo	1,800 (2011 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco de Mitlatongo	Jnu’u lavi	70% intelligibility of Yutanduchi [mab], 56% of Peñoles [mil], 54% of Tamazola [vmx], 43% of San Juan Teita [xtj], 10% of Nuxaá dialect of Southwestern Nochixtlan [mxy], 8% of Diuxi [xtd].
mix	Mixtec, Mixtepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Juan Mixtepec, Tlaxiaco (district head); Baja California state: San Quintín valley	9,170 in Mexico (2000 INALI). 2,500–3,000 located in Tlaxiaco (district head). 2,600 monolinguals (1990 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Eastern Juxtlahuaca Mixtec, Mixteco de Oeste Central, Mixteco de San Juan Mixtepec
xtn	Mixtec, Northern Tlaxiaco	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Teposcolula district, San Antonino Monte Verde and San Sebastián Nicananduta municipalities; Tlaxiaco district, San Juan Ñumí and Santiago Nundichi municipalities	5,790 (2000 INALI). 1,600 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Mixteco de San Juan Ñumí, Mixteco del Norte de Tlaxiaco, Sa’an nda’u, Ñumí Mixtec	Sa’an savi	Yosoñama, San Antonio Nduaxico, San Antonino Monte Verde, San Sebastian Nicananduta, Santiago Nundiche.
mxa	Mixtec, Northwest Oaxaca	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Guadalupe Portezuelo, San Simón Zahuatlán, and Santos Reyes Yucuná	5,430 (2000 INALI). 1,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco de Yucuná, Mixteco del Noroeste, Mixteco del Noroeste de Oaxaca	Tu’un sav
mil	Mixtec, Peñoles	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Santa María Peñoles municipality, Cholula, Huazolotipac, and Monteflor agencies	5,500 (2000 INALI). 1,000 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Eastern Mixtec, Mixteco de Santa María Peñoles	Tu’un savi	None known. 14% intelligibility of Chalcatongo. Nuxaá has 30% intelligibility of Peñoles [mil].
mio	Mixtec, Pinotepa Nacional	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Jamiltepec district, Pinotepa de Don Luis, San Antonio Tepetlapa, San Francisco Sayultepec, San Juan Atoyac, San Juan Cacahuatepec, San Juan Jicayán, San Miguel Tlacamama, San Pedro Jicayán, San Pedro Tulixtlahuaca, San Sebastian Ixcapa, Santa Cruz Itacuán, Santa María Jicaltepec, Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, and Tulixtlahuaca	20,000 (1990 census). 2,200 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Coastal Mixtec, Jicaltepec Mixtec, Lowland Jicaltepec Mixtec, Mixteco de Pinotepa Nacional, Western Jamiltepec Mixtec
mjc	Mixtec, San Juan Colorado	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Juan Colorado and San Pedro Atoyac in coastal area	5,580 (2000 INALI). 1,890 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Mixteco de Oaxaca de la Costa Noroeste, Mixteco de San Juan Colorado	Tu’un sav
xtj	Mixtec, San Juan Teita	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Tlaxiaco district, San Juan Teita town	370 (2000 INALI). 35 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Mixteco de San Juan Teita, Teita Mixtec	Dañudavi
xtp	Mixtec, San Miguel Piedras	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Nochixtlán district	240 (2000 INALI). Ethnic population: 1,120 (1990 census)	8a (Moribund)	Mixteco de San Miguel Piedras, Tu’un savi		None known. 49% intelligibility of Estetla (Eastern) [mil], 29% of Soyaltepec [vmq], Yosondúa [mpm], 18% of Peñoles [mil], 15% of Chalcatongo [mig], 13% of Tilantongo [xtd].
mdv	Mixtec, Santa Lucía Monteverde	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Putla district, mostly Agua del Toro and Ocotlán	5,330 (2000 INALI). 480 monolinguals. Mostly in Agua del Toro and Ocotlán. Ethnic population: 6,000 (1995 census)	6b (Threatened)	Mixteco de Santa Lucía Monteverde, Mixteco de Yosonotú		None known. Intelligibility 83% of San Esteban Atatláhuca [mib].
mks	Mixtec, Silacayoapan	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Jorge Nuchita, Santo Domingo Tonala, and Tijuana	18,700 (2000). 1,500 monolinguals (1990 census)	5 (Developing)		tu̱hun ndáhví	70% intelligibility of Metlatónoc [mxv], 68% of Santa María Peras Cuatzoquitengo dialect of Alacatlatzala [mim]; testing incomplete.
xts	Mixtec, Sindihui	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Sindihui municipality	34 (2005 census)	8a (Moribund)			None known. Distinct from Yutanduchi [mab].
xti	Mixtec, Sinicahua	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Tlaxiaco district, Sinicahua municipality, San Antonio Sinicahua and Siniyucu	1,110 (2005 census). 150 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco de San Antonio Sinicahua	Tu’un savi	None known. 75% intelligibility of Tijaltepec [xtl], 73% of Ocotepec [mie], 72% of San Miguel el Grande [mig], and 51% of Nduaxico (Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec) [xtn].
mit	Mixtec, Southern Puebla	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Zapotitlán Palmas municipality; Puebla state: Acatlán, Petlalcingo, San Jerónimo Xayacatlán, and Xayacatlán de Bravo municipalities	3,180 (2010 INEGI). 150 monolinguals (2010)	7 (Shifting)	Acatlán Mixtec, Mixteco de la Frontera Puebla-Oaxaca, Mixteco del Sur de Puebla, Xayacatlán de Bravo	Da’an davi	None known. 87% intelligibility of Chazumba [xtb], 43% intelligibility of Cacaloxtepec [miu], and 21% intelligibility of Chigmecatitlán [mii].
vmq	Mixtec, Soyaltepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Teposcolula district, Guadalupe Gabilera and San Bartolo Soyaltepec villages	220 (2000 INALI). Ethnic population: 930 (1990 census)	6b (Threatened)	Mixteco de San Bartolo Soyaltepec, Mixteco del Noreste Bajo, Tu’un savi		None known. 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo [xtd], 25% of Ñumí [xtn], 23% of Apoala [mip].
xtt	Mixtec, Tacahua	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Tlaxiaco district, southeast of San Miguel el Grande, east of Yosondúa	390 (2005 census). 60 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Mixteco de Santa Cruz Tacahua, Mixteco del Sur Medio
vmx	Mixtec, Tamazola	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Nochixtlán and San Juan Tamazola	1,550 (2000 INALI). 30 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Mixteco de San Juan Tamazola
mxb	Mixtec, Tezoatlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Tezoatlán area, San Andrés Yutatío, San Isidro de Zaragoza, San Juan Diquiyú, San Marcos de Garzón, San Martín del Río, San Valentín de Gomez, Santa Catarina Yotandú, Yucuñuti de Benito Juárez, and Yucuquimi de Ocampo	5,080 (2005 census). 670 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Mixteco de Tezoatlán de Segura y Luna	Tu’un nda’i	None known. Those in each town speak a bit differently. 70%–80% intelligibility of Silacayoapan [mks].
mqh	Mixtec, Tlazoyaltepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Santiago Tlazoyaltepec municipality; Baja California state: Maneadero area south of Ensenada	6,030 (2000 INALI). 1,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mixteco Bajo de Valles, Mixteco de Santiago Tlazoyaltepec, Tu’un dau
jmx	Mixtec, Western Juxtlahuaca	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Mixtec	Mexico	Oaxaca, San Martín Peras and Río Frijol; Guerrero, Santa Cruz Yucucani, and San José Yoxocaño municipalities, Malvabisco, Rancho Limón, Río Aguacate, Boca de Mamey, Oaxaca-Guerrero border due west of Juxtlahuaca; Baja California, and Mexico (San Quintin valley, Maneadero, Tijuana, San Antonio de las Minas)	20,000 (2005 census). Coicoyan Municipality: 6,150 speakers (2005). San Martin Peras Municipality: 10,000 speakers, plus 2,000 in Santa Cruz Yucucani, 2,000 in San José Yoxocaño. 9,000 monolinguals (2005 census). Coicoyan Municipality: 3,520 monolinguals (2005). San Martin Peras Municipality: 4,820 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Coicoyán Mixtec, Mixteco del Oeste de Juxtlahuaca	To’on Savi	San Martín Peras, Coicoyán, San Juan Piñas. 82% intelligibility of Metlatónoc [mxv], 80% of Silacayoapan [mks], 65% of Juxtlahuaca [vmc], 19% of Cuatzoquitengo, 16% of Zacatepec [mza].
trs	Triqui, Chicahuaxtla	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Trique	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Tlaxiaco district, San José Xochistlán; Putla district, Santo Domingo del Estado	4,060 (Adelaar 2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Chicahuaxtla Trique, Trike, Trique, Triqui Alto, Triqui de San Andrés Chicahuaxtla	nánj nï’ïn	Laguna, San José Xochistlá, Santo Domingo del Estado. 74% intelligibility of Copala [trc]. Lexical similarity: 87% with Itunyoso [trq], 78% with San Juan Copala [trc].
trc	Triqui, Copala	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Trique	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juxtlahuaca, Miguel Alemán, San Juan Copala, Sonora (1,000 users); Baja California state: San Quintín valley; Mexico City. Groups in most tourist centers	25,000 in Mexico (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 30,000	5* (Developing)	Copala Trique, Copala-Trique, Trike, Trique, Triqui Bajo, Triqui de San Juan Copala	xnaꞌánj nu̱ꞌ	56% intelligibility of Chicahuaxtla [trs]. Considerable internal linguistic variation, though not well-defined subdialects.
trq	Triqui, San Martín Itunyoso	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Amuzgo-Mixtecan, Mixtecan, Trique	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Tlaxiaco	2,000 (1983)	6b* (Threatened)	San Martín Itunyoso Trique, Triqui Alto, Triqui de San Martín Itunyoso	sná’ánj nì’	Lexical similarity: 87% with Laguna dialect of Chicahuaxtla [trs]; 84% with San Juan Copala [trc].
coz	Chocholtec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Nochixtlán district, San Juan Bautista Coixtlahuaca, San Miguel Tulancingo, and Santa María Nativitas	440 (2000 INALI). Chocholteco del este: 180 speakers, Chocholteco del oeste: 60 speakers, Chocholteco del sur: 200 speakers (2000 INALI)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Chocho, Chocholteco, Chochon, Chochonteco, Chochotec, Ngiba, Ngigua, Ngiwa		Chocholteco del Este, Chocholteco del Oeste, Chocholteco del Sur.
ixc	Ixcatec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Nochixtlan, Santa María Ixcatlán	9 (2009 ELDP). Only a few elderly speakers (M. Swanton)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Ixcateco	Xwja	None known. Different from San Pedro Ixcatlán Mazatec [mzi].
maj	Mazatec, Jalapa de Díaz	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Mazatec	Mexico	Oaxaca and Veracruz states: 13 towns	17,500 (2000 INALI). 4,030 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Lowland Mazatec, Mazateco de San Felipe Jalapa de Díaz, Mazateco del Este Bajo	Ntaxjo	None known. 73% intelligibility of Huautla [mau] (most similar), 62% of Ixcatlán [mzi], 51% of Soyaltepec [vmp], 46% of San Jerónimo Tecóatl [maa], 35% of Mazatlán [vmz]. Lexical similarity: 82% with Ixcatlán, San Mateo Eloxochitlán [mau] and San Miguel Hualtepec; 80% with Soyaltepec, 74% with Huautla [mau].
maq	Mazatec, Chiquihuitlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Mazatec	Mexico	Oaxaca state	1,500 (2000 INALI). 340 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Mazateco de San Juan Chiquihuitlán, Mazateco del Sur	Nne nangui ngaxni	None known. 47% intelligibility of Huautla [mau] (most similar), 37% of Ayautla [vmy], 29% of Soyaltepec [vmp], 20% of Ixcatlán [mzi].
mau	Mazatec, Huautla	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Mazatec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Huautla northeast to Presa Miguel Aleman, and Puebla	74,600 (2000 INALI). Over 100,000 Mazatec speakers live outside the Mazatec homeland, mostly in major cities (2005 census). Probably at least half speak L1. 22,400 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Highland Mazatec, Mazateco de Huautla de Jimenez, Mazateco de la Sierra, Mazateco del Centro	Enna	San Mateo, San Miguel, Mazateco de presa alto, Mazateco del Norte. 90% intelligibility of San Jerónimo Tecóatl [maa] (most similar, but less in outlying areas), 60% of Mazatlán, 35% of Jalapa [maj]. Lexical similarity: 94% with San Miguel, 93% with San Mateo, 80% with Soyaltepec, 78% with San Pedro Ixcatlán, 74% with Jalapa de Díaz.
mzi	Mazatec, Ixcatlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Mazatec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Chichicazapa, Nuevo Ixcatlán, and San Pedro Ixcatlán	8,590 (2000 INALI). 1,980 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mazateco de San Pedro Ixcatlán, Mazateco de presa bajo	En ningotsie	None known. 76% intelligibility of Huautla [mau] (most similar). Different from Ixcatec [ixc]. Lexical similarity: 78% with Huautla [mau], 86% with San Mateo Eloxochitlán [mau], 85% with San Miguel Hualtepec and Soyaltepec [vmp], 82% with Jalapa de Díaz [maj].
maa	Mazatec, San Jerónimo Tecóatl	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Mazatec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Antonio Eloxochitlán, San Jerónimo Tecóatl, San Lorenzo, San Lucas Zoquiapan, San Pedro Ocopetatillo, Santa Ana, and Santa Cruz Acatepec municipalities; a few in Puebla and San Sebastian Tlacotepec municipalities. 12 towns	18,900 (2000 INALI). 4,000 in state of Puebla. 3,780 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mazateco de San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Mazateco de San Jerónimo Tecóatl, Mazateco del Oeste, Northern Highland Mazatec		San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec, San Antonio Eloxochitlán Mazatec, San Lucas Zoquiapam Mazatec, San Pedro Ocopetatillo Mazatec, Santa Cruz Acatepec Mazatec. 76% intelligibility of Huautla [mau] (most similar), 26% of Jalapa [maj].
vmy	Mazatec, Ayautla	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Mazatec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Teotitlán district, San Bartolomé Ayautla	3,700 (2005 census). 2,800 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Mazateco del Sureste	Enre naxinanda nguifi	None known. 80% intelligibility of Huautla [mau], 79% of San Miguel Hualtepec, 40% of Soyaltepec [vmp], 37% of Jalapa [maj], 24% of Ixcatlán [mzi].
vmz	Mazatec, Mazatlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Mazatec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Teotitlán district, Mazatlán Villa de Flores in 32 towns and villages; Distrito Federal	12,000 (2000 INALI). 1,440 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mazateco de Mazatlán Villa de Flores, Mazateco del Suroeste	Ienra naxinandana nnandia	San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec, San Antonio Eloxochitlán Mazatec (Mazateco de Eloxochitlán), San Lucas Zoquiapan Mazatec, San Pedro Ocopetatillo Mazatec, San Lorenzo Cuanecuiltitla Mazatec, Santa Ana Ateixtlahuaca Mazatec, San Francisco Huehuetlán Mazatec. 80% intelligibility of San Jerónimo Tecóatl [maa], 78% of Huautla [mau], 16% of Jalapa de Díaz [maj], 8% of Chiquihuitlán [maq].
pbm	Mazatec, Puebla and Northeastern	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Mazatec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Francisco Huehuetlán, San Lorenzo Cuaunecuiltitla, and Santa Ana Ateixlahuaca, Oaxaca; Puebla state: San Sebastian Tlacotepec, Santa María Coyomeapan, Tezonapa, Veracruz	33,800 (2016 R. Klint)	6a* (Vigorous)	Mazateco de Puebla y del Noroeste, ’an Xo’boó		Santa Ana Ateixtlahuaca Mazatec, San Lorenzo Cuanecuiltitla Mazatec, Santa María Coyomeapan Mazatec, San Francisco Huehuetlán Mazatec, San Sebastian Tlacotepec Mazatec, Tezonapa Mazatec. Most closely related to San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec [maa].
vmp	Mazatec, Soyaltepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Mazatec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Tuxtepec district, Soyaltepec municipality, San Miguel Soyaltepec, Santa María Jacatepec and Soyaltepec island	27,500 (2000 INALI). Original Soyaltepec variety may only be 900, mostly monolingual. 1,930 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Mazateco de San Miguel Soyaltepec, Mazateco de Temascal, Mazateco del Noreste	En naxijen	None known. 5% intelligibility of Chiquihuitlán [maq].
poe	Popoloca, San Juan Atzingo	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Popoloca	Mexico	Puebla state: San Juan Atzingo	3,690 (2000 INALI). 500 monolinguals. Most women over 60 functionally monolingual	5 (Developing)	Atzingo Popoloca, Eastern Popoloca, Ngiba, Ngiwa, Popoloca de San Juan Atzingo, Popoloca del Oriente, Southern Popoloca	Ngigua	None known. 76% intelligibility of Metzontla Popoloca [pbe] (most simlar), 26% of San Felipe Popoloca [pow].
pls	Popoloca, San Marcos Tlacoyalco	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Popoloca	Mexico	Puebla state: San Francisco Esperilla, San José Buenavista, San Juan Sacavasco, San Marcos Tlacoyalco, and San Martin Esperilla	8,440 (2000 INALI)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ngiwa, Northern Popoloca, Popoloca de San Marcos Tlalcoyalco, Popoluca del Norte, San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca	Ngigua	None known. San Luis [pps] has 90% intelligibility of San Marcos.
pca	Popoloca, Santa Inés Ahuatempan	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Popoloca	Mexico	Puebla state: Santa Inés Ahuatempan and Todos Santos Almolonga west of Coyotepec and Tehuacán	4,000 (2000 SIL). Few monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Ngiba, Ngigua, Popoloca de Santa Inés Ahuatempan, Popoloca del Poniente	Nquivā	Ahuatempan Popoloca, Todos Santos Almolonga Popoloca. 75% intelligibility of San Felipe Popoloca [pow] (most similar).
pbf	Popoloca, Coyotepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Popoloca	Mexico	Puebla state: Coyotepec and San Mateo west of Tehuacán city, east of Ahuatempan	500 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 7,000	8a (Moribund)	Ngiba, Ngigua, Ngiwa, San Vicente Coyotepec Popoloca		San Vicente Coyotepec Popoloca, San Mateo Zoyamazalco Popoloca. 41% intelligibility of Otlaltepec [pow], 23% of Atzingo [poe], 15% of Tlacoyalco Northern Popoloca [pls]. San Mateo dialect may be a separate language.
pbe	Popoloca, Mezontla	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Popoloca	Mexico	Puebla state: southwest of Tehuacan city, 1 town; Oaxaca state: border area	2,000 (1993 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Los Reyes Metzontla Popoloca, Ngiba, Ngigua, Ngiwa, Popoloca de Mezontla, Southern Popoloca		None known. 52% intelligibility of Atzingo Popoloca [poe], 35% of Tlacoyalco (Northern Popoloca) [pls], 11% of Otlaltepec [pow].
pow	Popoloca, San Felipe Otlaltepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Popoloca	Mexico	Puebla state: Huejonapan, San Felipe Otlaltepec, Santa María Nativitas	3,000 (2000 SIL). 50 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,590	7 (Shifting)	Popoloca de San Felipe Otlaltepec, Popoloca del Poniente, Western Popoloca	Ngiba	Santa María Nativitas, Huejonapan.
pps	Popoloca, San Luís Temalacayuca	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Popolocan, Popoloca	Mexico	Puebla state: San Luís Temalacayuca	4,730 (1994 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Ngiba, Ngiwa, Popoloca de San Luis Temalacayuca	Ngigua	None known. San Luís has 84% intelligibility of San Marcos [pls], 22% of Atzingo [poe], 8% of Otlaltepec [pow].
ctz	Chatino, Zacatepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Chatino	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juquila district, San Marcos Zacatepec and Juquila villages	450 (2000 INALI)	7 (Shifting)	Chatino de San Marcos Zacatepec, Chatino de Zacatepec	Cha’ jna’a	66% intelligibility of Nopala [cya], 61% of Panixtlahuaca dialect of Western Highland Chatino [ctp], 57% of Yaitepec dialect of Western Highland Chatino, 6% of Tataltepec [cta]. Lengthened word forms are like Zenzontepec Chatino [czn]. Reportedly similar to Eastern Highland Chatino [cly] in some respects, but geographically and socioeconomically separated.
cly	Chatino, Eastern Highland	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Chatino	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juquila district, Lachao Pueblo Nuevo, and Santa María Yolotepec villages	1,800 (2000 INALI)	6a (Vigorous)	Chatino Oriental Alto, Chatino de la Zona Alta Oriental, Lachao-Yolotepec Chatino, Sierra Oriental Chatino	Cha’ jna’a	One dialect. Uses lengthened word forms similar to Zenzontepec Chatino [czn]. Reportedly similar to Zacatepec [ctz], but geographically and socioeconomically separated. 87% intelligibility of Yaitepec dialect of Western Highland Chatino [ctp], 83% of Nopala [cya], 77% of Panixtlahuaca dialect of Western Highland Chatino [ctp], 21% of Tataltepec [cta].
cya	Chatino, Nopala	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Chatino	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juquila district; Atotonilco, Cerro el Aire, San Gabriel Mixtepec, San María Magdalena Tiltepec, Santa María Texmaxcaltepec, Santiago Cuixtla, Santos Reyes Nopala, and Teotepec	8,940 (2000 INALI). 2,300 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Chatino Oriental Bajo	Cha’ jna’a	59% intelligibility of Panixtlahuaca dialect of Western Highland Chatino [ctp], 73% of Yaitepec dialect of Western Highland Chatino [ctp], 13% of Tataltepec Chatino [cta].
cta	Chatino, Tataltepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Chatino	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juquila district, extreme west lowland Chatino area, San Pedro Tututepec and Tataltepec de Valdez towns; a few in nearby Spanish centers	540 (2015 R. Sullivant). 1 monolinguals (2015 R. Sullivant)	6b (Threatened)	Chatino Occidental Bajo, Lowland Chatino	Cha’ jna’a	38% intelligibility of Yaitepec dialect of Western Highland Chatino [ctp], 35% of Panixtlahuaca dialect of Western Highland Chatino [ctp], 33% of Nopala [cya], 27% of Zacatepec [ctz].
ctp	Chatino, Western Highland	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Chatino	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juquila district, Panixtlahuaca, San Juan Quiahije, Yaitepec towns; Ixtapan, Tepenixtelahuaca, Ixpantepec, Amialtepec villages; some hamlets	16,000 (2000 INALI). 6,000 monolinguals (1990 census)	5 (Developing)	Cha’t-An, Chatino Central, Chatino de la Zona Alta Occidental, Sierra Occidental Chatino	Cha’ jna’a	Panixtlahuaca Chatino, San Juan Quiahije Chatino, Yaitepec Chatino. 71% intelligibility of Yaitepec dialect, 66% of Nopala [cya], 46% of Zacatepec [ctz], 32% of Tataltepec [cta]; Yaitepec dialect has 80% intelligibility of Nopala, 78% of Panixtlahuaca dialect, 20% of Tataltepec.
czn	Chatino, Zenzontepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Chatino	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juquila district, Santa Cruz Zenzontepec and San Jacinto Tlacotepec municipalities, former Santa María Tlapanalquiahuitl municipality	8,490 (2000 INALI). 2,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Chatino Occidental Alto, Northern Chatino	Cha’ jna’a	Some dialect difference in Santa María Tlapanalquiahuitl area. One of the most isolated and conservative groups in Oaxaca.
zpa	Zapotec, Lachiguiri	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Jalapa, Magdalena, and Santa María Totolapilla, north of Isthmus, southwest of Guevea de Humboldt in neighboring municipalities	5,000 (1977 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Northwestern Tehuantepec Zapotec, Zapoteco de Santiago Lachiguiri		None known. 62% intelligibility in Quiavicuzas [zpj] and Isthmus [zai] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpx	Zapotec, San Baltazar Loxicha	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Baltázar Loxicha and Santa Catarina Loxicha south of Oaxaca City	1,500 (1990 census). 20 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Northwestern Pochutla Zapotec, San Baltázar Loxicha Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Baltázar Loxicha		None known. 71% intelligibility of Santa María Coatlán [zps] (most similar), 63% of Cuixtla [zam] (Central Miahuatlán), 47% of San Vicente Coatlán [zpt]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpn	Zapotec, Santa Inés Yatzechi	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Zimatlán district	2,240 (1990 census). 180 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Southeastern Zimatlán Zapotec, Zapoteco de Santa Inés Yatzechi, Zapoteco de Zegache		Zaachila. 75% intelligibility of Ocotlán [zac] (most similar). San Miguel Tilquiapan [zts] may be a dialect. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpk	Zapotec, Tlacolulita	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Asunción Tlacolulita and San Juan Alotepec	53 (2000 INALI). Ethnic population: 900 (1990 census)	8a (Moribund)	Southeastern Yautepec Zapotec, Zapoteco de Asunción Tlacolulita		None known. 15% intelligibility of Quiavicuzas [zpj] (most similar), 10% of Mitla [zaw] and Western Tlacolula Valley [zab], 0% of Lachiguiri [zpa], Juchitán (Isthmus) [zai], Guevea de Humboldt [zpg], Petapa [zpe], San Juan Mixtepec [zpm], and Quiegolani [zpi]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zav	Zapotec, Yatzachi	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Xoochixtepec, Yalina, Yatzachi el Alto, Yatzachi el Bajo, Yohueche, Zoochila, Zoochina	2,500 (1990 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Diosənꞌ, Diozənꞌ, Villa Alta Zapotec, Zapoteco de Yatzachi	Dižə’əxon	None known. 90% intelligibility of Zoogocho [zpq] on narrative, 85% of Cajonos [zad] (Southern Villa Alta) and Yalálag [zpu]; somewhat of Tabaa [zat]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zoo	Zapotec, Asunción Mixtepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Asunción Mixtepec, 1 other town southwest of Oaxaca City	100 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 2,480 (1990 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	North Central Zimatlan Zapotec, Zapoteco de Asunción Mixtepec		None known. 22% intelligibility of Ayoquesco [zaf] (most similar), 3% of El Alto [zpp]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zaf	Zapotec, Ayoquesco	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Andrés Zabache, San Martín Lachila, Santa Cruz Nexila, Santa María Ayoquesco	880 (1990 census). 9 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Western Ejutla Zapotec, Zapoteco de Santa María Ayoquesco		None known. 23% intelligibility of Ocotlán Zapotec [zac] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zad	Zapotec, Cajonos	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Francisco Cajonos, San Mateo Cajonos, San Miguel Cajonos, San Pablo Yaganiza, San Pedro Cajonos, and Xagacía	5,000 (1993 SIL). Many monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Southern Villa Alta Zapotec, Yaganiza Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Pedro Cajonos	didza-xhon	Cajonos Zapotec, Yaganiza, Xagacía Zapotec, San Mateo Zapotec. Yaganiza and Xagacía dialects are similar. Major differences between those and the other 4 towns; adaptation of literature probably needed. San Pedro Cajonos dialect has 73% intelligibility of Zoogocho [zpq] (most similar other Zapotec). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpv	Zapotec, Chichicapan	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state	2,720 (2005 INEGI)	7 (Shifting)	Eastern Ocotlán Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Baltazar Chichicapan		None known. 59% intelligibility of Ocotlán Zapotec [zac] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpc	Zapotec, Choapan	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: from Comaltepec northeast; Veracruz state: Arena and Playa Vincente border area	12,000 (2007 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Zapoteco de Choapan, Zapoteco de San Juan Comaltepec		Choapan, Comaltepec. 60% intelligibility of Zoogocho [zpq] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zca	Zapotec, Coatecas Altas	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Ejutla	4,880 (2005 census). 100 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Zapoteco de San Juan Coatecas Altas		None known. Reportedly most similar to San Gregorio Ozolotepec (83% intelligibility) and Miahuatlán [zam] (Cuitla). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zps	Zapotec, Coatlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Santo Domingo Coatlán, 7 towns near Chatino region	500 (1992 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	San Miguel Zapotec, Western Miahuatlán Zapotec, Zapoteco de Santa María Coatlán		None known. 54% intelligibility of Loxicha [ztp] (most similar), 51% of San Gregorio Ozolotepec [zao], 44% of Cuixtla (Miahuatlam Zapotec) [zam], 29% of Logueche (Amatlan Zapotec) [zpo], 16% of Mixtepec [zpm], 1% of Quiquitani-Quierí [ztq]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zte	Zapotec, Elotepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: 1 village west of Zimatlán	200 (1990 census)	8a (Moribund)	Papabuco, Zapoteco de San Juan Elotepec		None known. 68% intelligibility of Santa María Zaniza [zpw] (most similar), 10% of Texmelucan [zpz]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpg	Zapotec, Guevea de Humboldt	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state	4,720 (2000 INEGI)	5* (Developing)	Northern Isthmus Zapotec, Zapoteco de Guevea de Humboldt	didz-rieꞌ	None known. 49% intelligibility of Lachiguiri [zpa] (Northwestern Tehuantepec; most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zai	Zapotec, Isthmus	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juchitán and Tehuantepec	85,000 (1990 census)	5* (Developing)	Sapoteko, Zapoteco del Istmo	diidxazá	None known. 18% intelligibility of Santa María Petapa [zpe] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
ztp	Zapotec, Loxicha	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Candelaria Loxicha, San Agustín Loxicha, San Andrés Paxtlán, San Bartolomé Loxicha, San Francisco Cozoaltepec, San Miguel Suchixtepec, San Pedro el Alto, San Pedro Pochutla, Santa María Colotepec, Santa María Tonameca, Santo Domingo Morelos between Miahuatlán, Pochutla, and Puerto Escondido	75,000 (2000 census). 22,500 monolinguals (2005 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Western Pochutla Zapotec, Zapoteco de Loxicha	Diste	San Agustín Loxicha, San Bartolomé Loxicha, San Andrés Paxtlán, San Miguel Suchixtepec. Distinct from San Baltázar Loxicha [zpx] and Santa Catarina Loxicha. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zaw	Zapotec, Mitla	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Mitla valley	19,500 (1983 SIL). 4,500 in Matatlán (1983 SIL). 190 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	East Central Tlacolula Zapotec, East Valley Zapotec	Didxsaj	Santiago Matatlán Zapotec (Matatlán Zapotec). 75% intelligibility of Western Tlacolula Valley [zab] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpm	Zapotec, Mixtepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state	7,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Eastern Miahuatlán Zapotec, San Juan Mixtepec Zapoteco, Zapoteco de San Juan Mixtepec, diidz rii	dìidz-zÈ	None known. 80% intelligibility of Santiago Lapaguía [ztl] (most similar), but that is probably learned bilingualism (it is more likely to be 50%). A separate language from San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec [ztm]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zac	Zapotec, Ocotlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Ocotlán and Santiago Apóstol areas	15,000 (1993 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ocotlán Oeste Zapotec, Zapoteco del Poniente de Ocotlán		None known. 67% intelligibility of Tilquiapan [zts] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zao	Zapotec, Ozolotepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: southeast Miahuatlán, halfway to the coast. Most towns with ‘Ozolotepec’ in the name included, but not San Francisco Ozolotepec	6,500 (1990 census). People in San Marcial, San Gregorio, San Esteban, and Santo Domingo are monolingual	5* (Developing)	Zapoteco de Ozolotepec, diste	Dizte chaan zha Ozolotepec	San Marcial Ozolotepec Zapotec, San Gregorio Ozolotepec Zapotec. 87% intelligibility of Cuixtla [zam] (Central Miahuatlán), 84% of Loxicha [ztp]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpe	Zapotec, Petapa	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Juchitán district, Santa María Petapa and Santo Domingo Petapa north of the isthmus	8,000 (1990 census). 220 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	Zapoteco de Santa María Petapa		None known. 55% intelligibility of Guevea [zpg] (most similar), 34% of Lachiguiri [zpa]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpj	Zapotec, Quiavicuzas	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Yautepec district, Guevea de Humboldt municipality, Guadalupe Guevea; Nejapa de Madero municipality, Carrizal, Corral de Piedra, San Juan Lachixila; San Carlos Yautepec municipality, Santiago Quiavicuzas; northeast of Pan American highway	4,000 (1990 census). 180 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Northeastern Yautepec Zapotec, Zapoteco de Quiavicuzas, Zapoteco de San Juan Lachixila		None known. 59% intelligibility of Lachiguiri [zpa] (Northwestern Tehuantepec; most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zar	Zapotec, Rincón	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: north	29,200 (2000)	5* (Developing)	Northern Villa Alta Zapotec, San Juan Yaeé Zapotec, Zapoteco de Yagallo, Zapoteco del Rincón	didza’ xidza’	None known. 64% intelligibility of Choapan [zpc] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpf	Zapotec, San Pedro Quiatoni	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Salinas, San Pedro Quiatoni, Unión Juárez, and 20 nearby settlements	14,800 (2000)	5* (Developing)	Eastern Tlacolula Zapotec, Quiatoni Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Pedro Quiatoni	diidx zah	None known. 76% intelligibility of Mitla [zaw] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpt	Zapotec, San Vicente Coatlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Ejutla district, San Vicente Coatlán, a municipality town south of Oaxaca City	3,380 (2005 census). 340 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Coatlán Zapotec, Southern Ejutla Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Vicente Coatlán		None known. 75% intelligibility of San Baltázar Loxicha [ztp] (Northwestern Pochutla, most similar), 45% of Santa María Coatlán [zps]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpi	Zapotec, Santa María Quiegolani	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: central	2,000 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Quiegolani Zapotec, Western Yautepec Zapotec, Zapoteco de Santa María Quiegolani	disa	None known. 60% intelligibility of San Juan Mixtepec [zpm] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpr	Zapotec, Santiago Xanica	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: southeast Miahuatlán, San Andrés Lovene, San Antonio Ozolotepec, Santa María Coixtepec, Santiago Xanica	2,500 (1990 census)	6b (Threatened)	Xanica Zapotec		None known. 72% intelligibility of San Gregorio Ozolotepec [zao], 70% of Cuixtla [zam] (Central Miahuatlán). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zas	Zapotec, Santo Domingo Albarradas	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Miguel Albarradas, Santa María Albarradas, Santo Domingo Albarradas	5,500 (1980 census)	5* (Developing)	Albarradas Zapotec, Zapoteco de Santo Domingo Albarradas	Dihidx Bilyáhab	None known. 39% intelligibility of Mitla [zaw] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpd	Zapotec, Southeastern Ixtlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Benito Juárez, Capulalpan de Morelos, Carrizal, Guelatao de Juárez, Ixtlán de Juárez, La Trinidad, Latuvi, Llano Grande, Natividad, Nevería, San Miguel Amatlán, Santa Catarina Lachatao, Santa María Yavesía (center), Santiago Xiacui	6,000 (1992 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Ixtlan Zapotec, Latuvi Zapotec, Yavesía Zapotec, Zapoteco del Sureste de Ixtlán		None known. 63% intelligibility of Atepec [zaa] (Sierra de Juárez), 43% of Teococuilco [zae]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpz	Zapotec, Texmelucan	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: west	4,630 (2000 INALI)	5* (Developing)	Central Sola de Vega Zapotec, Papabuco, Zapoteco de San Lorenzo Texmelucan		None known. Most similar to Western Sola de Vega [zpw] (Zaniza). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zab	Zapotec, Western Tlacolula Valley	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: central	28,000 (1990 census)	5* (Developing)	Guelavía, San Juan Guelavía Zapotec, Western Tlacolula Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Juan, Zapoteco de Tlacolula occidental	Ditsa	Jalieza Zapotec, Teotitlán del Valle Zapotec (San Marcos Tlapazola Zapotec, Tlacolula Valley Zapotec), San Lucas Quiavini Zapotec (Dii’zh Sah, San Lucas Zapotec), San Martín Tilcajete Zapotec, Santa Ana del Valle Zapotec. 20% intelligibility of Santa Inés Yatzechi [zpn] (most similar); Jalieza 99% of Western Tlacolula Valley; Teotitlán del Valle 100% of Western Tlacolula Valley, but Western Tlacolula Valley only 59% of Teotitlán del Valle. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zty	Zapotec, Yatee	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Cristóbal Lachiruáj, San Francisco Yatee, 4 towns	5,000 (2004 SIL). 3,000 for Yatee and 2,000 for Lachirioag	5* (Developing)	Zapoteco de Yatee		Yatee Zapotec (Zapoteco de Yatee), Lachirioag Zapotec (Lachiruaj Zapotec, San Cristóbal Lachiruaj Zapotec). Most similar to Villa Alta Zapotec [zav] and Yalálag Zapotec [zpu]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpb	Zapotec, Yautepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Bartolo Yautepec	250 (2000 INALI). 4 monolinguals (1990). All over 50	7 (Shifting)	Northwestern Yautepec Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Bartolo Yautepec		None known. 10% intelligibility of Tlacolulita [zpk] (most similar), none of other Zapotec. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpw	Zapotec, Zaniza	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Buenavista, El Frijol, Santa María Zaniza, Santiago Textitlán, Santiago Xochiltepec	770 (1990 census). 4 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Papabuco, Western Sola de Vega Zapotec, Zapoteco de Santa María Zaniza		None known. 10% intelligibility of Texmelucan [zpz] (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zaq	Zapotec, Aloápam	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Isidro Aloápam and San Miguel Aloápam	3,400 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Zapoteco de Aloápam		None known. Distinct from Teococuilco Zapotec [zae]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpo	Zapotec, Amatlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: east of Miahuatlán. 2 towns	10,000 (2000 SIL). 2,000 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Zapoteco de San Cristóbal Amatlán, Zapoteco del Noreste de Miahuatlán	Dizhze	San Cristóbal Amatlán, San Francisco Logueche. Reportedly most similar to Loxicha [ztp]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpp	Zapotec, El Alto	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Andrés el Alto, San Antonino el Alto, San Pedro el Alto	900 (1990 census). 30 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	South Central Zimatlan Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Pedro el Alto		None known. 20% intelligibility of Totomachapan (most similar). A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
ztu	Zapotec, Güilá	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Dionisio Ocotepec municipality, Matatlan and San Pablo Güilá agencies	9,500 (1990 census). 2,300 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Dionisio Ocotepec, Zapoteco de San Pablo Güilá		San Dionisio dialect has 80% inherent intelligibility of Mitla [zaw]. Güilá has 83% of Western Tlacolula Valley [zab], 80% of Chichicapan [zpv], 69% of Tilquiapan [zts], 41% of Mitla [zaw], 35% of Ocotlán [zac], 5% of Santa María Albarradas [ztn]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpl	Zapotec, Lachixío	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Sola de Vega municipality, San Mateo Mixtepec, San Vicente Lachixío, and Santa María Lachixío	6,500 (1990 census). 3,250 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Eastern Sola de Vega Zapotec, Zapoteco de Lachixío	Dialu	San Miguel Mixtepec, San Mateo Mixtepec. Southwestern Zimatlán dialect most distinct. 73% intelligibility of San Pedro el Alto [zpp], 80% of San Miguel Mixtepec, 89% of San Mateo Mixtepec, and 99% of San Vicente Lachixío dialect. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
ztl	Zapotec, Lapaguía-Guivini	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: La Merced del Potrero, Lapaguía, southeast Miahuatlán, San Felipe Lachillo, and San Juan Guivini	4,200 (1983 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Santiago Lapaguia Zapotec, Zapoteco de Lapaguía-Guivini, Zapoteco de Santiago Lapaguía		Lapaguía, Guivini. 43% intelligibility of San Juan Mixtepec Zapotec [zpm]; Lapaguía Dialect 90% intelligibility of Guivini Dialect. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpy	Zapotec, Mazaltepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Etla district, San Andrés Zautla, San Pedro y San Pablo Etla, Santo Tomás Mazaltepec in Oaxaca valley northwest of Oaxaca city	2,200 (1990 census). 25 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Etla Zapotec, Zapoteco de Santo Tomás Mazaltepec		None known. 10% intelligibility of Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec [zab], none of other Zapotec varieties. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zam	Zapotec, Miahuatlán	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Cuixtla	1,000 (2007 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Zapoteco de Miahuatlán		A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
ztq	Zapotec, Quioquitani-Quierí	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Yautepec municipality, San Pedro Leapi, Santa Catalina Quierí, Santa Catarina Quioquitani, Santiago Lachivía, Santo Domingo Lachivitó, Santo Tomás Quierí	4,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Zapoteco de Quioquitani y Quierí	tiits së	None known. Reportedly most similar to Mixtepec Zapotec [zpm]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
ztm	Zapotec, San Agustín Mixtepec	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Miahuatlán and San Agustín Mixtepec	59 (1994 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct)			None known. Distinct from San Juan Mixtepec Zapotec [zpm]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
ztn	Zapotec, Santa Catarina Albarradas	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Santa Catarina Albarradas (also known as San Antonio Albarradas)	1,000 (1990 census)	6b (Threatened)	Zapoteco de Santa Catarina Albarradas		None known. 80% intelligibility of Santo Domingo Albarradas [zas]; Santo Domingo 52% of Santa Catarina. Differences in phonology and grammar. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zaa	Zapotec, Sierra de Juárez	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: north	4,000 (1990 census). 150 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Ixtlán Zapoteco, Juárez Zapotec, Zapoteco de Atepec		Atepec, Macuiltianguis Zapotec. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zsr	Zapotec, Southern Rincon	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state	12,000 (1990 census)	5* (Developing)	Zapoteco de Rincón Sur		A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zat	Zapotec, Tabaa	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state	2,000 (1992 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Central Villa Alta Zapotec, Zapoteco de Tabaa		A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
ztt	Zapotec, Tejalapan	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Etla district, San Felipe Tejalapan	50 (2000 INALI). Ethnic population: 4,660	8a (Moribund)	Zapoteco de San Felipe Tejalapan, Zapoteco de Tejalápam		None known. Distinct from Santo Tomás Mazaltepec Zapotec [zpy]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zts	Zapotec, Tilquiapan	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Ocotlán and San Miguel Tilquiapan	5,000 (2007 SIL). 900 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Zapoteco de San Miguel Tilquiapan		None known. 87% intelligibility of Santa Inés Yatzechi [zpn], 65% of Chichicapan [zpv], 59% of Ocotlán [zac], 45% of Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec [zab]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zph	Zapotec, Totomachapan	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: west; 2 towns	260 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 1,010 (1990 census)	8a (Moribund)	Western Zimatlán Zapotec, Zapoteco de San Pedro Totomachapan		None known. No intelligibility of other Zapotec. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zax	Zapotec, Xadani	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Pochutla district, San Miguel del Puerto municipality, Santa María Xadani. 16 towns	340 (1990 census). 1 monolinguals (1990)	7 (Shifting)	Eastern Pochutla Zapotec, Zapoteco de Santa María Xadani		A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
ztg	Zapotec, Xanaguía	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state: southeast Miahuatlán, San Francisco Ozolotepec, and San José Ozolotepec, Santa Catarina Xanaguía	2,500 (1990 census). 880 monolinguals. Mainly older women	6a (Vigorous)	Zapoteco de Santa Catarina Xanaguía	Diidz Zë	None known. A few phonological and lexical differences between San Francisco and San José areas. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpu	Zapotec, Yalálag	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Cuidad de México; Oaxaca state: Oaxaca city; Veracruz state: Yalálag	3,500 (2005). 2,000 are in Yalálag	5* (Developing)	Zapoteco de Yalálag	Dìʼll Wlhàll Yàlhálhg	A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zae	Zapotec, Yareni	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state	2,900 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Etla Zapotec, Western Ixtlán Zapotec, Zapoteco de Santa Ana Yareni, Zapoteco de Teococuilco de Marcos Pérez		None known. 80% intelligibility of Sierra de Juárez Zapotec [zaa]. Different from Aloapam Zapotec [zaq]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
ztx	Zapotec, Zaachila	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Oaxaca state; south Oaxaca City, San Bartolo Coyotepec, San Pablo Cuatro Venados, San Raymundo Jalpan, Santa María Coyotepec, Zaachila	550 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 10,000 (1990 census)	8a (Moribund)	San Raymundo Jalpan Zapotec		None known. 85% intelligibility of Santa Inés Yatzechi [zpn], 75% of Tilquiapan [zts], 72% of Western Tlacolula Valley [zab], 10% of Ocotlán [zac]. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
zpq	Zapotec, Zoogocho	Otomanguean, Eastern Otomanguean, Popolocan-Zapotecan, Zapotecan, Zapotec	Mexico	Cuidad de México; Oaxaca state: Oaxaca city, Tabehua, Yalina, Zoogocho	1,000 (1991 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Dizha’ Xhon, Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho	Diža’xon	Zoogocho, Yalina, Tabehua. A member of macrolanguage Zapotec [zap].
chq	Chinantec, Quiotepec	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Etla district, San Juan Bautista Atatlah; Ixtlán district, San Juan Quiotepec, Reforma, Maninaltepec, San Pedro Yolox, and Rosario Temextitlán	8,000 (1998). 1,750 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Highland Chinantec	juu jmiih	Yolox Chinanteco. 87% intelligibility of Comaltepec [cco] (most similar, less similar in outlying areas), 7% of Tepetotutla [cnt]. Highland Chinantec languages share a complexity of vowel length and tone extensions that Tepetotutla [cnt] and Palantla [cpa] do not have.
csa	Chinantec, Chiltepec	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San José Chiltepec	Only a few older speakers (2011 J. Williams). Some possible monolinguals	8b (Nearly extinct)	Jajme dzä mii, Jmiih kia’ dzä mii		None known. 76% intelligibility of Tlacoatzintepec [ctl] (most similar), 20% of Usila [cuc] and Ojitlán [chj], 13% of Valle Nacional [cvn].
chz	Chinantec, Ozumacín	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Ayotzintepec, San Pedro Ozumacín and Santiago Progreso	3,140 (2000 INALI). 260 monolinguals (1990 census)	6b (Threatened)	Chinanteco de Ayotzintepec, Chinanteco del Sureste Alto	Jumi dsa mojai, Juujmii	Ayotzintepec. Ozumacín town has slight dialect differences from others. 63% intelligibility of Palantla [cpa] (most similar), 22% of Lalana [cnl] and Valle Nacional [cvn].
cco	Chinantec, Comaltepec	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Santiago Comaltepec, Soledad Tectitlán, La Esperanza, San Martín Soyolapan, Vista Hermosa (Quiotepec), San Pedro Yolox, Rosario Temextitlán, Maninaltepec	2,000 (1990 census). 150 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000	5 (Developing)	juu jmiih	Jmii’	None known. 69% intelligibility of Quiotepec [chq] (most similar), 7% of Tepetotutla [cnt].
cnl	Chinantec, Lalana	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca and Veracruz states: border area, Lalana municipality, 25 towns; Jocotepec and Petlapa municipalities	10,700 (2000 INALI). 2,500 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Chinanteco de San Juan Lalana, Chinanteco del Sureste Bajo	Jujmi	None known. 87% intelligibility of Tepinapa [cte] (most similar, but less so in outlying areas), 43% of Ozumacín [chz], 24% of Lealao [cle].
chj	Chinantec, Ojitlán	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Lucas Ojitlán, 4 towns and 15 hamlets; Hidalgotitlá, Minatitlán and Veracruz municipalities. Most relocated because a dam flooded their land in 1991	37,900 (2000 INALI). 2,800 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Chinanteco del Norte, Comaltepec Chinantec	Jmiih kia’ dzä ‘vï ï, Jujmi	None known. 49% intelligibility of Sochiapan [cso] (most similar), 43% of Usila [cuc], 39% of Palantla [cpa], 31% of Chiltepec [csa].
cpa	Chinantec, Palantla	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Juan Palantla and more than 21 towns	25,000 (2007 SIL). 1,500 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Chinanteco de San Pedro Tlatepuzco	Jajme dzä mii, Jmiih kia’ dzä mii	None known. 78% intelligibility of Tepetotutla [cnt] (most similar), 72% of Valle Nacional [cvn], 69% of Usila [cuc], 54% of Ozumacín [chz].
cso	Chinantec, Sochiapam	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Cuicatlán, Retumbadero, San Juan Zapotitlán, San Juan Zautla, San Pedro Sochiapan and Santiago Quetzalapa	3,590 (2000 INALI). 730 monolinguals (1990 census). Ethnic population: 6,300	5 (Developing)	Chinanteco del Oeste, Sochiapan Chinantec	Jaú jm_, Jmiih kia’ dzä jii’	None known. 66% intelligibility of Tlacoatzintepec [ctl] (most similar), 56% of Chiltepec [csa], 45% of Usila [cuc], 11% of Tepetotutla [cnt].
ctl	Chinantec, Tlacoatzintepec	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Juan Bautista Tlacoatzintepec, San Juan Zapotitlán, San Pedro Alianza, Santiago Quetzalapa	1,720 (2000 INALI). 550 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Chinanteco del Noroeste	Jau jmai	None known. 85% intelligibility of Chiltepec [csa] (most similar, lower in outlying areas), 84% of Usila [cuc], 74% of Sochiapan [cso], 15% of Tepetotutla [cnt].
cuc	Chinantec, Usila	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Felipe Usila plus 12 towns; Pueblo Doce, Veracruz	7,410 (2000 INALI). 2,200 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Chinanteco del Oeste Central Alto	Jaú jm_, Jmiih kia’ dzä jii’	None known. 48% intelligibility of Tlacoatzintepec [ctl] (most similar), 33% of Palantla [cpa], 32% of Sochiapan [cso], 31% of Ojitlán [chj].
cvn	Chinantec, Valle Nacional	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San Mateo Yetla in San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional	440 (2000 INALI)	7 (Shifting)	Chinanteco Central Bajo, Jajmi dzä kï ï’, Jejmei, Jejmi		None known. 71% intelligibility of Chiltepec [csa] (most similar), 70% of Palantla [cpa], 53% of Ozumacín [chz], 40% of Tepetotutla [cnt].
cle	Chinantec, Lealao	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: La Hondura, Latani, San Juan Lealao, and Tres Arroyos	2,000 (1990 census). 500 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Chinanteco de San Juan Lealao, Latani	fáh⁴jmii⁴²	None known. Considered most divergent Chinantec language.
cnt	Chinantec, Tepetotutla	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: El Naranjal, San Antonio del Barrio, San Pedro Tlatepusco, Santa Cruz Tepetotutla, Santo Tomás Texas, and Vega del Sol	1,850 (2000 INALI)	6a (Vigorous)	Chinanteco del Oeste Central Bajo, Jejmei	Jajmi dzä kï ï’, Jejmi	60% intelligibility of Quiotepec [chq], 59% of Palantla [cpa], 48% of Yolox dialect of Quiotepec Chinantec [chq].
cte	Chinantec, Tepinapa	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Chinantecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Choapan district, San Juan Petlapa municipality, San Juan Toavela, Santa Isabel Cajonos and Santa María Lovani; Santiago Jocotepec municipality, Linda Vista, San Pedro Tepinapa Comunal (locally known as Monte de Oro), and San Pedro Tepinapa Ejidal	11,800 (2000 INALI). 1,500 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Chinanteco del Sureste Medio	Jujmi	None known. 87%–68% intelligibility of Lalana [cnl], 24% of Lealao [cle], 23% of Ozumacín [chz].
pei	Chichimeco-Jonaz	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean	Mexico	Guanajuato state: San Luís de la Paz, Jonáz village	2,230 (2011 UNSD)	7 (Shifting)	Chichimec, Chichimeca, Chichimeco, Meco, Pame de Chichimeca-Jonaz, Uzá’
ocu	Matlatzinca, Atzingo	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Matlatzinca-Ocuilteco	Mexico	México state: Ocuilan Municipality, San Juan Atzingo, Santa Lucía del Progreso	100 (2011 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Atzinteco, Matlatzinka, Ocuiltec, Ocuilteco, Tlahuica, Tlahura
mat	Matlatzinca, San Francisco	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Matlatzinca-Ocuilteco	Mexico	México state: San Francisco de los Ranchos	650 (2000 INALI)	8a (Moribund)	Bot’una, Matlatzinca, Matlatzinca de San Francisco de los Ranchos
maz	Mazahua, Central	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Mazahua	Mexico	México state: border area; northwest Michoacán de Ocampo; Queretaro de Arteaga state: southern tip	74,000 (2000 INALI)	5 (Developing)	Masawa, Mazahua de oriente	Jnatrjo	Atlacomulco-Temascalcingo, Santa María Citendejé-Banos, San Miguel Tenoxtitlán. The Atlacomulco-Temascalcingo dialect uses different kinship terms, has phonological differences, grammatical variation among towns. 85%–100% intelligibility among dialects.
mmc	Mazahua, Michoacán	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Mazahua	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo state: east of Cuidad Hidalgo	26,600 (2000 INALI)	6a (Vigorous)	Mazahua de occidente	Jnatjo
otz	Otomi, Ixtenco	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Otomi	Mexico	Tlaxcala state: El Carmen Tequexquitla municipality, dialect San Juan Bautista Ixtenco; Puebla state: Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza, Tepeaca, and Teptlaxco municipalities	460 (2000 INALI). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,360 (1990 census)	8a (Moribund)	Otomí de Ixtenco, Southeastern Otomí, Yühmu		None known. 41% intelligibility of Estado De México Otomi [ots] (most similar), 23% of Mezquital [ote] and Eastern Highland Otomi [otm], 22% of Tenango Otomi [otn].
otm	Otomi, Eastern Highland	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Otomi	Mexico	Hidalgo state: Huehuetla, Otomi de la Sierra Baja, Otomi-Tepehua, and San Bartolo Tutotepec municipalities; Puebla state: Pahuatlan, Pantepec, Tlacuilotepec, Tlaxco municipalities; Veracruz state: Ixhuatlan de Madero and Tlachichilco municipalities	49,300 (2007). 4,700 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Eastern Otomi, Otomí de Huehuetla, Otomí de la Sierra, Otomí de la Sierra Madre Oriental, Otomí de la Sierra Oriental, Otomí del Oriente, Sierra Oriental Otomi, Sierra Otomi	Yųhų	None known. 81% intelligibility of Tenango [otn] (most similar), 51% of Mezquital [ote], 70%–79% of Texcatepec [otx].
ots	Otomí, Estado de México	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Otomi	Mexico	México state: Chapa de Mota, San Bartolo Morelos, San Felipe Santiago, and Santa Clara de Juarez	20,000 (2010 SIL). 440 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Otomí de San Felipe Santiago, Otomí del Estado de México, State of Mexico Otomi	Hñatho	San Felipe Santiago Otomí. 73% intelligibility of Mezquital Otomi [ote] (most similar).
otq	Otomi, Querétaro	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Otomi	Mexico	Queretaro de Arteaga, Amealco municipalilty, San Ildefonso and Santiago Mexquititlán; Michoacán de Ocampo, Las Delores area; México, Acambay municipality; southeast Guanajuato, small border area	33,000 (1990 census). 1,900 monolinguals (1990)	5* (Developing)	Northwestern Otomi, Otomí de Querétaro, Santiago Mexquititlán Otomi, Western Otomi	Hñohño	None known. 78% intelligibility of Mezquital [ote] (most similar), lower in outlying areas.
otn	Otomi, Tenango	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Otomi	Mexico	Hidalgo, Puebla, and San Nicolás	10,000 (1990 census). 2,200 monolinguals (1990)	5* (Developing)	Otomi, Otomí de Tenango	Ñųhų	None known. 53% intelligibility of Eastern Highland Otomi [otm] (most similar).
ote	Otomi, Mezquital	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Otomi	Mexico	Hidalgo state: Mezquital valley; México state: north border	88,500 (2000 INALI)	5* (Developing)	Otomí del Valle del Mezquital	Hñahñu
ott	Otomi, Temoaya	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Otomi	Mexico	México state: Temoyaya municipality, Enthavi, Jiquipilco el Viejo, San Pedro Abajo, San Pedro Arriba, Solalpan. 16 communities	37,000 (1990 census). 850 monolinguals	7 (Shifting)
otx	Otomi, Texcatepec	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Otomi	Mexico	Veracruz state: Texcatepec municipality, Ayotuxtla, Texcatepec, Tzicatlán; Zontecomatlán municipality, Amajac and Hueytepec	12,000 (1990 census). 3,000 monolinguals. 25% of monolinguals are 5 to 9 years old	6a* (Vigorous)	Northeastern Otomi, Otomí de Texcatepec	Ñųhų	None known. 70%–79% intelligibility of Eastern Otomi [otm], 57% of Ixmiquilpan, 44% of Tolimán (Queretaro) [otq], 40% of San Felipe [pow], 20% of Ixtenco [otz].
otl	Otomi, Tilapa	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Otomi	Mexico	México state: Santiago Tilapa, between Mexico City and Toluca	290 (2000 INALI)	8a (Moribund)
pbs	Pame, Central	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Pame	Mexico	El Madrono area, Queretaro de Arteaga; San Luis Potosí state: Lagunillas, Santa Catarina, and Santa María Acapulco	7,370 (2000 INALI). There are monolingual Pame speaking children in about 30 villages	6a (Vigorous)	Chichimeca, Pame de Santa María Acapulco, Pame del Centro, Southern Pame	Xi’oi
pmq	Pame, Northern	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Pame	Mexico	San Luis Potosí state: Alaquines, Ciudad del Maíz, Rayón, Tamasopo municipalities	340 (2000 INALI)	6b* (Threatened)	Pame del Norte	Xi’iuy	10%–15% intelligibility of Santa María Acapulco (Central Pame) [pbs]. Subdialects include Agua Puerca and Cuesta Blanca.
pmz	Pame, Southern	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Oto-Pame-Chinantecan, Oto-Pamean, Pame	Mexico	México state: Jiliapan area; possibly Hidalgo state	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s (Manrique 1967)	10 (Extinct)	Pame, Pamean, South Pame
cip	Chiapanec	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Tlapanec-Manguean, Manguean	Mexico	Chiapas state: El Bosque, Las Margaritas, Ocosingo, Alenque, Sabanilla municipalities	No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 32	9 (Dormant)	Chaipanec, Chiapaneco, Chiapaneko, Proto Chiapanec		Chidigo.
sut	Subtiaba	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Tlapanec-Manguean, Tlapanec-Subtiaba	Nicaragua	León department: Pacific slope	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1920s (Bright 1990). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2005 census)	9 (Dormant)	Subtiava
tpc	Me’phaa, Azoyú	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Tlapanec-Manguean, Tlapanec-Subtiaba, Tlapanec	Mexico	Guerrero state: Azoyú municipality, Macahuite, Maxmadí, Toxnene, and Zapotitlán de la Fuente	590 (2000 INALI)	8a (Moribund)	Azoyú Tlapanec, Me’phaa, Mè’phàà, Tlapaneco de Azoyú, Tlapaneco del Sur	Mè’pháà Tsìndíì	None known. Speakers define 9 varieties of Me’phaa, of which Azoya Me’phaa is one. Reportedly most similar to Subtiaba [sut] of Nicaragua (no remaining speakers).
tpl	Me’phaa, Tlacoapa	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Tlapanec-Manguean, Tlapanec-Subtiaba, Tlapanec	Mexico	Guerrero state: Tlacoapa municipality, Laguna Seca, Sabana, Tenamazapa, Tlacoapa, Tlacotepec and Totomixtlahuaca	7,500 (2005 INALI)	5* (Developing)	Me’phaa, Me’phaa de Tlacoapa, Mi’phaa, Tlacoapa Tlapanec, Tlapaneco, Tlapaneco de Tlacoapa, Tlapaneco del Centro	Meꞌpa̱a̱ Wíꞌi̱i̱n	Tlacoapa, Tenamazapa. Tlacoapa speakers tested 95% intelligibility of Malinaltepec [tcf] due to acquired bilingualism. Speakers define 9 varieties of Me’phaa, of which Tlacoapa is one.
tpx	Me’phaa, Acatepec	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Tlapanec-Manguean, Tlapanec-Subtiaba, Tlapanec	Mexico	Guerrero state: Acatepec municipality, Acatepec, Apetzuca, Barranca Pobre, Caxitepec, El Fuereño, Escalería ZapataLlano Grande, Mezcaltepec, Tres Cruces, Xilotlancingo; Ayutla municipality, El Camlote, El Salto and Plan de Gatica; Zapotitlán municipality (and dialect), Escalería Lagunas, Huixtlazala, Zapotitlán Tablas; Atlixtac municipality, Huitzapula (and dialect); Atlixtac municipality (Teocuitlapa dialect), Caxitepec, Tonalapa, and Zoquitlán; Quechultenango municipality, El Tojoruco, Nanzintla, and Platanillo	40,200 (2005 INALI). 15,000 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Acatepec Tlapanec, Me’pa, Me’pa Wí’ìn, Me’phaa, Me’pàà Wí’ììn, Tlapaneco de Acatepec, Tlapaneco del Suroeste, Western Tlapanec	Meꞌpa̱a̱ Wíꞌi̱i̱n	Acatepec, Zapotitlán Tablas (Me’phàà Xìrágáá, Tlapaneco de Zapotitlán, Tlapaneco del Norte), Huitzapula (Me’phàà Àguàà, Tlapaneco de Huitzapula, Tlapaneco del Noroeste Alto), Teocuitlapa (Me’phaa Xma’íín, Tlapaneco de Teocuitlapa, Tlapaneco de Zoquitlán, Tlapaneco del Noroeste Bajo), Nanzintla (Me’phàà Murúxìì, Tlapaneco de Nanzintla, Tlapaneco del Oeste). 83% intelligibility of Malinaltepec [tcf], 79% of Tlacoapa [tpl].
tcf	Me’phaa, Malinaltepec	Otomanguean, Western Otomanguean, Tlapanec-Manguean, Tlapanec-Subtiaba, Tlapanec	Mexico	Guerrero state: Acapulco municipality, San Martín del Jovero; Atlamajalcingo del Monte municipality, Huehuetepec, San Isidro Labrador and Zilacayotitlán; Iliatenco municipality, Alchipáhuac, and Aserradero, Cruztomáhuac, Iliatenco and San José Vista Hermosa; Malinaltepec municipality, Colombia de Guadalupe, El Rincón, El Tejocote, Malinaltepec, Moyotepec, Ojo de Agua, Paraje Montero, Tierra Colorada; San Luís Acatlán municipality, Pascala del Oro and Pueblo Hidalgo; Metlatónoc municipality, Francisco I. Madero, Juanacatlán and San Juan Puerto Montaña; Tlapa municipality, Las Pilas, San Pedro Acatlán and Santa María Tonaya	37,500 (2000 INALI). 8,000 monolinguals (2011 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Malinaltepec Tlapanec, Me’phaa, Tlapaneco, Tlapaneco Central Bajo, Tlapaneco de Malinaltepec, Tlapaneko	Mè’phàà Mañuwìín	Huehuetepec (Mè’phàà Bátháá, Smájíín, Tlapaneco de Huehuetepec, Tlapaneco de Zilacayotitlán, Tlapaneco del Este, Zilacayotitlán, Zilacayotitlán Tlapanec). Malinaltepec has 50% intelligibility of Tlacoapa [tpl]. Speakers define 9 varieties of Me’phaa, of which 2 are included in Malinaltepec Me’phaa.
ana	Andaqui	Paezan	Colombia	Caquetá department: upper reaches of Caquetá river; Cauca department, Fragua valley; Huila department: Suaza valley; southern highlands	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1970s (Loukotka 1968)	9 (Dormant)	Aguanunga, Andaki, Andaquí, Churuba
ans	Anserma	Paezan, Coconuco	Colombia	Caldas, Quindío, and Risaralda departments	No known L1 speakers. 7 families still spoke it in 1995 (Rendón 2011)	10 (Extinct)	Ancerma, Anserna, Caramanta, Cartama, Humbra, Umbra		None known. Related to Caramanta [crf].
aoh	Arma	Paezan, Coconuco	Colombia	Huila Department		Unattested
crf	Caramanta	Paezan, Coconuco	Colombia	Antioquia department: Jardín municipality, near Andes and Cristianía cities	No known L1 speakers. Extinctt by mid 20th century	10 (Extinct)
cca	Cauca	Paezan, Coconuco	Colombia	Vaupés Department		Unattested
gum	Guambiano	Paezan, Coconuco	Colombia	Cauca department: Caldono, Jambaló, Silvia, Toribío, and Totoró municipalities, western slopes of Andean Cordillera Central on Piendamó river banks	21,000 (Civallero 2008), increasing. 2,100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 23,500 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing)	Coconuco, Guambia, Guanaca, Moguex	Namdrik
ttk	Totoro	Paezan, Coconuco	Colombia	Cauca department: Totoro, 17 km west of Silvia	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s (Arango Ochoa and Sánchez Gutierrez 1998). Ethnic population: 4,130 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)
pbb	Páez	Paezan, Paezan	Colombia	Cauca, Huila, and Tolima departments: Popayán area, central Andes range	60,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 139,000 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Nasa, Nasayuwe, Paes	Nasa Yuwe	Pitayo, Paniquita (Panikita).
acv	Achumawi	Palaihnihan	United States	California: northeast	10 (Golla 2007). Most are semi-speakers or passive speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Alturas Indian Rancheria, Pit River Tribe, Redding Rancheria, Round Valley Indian Tribes-Round Valley Reservation, Susanville Indian Rancheria	Achomawi, Pitt River		Originally 9 dialects.
atw	Atsugewi	Palaihnihan	United States	California: northeast	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Medie Webster, died in 1988 (Golla 2011). Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Pit River Tribe, Susanville Indian Rancheria
xpk	Kulina Pano	Panoan	Brazil	Amazonas state: Vale do Javari Indigenous Territory; Aldeia Pedro Lopes village, Curuca river. Migrating to Tabatinga town near the confluence of the Amazon and Javari Amazon rivers	32 (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 130 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Culina Pano, Kulina do Acre		None known. Reportedly different from Kulina [cul] in the Arauan family. Similar to Matis [mpq] and Matses [mcf].
pig	Pisabo	Panoan	Peru	Loreto region: in Matsés [mcf] language group territory, between Tapíche and Blanco rivers	500 (2011 J. Leclerc)	6b* (Threatened)	Pisagua, Pisahua
ktx	Kaxararí	Panoan	Brazil	Acre, Amazonas, and Rondônia states: Alto Rio Marmelo, tributary of Rio Abuna	300 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 320 (2009 FUNASA)	7 (Shifting)	Caxarari, Kaxariri
sni	Sensi	Panoan	Peru	Ucayali region: Ucayali river right bank	No known L1 speakers. Survived into mid 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Mananahua, Senti, Tenti
pcp	Pacahuara	Panoan, Bolivian Panoan	Bolivia	El Beni department: Vaca Díez province, near Alto Ivon; Pando department: Federico Román province, between Río Negro and Río Pacahuaras	4 (2017). Ethnic population: 18 (Adelaar 2004). Possibly as many as 50 in 8 scattered families (Crevels 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Pacawara
cao	Chácobo	Panoan, Bolivian Panoan, Chákobo	Bolivia	El Beni department: Alto Ivon, California, Cayuses, Motacusal, Núcleo, Nuevo Mojos, Siete Almendros; south of Riberalta on Alto Ivon river	380 (Crevels 2012). 190 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 520 (Crevels 2012)	5 (Developing)	Chákobo
pyn	Poyanáwa	Panoan, Mainline	Brazil	Acre state: upper Rio Môa, Jumá tributary	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers likely survived into the first decade of the 2000s. Ethnic population: 400 (1999 ISA)	9 (Dormant)	Poianáua, Puinahua
tux	Tuxináwa	Panoan, Mainline	Brazil	Acre state	No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 1970s	10 (Extinct)	Tuchinaua, Tushinawa, Tutxinawa, Tuxinaua, Tuxinawa
cbr	Kakataibo-Kashibo	Panoan, Mainline, Cashibo	Peru	Huanuco, Loreto, and Ucayali regions: Aguaytía, San Alejandro, and Súngaro rivers	2,780 (2007 census). Some women over 50 monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,780 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Aincacatai, Cachibo, Cacibo, Cahivo, Cashibo-Cacataibo, Caxibo, Hagueti, Incauncanibo, Kashibo, Managua	Kakataibo-Kashibo	Kakataibo de Mariscal, Kakataibo de Sinchi Roca (Kashibo de Sungaroyacu, Kashibo del Alto Aguaytía), Kashibo (Cashibo).
pno	Panobo	Panoan, Mainline, Pano	Peru	Ucayali river mixed with the Shetebo [shp] language group	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1991	10 (Extinct)	Huariapano, Manoa, Pana, Pano, Pelado, Wariapano
mzr	Marúbo	Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo	Brazil	Amazonas state: headwaters of Curuçá, Ipixuna, and Javarí tributaries, near the Peru border; large groups in Atalaia do Norte city; smaller groups in Cruzeiro do Sul city	1,250 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,250 (2006 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kaniuá, Marova, Maruba		None known. No comprehension of Matsés (Mayoruna) [mcf] reported. Possibly intelligible of Panoan Katukína [knt].
kaq	Capanahua	Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo	Peru	Loreto region: Tapiche-Buncuya rivers area	100 (Crevels 2012). Some may be in voluntary isolation (2013 Ministry of Education). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 380 (2007 census)	7 (Shifting)	Capabaquebo, Capacho, Capanawa, Kapanawa, Nuquencaibo	Capa Baquebo	Pahenbaquebo. Lexical similarity: 50%–60% with Shipibo [shp].
knt	Katukína, Panoan	Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo	Brazil	Amazonas state: Acre	700 (2010 S. Kennell). Ethnic population: 700 (S. Kennell)	6a* (Vigorous)	Catuquina, Kamanawa, Kamannaua, Kanamarí, Katukina Pano, Katukina do Acre, Katukina do Juruá, Katukina-Kanamari, Waninnawa		Arara-Shawanawa (Shawanawa-Arara), Ararapina, Ararawa, Sanainawa (Saninawacana). Possibly intelligible with Marúbo [mzr].
rem	Remo	Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo	Peru	Ucayali regon: between Tapiche and Calleria rivers	No known L1 speakers. The last speakers may have survived into the 1960s (Olson 1991)	10 (Extinct)	Môa Remo, Nucuini, Rheno
shp	Shipibo-Conibo	Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo	Peru	Huanuco, Loreto, and Ucayali regions: Painaco, Pisqui opposite Contamana, Requena, and Sur Bolognesi; northeast middle Ucayali river area	22,500 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 22,500 (2007 census)	5 (Developing)	Caliseca, Chama, Manamabobo, Manava, Shipibo-Konibo, Sinabo, Xipibo		Shipibo (Alto Ucayali), Conibo (Coniba, Konibo), Pisquibo, Shetebo (Manoita, Setebo, Setibo, Xitibo), Shipibo del Madre de Dios.
mcd	Sharanahua	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State	Peru	Madre de Dios and Ucayali regions: upper Purús river area	490 in Peru (2007 census). 300 Mastanahua (2000 SIL). 320 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 490 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 499	5 (Developing)	Sharanawa	Sharanahuan tsain	Marinahua (Marinawa), Chandinahua, Mastanahua. Reportedly similar to Yaminahua [yaa] Chitonahua dialect and Yora [mts].
cbs	Cashinahua	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State	Brazil	Acre and Amazonas states	400 in Brazil (2003). Ethnic population: 1,400 (2000 ISA)	6b* (Threatened)	Cashinahuá, Caxinauá, Caxinawá, Hantxa Kuin, Huni Kui, Huni Kuin, Juni Kuin, Kaxinauá, Kaxinawá, Kaxynawa
cbs	Kashinawa	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State	Peru	Ucayali region: Curanja and Purus rivers	2,420 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 2,420 (1999 census). Total users in all countries: 2,820	5 (Developing)	Cashinahua, Caxinahua, Caxinawá, Kashinahua, Kaxinawá, Kaxynawa	Hantxa Kuin, Juni Kuin	None known. Possibly most similar to Sharanahua [mcd].
mcd	Sharanahua	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State	Brazil	Acre state: Cruzeiro do Sul municipality, on Rio Humaitá off Juará river; Marináwa, along the upper Envira, tributary of the Tarauacá	9 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 330 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Acre Arara, Arara Shawãdawa, Arara do Acre, Shawanauá		Marinahua (Marináwa), Chandinahua.
yaa	Yaminahua	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State	Bolivia	Pando department: Nicolás Suárez province, Puerto Yaminawa; headwaters of Alto Yuruá and Purús rivers	51 in Bolivia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 93 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Jaminawa, Yamanawa, Yaminawa
yaa	Yaminahua	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State	Brazil	Acre state	600 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 860 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Iauminawa, Jaminawá, Yamanawa, Yamináwa
yaa	Yaminahua	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State	Peru	Madre de Dios and Ucayali regions; Mapuya, and Mishagua, and Yuruá	600 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 600 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 1,251	5 (Developing)	Jaminawá, Yamanawa, Yaminawá, Yuminahua		Yaminahua, Chitonahua (Foredafa, Horudahua, Horunahua, Moronahua, Morunahua). Reportedly most similar to Sharanahua [mcd].
ywn	Yawanawa	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State	Brazil	Acre state: Gregório river	520 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 520 (2006 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Iauanauá, Jawanaua, Yahuanahua, Yauanauá
amc	Amahuaca	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State, Amawaka	Brazil	Acre state: Peru border area	220 in Brazil (1995)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Amawaca, Amawáka, Amenguaca, Sayacu, Yora		Inuvaken, Viwivakeu.
amc	Amahuaca	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State, Amawaka	Peru	Madre de Dios and Ucayali regions: scattered on Aguaytía, Curanja, Curiuja, Inuya, Las Piedras, Mapuya, Purus, Sepahua, Upper Ucayali, and Yuruá rivers; Southeast Amazon basin	300 in Peru (2007 census), decreasing. 20 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 300 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 520	7 (Shifting)	Amaguaco, Amahuaka, Amajuaca, Amawaka, Ameuhaque, Ipitineri, Ipitnere, Sayaco	Yora
isc	Isconahua	Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State, Amawaka	Peru	Loreto and Ucayali regions: Callaria river	82 (2000)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Iscobaquebu, Iskobákebo		None known. Most closely related to Shipibo [shp].
mts	Yora	Panoan, Mainline, Unclassified	Peru	Cusco and Ucayali regions: Sepahua on Urubamba river, Serjali on upper Mishagua; Madre de Dios region: Manu national park, on lower Cashpajali, upper Manu, and Panagua rivers	450 (Crevels 2012). Possibly another 400 uncontacted speakers on the Upper Piedras River (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Manu Park Panoan, Nahua, Parquenahua, Yoranahua, Yura, Yurahahua		None known. Reportedly similar to Yaminahua [yaa] and Sharanahua [mcd].
nuc	Nukuini	Panoan, Mainline, Unclassified	Brazil	Acre state: Juruá, from upper Mõa to Rio Sungarú	No known L1 speakers. Spoken into last half of 20th century. Although not used anymore, a few people were reported to still remember the Nukuini language in 2013. Ethnic population: 600 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Inukuini, Nucuini, Nukini, Nuquini, Remo, Rheno		Cuyanawa.
mpq	Matís	Panoan, Mayoruna-Matsés	Brazil	Amazonas state: Atalaia do Norte municipality; on Peru border; Javari valley	320 (2008 ISA)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Different from Matsés [mcf].
mcf	Matses	Panoan, Mayoruna-Matsés	Peru	Loreto region: lower Yaquerana river and tributaries; lower Yavari on Chobayacu and Gálvez rivers	1,720 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 1,720 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 3,220	5 (Developing)	Magirona, Majoruna-Matsés, Majuruna, Matses-Mayoruna, Maxirona, Maxuruna, Mayiruna, Mayoruna, Mayuzuna	Matses
mcf	Matsés	Panoan, Mayoruna-Matsés	Brazil	Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Lameiãro, Terra Indígena Vale do Javari, Javari river basin; Terra Indígena Mayoruna, Solimões river area	1,500 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,590 (2006 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Matse, Mayoruna
peb	Pomo, Eastern	Pomoan	United States	California: north, Clear Lake area	No known L1 speakers (Golla 2011). There were a handful of semifluent speakers at Robinson and Big Valley Rancheria in 2008 (Golla 2011)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians of the Big Valley Rancheria, Habematolel Pomo of Upper Lake, Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California, Robinson Rancheria, Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California	Clear Lake Pomo
pef	Pomo, Northeastern	Pomoan	United States	California: Story Creek, coast range valley; Sacramento river tributary	No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker died in 1961 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant)	Salt Pomo
pom	Pomo, Southeastern	Pomoan	United States	California	1 (2014 G. Reece)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Elem Indian Colony of Pomo Indians of the Sulphur Bank Rancheria, Koi Nation of Northern California, Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California	Lower Lake Pomo
pej	Pomo, Northern	Pomoan, Western	United States	California: north, Sherwood Rancheria, near Willits	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Elenor Stevenson Gonzales, died in 2005	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California, Guidiville Rancheria of California, Habematolel Pomo of Upper Lake, Pinoleville Pomo Nation, Potter Valley Tribe, Redwood Valley or Little River Band of Pomo Indians of the Redwood Valley Rancheria California, Round Valley Indian Tribes-Round Valley Reservation, Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indians of California, Sherwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California			Guidiville, Sherwood Valley.
kju	Kashaya	Pomoan, Western, Southern	United States	California: Sonoma county	45 (1994 L. Hinton), decreasing	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Kashia Band of Pomo Indians of the Stewart’s Point Rancheria	Southwestern Pomo
poo	Pomo, Central	Pomoan, Western, Southern	United States	California: north, Hopland and Clear Lake areas; also Point Arena and Manchester on the coast	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1990s (1997 M. Mithun). Ethnic population: 4,770 (1997 M. Mithun)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Hopland Band of Pomo Indians, Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester Rancheria	Ballo-Kai-Pomo, Cabanapo, H’hana, Habenapo, Khabenapo, Khana, Kulanapan, Kulanapo, Kábinapek, Venaambakaia, Venambakaiia, Yokaia		Point Arena, Hopland, Ukiah.
peq	Pomo, Southern	Pomoan, Western, Southern	United States	California: Cloverdale and Geyserville	1 (Walker 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California, Dry Creek Rancheria of Pomo Indians, Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, Lytton Rancheria of California	Gallinoméro
kwa	Dâw	Puinavean	Brazil	Amazonas state: across the river from São Gabriel de Cochoeira, below confluence of Vaupés and Negro rivers	120 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 120 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Dow, “Kamu Maku” (pej.), “Kamán” (pej.), “Kamã” (pej.), “Kamã Makú” (pej.)
pui	Puinave	Puinavean	Colombia	Guainía and Vichada departments: Inírida river and tributaries	2,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 6,600 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 2,550	6b* (Threatened)	Puinabe		None known. Related to Macú (Ruhlen and others).
pui	Puinave	Puinavean	Venezuela	Amazonas state: lower Guaviare and Inírida river basins down to San Fernando de Atabapo region	550 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,310 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Puinare, Wanse, Wãnsöhöt
cbv	Cacua	Puinavean, Cacua	Colombia	Vaupés department: Wacará, 30 km east of Mitú	220 (Crevels 2012). Many monolinguals, especially children. Ethnic population: 220 (Crevels 2012)	5 (Developing)	Báda, Cakua, Kakua, Kákwa, Macu de Cubeo, Macu de Desano, Macu de Guanano, Wacara	Cacua	Vaupés Cacua, Macú-Paraná Cacua. Lexical similarity: 90% similarity with Nukak [mbr] (Crevels 2007).
mbr	Nukak Makú	Puinavean, Cacua	Colombia	Jungle region between Guaviare and Inírida rivers, up to Mapiripan. Near Charco Caimán	390 (Crevels 2012). 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 390 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Guaviare, Macusa, Nukak		None known. Sometimes considered the same language as Kakua [cbv] as they share a large percentage of their lexicon and supposedly are mutually intelligible (Crevels 2007).
jup	Hupdë	Puinavean, Hupda	Brazil	Amazonas state: Rio Auari	1,500 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,740	5* (Developing)	Hup, Hupda, Hupdé, Jupde, Ubdé, “Hupdá Makú” (pej.), “Jupdá Macú” (pej.), “Macú de Tucano” (pej.), “Makú-Hupdá” (pej.)	Hupdah	Hupdë, Tuhup, Nëhup. Ruhlen and others classify it as Puinave, Macro-Tucanoan. Intelligible with Yahup [yab].
jup	Hupdë	Puinavean, Hupda	Colombia	Vaupés department: Papurí and Tiquié river systems	240 in Colombia (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 240 (Crevels 2007)	6a (Vigorous)	Hup, Hupda, Hupdah, Ubdé, “Hupdá Makú” (pej.), “Jupdá Macú” (pej.), “Macú de Tucano” (pej.), “Makú-Hupdá” (pej.)
yab	Yuhup	Puinavean, Hupda	Brazil	Amazonas state: on the Apapóris, Castanha, Cunuri, Igarapé Samaúma, Ira, and Tiquié rivers. 11 villages	620 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 620 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 720	5 (Developing)	Makú-Yahup, Yahup, Yahup Makú, Yuhupdeh, Yëhup, “Maku” (pej.)	Yuhup	None known. Limited intelligibility of Hupdë [jup]. Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Puinave [pui].
mbj	Nadëb	Puinavean, Kaburi	Brazil	Amazonas state: 3 locations on Uneiuxi river: a tributary of Negro river, Japurá and Negro rivers	370 (Crevels 2012). 350 Nadëb, 20 Kuyabi (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 850 (2010 S. Anonby)	5* (Developing)	Anodöb, Guariba, Guariba-Tapuyo, Kabari, Kabori, Makunadöbö, Makú Nadëb, Nadeb Macu, Nadöb, Nadöbö, Xiriwai, Xuriwai	Nadëb	Kuyabi (Kuyawi).
xxr	Koropó	Purian	Brazil	Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states	No known L1 speakers. Survived into the late 19th century	10 (Extinct)	Coropó		None known. Closely related to Puri [prr].
prr	Puri	Purian	Brazil	Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states	No known L1 speakers. Became extinct late in the 19th century	10 (Extinct)	Colorado, Coroado, Paquí, Telikóng
qvp	Quechua, Pacaraos	Quechuan, Central Quechua	Peru	Lima region: Pacaraos village	250 (Adelaar 1992). Ethnic population: 900	7 (Shifting)			None known. Divergent lexically, morphologically, and phonologically from other Quechua. By its archaic features it occupies an important position relative to the reconstruction of Proto-Quechua. Lexical similarity: 94% with Huarí, Cajatambo [qvl], North Junín [qvn], and Carás Quechua. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qub	Quechua, Huallaga	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah	Peru	Huanuco region: Huánuco city; some in Ucayali region	40,000 (1993 SIL). 26,400 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Alto Huallaga, Huallaga Huánuco Quechua, Quechua Huallaguino, Quechua de Huánuco, Quechua de Llacón, Quechua de Matihuaca	Runa shimi	A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qxh	Quechua, Panao	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Marañón	Peru	Huanuco region; northern Pasco region	50,000 (2002 SIL). 10,000 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Pachitea Quechua, Panao Huánuco Quechua	Panao runacuna	None known. Lexical similarity: 98% with Arequipa-La Unión [qxu], 96% with Cajatambo Quechua [qvl]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qva	Quechua, Ambo-Pasco	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Pativilca	Peru	Huanuco region: Ambo province, Huacar, San Francisco de Mosca, and San Rafael districts; Lima region; Pasco region: Pasco province, Chaupimarca, Huachón, Huariaca, Ninacaca, Pallanchacra, San Francisco de Asís de Yarusyacán, Simón Bolívar, Ticlacayán, Tinyahuarca, Vicco, and Yanacancha districts	90,000 (1998 SIL), decreasing. 18,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 90,000	6b (Threatened)	San Rafael-Huariaca Quechua		A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvh	Quechua, Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Pativilca	Peru	Huanuco region; San Martin region: Tocache province	72,400 (2000). 20,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 80,000	5* (Developing)		Runa Simi	Monzón, Huamalíes, Northern Dos de Mayo. Lexical similarity: 96% with Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua [qvm]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvm	Quechua, Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Pativilca	Peru	Huanuco region: Aparicio Pomares, Baños, Cahuac, Chacabamba, Chavinillo, Jacas Chico, Jesús, Jivia, Margos, Rondos, San Francisco de Asis, San Pedro de Chaulán, Obas, Queropalca, San Miguel de Cauri, and Yarumayo districts	83,400 (1993 census). 14,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 114,000 (1993 census)	5* (Developing)	Dos de Mayo Quechua, Ketchwa, Quechua Margos, Quechua de Margos, Quechua de Margos-Cauri-Chavinillo Huanuco	Quechua, Runa Shimi	None known. Lexical similarity: 90% with Panao [qxh], 85% with Corongo Ancash [qwa], Sihuas [qws], Monzón Ancash, North Junín [qvn], Ulcumayo Quechua. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvl	Quechua, Cajatambo North Lima	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay	Peru	Ancash region: Pacllón, La Primavera, and Mangas (south of Llamac, east of Pativilca rivers) districts; Huanuco region; Lima region: Cajatambo, Copa, Huancapón, and northern Manas districts	7,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 2,800 monolinguals	7 (Shifting)			None known. 74% intelligibility of Huamalíes Quechua [qvh]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qur	Quechua, Chaupihuaranga	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay	Peru	Pasco region: Chacayan, Chinche, Goyllarisquizqa, Paucar, San Pedro de Pillao, Tapoc, Villcabamba, and Yanahuanca districts; sparsely populated high country, more densely populated valleys	20,500 (1972 census), decreasing. 8,200 monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Daniel Carrion, Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua		Many related Quechua dialects intersect here: Junín [qvn], Ambo-Pasco [qva], Santa Ana de Tusi [qxt], Cajatambo [qvl], and Huamalies-Dos de Mayo Huanuco [qvh]. Further intelligibility studies may be needed. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qxc	Quechua, Chincha	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay	Peru	Huancavelica region: northwest Castrovirreyna province; Ica region: northeast Chincha province; Lima region: southeast Yauyos province	6,000 (2000 SIL)	7 (Shifting)			A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvw	Quechua, Huaylla Wanca	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay	Peru	Junin region: Concepción and Huancayo provinces; some in Huancavelica and Lima regions	250,000 (2002 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Huanca Huaylla Quechua, Quechua Huanca, Quechua Wanca, Quechua Wanka, Southern Huancayo Quechua, Wanca, Wanka Quechua	Runa Simi, Wanca Nunashimi	Waycha (Central Huancayo, Huaycha), East Waylla, West Waylla. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qxw	Quechua, Jauja Wanca	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay	Peru	Junin region: Jauja province; small area; Lima region	25,000 (1962 census). Ethnic population: 77,700 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Huanca Jauja Quechua, Shausha Wanka Quechua		None known. Considerable phonological differences with North Junín [qvn]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvn	Quechua, North Junín	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay	Peru	Junin region: Carhuamayo, Junín, Ondores, and San Pedro de Cajas districts; Lima and Pasco regions	60,000 (1998). 7,000 monolinguals (1972 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Junín Quechua, Tarma Quechua, Tarma-Junín Quechua		2 dialects in Tarma Province which differ from Junín town variety. Lexical similarity: 97% with Cajatambo [qvl], 96% with Arequipa-La Unión Quechua [qxu]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qxt	Quechua, Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay	Peru	Huanuco and Pasco regions	10,000 (1993 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			Probably dialect of Chaupihuaranga Quechua [qur]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qux	Quechua, Yauyos	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay	Peru	Huancavelica region: northeast Castrovirreyna province; Ica region: north Chincha province; Lima region: Yauyos province	6,500 (2003 SIL)	8a (Moribund)			San Pedro de Huacarpana, Apurí, Madean-Viñac (Madeán), Azángaro-Huangáscar-Chocos (Huangáscar), Cacra-Hongos, Tana-Lincha (Lincha), Tomás-Alis (Alis), Huancaya-Vitis, Laraos. Not 1 language–a cover term for a highly differentiated linguistic area with many 1-village varieties. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qwh	Quechua, Huaylas Ancash	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay	Peru	Ancash region: Caraz, Carhuaz, and Huaraz provinces; Callejón de Huaylas	336,000 (2000). 20,000 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Huaraz Quechua	Quechua	Huaraz, Yungay, Huailas (Huaylas). Not intelligible of Cusco [quz], Ayacucho [quy], Huaylla Wanca Quechua [qvw], Cajamarca [qvc], Chachapoyas Quechua [quk], or San Martín Quechua [qvs] (Parker 1976). A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qxa	Quechua, Chiquián	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay	Peru	Ancash region: Bolognesi province, Chiquián district, western Bolognesi west of Pativilca river and north of Llamac river; east Ocros, Corpanqui valley border. Western Ocros may be included, but the dialect is a bit different	10,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 4,000 monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Ancash Quechua, Chiquián Ancash Quechua		None known. Possibly intelligible of Cajatambo Quechua [qvl]. Some contact of Cajatambo and very little with Huamalíes [qvh]. 73% intelligibility of Huamalíes. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qwa	Quechua, Corongo Ancash	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay, Conchucos	Peru	Ancash region: Corongo province, Aco, Corongo, Cusca, La Pampa, and Yanac districts. Most in Aco and Cusca	4,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 1,700 monolinguals (2000 SIL)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Most closely related to Huaylas [qwh] and Sihuas [qws] Quechua. Some contact with Sihuas, Northern Conchucos [qxn], and Huaylas by road. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qws	Quechua, Sihuas Ancash	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay, Conchucos	Peru	Ancash region: Sihuas province, districts west of Sihuas river; Alfonso Huayllabamba, Sihuas, and west Ragash north of Rupac river, south Quiches, and Ugarte	6,500 (2002 SIL), decreasing. 3,000 monolinguals	7 (Shifting)			None known. Most closely related to Northern Conchucos [qxn] and Corongo Quechua [qwa]. Initial intelligibility testing shows marginal intelligibility of Corongo Quechua [qwa]. Intelligibility of Northern Conchucos [qxn] appears lower. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qxn	Quechua, Northern Conchucos Ancash	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay, Conchucos	Peru	Ancash region: Pomabamba to San Luis; northwest Huánuco department, Huarcrachuco; possibly north Marañon area	250,000 (2002 SIL). 65,000 monolinguals (1994 census)	5 (Developing)	Conchucos Quechua, Northern Conchucos Quechua	Quechua	None known. Related to Southern Conchucos [qxo], Huamalíes [qvh], and Sihuas [qws]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qxo	Quechua, Southern Conchucos	Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay, Conchucos	Peru	Ancash region: Chavín, Llamellín, and San Luis; Huanuco region: Huacaybamba, Huacrachuco, Pinra and San Buenaventura districts; Marañon province: south	250,000 (1994 census), increasing. 80,000 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Conchucos Quechua, Quechua de Conchucos, Quechua del Callejón de Huaylas, Quechua del sur de Conchucos, Quechwa, Runa simi, South Conchucos Quechua, Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua	Quechua	A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
quw	Quichua, Tena Lowland	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Ecuador	Napo province; Orellana province: Loreto canton; Pastaza province: north border. Eastern jungle	20,000 (1999 SIL). Total Quichua in Ecuador: 408,000 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)	Napo Kichwa, Quichua de Tena, Quichua del Oriente, Quijo, Quixo, Yumbo	Runa Shimi	None known. Napo [qvo], Pastaza [qvz] and Tena [quw] Quichua understand each other’s spoken language, but not written texts. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
inb	Inga	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Colombia	Nariño and Putumayo departments; some in Cauca department: Piamonte and Santa Rosa municipalities; 1,000 in Bogotá, some in regional capitals	18,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Dispersed in various regions; adopted commerce as a survival strategy (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 19,100 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 22,000	6b* (Threatened)	Highland Inga		Santiago Inga, San Andrés Inga, Aponte Inga. Partially intelligible with Imbabura Quichua [qvi] of Ecuador. Aponte Inga dialect is most distinct.
inj	Inga, Jungle	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Colombia	Cauca, Nariño. and Putumayo departments: upper Caquetá and Putumayo rivers	11,200 (2007 OCIP)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ingano, Lowland Inga, Mocoa		Yunguillo-Condagua, Guayuyaco. Reportedly most similar to Highland Inga [inb]. Distinct from Napo Quechua [qvo].
quk	Quechua, Chachapoyas	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Peru	Amazonas region: Chachapoyas and Luya provinces	7,000 (2003 SIL). 100 monolinguals (2003). Ethnic population: 7,000	4 (Educational)	Amazonas	Llakwash	Lamud (West Chachapoyas), Grenada-Mendoza (East Chachapoyas), La Jalca (South Chachapoyas), Llakwash Chachapoyas. Reportedly most similar to San Martín Quechua [qvs]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvs	Quechua, San Martín	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Peru	Amazonas region: Roderigo de Menedez province; Loreto region: one enclave; San Martin region: Lamas, Sisa and other districts, and along Ucayali river	15,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 44,000 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Lama, Lamano, Lamista, Lamisto, Motilón, Ucayali	Llakwash Quechua	Several minor dialects. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qup	Quechua, Southern Pastaza	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Peru	Loreto region: Anatico lake, Huasaga, Ñucuray, and Pastaza rivers; Manchari town	1,550 (2000). 310 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Inga	Inka	A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qud	Quichua, Calderón Highland	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Ecuador	Cotopaxi province and Napo provinces; Pichincha province: Calderon, Cayambe and Quito areas	25,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 35,000 (2000). Total Quichua in Ecuador: 408,000 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Calderón Quichua, Cayambe Quichua, Kichwa, Pichincha Quichua, Quichua de la Sierra Cayambe	Kichwa Shimi, Runa Shimi	None known. Distinct from Chimborazo [qug], Imbabura [qvi], and Salasaca [qxl]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qxr	Quichua, Cañar Highland	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Ecuador	Azuay, Cañar, and Chimborazo provinces; Morona-Santiago province: Morona canton	100,000 (1991 UBS). Total Quichua in Ecuador: 408,000 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Kichwa, Quichua de la provincia de Cañar	Kichwa Shimi, Runa Shimi	None known. Lexical differences and a strong sense of linguistic and cultural identity. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qug	Quichua, Chimborazo Highland	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Ecuador	Bolivar, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Los Ríos provinces; Tungurahua province: west of Ambato; central highlands	800,000 (2010 UBS). Total Quichua in Ecuador: 408,000 (Crevels 2012). High percentage of monolinguals	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2008, Constitution, Article 2)	Ecuadorean Quechua, Kichwa, Kichwa de la Sierra, Quichua de Chimborazo, Quichua de la Sierra Chimborazo	Kichwa Shimi, Runa Shimi	A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvi	Quichua, Imbabura Highland	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Ecuador	Esmeraldas province: small enclave of west Quininde canton; Imbabura province: south and west of Ibarra town into northern Pichincha province; Northern highlands	150,000 (Gómez-Rendón 2007). Total Quichua in Ecuador: 408,000 (Crevels 2012). Many monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Imbabura Quichua, Kichwa, Kichwa de la Sierra, Otavalo Quichua, Quichua de la Sierra Imbabura	Kichwa Shimi, Runa Shimi	A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvj	Quichua, Loja Highland	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Ecuador	Azuay province; El Oro province: Portovelo and Zeruma cantons; Loja province: Sarragaro area; Zamora-Chinchipe province: Yacuambi canton, sizable community in Zamora city; southern highlands	30,500 (2000). Total Quichua in Ecuador: 408,000 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Loja Quichua, Saraguro Quichua	Runa Shimi	None known. Reportedly similar to Cañar Highland Quichua [qxr]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvo	Quichua, Napo	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Peru	Loreto region: Napo river area, communities on the Putumayo; Madre de Dios region: small enclave east	10,000 in Peru (2009). Total users in all countries: 24,000	5* (Developing)	Kicho, Kichua, Lowland Napo Quichua, Napo, Napo Kichua, Napo Kichwa, Napo Lowland Quechua, Napo Lowland Quichua, Santa Rosa Quechua, Santarrosino, Yumbo	Napo Kichwa shimi, Runa Shimi	A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvo	Quichua, Napo Lowland	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Colombia	Putumayo river	Undetermined number in Colombia	5* (Developing)	Kichua, Lowland Napo Quechua, Runa Shimi
qvo	Quichua, Napo Lowland	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Ecuador	Orellana and Sucumbíos provinces; eastern jungle along Aguarico, Napo, and Putomayo rivers, concentrated near schools	14,000 in Ecuador (2009), increasing. Total Quichua in Ecuador: 408,000 (Crevels 2012). 800 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Ecuador Quichua, Ingano, Kichua, Lowland Napo Quichua, Napo Kichwa, Napo Kichwa shimi, Napo Quichua, Quichua del Napo, Quichua del Oriente, Runa Shimi		Santa Rosa Quechua.
qvz	Quichua, Northern Pastaza	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Ecuador	Pastaza province: eastern jungle along Bobonaza and Conambo rivers	8,000 in Ecuador (2007), decreasing. Total Quichua in Ecuador: 408,000 (Crevels 2012). 300 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 10,000	6b (Threatened)	Alama, Bobonaza Quichua, Canelos Quichua, Pastaza Quichua, Quichua del Oriente, Sarayacu Quichua	Runa Shimi	Tigre Quechua. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvz	Quichua, Northern Pastaza	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Peru	Loreto region: Alamos, Tigre river	2,000 in Peru	6b* (Threatened)	Alama, Bobonaza, Runa Shimi, Tigre Quechua
qxl	Quichua, Salasaca Highland	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay	Ecuador	Chimborazo and Pastaza provinces: small border areas; Tungurahua province: Salasaca area, 17 towns south and east of Ambato; dialects in Cotopaxi and throughout Tungurahua provinces	14,300 (2000). Total Quichua in Ecuador: 408,000 (Crevels 2012). 3,580 monolinguals. Children 0–5 and older adults	6a (Vigorous)	Kichwa, Salasaca Quichua, Tungurahua Highland Quichua, Tungurahua Quichua	Runa Shimibi, Salasaca Shimibi	A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qul	Quechua, North Bolivian	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay	Bolivia	La Paz department: Franz Tamayo province, Apolo region	116,000 in Bolivia (1978 census), increasing. 18,500 monolinguals	2 (Provincial). Recognized language (2009, Constitution, Article 5(1))	North La Paz Quechua	Quechua	Apolo, Charazani, Chuma. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
quh	Quechua, South Bolivian	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay	Argentina	Buenos Aires, Jujuy, and Salta provinces	5,120 in Argentina (2004 census). Ethnic population: 70,500 (2004 INDEC)	8a (Moribund)	Central Bolivian Quechua		Northwest Jujuy (Colla).
quh	Quechua, South Bolivian	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay	Bolivia	Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Oruro departments; La Paz department: except Franz Tamayo, Apolo area; mainly Potosí department; Tarija department	1,610,000 in Bolivia (2014 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 1,616,120	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2009, Constitution, Article 5(1))	Central Bolivian Quechua, Cochabamba Quechua, Quechua, Quechua Boliviano	Runasimi	Sucre, Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí, Chuquisaca, Northwest Jujuy. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
quh	Quechua, South Bolivian	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay	Chile	Antofagasta region	1,000 in Chile (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 6,180 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)
qus	Quichua, Santiago del Estero	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay	Argentina	Chaco province; Santiago del Estero province: Figueroa, Moreno, Robles, Sarmiento, Brigadier J. F. Ibarra, San Martín, Silipica, Loreto, Atamisqui, Avellaneda, Salavina, Quebrachos, Mitre, and Aguirre departments; perhaps Buenos Aires and Salta provinces	60,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Santiagueño Quichua	Quichua	None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Bolivian or other Quechua. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qve	Quechua, Eastern Apurímac	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua	Peru	Apurimac region: Abancay, Andahuaylas, Antabamba Ayamaraes, Cotabambas, and Grau provinces; Arequipa region: La Unión province; Ayacucho and Cusco regions	200,000 (2002 SIL). 80,000 monolinguals. 30% in towns, 60%–70% in remote areas, especially at high altitudes. Ethnic population: 200,000	4 (Educational)	Apurímac Quechua, Quechua del Este de Apurímac	Runa Simi	Abancay, Antabamba, Cotabambas. Arequipa-La Unión Quechua [qxu] reportedly very similar to the Antabamba dialect. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qxp	Quechua, Puno	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua	Peru	Arequipa and Cusco regions: small areas; Moquegua region: highland area; Puno region	500,000. 100,000 monolinguals (2002)	4 (Educational)	Quechua Collao, Quechua Qollaw	Runa Simi	North Bolivian Quechua, Cailloma Quechua. Mutually intelligible of Cusco Quechua [quz] and North Bolivian Quechua [qul], possibly sufficient to understand complex and abstract discourse. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qxu	Quechua, Arequipa-La Unión	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua	Peru	Arequipa region: La Unión province, Cotahuasi district, Apurímac department, Antabamba province; Ayacucho and Cusco regions	18,600 (2000). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 32,000	5 (Developing)	Arequipa Quechua, Cotahuasi Quechua, Quechua de Arequipa, Quechua de La Unión	Runasimi	Cotahuasi, Northern Arequipa, Highland Arequipa, Antabamba (Apurímac). Reportedly more similar linguistically to Cusco than to Ayacucho. Very similar to Eastern Apurímac [qve]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
quy	Quechua, Ayacucho	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua	Peru	Ayacucho and Huancavelica regions; Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Ica, Junin, and Lima regions	900,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 300,000 monolinguals	3 (Wider communication)	Chanka	Runasimi	Andahuaylas, Huancavelica. Lexical similarity: 96% with Surcubamba, Puquio, and Cusco [quz]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
quz	Quechua, Cusco	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua	Peru	Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua, Madre de Dios, and Puno regions	1,500,000 (1989 UBS). Total Quechua in Peru 3,500,000–4,400,000 including Quechua I 750,000, Quechua II 2,680,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). 300,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500,000	3 (Wider communication)	Cuzco, Cuzco Quechua, Qheswa, Quechua Cusco, Quechua Qosqo-Qollaw, Quechua de Cusco-Collao, Runasimi Qusqu Qullaw	Qheswasimi, Runasimi	Caylloma Quechua, Eastern Apurímac Quechua, Puno Quechua. Some dialect differences, but not as distinct as elsewhere. Substantial phonological and morphological differences with Ayacucho Quechua. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
qvc	Quechua, Cajamarca	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Yungay, Northern	Peru	Cajamarca region: Chetilla and Los Baños districts; western dialect: Chetilla district, eastern dialect: Porcón and Cajamarca valley areas; La Libertad region: small area on west bank of Rio Marañon	30,000 (2000 D. Coombs)	6b (Threatened)	Kichwa Lingwa, Lingwa	Kichwa	Western Cajamarca, Eastern Cajamarca. Relatively minor dialect differences. Lexical similarity: 94% with Lambayeque [quf] (most similar), 92% with Pacaraos [qvp]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
quf	Quechua, Lambayeque	Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Yungay, Northern	Peru	Lambayeque region: Inkawasi, Kañaris, and Miracosta districts; Penachí and Santa Lucía communities; Cajamarca and Piura	20,000 (1998 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Ferreñafe, Inkawasi-Kañaris Runashimi, Quechua Inkawasi-Kañaris, Quechua de Lambayeque, Quechua of Incahuasi-Cañaris, Runa Shimi	Linwaras	Incahuasi, Cañaris. Lexical similarity: 94% with Cajamarca Quechua [qvc]. A member of macrolanguage Quechua [que].
nez	Nez Perce	Sahaptian	United States	Idaho: Kamiah and Lapwai on Nez Perce Reservation; Washington: east on Colville Reservation (Upriver dialect). Oregon: Umatilla Reservation (Downriver dialect)	100 (1997 H. Aoki), decreasing. Spoken fluently only by a handful of elders on Nez Perce and Colville Reservations. 30–40 semispeakers, mostly in Idaho (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 610 (2000 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Nez Perce Tribe	Niimíipu, Nuumiipuutimt	Niimi’ipuutímt	Downriver Nez Perce, Upriver Nez Perce.
uma	Umatilla	Sahaptian, Sahaptin	United States	Oregon: Umatilla Reservation, northeast	25 (Golla 2007). 25–50 Umatilla and Walla Walla [waa] speakers together. Ethnic population: 120 (1977 SIL)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon	Columbia River Sahaptin, Ichishkíin
waa	Walla Walla	Sahaptian, Sahaptin	United States	Oregon: Umatilla Reservation	25 (Golla 2007). 25–50 Walla Walla and Umatilla [uma] speakers together (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 700 (1977 SIL)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation	Ichishkíin, Northeast Sahaptin
tqn	Tenino	Sahaptian, Sahaptin	United States	Oregon: Warm Springs Reservation	50 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon	Celilo, Columbia River Sahaptin, Umatilla-Tenino, Warm Springs
yak	Yakama	Sahaptian, Sahaptin	United States	Washington: Toppenish, on Yakima Reservation, south central	25 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,000 (1977 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation, Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation	Ichishkíin, Waptailmim, Yakima		Klikitat.
blc	Bella Coola	Salish	Canada	British Columbia province: Burke channel head, North Bentinck arm, Bella Coola river mouth	17 (FPCC 2014). 510 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,660 (FPCC 2014)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nuxalk	Nuxalk
til	Tillamook	Salish	United States	Oregon: northwest	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Minnie Scovell, died in 1972 (2009 Tillamook Headlight Herald)	10 (Extinct). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon, Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation
clm	Clallam	Salish, Central Salish	United States	Washington: Port Angeles and northeast Olympic Peninsula	6, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Hazel Sampson, died in 2014 (2014 J. Kaminsky). L2 users: 6. Ethnic population: 3,000 (2014 J. Kaminsky)	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe, Lower Elwha Tribal Community, Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe, Skokomish Indian Tribe	Klallam, Na’klallam, S’klallam		Reportedly similar to the Saanich dialect of Straits Salish [str].
coo	Comox	Salish, Central Salish	Canada	British Columbia, Vancouver Island, and coast north of Powell river	36 (FPCC 2014). 710 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,900 (FPCC 2014)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Homalco, K’ómoks, Klahoose, Tla’amin	Comox-Sliammon		Island Comox (Salhulhtxw), Mainland Comox (Homalco, Klahoose, Sliammon, Éy7á7juuthem). All use the mainland dialect. Island Comox dialect has no remaining L1 speakers (Mithun 1999).
hur	Halkomelem	Salish, Central Salish	Canada	British Columbia province: small communities along lower Fraser river, on the east coast of Vancouver Island	260 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 990 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 19,000 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 285	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aitchelitz, Beecher Bay, Chawathil, Cheam, Cowichan, Halalt, Katzie, Kwantlen, Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt, Lake Cowichan, Leq’ a: mel, Lyackson, Malahat, Matsqui, Musqueam, Nanoose, New Westminster, Penelakut Tribe, Peters, Popkum, Qualicum, Seabird Island, Shxw’ow’hamel, Shxwhá:y Village, Skawahlook, Skowkale, Skwah, Snuneymuxw, Soowahlie, Sq’éwlets, Squiala, Sts’ailes, Stz’uminus, Sumas, Tsawwassen, Tsleil-Waututh, Tzeachten, Union Bar, Yakweakwioose, Yale	Holkomelem		Downriver Halkomelem (Hun’qumi’num’), Upriver Halkomelem (Halq’eméylem), Island Halkomelem (Hul’q’umín’um’).
hur	Halkomelem	Salish, Central Salish	United States	Washington state	25 in United States (1997 B. Galloway), decreasing. Ethnic population: 5,270 (1997 B. Galloway)	8a (Moribund)	Halq’eméylem, Holkomelem, Hul’q’umi’num’		Chiliwack, Cowichan, Musqueam, Nanaimo.
nok	Nooksack	Salish, Central Salish	United States	Washington: northwest	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Sindick Jimmy, died in 1977 (Mithun 1999). Ethnic population: 1,600 (1997 B. Galloway)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington	Lhéchelesem, Nootsack
str	Salish, Straits	Salish, Central Salish	Canada	British Columbia province: Vancouver Island	107 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 7 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 100 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 100. Ethnic population: 3,060 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 112 (as L1: 12; as L2: 100)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Esquimalt, Pauquachin, Semiahmoo, Songhees, T’Sou-ke, Tsartlip, Tsawout, Tseycum	Malchosen, Northern Straits Salish, Sooke, Straits, T’Sou-ke		Saanich (Senčoten), Semiahmoo, Songish (Lekwungen, Lkwungen).
str	Salish, Straits	Salish, Central Salish	United States	Washington: San Juan Islands (Samish dialect), mainland south of San Juan Islands (Lummi dialect)	5 in United States (Golla 2007). 5 speakers but mixed with other dialects and do not form a distinct speech community. No L1 speakers of Lummi (Golla 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Lummi Tribe of the Lummi Reservation, Samish Indian Nation, Swinomish Indian Tribal Community, Tulalip Tribes of Washington	Lkwungen, Malchosen, Northern Straits Salish, Senčoten, Straits		Lummi, Samish, Ts’ooke (T’Sou-ke), Songish, Semiahmoo. Semiahmoo, Ts’ooke, and Songish dialects are extinct.
sec	Sechelt	Salish, Central Salish	Canada	British Columbia province: coast north of Vancouver	4 (FPCC 2014). 34 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 1,200 (FPCC 2014)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Sechelt	She Shashishalhem
squ	Squamish	Salish, Central Salish	Canada	British Columbia province: north of Vancouver	7 (FPCC 2014). 34 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (2000). Ethnic population: 4,080 (FPCC 2014)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Squamish	Skwxwu’mesh snichim
twa	Twana	Salish, Central Salish	United States	Washington: Puget Sound area	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker died in 1980 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 350 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Skokomish Indian Tribe	Skokomish, Ti’tuwaduqut’sid, Tuwa’duqx		Skokomish, Quilcene.
lut	Lushootseed	Salish, Central Salish, Lushootseed	United States	Washington: Puget Sound area	No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. The last native speaker, Vi Hilbert, died in 2008 (2008 C. Willmsen). Ethnic population: 18,000 (Golla 2007)	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, Puyallup Tribe of the Puyallup Reservation, Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington, Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians of Washington, Swinomish Indian Tribal Community, Tulalip Tribes of Washington, Upper Skagit Indian Tribe of Washington	Northern Lushootseed, Northern Puget Sound Salish		Sauk-Suiattle.
ska	Skagit	Salish, Central Salish, Lushootseed	United States	Washington: Puget Sound east side	No known L1 speakers (2017 D. Miller). Survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 350 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant)	Swinomish, Tulalip
sno	Snohomish	Salish, Central Salish, Lushootseed	United States	Washington: northwest, Tulalip Reservation	No known L1 speakers (2017 D. Miller). Survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 800 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant)			Northern Lushootseed (Northern Puget Sound Salish).
slh	Southern Lushootseed	Salish, Central Salish, Lushootseed	United States	Washington: Auburn, Muckleshoot Reservation	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Ellen Williams, died in 2016. Ethnic population: 210 (2010 census)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Nisqually Indian Tribe, Snoqualmie Indian Tribe, Squaxin Island Tribe of the Squaxin Island Reservation, Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation, Tulalip Tribes of Washington	Southern Puget Sound Salish		Duwamish, Muckleshoot, Nisqually, Puyallup, Snoqualmie, Suquh, Southern Lushootseed, Sahewamish, Suquamish, Skykomish.
lil	Lillooet	Salish, Interior	Canada	British Columbia province: Lillooet and middle Fraser river area	140 (FPCC 2014). 690 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 6,670 (FPCC 2014)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bridge River, Cayoose Creek, Douglas, Lil’wat, N’Quatqua, Samahquam, Skatin, T’it’q’et, Ts’kw’aylaxw, Tsal’alh, Xaxli’p	Slatlemuk, St’at’imcets, Statimc, Stl’atl’imc, Stl’atl’imx, Stlatliumh		Upper Lillooet (Fountain), Lower Lillooet (Mount Currie). The bands associated with the 2 dialects are culturally and politically distinct.
shs	Shuswap	Salish, Interior	Canada	British Columbia province	200 (FPCC 2014), increasing. 1,190 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 9,860 (FPCC 2014)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Adams Lake, Bonaparte, Canim Lake, Chiniki, Esk’etemc, High Bar, Little Shuswap Lake, Neskonlith, Shuswap, Simpcw, Skeetchestn, Soda Creek, Splatsin, Stoney, Stswecem’c Xgat’tem, Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc, Ts’kw’aylaxw, Whispering Pines/Clinton, Williams Lake	Secwepemc, Secwepemctsín		Eastern Shuswap, Western Shuswap.
thp	Thompson	Salish, Interior, Northern	Canada	British Columbia province: Fraser River north of Yale, lower Thompson River and tributaries	130 (FPCC 2014). 340 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 6,140 (FPCC 2014)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ashcroft, Boothroyd, Boston Bar, Coldwater, Cook’s Ferry, Kanaka Bar, Lower Nicola, Lytton, Nicomen, Nooaitch, Oregon Jack Creek, Seabird Island, Shackan, Siska, Skuppah, Spuzzum, Yale	Nklapmx, Nle’kepmxcín, Ntlakapamux, Ntlakapmuk, Thompson Salish
crd	Coeur d’Alene	Salish, Interior, Southern	United States	Idaho: Coeur d’Alene Reservation	1 (Kramer 2016). Ethnic population: 80 (2000 census)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Coeur D’Alene Tribe	Schitsu’umsh, Skitswish, Snchitsu’umshtsn
col	Columbia-Wenatchi	Salish, Interior, Southern	United States	Washington: Colville Reservation in north-central Washington	17 (2010 census). 25 Columbia speakers (Golla 2007). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 230 (2000 census)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation	Chelan, Columbian, Moses-Columbia, Moses-Columbia Salish, Nxa’amxcin, Wenatchee, Wenatchi, Wenatchi-Columbia		Columbia (Columbian, Sinkiuse), Wenatchi (Chelan, Entiat, Wenatchee).
oka	Okanagan	Salish, Interior, Southern	Canada	British Columbia province: 7 reserves: Douglas Lake, Hedley, Keremeos, Oliver, Penticton, Vernon, Westbank; east of Fraser Valley and west of Kootenai	190 in Canada (FPCC 2014), increasing. Except for 12 fluent speakers on Westbank Reserve, the other reserves each have at least 50 speakers of varying fluency, Vernon Reserve perhaps 100 (Golla 2007). 170 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 5,180 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 420	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Lower Similkameen, Okanagan, Osoyoos, Penticton, Upper Nicola, Upper Similkameen, Westbank	Colville-Okanagan, Nselxcin, Okanagan-Colville, Okanagon, Okanogan, Syilx	Nsyilxcən	Sanpoil, Southern Okanogan.
oka	Okanagan	Salish, Interior, Southern	United States	Washington: Colville Reservation	230 in United States (2015 census)	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation	Nselxcin, Nsyilxcen, Okanagan-Colville, Okanagon, Okanogan, Syilx		Southern Okanogan, Sanpoil, Colville, Lake.
fla	Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille	Salish, Interior, Southern, Kalispel	United States	Montana: Flathead Reservation; Washington: Kalispel Reservation	64 (2005 T. Pete), decreasing. 58 in Salish and Pend d’Oreille; 4 in Kalispel (2000 census). Ethnic population: 6,800 (1997)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation, Kalispel Indian Community of the Kalispel Reservation	Nqlispélišcn, Salish, “Flathead-Kalispel” (pej.), “Kalispel-Flathead” (pej.)		Pend d’Oreille, Kalispel, Bitterroot Salish, Flathead.
spo	Spokane	Salish, Interior, Southern, Kalispel	United States	Washington: northeast	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 2000s. Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation	Spokan		None known. Reportedly similar to Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille [fla].
cjh	Chehalis, Upper	Salish, Tsamosan, Inland	United States	Washington: south of Puget Sound	No known L1 speakers (Golla 2007). The last speaker, Lillian Young, died in 2001 (2002 B. Mittge). Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, Cowlitz Indian Tribe	Chehalis, Kwaiailk, Q̉ʷay̓áyiłq̉		Satsop, Oakville, Tenino. Separate from Lower Chehalis [cea]. Different from Halkomelem [hur] on Chehalis river, British Columbia.
cow	Cowlitz	Salish, Tsamosan, Inland	United States	Washington: southwest	No known L1 speakers (2002 M. Kinkade). The last speakers survived into the 1960s. Ethnic population: 200 (1990 M. Kinkade)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, Cowlitz Indian Tribe, Quinault Indian Nation	Lower Cowlitz
cea	Chehalis, Lower	Salish, Tsamosan, Maritime	United States	Washington: southwest coast	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers may have survived into the 1990s (1990 M. Kinkade)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, Quinault Indian Nation, Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation
qun	Quinault	Salish, Tsamosan, Maritime	United States	Washington: Quinault Reservation, centered in Taholah Community on Olympic Peninsula west coast	6, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. The last speaker, Oliver Mason, died in 1996 (1996 C. Beers). L2 users: 6 (2016 C. Terry-otewaste). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2016 C. Terry-itewaste)	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: Hoh Indian Tribe, Quinault Indian Nation			Lower Chehalis.
slc	Sáliba	Sálivan	Colombia	Arauca, Casanare, Meta, and Vichadad departments: upstream from confluence of Meta and Casanare rivers	1,300 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 1,930 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,336	8a (Moribund)	Sáliva
slc	Sáliba	Sálivan	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Cedoño municipality	36 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 270 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Sáliva
wpc	Maco	Sálivan, Piaroa-Maco	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Mariche, Marueta, Morocoto, Porvenir, Tavi-Tavi, and Wapuchi villages; Marueta, Paru, Wapuchi, and Yureba rivers, Ventuari river tributaries	1,100 (2011). Ethnic population: 1,130 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Itoto, Jojod, Maco-Piaroa, Mako, Maku, Sáliba-Maco, Wirö, Wirú, Wotuja
pid	Piaroa	Sálivan, Piaroa-Maco	Colombia	Vichada department: Santa Rita municipality, between Vichada and Guaviare rivers	770 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 770 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)	Adole, Ature, De’aruwã thiwene, Guagua, Kuakua, Maco, Quaqua Dearuwa, Wo’tiheh, Wöthüha
pid	Piaroa	Sálivan, Piaroa-Maco	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Orinoco river south bank, inland from Paguasa river to Manapiare; into southwestern Bolívar state	13,000 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 14,500 (2001 census). 2,200 urban; 12,300 rural (2001 census). Total users in all countries: 13,770	6b* (Threatened). Statutory language of provincial identity in Amazonas and Bolivar states (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Amorua, Dearwa, Deruwa, Deá’ru’wa, Piaroa-Mako, Uhothha, Uwotjüja, Wo’tiheh, Wotjüja, Wu’tjuja, Wöthüha	De’aruwã thiwene
chc	Catawba	Siouan-Catawban, Catawban	United States	South Carolina: Rock Hill area	No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. The last speaker, Samuel Taylor Blue, died in 1959. Ethnic population: 500 (1977 SIL)	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: Catawba Indian Nation (Catawba Tribe of South Carolina)
mhq	Mandan	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan	United States	North Dakota: Fort Berthold Reservation	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Edwin Benson, died in 2016 (2016 Language Magazine). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 130 (2000 census)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation
win	Ho-Chunk	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Chiwere-Winnebago	United States	Iowa: south of Sioux City, east bank, Missouri river; Nebraska: Winnebago Reservation; Wisconsin: central, scattered	250 (Golla 2007). 230 reported in 1997 (1997 V. Zeps). Ethnic population: 1,650 (2000 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska	Hocak Wazijaci, Hocank, Hochank, Hochunk, Hocák, Winnebago		Wisconsin, Nebraska.
iow	Iowa-Oto	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Chiwere-Winnebago	United States	Oklahoma: central	No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker, Otoe Truman Dailey, of Iowa and Chiwere died in 1996 (Mithun 1999). Ethnic population: 1,150 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska, Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians	Iowa-Oto-Missouria		Iowa (Bah Kho Je, Baxoje, Báxoje ich’é, Ioway), Chiwere (Jiwele, Jiwere, Jíwere ich’é, Oto, Otoe), Missouria (Missouri, Niutaji, Nyut’chi, Ñút’achi).
asb	Assiniboine	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota	Canada	Saskatchewan province: part of Carry-the-Kettle, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear’s Head, and Whitebear	150 in Canada (Golla 2007). This is the total of L1 speakers for Canada and the United States. Ethnic population: 3,500 in Canada and the United States (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carry The Kettle, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear’s Head-Lean Man, Ocean Man, Pheasant Rump Nakota	Assiniboin, Nakhoda, Nakhona, Nakhota, Nakhóda, Nakhóna, Nakhóta, Nakoda, Nakon, Nakona, Nakota		None known. Reportedly very similar to the Assiniboine of Montana. Lexical similarity: 94% with Dakota [dak] of Manitoba, 90% with Dakota [dak] of North Dakota, 89% with Lakota [lkt] and Stoney.
sto	Stoney	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota	Canada	Alberta province: Alexis, Bighorn, Eden Valley, Morley, and Paul reserves west and northwest of Calgary and west of Edmonton	3,030 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,200 (Golla 2007)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alexis Nakota Sioux, Bearspaw, Chiniki, Paul, Stoney, Wesley, White Bear	Dakota, Nakoda, Stony	Ĩyãħé Nakoda	Southern Stoney, Northern Stoney. Dialects nearly 100% mutually intelligible. Northern dialect is spoken at Duffield (Paul Band) and Lac St. Anne (Alexis Band). Lexical similarity: 89% with Assiniboine [asb], 86% with Dakota [dak] of Manitoba, 85% with Dakota [dak] of North Dakota, 83% with Lakota [lkt].
asb	Assiniboine	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota	United States	Montana: Fort Belknap and Fort Peck reservations	150 L1 speakers in both countries. Ethnic population: 3,500 in the United States and Canada (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana	Assiniboin, Hohe, Nakhoda, Nakhona, Nakhota, Nakhóda, Nakhóna, Nakhóta, Nakoda, Nakon, Nakona, Nakota
dak	Dakota	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota	Canada	Manitoba: south; Saskatchewan: Oak River and Oak Lake, Long Plain west of Winnipeg, Standing Buffalo, Birdtail, Stony Wahpeton, and Moose Woods. May be at Wood Mountain Reserve	190 in Canada (2016 W. Meya), decreasing. 2,300 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 175,000, of which 5,000 reside in Canada (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Includes all ethnic Sioux	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Birdtail Sioux, Canupawakpa Dakota, Dakota Plains, Dakota Tipi, Sioux Valley Dakota, Standing Buffalo, Wahpeton Dakota, White Bear, Whitecap Dakota	Sioux		Dakota (Santee), Nakota (Yankton).
dak	Dakota	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota	United States	Minnesota: Upper Sioux, Lower Sioux, Prior Lake, Prairie Island, Minneapolis; Montana: Fort Peck reservation; Nebraska: Santee; North Dakota: Devils Lake, northern Standing Rock reservation, Sisseton-Lakota Traverse reservation; South Dakota: Crow Creek, Sisseton-Lakota Traverse and Yankton reservations, Flandreau	100 in United States (2016 W. Meya), decreasing. Ethnic population: 170,000 (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Includes all ethnic Sioux. Total users in all countries: 290	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Crow Creek Sioux Tribe of the Crow Creek Reservation, Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota, Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota, Mdewakanton Sioux Indians, Prairie Island Indian Community in the State of Minnesota, Santee Sioux Nation, Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community of Minnesota, Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation, Spirit Lake Tribe, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (North Dakota and South Dakota), Upper Sioux Community, Yankton Sioux Tribe of South Dakota	Sioux		Dakota (Dakhota, Santee, Santee-Sisseton), Nakota (Nakoda, Yankton, Yankton-Yanktonais). Lexical similarity: 83%–86% with Stoney [sto], 89%–94% with Assiniboine [asb], 90%–95% with dialects.
lkt	Lakota	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota	Canada	Saskatchewan province: Wood Mountain Reserve	100 in Canada (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Includes all ethnic Sioux	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Wood Mountain	Lakȟótiyapi, Lakhota, Teton
lkt	Lakota	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota	United States	Montana; Nebraska: northwest corner; North Dakota: Bismark, Standing Rock reservation; South Dakota: Cheyenne River, Lower Brule reservation, Pine Ridge, Rapid City, Rosebud. Urban centers including Denver, Minneapolis, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Seattle	2,100 in United States, all users. L1 users: 2,000 in United States (1997 W. Meya), decreasing. 2,300 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 175,000. L2 users: 100 (2016 W. Meya). Ethnic population: 170,000 (2016 W. Meya). Includes all ethnic Sioux. Total users in all countries: 2,200 (as L1: 2,100; as L2: 100)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe of the Cheyenne River Reservation, Lower Brule Sioux Tribe of the Lower Brule Reservation, Oglala Sioux Tribe, Rosebud Sioux Tribe of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (North Dakota and South Dakota)	Lakhota, Lakotiyapi, Teton, Teton Sioux		Brulé.
ksk	Kansa	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dhegihan	United States	Oklahoma: north central	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Walter Kekahbah, died in 1983 (2005 D. Ranney). Ethnic population: 1,700 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Kaw Nation	Kanze, Kaw, Konze		None known. Reportedly similar to Omaha [oma], Osage [osa], Ponca [oma], and Quapaw [qua].
oma	Omaha-Ponca	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dhegihan	United States	Nebraska: Macy and Walthill (Omaha dialect); Iowa: south of Sioux City, east bank, Missouri river; Oklahoma: Red Rock area (Ponca dialect)	85 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 525 (2000 census). 365 Omaha and 160 Ponca (2000 census)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Omaha Tribe of Nebraska, Ponca Tribe of Nebraska, Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma	Cegiha, Dhegiha, Mahairi, Ponka, Ppankka, Umanhan		Omaha, Ponca. Ponca and Omaha are completely mutually intelligible, Reportedly similar to Osage [osa], Quapaw [qua], and Kansa [ksk].
osa	Osage	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dhegihan	United States	Oklahoma: north central	No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. The last L1 speaker, Lucille Roubedeaux, died in 2005. Ethnic population: 11,000 (Golla 2007)	9 (Reawakening). Language of registered tribe: The Osage Nation	Wazhazhe, Wazhazhe ie		None known. Reportedly similar to Omaha [oma], Ponca [oma], Quapaw [qua], and Kansa [ksk].
qua	Quapaw	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dhegihan	United States	Oklahoma: northeast corner	1 (2015 Joplin Globe). Ethnic population: 160 (2000 census)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Quapaw Tribe of Indians	Alkansea, Arkansas, Capa, Ogaxpa		None known. Reportedly similar to Kansa [ksk], Omaha [oma], Osage [osa], and Ponca [oma]; all called Dhegiha.
cro	Crow	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Missouri River Siouan	United States	Montana: south	4,160 (2015 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,500 (Golla 2007)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Crow Tribe of Montana	Absaroke, Absarokee, Apsaroke	Apsáalooke	None known. Reportedly similar to Hidatsa [hid].
hid	Hidatsa	Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Missouri River Siouan	United States	North Dakota: Fort Berthold Reservation	200 (Golla 2007). 25–50 semifluent speakers. 6 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600 (2000 census)	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation	Hinatsa, Hiraca, Minitari		None known. Reportedly similar to Crow [cro].
cav	Cavineña	Tacanan	Bolivia	El Beni department: Baqueti, Bolívar, California, Candelaria, El Choro, Francia, Galilea, Misión Cavinas, Natividad, Pando, Paraíso, Peña Guarayo, San José, San Juan, San Miguel, Santa Catalina; southeast of Riberalta along Beni river	600 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,680 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Kavinenya
ese	Ese Eja	Tacanan, Chama	Peru	Madre de Dios region: Maldonado area on Heath and Tambopata rivers	590 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 590 (2007 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Ese Ejja, Ese Exa, Ese’ejja, Guarayo, Huarayo, Tambopata-Guarayo, Tiatinagua, “Chama” (pej.)
ese	Ese Ejja	Tacanan, Chama	Bolivia	El Beni, La Paz, and Pando departments; Portachuelo Alto, Portachuelo Bajo, Portachuelo Medio; into foothills on Beni and Madre de Dios rivers	520 in Bolivia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 730 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,110	5 (Developing)	Ese Eja, Ese Exa, Ese’eha, Eseejja, Essejja, Huarayo, Tiatinagua, “Chama” (pej.)	Ese’ejja	Each clan has slight dialect differences; all seem inherently intelligible. Most divergent Tacanan language. Tambopata dialect in Peru somewhat different from the Bolivian dialect.
tno	Toromono	Tacanan, Chama	Bolivia	La Paz department: Abel Iturralde province; between Madidi and Heath river	No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct early in the 20th century. Ethnic population: 200 (Adelaar 2004)	9 (Dormant)	Toromona
aro	Araona	Tacanan, Tacana	Bolivia	La Paz department: Manupari river headwaters; Puerto Araona	110 (2006 PIB). Ethnic population: 160 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Cavina
rey	Reyesano	Tacanan, Tacana	Bolivia	El Beni department: José Ballivián province, San Borja area	12 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 4,920 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Maropa, San Borjano
tna	Tacana	Tacanan, Tacana	Bolivia	La Paz department: Iturralde province, Tumupasa and Ixiamas cantons; Capaina, Napashe, San Buenaventura, Tahua; along Orton, Beni, and Madre de Dios rivers	1,150 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 7,350 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Takana
kyl	Kalapuya	Takelman	United States	Oregon: northwest	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker (Santiam dialect) died in the 1950s (Golla 2007)	10 (Extinct). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation	Kalapuyan, Luckiamute, Lukamiute, Santiam, Wapatu, Yoncalla		Santiam.
tsz	Purepecha	Tarascan	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo state: Lake Pátzcuaro area, Cuanajo southeast edge, San Francisco Pichataro west edge, and Zipiajo north edge	40,000 in Mexico (2005 census). Total users in all countries: 55,000	5 (Developing)	Eastern Lake Purepecha, P’orhe, P’orhépecha, Phorhépecha, Porhé, Purépecha de la Zona Lacustre, “Tarascan” (pej.), “Tarasco” (pej.), “Tarasko” (pej.)	P’urhe, P’urhépecha	Cuanajo, Ihuatzio, Isla Janitzio, San Jeronimo, Puacuaro, Cienega de Zacapu. All Purépecha varieties have functional intelligibility of other Purépecha varieties; Eastern varieties have 60%–80% intelligibility of the Western. A standard variety is emerging through radio and literature.
tsz	Purepecha	Tarascan	United States	Alabama; California; Illinois; Missouri; North Carolina	15,000 in United States (2005 census)	6b* (Threatened)	P’orhepecha, P’urhepecha
pua	Purepecha, Western Highland	Tarascan	Mexico	Jalisco state: Jilotlan de los Dolores municipality, small border area; Michoacán de Ocampo state: Comachuén east, Cañada de los Once Pueblos north, Nuevo Parangaricutiro south; Tarecuato west	135,000 in Mexico (2005 census). 120,000 in Michoacán, 15,000 elsewhere in Mexico (2005 census). Total users in all countries: 180,000	5* (Developing)	P’orhe, P’orhépecha, Purépecha, Purépecha de la Meseta, Purépecha de las Sierras, Purépecha del Oeste de Sierra Occidental, “Tarascan” (pej.), “Tarasco” (pej.)	P’urhe, P’urhépecha	Cañada de los Once Pueblos, Cantera, Pamatacuaro, Angahuán, Nurío, Arantepacua, Cheran. All Purépecha varieties have functional intelligibility of other Purépecha varieties: the Western varieties have 60%–80% intelligibility of the Eastern. A standard variety is emerging through radio and literature.
chd	Chontal, Highland Oaxaca	Tequistlatecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: San José Chiltepec, San Lucas Ixcatepec, and 15 towns west of Tehuantepec isthmus	2,200 (2000 INALI)	8a (Moribund)	Chontal de Oaxaca Alto, Chontal de la Sierra de Oaxaca, Highland Chontal, Tequistlatec, Tsame	Tsome	Chontal de Oaxaca alto, Chontal de Oaxaca bajo.
clo	Chontal, Lowland Oaxaca	Tequistlatecan	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Tehuantepec district, San Pedro Huamelula and Santiago Astata	1,280 (2000 INALI). Chontal de Oaxaca bajo: 220; Chontal de Oaxaca de la costa: 1,060 (2000 INALI). No monolinguals	8b (Nearly extinct)	Chontal de Oaxaca de la costa, Chontal de la Costa de Oaxaca, Huamelula Chontal, Huamelulteco	Lajltyaygi
tit	Tinigua	Tiniguan	Colombia	Meta department: Sierra de la Macarena	1 (2013 J. P. Tobal)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Tiniguas
tee	Tepehua, Huehuetla	Totonacan, Tepehua	Mexico	Hidalgo state: Huehuetla; Puebla state: half of Mecapalapa town; Veracruz state: northwest	3,000 (1982 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Tepehua de Hidalgo, Tepehua de Huehuetla		None known. 70% intelligibility of Pisa Flores [tpp] (most similar).
tpp	Tepehua, Pisaflores	Totonacan, Tepehua	Mexico	Veracruz state: Ixhuatlán de Madero, Pisaflores, 1 other town	4,000 (1990 census)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. 59% intelligibility of Huehuetla [tee] (repmost similar), 40% or less of Tlachichilco [tpt].
tpt	Tepehua, Tlachichilco	Totonacan, Tepehua	Mexico	Veracruz state: Tlachichilco, west of La Jabonera	3,000 (1990 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. 37% intelligibility of Pisa Flores [tpp] (most similar).
toc	Totonac, Coyutla	Totonacan, Totonac	Mexico	Puebla state: foot of mountains north of Sierra Totonaca and Olintla river; Veracruz state: border areas noth and south	48,100 (2000). All Totonac languages: 202,000 (2000 INALI)	5* (Developing)	Totonaco, Totonaco de Coyutla	Tutunakú	Cerro Grande Totonac. Reportedly most similar to Highland Totonac [tos] with many similarities to Papantla [top].
tlp	Totonac, Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán	Totonacan, Totonac	Mexico	Veracruz state: Acatlán municipality, highlands; possibly in Puebla state	15,100 (2000 INALI)	6a* (Vigorous)	Santo Domingo Totonac, Totonaco central del norte, Totonaco de Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán		None known. 93% intelligibility of Nonacatlán. Linguistically between Highland Totonac [tos] and Northern Totonac [too].
top	Totonac, Papantla	Totonacan, Totonac	Mexico	Veracruz state: Gulf of Mexico, Cazonas river mouth, along coast to La Guadalupe; inland south past Paso del Correro; inland north past Tihuatlan; Puebla state: border area west of Pozo Rico	80,000 (1982 SIL). All Totonac languages: 202,000 (2000 INALI)	5* (Developing)	Lowland Totonaca, Totonaco, Totonaco de Papantla	Tutunakú	None known. 40% intelligibility of Highland Totonac [tos] (most similar).
tcw	Totonac, Tecpatlán	Totonacan, Totonac	Mexico	Puebla state: Tecpatlán village, 2 communities northwest on Necaxa river tributary	540 (2000 census). 110 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)		Totonaca	None known. Most similar to Upper Necaxa Totonac [tku]. The 600-member community of Tecpatlán has 540 who identify themselves as local-language speakers. High levels of bilingualism in Nahuatl. Many may be primarily Nahuatl speakers. Northern Totonac [too] materials are reportedly difficult to understand.
tku	Totonac, Upper Necaxa	Totonacan, Totonac	Mexico	Puebla state: Cacahuatlán, Chicontla, Patla, and San Pedro Tlalontongo in Necaxa river valley	3,270 (2000 INALI). 680 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,800	6b (Threatened)	Totonaco del río Necaxa	Totonaca	None known. Reportedly most similar to Tecpatlan Totonac [tcw]. Northern Totonac [too] materials are difficult to understand.
too	Totonac, Xicotepec de Juárez	Totonacan, Totonac	Mexico	Puebla state: Xicotepec de Juárez; Veracruz state. 30 towns	3,000 (2000 SIL). 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 13,700	7 (Shifting)	Northern Totonac, Totonaco de Villa Juárez, Xicotepec Totonac		Zihuateutla Totonac. 87% intelligibility of Ozumatlán [tqt] (most similar).
tos	Totonac, Highland	Totonacan, Totonac	Mexico	Veracruz state: Acatlán municipality, southwest of Pozo Rico; Puebla state: Francisco Z. Mena municipaliy	120,000 (1982 SIL). All Totonac languages: 202,000 (2000 INALI)	5* (Developing)	Sierra Totonac, Totonaco, Totonaco de la Sierra	Tutunakú
tlc	Totonac, Yecuatla	Totonacan, Totonac	Mexico	Veracruz state: San Rafael area on lower Naulta river; possibly in Misantla and Yecuatla south	500 (1994 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Misantla Totonac
tqt	Totonaco del cerro Xinolatépetl	Totonacan, Totonac	Mexico	Puebla state: Ozomatlán, Tepetzintla de Galeana, and Cuahueyatla	1,610 (2000 census), decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Ozumatlán Totonac, Totonaco Norte de Huauchinango, Totonaco de Ozomatlán, Western Totonac, Xinolatépetl Totonac	Xinulajgsípij Totonaco	79% intelligibility of Highland Totonac [tos], 75% of Northern Totonac (Xicotepec de Juarez) [too], 67% of Zihuateutla dialect of Xicotepec de Juarez Totonac [too], 43% of Papantla [top].
tsi	Tsimshian	Tsimshian	Canada	British Columbia province: north coast, on coast at Klemtu	160 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 110 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 1 speaker of Southern Tsimshian; the rest speak Coast Tsimshian (Golla 2007). L2 users: 50 (2000). Ethnic population: 6,880 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 200 (as L1: 150; as L2: 50)	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gitga’at, Gitxaala, Kitasoo, Kitselas, Kitsumkalum, Lax Kw’alaams, Metlakatla	Chimmezyan, Maritime Tsimshianic, Tsimpshean, Zimshian	Sm’algyax	Southern Tsimshian (Old Klemtu, Sguxs, Sgüüx̣s, Skiixs), Coast Tsimshian (Sm’algyax).
tsi	Tsimshian	Tsimshian	United States	Alaska: Annette island, New Metlakatla, on panhandle tip; Ketchikan	40 in United States (2015 census). Ethnic population: 1,300 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (2014, Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended, Alaska Statute 44.12.310). Language of registered tribe: Metlakatla Indian Community; Annette Island Reserve	Chimmezyan, Sm’algyax, Tsimshean, Zimshian
git	Gitxsan	Tsimshian, Nass-Gitksan	Canada	West central British Columbia, Gitxsan, middle Skeena river	350 (FPCC 2014). 490 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,600 (FPCC 2014)	6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gitanmaax, Gitanyow, Gitsegukla, Gitwangak, Glen Vowell, Kispiox, Lax Kw’alaams, Takla Lake	Giklsan, Gitksan, Gitxsen, Gityskyan, Hazelton, Nass-Gitksan	Gitsenimx	Gitxsan (Eastern Gitxsan), Gitsken (Western Gitsken). High comprehension of Nisga’a [ncg].
ncg	Nisga’a	Tsimshian, Nass-Gitksan	Canada	British Columbia province: Aiyansh (Ay’ans), Canyon City (Gitwinksihlkw), Greenville (Laxtalts’ap or Gitxat’in), Kincolith (Gingolx) villages on lower Nass river valley	2,360, all users. L1 users: 860 (FPCC 2014). 1,380 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 1,500. Ethnic population: 5,430 (FPCC 2014)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nisga’a Village of Gingolx, Nisga’a Village of Gitwinksihlkw, Nisga’a Village of Laxgalt’sap, Nisga’a Village of New Aiyansh	Nass, Nisgha, Nishga, Nishka, Nisk’a, Nisqa’a	Nisga’a	Variation within Nisga’a not great enough to be considered dialects. High degree of inherent intelligibility between Nisga’a and Gitxsan [git].
mmv	Miriti	Tucanoan	Brazil	Amazonas state: Pari-Cachoeira, Taracua	No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1980s. Ethnic population: 75 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Baniva de rio Içana, Baníwa do Içana, Buia-Tapuya, Búia-tapúya, Dyuremáwa, Dzúreme, Dzúremene, Miriti Tapuyo, Miriti-Tapuia, Mirity-Tapuya, Neenoá, Neenöa, Yiboia-tapuya, Yibóya-tapúya
cub	Cubeo	Tucanoan, Central Tucanoan	Colombia	Vaupés department: Cuduyari, Querarí, and Vaupés rivers and tributaries; possibly also in Guainía department	6,100 in Colombia (Civallero 2008), increasing. 610 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,650 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 6,260	3 (Wider communication). Cubeo is lingua franca for northwest Vaupés area and Tucano [tuo] is the lingua franca for the southeast section	Cuveo, Hehenawa, Hipnwa, Kobeua, Kobewa, Kubeo, Kubwa, Pamiwa	Pamié
cub	Cubeo	Tucanoan, Central Tucanoan	Brazil	Amazonas state: near São Gabriel	150 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 380 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Cobewa, Cubeu, Cuveo, Hehenawa, Kobeua, Kobewa, Kobéwa, Kubeo, Kubewa, Kubwa, Pamiwa, Pamié
pir	Piratapuyo	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan	Brazil	Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Médio Rio Negro I, Terra Indígena Médio Rio Negro II, Terra Indígena Rio Negro, Terra Indígena Rio Téa	700 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,430 (2005 FOIRN). Total users in all countries: 1,330	6b* (Threatened)	Pira-Tapuia, Pira-Tapuya, Piratapuia, Piratapuya, Uaiana, Uaicana, Uaikena, Uainana, Waikhara, Waikino, Waina, Wanana-Pirá, Waíkana		None known. Reportedly similar to Guanano [gvc] but ethnically distinct. The two groups do not intermarry. 75% intelligibility of Guanano (1992 N. Waltz).
arj	Arapaso	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan	Brazil	Amazonas state: São Gabriel, Iauarete	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s; ethnic Arapaso had shifted to Tucano (Loukotka 1968). Ethnic population: 570 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Arapaço, Araspaso, Koneá		Reportedly a dialect of Tucano [tuo].
gvc	Guanano	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan	Brazil	Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro; on Colombia border	650 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 740 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 950	6b* (Threatened)	Anana, Kotiria, Kótedia, Kótirya, Uanana, Uanano, Wanana-Pirá, Wanano, Wanâna		None known. Reportedly similar to Piratapuyo [pir], but the two groups do not intermarry.
gvc	Guanano	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan	Colombia	Vaupés department: Vaupés river south banks toward Mitu town	300 in Colombia (Arango Ochoa and Sánchez Gutierrez 1998). Ethnic population: 1,400 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Anana, Kotiria, Kótedia, Uanano, Wanana, Wanano
myy	Macuna	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan	Brazil	Amazonas state: Rio Chié	32 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 32 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Baigana, Buhagana, Jepa-Matsi, Makuna, Paneroa, Wuhána, Yeba-Masã, Yebamasã, Yehpá Majsá, Yepá Maxsã, Yepá-Mahsá
myy	Macuna	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan	Colombia	Vaupés department: Apaporis tributaries, Mirití-Paraná, and lower Pira-Parana	1,000 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 1,010 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,032	6a (Vigorous)	Buhagana, Emoa, Ide, Jepa-Matsi, Makuna, Makuna-Erulia, Paneroa, Roea, Suroa, Tabotiro Jejea, Umua, Wuhána, Yeba, Yepá-Mahsá
pir	Piratapuyo	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan	Colombia	Vaupés department: Yavarate municipality, Papurí and lower Vaupés rivers; most near Roman Catholic mission at Teresita	630 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 630 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Uaikena, Urubu-Tapuya, Waikino
bsn	Barasana-Eduria	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka	Colombia	Amazonas department: Apaporis river south bank; Vaupés department: Cachivera Pina, Mitú, Sõnanã, Pacoa, Piedra Ñi, San Miguel; Pira-Paraná river and tributaries	1,890 (1993 census). Ethnic population: 1,890 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing)	Banera yae, Barasano, Barasano del Sur, Came-Masa, Come masa, Comea, Comematsa, Hadera, Hanera, Hanera oka, Janena, Janera, Palanoa, Panenoa, Panera, Paneroa, Southern Barasano, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano, Teiuana, Yebamasa, Yepa-Mahsa, Yepa-Matso	Barasana-Eduria	Barasana (Comematsa, Janera, Paneroa, Southern Barasano, Yebamasa), Eduria (Edulia, Erulia, Taiwano). Reportedly similar to Macuna [myy] and Carapana [cbc] (2011 P. Jones). Lexical similarity: 98% between Eduria and Barasano; just some phonological differences.
pok	Pokangá	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka	Brazil	Amazonas state: Upper Tiquie, tributary of Vaupés	34 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 34 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Bara Sona, Barasana, Barasano, Bará, Bará-Tukano, Hanera, Pakang, Panenoá, Pokangá-Tapuya, Pãnerã
tue	Tuyuca	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka	Brazil	Amazonas state: Vaupés region, Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro and Terra Indígena Apaporis	800 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 830 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Borá-Tuyuka, Dochkafuara, Doka-Poara, Dokapuara, Doxká-Poárá, Tuiuca, Tuyuka, Utapinõmakãphõná		Tsola.
tue	Tuyuca	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka	Colombia	Vaupés department: on Inambú, Papurí, and upper Tiquié along Comeyaca headwaters	640 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 640 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,440	6b (Threatened)	Borá-Tuyuka, Dochkafuara, Tejuca, Tuyuka
bao	Waimaha	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka	Brazil	Amazonas state: Terra Indigena Pari Cachoeira, Bittencourt and Iauareté municipalities; Terra Indigena Pari Cachoeira II, Iauareté municipality; Terra Indigena Pari Cachoeira III, Bittencourt municipality, all on upper Tiquié river	21 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 21 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Barazana, Northern Barasano, Waimajã, Waípinõmakã, “Bará” (pej.)
bao	Waimaha	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Bará-Tuyuka	Colombia	Vaupés department: Mitú, upper Papurí, mid and upper Pira-Paraná tributaries, and Tiquié	110 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Some monolinguals over 40. Ethnic population: 110 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 131	5 (Developing)	Barasano, Barasano del Norte, Bará-Tuyuka, Northern Barasano, Waimasa, Waymasa, “Bará” (pej.)	Waimaja	Eastern Waimaha, Pamoa Bara.
cbc	Carapana	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Carapano	Colombia	Vaupés department: Cano Tí (tributary of middle Vaupés river) and upper Pirá-Paraná and Papurí rivers	460 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 460 (2004 DNP). Total users in all countries: 523	5* (Developing)	Carapana-Tapuya, Karapano, Karapaná, Karapanã, Mextã, Mi tea, Mochda, Moxdoa, Muxtea	Carapana	None known. Reportedly similar to Tatuyo [tav] (Crevels 2007) and to Barasan-Eduria [bsn] (2004 DNP).
cbc	Karapanã	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Carapano	Brazil	Amazonas state: Pari-Cachoeira and São Gabriel	63 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 63 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Carapana, Carapanã, Mextã, Muteamasa, Ukopinõpõna
tav	Tatuyo	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Carapano	Colombia	Vaupés department: Pira-Paraná headwaters and upper Papurí	330 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 330 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)	Juna, Oa, Pamoa, Sina, Sura, Tatutapuyo, Wa’ikhana, jʉna ye	Tatuyo ye
des	Desano	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Desano-Siriano	Brazil	Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Alto Rio Negro, sixty communities on Tiquié river and tributaries; border with Colombia	700 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,200 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 3,160	6b* (Threatened)	Boleka, Desana-Siriana, Dessano, Desâna, Kusibi, Oregu, Uina, Umúkomasá, Wina, Wirã		None known. Lexical similarity: 90% with Siriano [sri].
des	Desano	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Desano-Siriano	Colombia	Vaupes department: Vaupés river tributaries, Abiyu and Papurí rivers; Papurí tributaries Pacá, Macú Parana and others; Villa Fátima village and Acaricuara, Montfort, Piracuara, and Teresita missions	2,460 in Colombia (2001 census). Ethnic population: 2,460 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Boleka, Dessana, Desána, Kotedia, Kusibi, Oregu, Wina, Wira
sri	Siriano	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Desano-Siriano	Brazil	Amazonas state: São Gabriel	17 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 52 (2009 FUNASA)	8a (Moribund)	Sarirá, Siria-Masã, Siriana, Siriane, Surianá, Surirá, Suryana
sri	Siriano	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Desano-Siriano	Colombia	Vaupés department: 3 separate areas near Vaupes river, south and west of Mitu town	200 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 750 (2001 Guía Etnográfica de Colombia). Total users in all countries: 217	6b (Threatened)	Chiranga, Cirnga, Desana-Siriana, Si-Ra, Sura Masa		None known. Lexical similarity: 90% with Desano [des], but the 2 languages diverge in their use of grammatical suffixes (Crevels 2007).
tuo	Tucano	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Tucano	Colombia	Vaupés department: upper Papurí river and tributaries	7,020 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). 25 Pisamira and 7,000 Tucano (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 7,060 (Crevels 2012). 61 Pisamira and 7,000 Tucano (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous). Tucano is the lingua franca for southeast Vaupés section and Cubeo [cub] is the lingua franca for the northwest area	Betaya, Betoya, Dachsea, Dasea, Daxsea, Tukana, Tukano		Pisamira (Pápiwa).
tuo	Tucano	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Tucano	Brazil	Amazonas state. Wasona users primarily in Yacayacá village	4,600 in Brazil (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 6,240 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 11,620	5* (Developing)	Dahseyé, Dasea, Daxsea, Takuna, Tukano, Tukána, Ye’pãmasa	Dasea ye	Yohoraa (Curaua), Wasona (Uasona), Pisamira, Papiwa, Papihua, Pisatapuyo, Pisa-tapuyo.
yui	Wajiara	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Tucano	Brazil	Amazonas state: Iauarete	No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Last known speakers likely survived into the 2000s (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Jurití, Juruti, Juruti-Tapuia, Luruty-Tapuya, Wajiaraye, Yuriti-Tapuia, Yurutí
yui	Wajiara	Tucanoan, Eastern Tucanoan, Tucano	Colombia	Vaupés department: Upper Paca river (Papurí river tributary); Caño Yi and Caño Tuy rivers (Vaupes river tributaries)	1,100 in Colombia (2011 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Juriti, Juriti-Tapuia, Juruti, Luruty-Tapuya, Patsoka, Totsoca, Wadzana, Waijiara masa-wadyana, Waikana, Waimasá, Wayhara, Yuriti, Yuruti, Yuruti-Tapuya, Yurutiye	Wajiaraye
teb	Tetete	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan	Ecuador	Sucumbíos province: near Colombia border, eastern Cofán jungle area	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1970s	10 (Extinct)			None known. Reportedly similar to Secoya [sey] but intelligible only with difficulty.
coe	Koreguaje	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan	Colombia	Caqueta department: Caquetá and Orteguaza rivers and tributaries; Putumayo department: Puerto Guzman municipality	2,100 (Civallero 2008). Speakers of Koreguaje represent a fusion of various ethnic groups. Also spoken by Inga, Witoto, Carijona, and Tama (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 2,210 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Caquetá, Chaocha Pai, Coreguaja, Coreguaje, Correguaje, Ko’reuaju, Korewahe
ore	Maijuna	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan	Peru	Loreto region: Algodón, Putumayo, Sucusari, and Yanayacu rivers	190 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 300 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Coto, Koto, Mai Ja, Maihuna, Maijɨki, Payagua, Tutapi, “Orechon” (pej.), “Oregon” (pej.), “Orejón” (pej.)	Maijuna	Nebaji.
ten	Tama	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan	Colombia	Caquetá department: Vicente, Orteguaza river	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Loukotka 1968)	10 (Extinct)	Jabaal		Possibly a dialect of Koreguaje [coe].
tnc	Tanimuca-Retuarã	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan	Colombia	Amazonas and Vaupés departments: Guacayá and Oiyaka rivers (tributaries of the Mirití-Paraná), Apaporis, Mirití-Paraná, and Popeyaca rivers near mouth of Pira river below Popeyaca	1,800 (Crevels 2007). Retuarã more monolingual than Tanimuca. Ethnic population: 1,950 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Letuama, Letuhama, Ohañara, Opaina, Retuama, Retuarã, Tanimboka, Tanimuca-Letuama, Uairã, Ufaina		Tanimuca, Retuarã. Tanimuca and Retuarã are 2 ethnic groups living near each other who speak the same language.
ynu	Yahuna	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan	Colombia	Amazonas department: Apaporis and Mirití rivers	No known L1 speakers. Survived into the early 1900s. Ethnic population: 100 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Jaúna, Yayuna, Yaúna		Opaina (Tanimuca), Datuana.
mcl	Macaguaje	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Macaguaje	Colombia	Putumayo department: Caquetá river tributaries	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted to Siona [snn] or Koreguaje [coe] by the 1970s. Ethnic population: 50 (Crevels 2007)	9 (Dormant)	Kakawahe, Makaguaje, Piojé, Secoya
snn	Siona	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Macaguaje	Colombia	Putumayo department: El Tablero and Resguardo Buenavista, between Poñuna Blanca and Poñuna Negra on Putumayo river and tributaries	200 in Colombia (Civallero 2008). Ethnic population: 730 (2001 Guía Etnográfica de Colombia). Total users in all countries: 460	7 (Shifting)	Ceona, Ganteya, Ganteyabain, Kanú, Koka, Piohé, Pioje, Pioje-Sioni, Siona-Secoya, Sioni, Zeona		None known. Ethnically different from the Secoya [sey], but they use the same language, Paicoca (2011 W. Largo). Lexical similarity: 95% with Secoya [sey] (2007 W. Largo).
sey	Secoya	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Macaguaje	Ecuador	Sucumbíos province: Cuyabeno canton; Aguarico, Cuyabeno, and Eno rivers, near Colombian border	85 in Ecuador (Crevels 2012). A few elderly monolinguals (2007 M. Johnson). Ethnic population: 490 (2012 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 1,005	7 (Shifting)	Siona-Secoya	Paikoka	Angotero (Angutera).
sey	Secoya	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Macaguaje	Peru	Loreto region: Boca de Angusilla and Santa Marta, a small river off Napo river near Ecuador border	920 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 920 (2007 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Aido Pai, Angotero, Angutera, Encabellao		Angotero (Angutera), Piojé.
snn	Siona	Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Macaguaje	Ecuador	Sucumbíos province: Biaña, Puerto Bolívar and Orawaya communities; Putamayo river south bank	260 in Ecuador (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 610 (2010 census)	8a (Moribund)	Baicoca, Kokakañú, Pai Coca
mav	Sateré-Mawé	Tupian	Brazil	Pará and Amazonas states: Andirá, and Maués rivers, between lower Tapajós and lower Madeira rivers. More than 14 villages	6,220 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 9,160 (2008 FUNASA)	5 (Developing)	Andira, Arapium, Mabue, Maragua, Maué, Mawé, Sataré, Sataré-Maué, Sateré	Satere Mawe	None known. Recent data show that Aweti [awe] and Sateré-Mawé probably form a separate sub-branch within the Tupian linguistic family (Crevels 2007).
awe	Awetí	Tupian	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú park, Rio Culiseu, Aweti, and Sauva villages; upper Xingú river	170 (2011 S. Drude)	6b (Threatened)	Arauine, Arauite, Auetí, Auetó, Auití, Autl, Awetö
kay	Kamayurá	Tupian	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú park	400 (2011 S. Drude). Ethnic population: 520 (2009 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Camaiura, Kamaiurá, Kamayirá
pur	Puruborá	Tupian	Brazil	Rondônia state: headwaters of the Rio São Miguel, tributary of Guaporé right bank	2 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 50 (Moore 2006)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Aurã, Burubora, Cujubi, Kuyubi, Miguelenho, Migueleno, Pumbora, Puroborá, Puruba
pto	Zo’é	Tupian	Brazil	Pará state: Obidos municipality on Cuminapanema river	180 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 180 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Buré, Jo’é, Poturu, Poturujara, Puturú, Tupí of Cuminapanema
ait	Arikem	Tupian, Arikem	Brazil	Rondônia state	No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1930s	10 (Extinct)	Ahopovo, Ahôpovo, Ariken, Arikém, Ariqueme, Ariquemes, Ariquême, Uitáte
ktn	Karitiâna	Tupian, Arikem	Brazil	Rondônia state: Candeias river, a tributary of upper Madeira river	210 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 320 (2005 ISA)	5* (Developing)	Caritiana
xiy	Xipaya	Tupian, Juruna	Brazil	Pará state: lower Xingú river	1 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 600 (2002 ISA). The ethnic population probably includes Kuruaya [kyr] as they are sometimes considered a single ethnic group. There were 8 elders of Kuruaya and Xipaya descendance in Altamira reported to speak the native language in 2007 (Crevels 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Shipaja, Shipaya, Xipaia
jur	Jurúna	Tupian, Juruna	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingu park, 2 villages; Maritsauu-Mitau river mouth; possibly also Pará state	280 (Moore 2006). 1 speaker left in the Terra Indígena Paquiçamba in 1989 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 360 (2006 FUNASA). 35 ethnic group members in the Tierra Indígena Paquiçamba (Crevels 2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Iuruna, Jaruna, Jurûna, Yudjá, Yudya, Yurúna
msp	Maritsauá	Tupian, Juruna	Brazil	Mato Grosso state	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the first half of the twentieth century (Rodrigues 1986)	10 (Extinct)	Manitsauá, Manitsawa, Manitsawá, Mantizula		Arupai (Arupati, Urupaya).
mnd	Mondé	Tupian, Mondé	Brazil	Rondônia state: Apidia river, tributary of Igarape Tanaru, near Pimenta Bueno	No known L1 speakers (Golla 2007). Survived into late 20th century. 2 semi-speakers left (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant)	Salamaikã, Salamãi, Sanamaica, Sanamaiká, Sanamaykã		None known. Related to Arua [arx] and Gavião do Jiparaná [gvo].
sru	Suruí	Tupian, Mondé	Brazil	Rondônia and Mato Grosso states: border area, 10 villages and scattered	1,010 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,010 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Suruí de Rondônia, Suruí do Jiparaná, Suruí-Paiter	Paiter
arx	Aruá	Tupian, Mondé, Aruá	Brazil	Rondônia state: Rio Branco post; Branco and Guaporé rivers	12 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 36 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Arouá, Arouén		Aruashí (Aruachi).
cin	Cinta Larga	Tupian, Mondé, Aruá	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Terra Indigena Aripuanã; Rondônia state: Terra Indigena Roosevelt, Parque Indigena Aripuanã	650 (Crevels 2012). Nearly all are monolingual. Ethnic population: 650 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)
gvo	Gavião do Jiparaná	Tupian, Mondé, Aruá	Brazil	Rondônia state: Terra Indigena Igarape Lourdes	1,120 (Crevels 2012). 520 Gavião and 600 Zoró speakers (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,120 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing)	Digüt, Gavião do Rondônia, Ikolen, Ikõleey, Ikõlej, Ikõro		Gavião, Zoró (Cabeça Seca, Pageyn, Panginey). Partially intelligible with Suruí [sru].
kyr	Kuruáya	Tupian, Mundurukú	Brazil	Pará state: Altamira municipality; Terra Indígena Curuá, Cajueiro village, Curuá river right bank; Terra Indígena Xipaia, Altamira town	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers died in 2010 (Picanço 2010). Ethnic population: 130 (2006 FUNASA). 115 (2002) in Cajueiro village (Crevels 2007)	9 (Dormant)	Caravare, Curuaia, Kuruaia
myu	Mundurukú	Tupian, Mundurukú	Brazil	Amazonas, Mato Grosso, and Pará states; middle Madeira, and middle and upper Tapajós rivers; 22 villages	8,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 10,100 (2002 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Caras-Pretas, Monjoroku, Mundurucu, Paiquize, Pari, Weidyenye
arr	Karo	Tupian, Ramarama	Brazil	Mato Grosso and Rondônia states: south Terra Indígena Igarapé de Lourdes; Iterap and Paygap villages	200 (Crevels 2012). Spoken by almost everyone in the two villages (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 210 (2006 Associação de Defensa Etnoambiental)	6a (Vigorous)	Arara Tupi, Arara-Karo, Arára, Arára de Rondonia, Arára do Jiparaná, Itogapuc, Itogapúk, Ntogapid, Ntogapig, Ramarama, Uruku, Urukú, Urumi, Ytangá		Arara, Uruku.
uru	Urumi	Tupian, Ramarama	Brazil	Rondônia state	No known L1 speakers. Became extinct in latter half of 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Itanga, Ramarama, Ramarama-Urumí, Urumí
aqz	Akuntsu	Tupian, Tuparí	Brazil	Rondônia State, Columbiara municipality	5 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 5 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Akunsu, Akunt’su, Akuntsun, Akuntsú		None known. Reportedly similar to Tupari [tpr].
kpn	Kepkiriwát	Tupian, Tuparí	Brazil	Rondônia state	No known L1 speakers. Probably survived into 1950s	10 (Extinct)	Kepkiriwat, Kepkiriwate, Quepi-quiri-uate, Quepiquiriquat, Quepiquiriuate
mpu	Makuráp	Tupian, Tuparí	Brazil	Rondônia state: Branco, Guaporé, Mequéns and Pororoca post rivers	50 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 380 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Kurateg, Macurapi, Macuráp, Makurápi, Massaka
skf	Sakirabiá	Tupian, Tuparí	Brazil	Rondônia state: Cerejeira and Colorado do Oeste municipalities, Mequens river	22 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 84 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Mekens, Mekém, Sakirabiák, Sakirabiáp, Sakirabiát, Sakirap, Sakiriabar, Sakurabiat
tpr	Tuparí	Tupian, Tuparí	Brazil	Rondônia state: Pororoca Post, Branco river, tributary of the Guaporé	150 (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 430 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)
wyr	Wayoró	Tupian, Tuparí	Brazil	Rondônia state: Pororoca post, Guapore river	8 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 94 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Ajurú, Ayurú, Uaiora, Wajaru, Wayurú
awt	Araweté	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní	Brazil	Pará state: near Altamira; near Xingu river	340 (Crevels 2012). Nearly all are monolingual (1986). Ethnic population: 340 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Araueté, Arawine, Bïde		None known. Reportedly similar to Asuriní do Tocantins [asu], Parakanã [pak], and Tapirapé [taf].
guq	Aché	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní	Paraguay	Alto Paraná department: Narranja and Iruno districts; Caaguazú, Guairá, and Paraguarí departments: Colonel Oviedo to Colonel Villaricca, Lake Del Rio Yguazu area; dialects: Chupa Pou, Kontuwy, Kontuwywe, Arroyo Bandera, Cerro Moroti, Puerto Barra, Ypetimi	910 (Crevels 2012). 50 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,240 (Crevels 2012)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Ache-Guayaki, Aché-Guayaki, Axé, “Guaiaqui” (pej.), “Guayakí” (pej.), “Guoyagui” (pej.)	Aché	Ache gatu, Ache wa, Ñacunday River Ache (“Ache irollä” (pej.)), Ache purä. 3 dialects remaining, Ache purä is dormant. High intelligibility between Ache gatu and Ache wa, only Ñancunday River Ache’s intelligibility is low for the other two dialects.
xet	Xetá	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní	Brazil	Paraná state: among Kaingang [kgp]	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 86 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Aré, Cheta, Curutón, Hetá, Seta, Sheta
gug	Guaraní, Paraguayan	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Paraguay	Widespread	5,850,000 in Paraguay (2015), decreasing. 2,500,000 monolinguals (2002 census). Total users in all countries: 6,050,000	1 (National). Statutory national language (2010, No. 4251, Language Law, Article 3)	Guaraní	Avañe’ẽ	Jopará (Yopará). One Chiripá speaker [nhd] indicated it was bilingualism rather than linguistic closeness that made Paraguayan Guaraní intelligible to him. Jopará is the colloquial form mixed with Spanish [spa] loanwords, used by 90% of the population in Asunción area. Lexical similarity: 80% with Chiriguano [gui], 75% with Mbyá [gun]. A member of macrolanguage Guarani [grn].
kgk	Kaiwá	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Brazil	Mato Grosso do Sul state: Apa, Dourados, and Ivinhema rivers north to Mbarakaju mountains and Jejui river tributaries south	18,000 (2003 ISA). Ethnic population: 20,000 (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Caingua, Caiua, Caiwa, Cayua, Kaingwá, Kaiova, Kaiowá, Kayova, Paï-Tavyterã		Teüi, Tembekuá, Kaiwá. Some comprehension of Paraguayan Guaraní [gug]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Pai Tavytera [pta] of Paraguay.
tpj	Ñandeva	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Paraguay	Alto Paraguay department: northwest; Boquerón department: Toledo area; Presidente Hayes department: Barrio Obrero, Colonia 5, Laguna Negra-Belén, Laguna Negra-Canaán, Laguna Negra-Damasco, Laguna Negra-Emaús, Laguna Negra-Jerusalén, Laguna Negra-Ko Pyahu, Laguna Negra-Timoteo, Mariscal Estigarribia, Ñu Guasu, Pykasu, Santa Teresita-San Lázaro, Santa Teresita-Santa Elena, Santa Teresita-Virgen del Carmen, and Siracua	1,550 in Paraguay (Crevels 2012), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,020 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,759	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Guarayú, Guasurango, Guasurangue, Nandeva, Tapiete, Tirumbae, Yanaigua, Ñanagua		None known. Linguistically between Eastern Bolivian Guarani [gui] and Paraguayan Guaraní [gug].
pta	Pai Tavytera	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Paraguay	Amambay, Canindeyú, Concepción, and San Pedro departments	6,360 (Crevels 2012), decreasing. Ethnic population: 13,400 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Avá, Kaiova, Kaiowa, Pai, Tavytera	Pai Tavyterã	None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Kaiwá [kgk] of Brazil.
nhd	Chiripá	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Brazil	Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo states; scattered	4,900 in Brazil (1995 AMTB). Ethnic population: 8,000 (2003 ISA)	8a (Moribund)	Apytare, Ava Guaraní, Guaraní, Nandeva, Nhandeva, Tsiripá, Txiripá, Ñandeva		Apapocuva.
nhd	Guaraní, Ava	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Argentina	Misiones province; possibly also in Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Jujuy, Salta, and Santa Fe provinces	5,140 in Argentina (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 21,800	8a (Moribund)	Apytare, Chiripá, Nhandeva, Tsiripá, Txiripá, Ñandeva		Apapocuva.
nhd	Guaraní, Ava	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Paraguay	Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, and San Pedro departments	6,310 in Paraguay (Crevels 2012), decreasing. Ethnic population: 13,900 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 16,350	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Apytare, Ava, Ava-Chiripá, Ava-katu-ete, Chiripá, Chiripá-Guaraní, Tsiripá, Txiripá	Ava Guaraní	Apapocuva. Reportedly similar to Paraguayan Guaraní [gug]. A member of macrolanguage Guarani [grn].
gun	Guaraní, Mbyá	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Argentina	Corrientes and Misiones provinces: south bank, Alto Parana river, Posadas area; shared border	3,910 in Argentina (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 8,220 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Eastern Argentina Guaraní, Mbua, Mbya, Mbyá
gun	Guaraní, Mbyá	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Brazil	Paraná, São Paulo, Espírito Santo, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina states; possibly also Minas Gerais state. 35 villages	6,000 in Brazil (2008 CTI). Most children, women and elders are monolingual (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 19,960	5* (Developing)	Bugre, Mbiá, Mbua, Mbyá	Mbya	Tambéopé, Baticola. Lexical similarity: 75% with Paraguayan Guaraní [gug]. A member of macrolanguage Guarani [grn].
gun	Guaraní, Mbyá	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Paraguay	Widespread, east, central, and south	10,000 in Paraguay (Crevels 2012), decreasing. Ethnic population: 14,300 (2002 census)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Ka’yngua, Mbua, Mbya, Mbya-apytere, Mbyá
tpj	Tapieté	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Argentina	Salta province: Misión Tapieté, San Martín district, Curbita, near Pilcomayo river	180 in Argentina (2004 census). Ethnic population: 520 (2001 INDEC)	8a (Moribund)	Guarayo, Guasurangue, Tirumbae, Yanaigua, Ñanagua
tpj	Tapieté	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní	Bolivia	Tarija department: Gran Chaco province, Villa Montes municipality, Samayhuate and Cutaiqui; left bank Pilcomayo river	29 in Bolivia (Crevels 2012). Most elders and women are monolingual in Tapiete (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 41 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Guasurango, Tirumbae, Yanaigua, Ñanagua
gui	Guaraní, Eastern Bolivian	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní, Bolivian Guaraní	Bolivia	Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz, and Tarija departments; south central Parapeti river area	52,000 in Bolivia (2014 UNSD). Ethnic population: 125,000 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 69,530	5 (Developing)	Guaraní, Guaraní Pe, Western Argentine Guaraní, “Chawuncu” (pej.), “Chiriguano” (pej.)		Izoceño (Izocenio), Ava. A member of macrolanguage Guarani [grn].
gui	Guaraní, Western Argentine	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní, Bolivian Guaraní	Argentina	Jujuy and Salta provinces	15,000 in Argentina (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 21,000 (Crevels 2007)	6b* (Threatened)	Eastern Bolivian Guaraní, “Chabanco” (pej.), “Chaguanco” (pej.), “Chawuncu” (pej.), “Chiriguano” (pej.)		Chané, Izoceño (Isocenio, Izocenyo).
gnw	Guaraní, Western Bolivian	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní, Bolivian Guaraní	Bolivia	Chuquisaca department: south to Pilcomayo river, east to Cuevo, north to Monte Agudo; Santa Cruz and Tarija departments	7,000 (2002 J. Russell)	6a* (Vigorous)	Simba, Simba Guaraní		A member of macrolanguage Guarani [grn].
gui	Guarayo	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guaraní, Guaraní, Bolivian Guaraní	Paraguay	Boquerón department: Barrio Guaraní, Guaraní Occidental, Macharetti, Manjui, San Agustín, Santa Teresita, Santa Teresita-Guaraní Occidental, Yvopey; Concepción department; San Pedro department: Palomita	2,530 in Paraguay (2007 R. Perik), decreasing	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Eastern Bolivian Guaraní, Guaraní Occidental, Guasurango, “Chawuncu” (pej.), “Chiriguano” (pej.)
gyr	Guarayu	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guarayú	Bolivia	Santa Cruz department: Ascensión de Guarayos, Urubichá, Salvatierra, San Pablo, Yaguarú y Yotaú, El Puente, Nueva Jerusalén, El Verano, Santa María, Cururú, Momené, Surucusi, San José Obrero, Cerro Chico, Cerro Grande, Cachuela, Puerto Ñuflo de Chávez	8,430 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 12,000 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)
psm	Pauserna	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guarayú	Bolivia	El Beni department: Guaporé river	No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the late 20th century. 1 semi-speaker reported in Bolivia. Ethnic population: 46 (Adelaar 2004)	9 (Dormant)	Guarayu-Ta, Paucerne, Pauserna-Guarasugwé
jor	Jorá	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guarayú, Sirionó	Bolivia	Santa Cruz department	No known L1 speakers. 5 speakers in 1976 (Danielsen and Gasparini 2015)	10 (Extinct)	Hora
srq	Sirionó	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guarayú, Sirionó	Bolivia	El Beni and Santa Cruz departments: Ibiato (Eviato); Salvatierra on Río Blanco river	190 (Crevels 2012), increasing. 30 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 980 (2016 L. Evans). More than half the ethnic group is under 15 years old (Crevels 2007)	6b* (Threatened)	Mbia Chee, Mbya		None known. Reportedly similar to Yuqui [yuq].
yuq	Yuqui	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Guarayú, Sirionó	Bolivia	Foothills north of Cochabamba; Chimoré river	140 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 210 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Bia, Yuki		None known. Reportedly similar to Sirionó [srq].
urz	Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib	Brazil	Rondônia state: upper Cautário, Jaciparaná, and Jamari rivers	87 (Moore 2006). Crevels (2007) groups the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau together with Amundava [adw] for a total population of 170 (2003). Ethnic population: 87 (Moore 2006)	6a (Vigorous)	Eru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Jupaú, Kagwahiva, Kawahíb, Uru-Eu-Uau-Uau, Uruewawau		Mutually intelligible dialect of Amundava [adw]. Reportedly similar to Tenharim [pah].
api	Apiaká	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: upper Rio Tapajos, Slo Manoel confluence; a few in Pará state	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Pedrinho Kamassuri, died in 2011. Ethnic population: 1,000 (Tempesta 2009)	9 (Dormant)	Apiacá, Apiake
kgm	Karipúna	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib	Brazil	Amapá state: on French Guiana border	No known L1 speakers	10 (Extinct)	Karipuna do Amapá, Karipuna do Uaçá
urp	Uru-Pa-In	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib	Brazil	Rondônia state: Ariquemes municipality	200 (1995 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
jua	Júma	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin	Brazil	Amazonas state: Upper Jamary village; Mucuim river, Rio Açuã tributary	5 (Crevels 2012). 5 speakers belong to one family, all married to Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau [urz] (Crevels 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Arara, Kagwahibm, Kagwahiph, Kagwahiv, Kavahiva, Kawahip, Kawaib, Yumá	Kagwahiva	None known. The Júma, Amundava [adw], Kayabi [kyz], Tenharim [pah], and Karipuna [kuq] all call themselves Kagwahiva (Kagwahibm, Kagwahiv, Kawahip, Kavahiva, Kawaib, Kagwahiph). These varieties along with Uru-eu-wau-wau [urz] and Morerebi [xmo] are all reportedly linguistically similar.
adw	Amundava	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin	Brazil	Rondônia, Acre, near Jiparaná river	83 (2003 ISA). Crevels 2007 groups the Amundava together with the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau [urz] for a total population of 170 (2003)	6b* (Threatened)	Amondawa, Amundawa		None known. The Amundava, Kayabi [kyz], Tenharim [pah], Júma [jua], and Karipuna [kuq] all call themselves Kagwahiva (Kagwahibm, Kagwahiv, Kawahip, Kavahiva, Kawaib, Kagwahiph). These varieties along with Uru-eu-wau-wau [urz] are all reportedly linguistically very similar.
kuq	Karipuna	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin	Brazil	Rondônia state: Jaru, Jamery, Urupa, Cabecciras, Candeias, and Jaciparana rivers’ banks	10 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 14 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Ah’e, Caripuna, Jau-Navo, Juanauo, Kagwahiva, Karipuna de Rondônia, Karipuna do Guaporé		Jacaria, Pama (Pamana). The Karipuna, Amundava [adw], Kayabi [kyz], Júma [jua], and Tenharim [pah] all call themselves, Kagwahiva (Kagwahibm, Kagwahiv, Kawahip, Kavahiva, Kawaib, Kagwahiph). These varieties along with Uru-eu-wau-wau [urz] and Morerebi [xmo] are reportedly all linguistically very similar.
pah	Tenharim	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin	Brazil	Amazonas and Mato Grosso states. 2 villages	360 (Crevels 2012). 1 Diahói, 10 Parintintin, and 350 Tenharim (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,070 (Crevels 2012). 90 Diahói, 280 Parintintin, and 700 Tenharim (Crevels 2012)	6b* (Threatened)	Kagwahiv, Kagwahiwa, Kawaib, Tenharem, Tenharin	Kagwahiva	Tenharim (Tenharem, Tenharin), Parintintín, Kagwahiv (Kawaib), Karipuna Jaci Paraná, Mialát, Diahói (Diahkoi, Diarroi, Djahui, Giahoi, Jahui, Jahói, Jiahui). Tenharim, Amundava [adw], Kayabi [kyz], Júma [jua], Karipuna [kuq], Uru-eu-wau-wau [urz], and Morerebi [xmo] are all reportedly linguistically very similar.
xmo	Morerebi	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin	Brazil	Amazonas state: Marmelos and Rio Preto; Mato Grosso state	100 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Reportedly very similar linguistically to Amundava [adw], Tenharim [pah], and Uru-eu-wau-wau [urz]. A family group that has not lived with the Tenharim for many years, and does not want contact with outside culture.
paf	Paranawát	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin	Brazil	Rondônia state: Jiparaná (Machado) and Sono rivers’ tributaries	No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the 1970s. Ethnic population: 50 (1986 SIL)	9 (Dormant)	Cabahyba, Cauaiua, Cauhib, Cawahib, Jauareta-Tapiia, Kawahib, Kawaib, Majubim, Paranauat, Pawate, Pawaté, Pawaté-Wirafed, Tupi do Machado, Tupí-Kawahíb, Wiraféd
tkf	Tukumanféd	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin	Brazil	Rondônia state	No known L1 speakers. Became extinct in late 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Tekumanfed, Tukumaféd
wir	Wiraféd	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kawahib, Parintintin	Brazil	Rondônia state	No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 1980s	10 (Extinct)	Bocas Pretas, Cabahyba, Cauaiua, Cauhib, Cawahib, Jauareta-Tapiia, Kawahib, Kawaib, Paranawat, Pawaté-Wirafed, Tupi do rio Machado, Uirafed, Wirafed, Wiroféd
asn	Asurini of Xingú	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kayabí	Brazil	Pará state: Xingu River, Kwatinemu village	120 (Pereira 2009), increasing. Any monolingual speakers are above 40 years of age (Pereira 2009). Ethnic population: 120 (Pereira 2009)	6a (Vigorous)	Assurinikin, Assuriní, Asurini do Xingú, Asuriní de Koatinema, Awaeté, Awaté, Kuben-Kamrektí		None known. Different from Tocantins Asurini (Akwaya) [asu], and Arawete [awt].
kyz	Kayabí	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Kayabí	Brazil	Mato Grosso state: Xingú Park, south Pará; Teles Pires river and Tatui	1,000 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 1,620 (2006 FUNASA)	5* (Developing)	Caiabí, Kaiabí, Kajabí, Maquiri, Parua
avv	Avá-Canoeiro	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara	Brazil	Goiás state: Terra Indigena Ava-Canoeiro; Tocantins state: Bananal island, upper Tocantins river valley	14 (Moore 2006). 14 monolinguals. All speakers are monolingual. Ethnic population: 46 (2009 ISA)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Abá, Avá, Awana, Canoa, Canoe, Canoeiro, Canoeiros, Cara Preta, Carijó, Indios Negros		The groups in Tocantins and Goias speak different dialects, and have lived apart for over 100 years.
taf	Tapirapé	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara	Brazil	Tocantins and Mato Grosso states: mouth of Tapirapé and Araguaia rivers	560 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 560 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)	Tapi’irape
mdz	Suruí do Pará	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Akwawa	Brazil	Pará state: São João municipality, Araguaia	260 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 260 (2006 FUNASA)	6a* (Vigorous)	Aikewara, Akewara, Akewere, Sororos, Suruí, Suruí do Tocantins, “Mudjetíre” (pej.), “Mudjetíre-Suruí” (pej.), “Mudjétira” (pej.)		None known. Different from Suruí do Jiparaná [sru]. Member of Akwáwa subgroup. Closely related to Asuriní do Tocantins [asu] and Parakanã [pak].
asu	Asurini, Tocantins	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Akwawa	Brazil	Pará state: Trocará near Tucurui; Tocantins river	380 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 380 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Akwawa, Akwawa-Asuriní, Akwaya, Assuriní, Asuriní do Tocantins, Asuriní do Trocará, “Akuáwa” (pej.)	Asuriní
pak	Parakanã	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Akwawa	Brazil	Pará state: lower Xingú river, near São Felix and Altamira towns	900 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 900 (2004 ISA)	5* (Developing)	Apiterewa, Awaeté, Parakanân, Parocana		None known. Part of Akwáwa subgroup.
gub	Guajajára	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Tenetehara	Brazil	Maranhão state: Pindaré, Grajaú, Mearim, and Zutiua rivers. 81 villages	14,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 19,500 (2006 FUNASA)	4 (Educational)	Guazazzara, Tenetehar, Tenetehára	Zeʼegete	Pindare, Zutiua, Mearim.
tqb	Tembé	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tenetehara, Tenetehara	Brazil	Pará state: Terra Indígena Alto Turiaçu, banks of Gurupi river	60 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,430 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Tenetehara, Timbé, Turiwara		None known. Intelligible with Guajajára [gub].
cod	Cocama-Cocamilla	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama	Brazil	Amazonas state: Rio Solimões region, Terra Indígena Acapuri de Cima, Terra Indígena Espírito Santo, Terra Indígena Evaré I, Terra Indígena Kokama	Ethnic population: 620 (Moore 2006)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Cocama, Kocama, Kokama		Cocama, Cocamilla (Kokamilla, Pambadeque), Xibitaona.
cod	Cocama-Cocamilla	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama	Colombia	Amazonas department: Ronda Island in Amazon River opposite Leticia city, and in Naranjales, Palmeras, and San José villages	No known L1 speakers in Colombia. Last known speakers in Colombia survived into the 1990s. Possibly only a few semi-speakers (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 790 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Cocama, Inikana, Kokama
cod	Kukama-Kukamiria	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama	Peru	Loreto region: Huallaga, lower Marañon, and northeast lower Ucayali rivers’ area	250 in Peru (Crevels 2007). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 11,300 (2007 census)	8a (Moribund)	Cocama, Cocama-Cocamilla, Huallaga, Kokama, Kokama-Kokamilya, Kukama, Pampadeque, Pandequebo, Ucayali, Xibitaoan		Cocamilla, Cocama. Reportedly most similar to Omagua [omg].
omg	Omagua	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama	Brazil	Amazonas state: Alvaráes municipality, Terra Indígena Igarapé Grande; Maraã municipality, Terra Indígena Jaquiri; Tefé municipality, Santa Cruz on right bank of Solimões river, and Terra Indígena Kokama	No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Ethnic population: 350 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Agua, Anapia, Ariana, Cambeba, Cambela, Campeba, Campeua, Canga-Peba, Carari, Compeva, Janbeba, Kambeba, Kambewa, Kambéba, Macanipa, Omagua-Yete, Pariana, Umaua, Yhuata		Aizuare (Aissuari), Curacirari (Curazicari), Curucicuri (Curuzicari), Paguana (Paguara).
omg	Omagua	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama	Peru	Loreto region: El Porvenir, Grau, San Joaquín de Omaguas, San Salvador de Omaguas, and other settlements on lower Marañón left bank, near Ucayali river mouth	2 in Peru (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 630 (2007 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Agua, Anapia, Ariana, Cambeba, Cambeeba, Cambela, Campeba, Canga-Peba, Compeva, Kambeba, Kambéba, Macanipa, Omagua-Yete, Omágua, Pariana, Umaua, Yhuata		None known. Reportedly most similar to Cocama-Cocamilla [cod].
pog	Potiguára	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí	Brazil	Paraíba state: Mamanguape municipality, Pôsto Nísia Brasileira on Baía da Traição	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or had shifted entirely to Portuguese [por] by the early 1970s. Ethnic population: 11,400 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Petigaré, Pitonara, Potiguara, Potyguara
yrl	Nengatu	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Brazil border area, Río Negro area, lower Guainía department, San Pedro and Bultón	Very few, if any, speakers left in Venezuela (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 1,290 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Geral, Modern Tupi, Nheengatu, Waengatu, Yeral, Ñengatú
yrl	Nhengatu	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí	Brazil	Amazonas state: Içana, Lower Vaupés, and Negro river areas	10,300 in Brazil (2005 FOIRN). Total users in all countries: 18,300	7 (Shifting)	Coastal Tupian, Geral, Língua Geral, Modern Tupí, Nheengatu, Nyengato, Nyengatú, Waengatu, Yeral, Ñeegatú		None known. Based on Tupinambá, developed by Portuguese during 17th and 18th centuries as lingua franca.
yrl	Nhengatu	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí	Colombia	Guainía department: Rio Negro; Vaupés department: Caruru and Yavarate municipalities	8,000 in Colombia (2004 IMB)	7 (Shifting)	Geral, Modern Tupi, Nheengatu, Nyengato, Waengatu, Yeral
tpk	Tupinikin	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Tupí	Brazil	Espírito Santo state	No known L1 speakers. Extinct by 1960s. Ethnic population: 1,390	9 (Dormant)	Margaya, Tupinaki, Tupinikim, Tupiniquim, Tupiniquin, Tupiniquín
aux	Aurá	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí	Brazil	Pará state	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the first decade of the 2000s (2004 SIL)	10 (Extinct)	Auré
twt	Turiwára	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé	Brazil	Pará state: with the Tembé [tqb] language group on Acará-miri river	No known L1 speakers. The Tembé [tqb] seem to have assimilated the closely related Turiwara group (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 30 (1995 SIL)	9 (Dormant)	Turiguara, Turiuara, Turiwara
ama	Amanayé	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé	Brazil	Pará state: Domingos do Capim municipality; Capim river	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 190 (2001 ISA)	9 (Dormant)	Amanage, Amanaié, Amanajé, Amanajó, Amanyé, Ararandeuara, Manajó, Mananyé, Manaxó, Manayé, Manaze, Manazewá, Manazo, Turiwa
aan	Anambé	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé	Brazil	Pará state; Cairari river (Moju river tributary)	6 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 130 (2000 ISA)	8b (Nearly extinct)			None known. Reportedly similar to Asuriní do Tocantins [asu].
xaj	Ararandewára	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé	Brazil	Pará state	No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the latter half of the 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Ararandeuras, Ararandeuára, Manajé
gvj	Guajá	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé	Brazil	Maranhão state: Terra Indígena Alto Turiaçu and Terra Indígena Caru, four settlements; Pará state	280 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 280 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)	Avá, Awá, Awá Guajá, Ayaya, Guaxare, Wazaizara		None known. Related to Guajajára [gub].
urb	Kaapor	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Amanayé	Brazil	Maranhão and Pará states: 8–10 villages scattered over 7,250 square km; Gurupi river	800 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 990 (2006 FUNASA)	5* (Developing)	Caapor, Ka’apor, Kaaporté, Urubú-Kaapor, “Urubú” (pej.)	Kaapor, awa je’ẽha
eme	Emerillon	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Wayampí	French Guiana	Brazil border area, at the confluence of Camopi and Oiapock rivers; Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni district: Maroni river area, on Suriname border	400 (Crevels 2012), increasing. Ethnic population: 400 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Emereñon, Emerilon, Melejo, Mereo, Mereyo, Teco, Teko		None known. Mutually intelligible with Wayampi [oym].
oym	Wayampi	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Wayampí	Brazil	Amapá and Pará states: tributaries of upper Amapari river. 8 villages	910 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 910 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,660	5* (Developing)	Guaiapi, Guayapi, Oiampí, Oyampí, Oyampík, Oyanpík, Waiampi, Waiãpi, Wajapae, Wajapuku, Wayapae, Wayapi, Wayãpi, Wayãpy, “Oiampipucu” (pej.), “Oyampipuku” (pej.)	Wajãpi	Oiyapoque Wayampi, Amapari Wayampi, Jari. Monolinguals include children under 6, more than half the women, most men over 45, and all of those recently from Brazil.
oym	Wayampi	Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Wayampí, Wayampí	French Guiana	Upper Oyapock river in 2 settlements, one near Camopi, the other south along Oyapock headwaters	750 in French Guiana (Crevels 2012), increasing. Ethnic population: 750 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Oiampí, Oiumpian, Oyampí, Oyapí, Wajapi, Wayapi, Wayãpi		Oiyapoque, Wajapuku.
avo	Agavotaguerra	Unclassified	Brazil	Mato Grosso state	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the first decades of the 2000s (2016 SIL)	10 (Extinct)	Agavotocueng, Agavotokueng, Agavotoqueng		None known. Related to Waurá [wau] and Yawalapiti [yaw].
aga	Aguano	Unclassified	Peru	Loreto region: lower Huallaga and upper Samiria rivers, right bank tributary of Marañon river	No known L1 speakers	10 (Extinct)	Aguanu, Ahuano, Awano, Awáno, Santa Crucino, Uguano
axg	Arára, Mato Grosso	Unclassified	Brazil	Mato Grosso State	No known L1 speakers. 7 speakers remained in 1986 (Rodrigues 1986). Ethnic population: 210 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Arara, Arara do Aripuanã, Arara do Beiradão, Arara do Rio Branco, Koaia, Koaiá, Koayá
ash	Awishira	Unclassified	Peru	Loreto region: Lake Vacacocha, Napo river, Puerto Elvira	No known L1 speakers. Survived into mid 20th century	10 (Extinct)	Abigira, Abiquira, Abishira, Aewa, Agouisiri, Auishiri, Avirxiri, Ixignor, Tekiraka, Tequiraca, Vacacocha
cby	Carabayo	Unclassified	Colombia	Amazonas department: halfway between San Bernardo and Pure rivers. At least 3 long houses	150. Ethnic population: 220 (Crevels 2012)	6b (Threatened)	Yuri, “Amazonas Macusa” (pej.)
hir	Himarimã	Unclassified	Brazil	Amazonas state: Tapauá valley, near the Jamamadi and Jarawara	40	6a (Vigorous)
xai	Kaimbé	Unclassified	Brazil	Bahia state	No known L1 speakers. Became extinct early in the 20th century. Ethnic population: 1,100 (1986 SIL)	9 (Dormant)	Caimbé, Cambe, Kariri de Massacará
xbw	Kambiwá	Unclassified	Brazil	Pernambuco state	No known L1 speakers. Became extinct early in the 20th century. Ethnic population: 2,820 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Cambioá, Cambiuá
xpn	Kapinawá	Unclassified	Brazil	Pernambuco state	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 420 (Crevels 2007)	9 (Dormant)	Capinauá
xor	Korubo	Unclassified	Brazil	Amazonas state: Terra Indígena Vale do Javari; Javari river basin near Itaquai, Ituí, and Quixiti rivers	26 (2007 FPEVJ). Ethnic population: 250 (2000 ISA)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Caceteiros
ule	Lule	Unclassified	Argentina	Gran Chaco, between the Pilcomayo river and the Andean foothills	No known L1 speakers. Reported to have been in use by 5 families in 1981 (Campbell 1997)	10 (Extinct)	Lule-Tonocoté, Tonocoté
mom	Mangue	Unclassified	Nicaragua	Scattered. North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region: highlands	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker either died or shifted to Spanish by the early 1870s; some rememberers survived into the late 1880s (Brinton 1886). Ethnic population: 46,000 (2005 census)	9 (Dormant)	Chorotega, Monimbo
pax	Pankararé	Unclassified	Brazil	Bahia state	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s. Ethnic population: 1,500	9 (Dormant)	Pankaré
pij	Pijao	Unclassified	Colombia	Tolima department	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker may have died by the 1960s (Zwisler 2018). Ethnic population: 60,000 (Zwisler 2018)	9 (Dormant)	Piajao, Pijao Paniquita, Pijao Paniquitá, Pinao, Pixao		None known. Not enough data to classify it linguistically (1973 M. Durbin).
yae	Pumé	Unclassified	Venezuela	Mainly eastern Apure state; Bolívar and Guárico states: Apure, Meta, Orinoco, and Sinaruco rivers	7,900 (2001 census). 590 urban, 7,310 rural. Ethnic population: 8,220 (Crevels 2012)	6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Llaruro, Yaruro, Yaruru, Yuapín	Pumé
swo	Shanenawa	Unclassified	Brazil	Amazonas state: near Feijó city	9 (Moore 2006). Ethnic population: 360 (2002 FUNAI)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Katukina Shanenawá		None known. Reportedly similar to Yawanawa [ywn] and Sharanawa [mcd].
tbb	Tapeba	Unclassified	Brazil	Ceara state: Caucaia municipality, Ceará river		Unattested	Perna-de-Pau, Tabeba, Tapebano
tgv	Tingui-Boto	Unclassified	Brazil	Alagoas state	No known L1 speakers. Extinct by the 1970s. Ethnic population: 300 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Carapató, Carapoto, Dzboku’a, Dzubukuá, Karapató, Shocó, Tingui, Tingui Botó, Xocó
tme	Tremembé	Unclassified	Brazil	Ceará state	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,050 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Taramembé, Teremembé
tka	Truká	Unclassified	Brazil	Bahia and Pernambuco states	No known L1 speakers. Extinct in latter half of 20th century. Ethnic population: 4,170 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)
waf	Wakoná	Unclassified	Brazil	Alagoas state	No known L1 speakers. Last speakers died in the mid-1970s. Ethnic population: 500 (1995 SIL)	9 (Dormant)
wsu	Wasu	Unclassified	Brazil	Alagoas state	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 1,560 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Wassu, Wassú, Waçu
hop	Hopi	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan	United States	Arizona: several villages northeast; New Mexico; Utah	6,080 (2015 census), decreasing. 40 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,350 (Golla 2007)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Colorado River Indian Tribes of the Colorado River Indian Reservation (Arizona and California), Hopi Tribe of Arizona			First Mesa, Misongnovi, Shipaulovi, Third Mesa.
tub	Tübatulabal	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan	United States	California: south central near Bakersfield	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Jim Andreas, died in 2008 (Golla 2011). Ethnic population: 900 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation	Pahkaanil, Pakaanil, Pakanapul
par	Timbisha	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Central	United States	California: Little Lake area in south Eureka Valley; Owens Lake, Coso Range, south Owens Valley area; Nevada: Amargosa Desert, Argus range, Beatty area, north and central Death Valley; Funeral Range on California-Nevada border; Grapevine mountains; Inyo mountains east slopes, northern Panamint valley and mountains; Saline valley	20 (Golla 2007). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 100 (1998 J. McLaughlin)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Big Pine Band Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley, Bishop Paiute Tribe, Death Valley Timbi-Sha Shoshone Tribe, Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians of the Fort Independence Reservation, Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Tribe	Coso, Koso, Koso Shoshone, Panamint, Panamint Shoshone, Tumpisa Shoshone, Tümpisa Panamint Shoshone, Tümpisa Shoshone, Tümpisa Shoshoni		None known. Reportedly similar to Shoshoni [shh] and Comanche [com] but not inherently intelligible with them.
com	Comanche	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Central	United States	Oklahoma: west	100 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,500 (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Comanche Nation	Numinu	Nʉmʉ Tekwapʉ	None known. Reportedly similar to Shoshoni [shh] and Timbisha [par].
shh	Shoshoni	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Central	United States	Idaho: Fort Hall Reservation; Nevada: central to northeast. Wyoming: Wind River Reservation (Northern Shoshoni dialect); Utah: west (Gosiute dialect)	1,000 (Golla 2007). There are an additional 1,000 speakers who are not fluent (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 7,000 (1977 SIL)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation (Nevada and Utah), Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation, Ely Shoshone Tribe of Nevada, Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation (Nevada and Oregon), Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Tribe, Northwestern Band of Shoshoni Nation, Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony, Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho, Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation, Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation, Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians of Utah, Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians of Nevada, Winnemucca Indian Colony of Nevada, Yomba Shoshone Tribe of the Yomba Reservation	Shoshone	Neme ta̲i̲kwappe, Sosoni’ ta̲i̲kwappe	Gosiute (Goshute), Western Shoshoni, Northern Shoshoni. Wind River Shoshoni is a subdialect of Northern Shoshoni, spoken at Wind River Reservation. Reportedly similar to Comanche [com] and Timbisha [par], which are not inherently intelligible of Shoshoni.
xaw	Kawaiisu	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Southern	United States	California: Tehachapi-Mojave area, Mojave desert	5 (2005 J. Turner). Ethnic population: 150 (2005 J. Turner)	8b (Nearly extinct)
ute	Ute-Southern Paiute	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Southern	United States	Colorado: southwest and Utah: southeast and northeast (Ute dialect); Utah: southwest; Arizona:north; Nevada: south; New Mexico: northwest (Southern Paiute dialect); California: lower Colorado river (Chemehuevi dialect)	1,900 (2015 census). 3 Chemehuevi on Chemehuevi Reservation, 10 on Colorado River Reservation (Hinton 1994). 20 monolinguals (1990 census). Ethnic population: 6,230 (Golla 2007). Ute: 4,800; Southern Paiute: 1,430 (Golla 2007)	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation, Colorado River Indian Tribes of the Colorado River Indian Reservation (Arizona and California), Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians of the Kaibab Indian Reservation, Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians of the Las Vegas Indian Colony, Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Indian Reservation, Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians, Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah, San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona, Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians, Southern Ute Indian Tribe of the Southern Ute Reservation, Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians, Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians of California, Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, Ute Mountain Ute Tribe (Colorado; New Mexico; Utah)	Colorado River Numic, Southern Paiute, Ute-Chemehuevi		Southern Paiute, Ute, Chemehuevi.
mnr	Mono	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Western	United States	California: Sierra Nevada west side, between Yosemite National Park and King Canyon National Park; Sierra Nevada east side, Owens Valley, Lone Pine north to Big Pine	37 (1994 L. Hinton), decreasing. More than 20 speakers and 100 semispeakers of Western Mono. Under 30 speakers of Eastern Mono (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 Eastern Mono (Golla 2007)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Big Pine Band Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley, Big Sandy Rancheria of Western Mono Indians of California, Bishop Paiute Tribe, Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians of California, Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians of the Fort Independence Reservation, Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Tribe, Northfork Rancheria of Mono Indians of California, Table Mountain Rancheria of California, Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation, Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation	Monache, Monachi		Eastern Mono (Owens Valley Mono), Western Mono (Monache, Northfork Mono). Related to Northern Paiute [pao].
pao	Paiute, Northern	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Numic, Western	United States	Nevada: north; adjacent areas of California, Idaho, Oregon. About 20 reservations spread over 1,610 square km	700 (Golla 2007), decreasing. Plus 400 semispeakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1999 SIL)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Bridgeport Indian Colony, Burns Paiute Tribe, Cedarville Rancheria, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, Fort Bidwell Indian Community of the Fort Bidwell Reservation of California, Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation (Nevada and Oregon), Klamath Tribes (Yahooskin Band of Paiute), Lovelock Paiute Tribe of the Lovelock Indian Colony, Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony, Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of the Pyramid Lake Reservation, Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho, Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation, Summit Lake Paiute Tribe of Nevada, Susanville Indian Rancheria, Walker River Paiute Tribe of the Walker River Reservation, Winnemucca Indian Colony of Nevada, Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony & Campbell Ranch	Paviotso		Bannock, North Northern Paiute (Mcdermitt), South Northern Paiute (Yerington-Schurz). Related to Mono [mnr]. Most reservations have their own dialect.
lui	Luiseño	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Takic	United States	California: south	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the early 2010s (Golla 2011). Ethnic population: 2,500 (Golla 2007)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: La Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians, Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians, Pala Band of Luiseño Mission Indians of the Pala Reservation, Pauma Band of Luiseño Mission Indians of the Pauma & Yuima Reservation, Pechanga Band of Luiseño Mission Indians of the Pechanga Reservation, Rincon Band of Luiseño Mission Indians of the Rincon Reservation, Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians	Payómkawichum		Juaneño (Acgachemem, Agachemem, Ajachema, Ajachemem), Luiseño.
ser	Serrano	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Takic	United States	California: south, San Bernardino and San Gorgonio Pass area	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Dorothy Ramon, died in 2002	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians, San Manual Band of Serrano Mission Indians of the San Maual Reservation, Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians
chl	Cahuilla	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Takic, Cahuilla	United States	California: San Gorgonio Pass and Mohave Desert areas	6 (Golla 2011). Ethnic population: 800 (Hinton 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians, Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation, Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla & Cupeno Indians, Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians, Ramona Band of Cahuilla, Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians, Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians, Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians
cup	Cupeño	Uto-Aztecan, Northern Uto-Aztecan, Takic, Cahuilla	United States	California: Pala reservation area, north of Valley Center	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Roscinda Nolasquez, died in 1987. Ethnic population: 700 (2000 A. Yamamoto)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians, Pala Band of Luiseño Mission Indians of the Pala Reservation
hch	Huichol	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Cora-Huichol	Mexico	Nayarit and Jalisco states: Cohamiata, Guadalupe Ocotán, Nayarit, San Andrés San Sebastián, Santa Catarina, and Tuxpan de Bolaños; smaller areas, Durango, southernmost tip, and western Zacatecas	47,600 (2011 UNSD)	5 (Developing)	Vixaritari Vaniuqui, Vizaritari Vaniuki	Wixárika	San Andrés Cohamiata (Huichol del Oeste, Western Huichol), San Sebastián-Santa Catarina (Eastern Huichol, Huichol del Este), Coyultita, Huichol del Sur, Huichol del Norte. Lexical similarity: 58% with El Nayar Cora [crn] (most similar) (Miller 1984).
crn	Cora, El Nayar	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Cora-Huichol, Cora	Mexico	Nayarit state: north-central	5,370 (2000 INALI)	5 (Developing)	Cora, Cora de El Nayar, Cora tereseño, Kora, Naáyeri, Naáyeri Niuka	Naáyeri Nyuuca	Jesús María Cora (Chwísita’na, Cora de Jesús María, El Nayar), La Mesa del Nayar Cora (Cora meseño, Mesa del Nayar, Yaúhke’ena), Presidio de los Reyes Cora (Cora presideño, Múxata’ana), Cora corapeño (Kuráàpa), Cora de Rosarito, Cora de Dolores (Dolores Cora, Wachí hapwa), Los Gavilanes Cora.
cok	Cora, Santa Teresa	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Cora-Huichol, Cora	Mexico	Nayarit state: Dolores, San Blasito and Santa Teresa	4,110 (2000 INALI)	5 (Developing)		Kwéimarusa’na	Santa Teresa Cora, San Blasito Cora, San Juan Corapan Cora, San Francisco Cora (Cora francisqueño). Difficult intelligibility of other Cora varieties.
ppl	Nahuat	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua	El Salvador	Ahuachapan, Chalatenango, La Libertad, La Paz, San Salvador, Santa Ana, and Sonsonate departments. West, interior highlands	1,300, all users. L1 users: 500 (2015 J. Stuart), increasing. L2 users: 800 (2015 J. Stuart). Ethnic population: 11,100 (2005 census)	8a (Moribund). Recognized language (1993, Law to protect the national patrimony, Decree 513)	Nawat, Nicarao, “Pipil” (pej.)	Nahuat	None known. Not intelligible with Isthmus Nahuatl [nhk] of Mexico.
nhz	Nahuatl, Santa María la Alta	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Puebla state: Atenayuca, Santa María la Alta; a few northwest of Tehuacán	2,470 (2000). 9 monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Náhuatl de Santa María la Alta		None known. 60% intelligibility of Pómaro [ncl] (Michoacán), 53% of Huatlatlauca, Puebla; 50% of Zautla [azz] (Highland Puebla), Chilac [npl] (Southeastern Puebla); 40% of Zongolica [nlv] (Orizaba); 33% of Mecayapan [nhx], Veracruz (Isthmus); 30% of Canoa (Central Nahuatl) [nhn].
nhi	Nahuatl, Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Ahuacatlán, Chachayohquila, Cuacuila, Cuacuilco, Cualtepec Ixquihuacán, San Miguel Tenango, Santa Catarina Omitlán, Tenantitla, Tepetzintla, Tetelatzingo, Tlalitzlipa, Xochitlasco, Xonotla, Yehuala, Zacatlán north of Puebla City, Zoquitla	17,100 (2007 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Ahuacatlán and Tepetzintla, Aztec of Zacatlán, Mejicano, Mexicano, Tenango Nahuatl		Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl, Tlalitzlipa Nahuatl. Reportedly most similar to Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl [npl], 50%–60% intelligibility of Sierra Negra Nahuatl [nsu] and Northern Puebla Nahuatl [ncj], 80%–90% of Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl [npl], 80% of Orizaba Nahuatl [nlv]. The Tlalitzlipa dialect 77% inherent intelligibility of Tlaxpanaloya [ncj] (Northern Puebla), 58% of Macuilocatl [nhw] (Western Huasteca Nahuatl), 41% of Tatóscac [azz] (Highland Puebla).
naz	Nahuatl, Coatepec	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Mexico state: Acapetlahuaya, Chilacachapa, Coatepec Costales, Guerrero, Los Sabinos, Machito de las Flores, Maxela, Miacacsingo, Texcalco, Tlacultlapa, Tonalapa	1,400 (1990 census). 15 monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Coatepec Aztec, Náhuatl de Coatepec		None known. 54% intelligibility of Santa Catarina [nhm] (Morelos), 48% of Atliaca [ngu] (Guerrero), 28% of Zongolica [nlv] (Orizaba).
nhk	Nahuatl, Isthmus-Cosoleacaque	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Veracruz-Llave, from Jáltipan de Morelos southeast to Rio Chiquito, north bank; other communities Cosoleacaque, Oteapan, Hidalgotitlán, and Soconusco	5,140 (1990 census). 10 monolinguals. Most monolinguals are older adults	8a (Moribund)	Cosoleacaque Aztec, Náhuatl del Istmo-Cosoleacaque		None known. 84% intelligibility of Pajapan [nhp], 83% of Mecayapan [nhx], 46% of Xoteapan (Cosoleacaque) [nhk]. No intelligibility of Pipil [ppl] of El Salvador.
nhx	Nahuatl, Isthmus-Mecayapan	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Veracruz state: Mecayapan municipality, Mecayapan and Tatahuicapan towns	26,600 (2000 INALI)	5 (Developing)	Isthmus Aztec-Mecayapan, Isthmus Nahuatl, Mecayapan Isthmus Nahuatl, Mexicano, Nahuatl del Istmo, Náhuat de Mecayapan	melaꞌtájto̱l	None known. No intelligibility of Pipil [ppl] of El Salvador.
nlv	Nahuatl, Orizaba	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Veracruz state: Orizaba; Puebla state: north of Miguel Aleman reservoir; Oaxaca state: small area northwest of Acatlan	120,000 (1991 SIL). All Nahuatl variety speakers: 1,740,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Náhuatl de la Sierra de Zongolica, Orizaba Aztec		Ixhuatlancillo Nahuatl. 79% intelligibility of Nahuatl [nhm] (Morelos) (most similar).
nsu	Nahuatl, Sierra Negra	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Puebla state: 13 towns in south	25,000 (2006 SIL). 16,000 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Náhuatl de la Sierra Negra		Coyomeapan, Zoquitlan. Reportedly most similar to Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl [npl]; next most similar to Nahuatl [nhm] (Morelos).
nhw	Nahuatl, Western Huasteca	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	San Luis Potosí state: Tamazunchale center; Hidalgo state: Chapulhuacan, Lolotla, Pisaflores, portions of San Felipe Orizatlan, Tepehuacan de Gerrero, and Tlanchinol municipalities. 1,500 villages	400,000 (1991 SIL). All Nahuatl variety speakers: 1,740,000	5* (Developing)	Mexicano, Náhuatl, Náhuatl de Tamazunchale, Náhuatl de la Huasteca Occidental, Western Huasteca Aztec, nāhuatlahtōlli		None known. 85% intelligibility between Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl [nhe] and Western Huasteca Nahuatl.
nhn	Nahuatl, Central	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Tlaxcala and Puebla states	40,000 (1980 census). All Nahuatl variety speakers: 1,740,000. 1,000 monolinguals (1990 census). Ethnic population: 63,000 (1986)	6b* (Threatened)	Central Aztec, Nawa, Náhuatl del Centro, Tlaxcala-Puebla Nahuatl
nch	Nahuatl, Central Huasteca	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Hidalgo state: Platon Sanchez border area west of Cototlan and Veracruz-Llave; possibly San Louis Potosi	196,000 (2000 INALI). All Nahuatl variety speakers: 1,740,000	5* (Developing)	Mexicano, Mexicano de la Huasteca Hidalguense, Náhuat de la Huasteca Central, Náhuatl	nāhuatlahtōlli
ncx	Nahuatl, Central Puebla	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Atoyatempan, Huatlathauca, and Huehuetlán near Molcaxac, south of Puebla city, Teopantlán, Tepatlaxco de Hidalgo, Tochimilco	16,000 (1998 SIL). 1,430 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Central Puebla Aztec, Náhuatl del Suroeste de Puebla, Southwestern Puebla Nahuatl
azd	Nahuatl, Eastern Durango	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Durango state: Mezquital municipality, Agua Caliente, Agua Fria, La Tinaja, and San Pedro Jicora; Nayarit state: Del Nayer municipality	400 (2011 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Eastern Durango Aztec, Meshikan del Este, Mexicanero del Este, Nahuat del Este de Durango	Meshikan de San Pedro Shikora	None known. 85% intelligibility of Western Durango Nahuatl [azn], 76% of Michoacan Nahuatl [ncl].
nhe	Nahuatl, Eastern Huasteca	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Hidalgo state; Puebla state: Fransico Z. Mena municipality; Veracruz state: interior west of Tuxpan. 1500 villages	410,000 (1991 SIL). All Nahuatl variety speakers: 1,740,000	5* (Developing)	Eastern Huasteca Aztec, Huasteca Nahuatl, Mexicano, Náhuatl de Hidalgo, Náhuatl de la Huasteca Oriental, nāhuatlahtōlli		Southeastern Huasteca Nahuatl. 85% intelligibility between Eastern and Western Huasteca Nahuatl [nhv].
ngu	Nahuatl, Guerrero	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Ahuacuotzingo, Alcozauca de Guerrero, Alpoyeca, Atenango del Río, Atlixtac, Ayutla de los Libres, Chiulapa de Álvarez, Comonfort, Copalillo, Cualác, Huamuxtitlán, Huitzuco de los Figueroa, Mártir de Cuilapan, Mochitlán, Olinalá, Quechultenango, Tepecoacuilco de Trujano, Tixtla de Guerrero, Tlapa de Xalpatláhuac, Xochihuehuetlán, Zapotitlan Tablas, and Zitlala municipalities, Balsas river area	125,000 (2000 INALI). All Nahuatl variety speakers: 1,740,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Guerrero Aztec, Mexicano de Guerrero, Náhuatl de Guerrero, Xalitla Nahuatl
azz	Nahuatl, Highland Puebla	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Puebla state: near Jopala; Veracruz state: south of Entabladero	125,000 (1983). All Nahuatl variety speakers: 1,740,000	5* (Developing)	Mejicano, Mejicano de Zacapoaxtla, Mexicano, Náhuat de la Sierra de Puebla, Sierra Aztec, Sierra Puebla Náhuatl, Sierra de Zacapoaxtla Nahuatl, Zacapoaxtla Náhuat	Nahuatlahtolli
nhq	Nahuatl, Huaxcaleca	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Veracruz state: inland area surrounding Cordoba	7,000 (1990 census). 55 monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Huaxcaleca Aztec, Náhuatl de Chichiquila		None known. 87% intelligibility of Highland Puebla Nahuatl [azz], 85% of Orizaba Nahuatl [nlv].
nhp	Nahuatl, Isthmus-Pajapan	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Veracruz state: Pajapan municipality on Gulf of Mexico, Jicacal, San Juan Volador, Santanón, and Sayultepec towns	6,800 (2000 INALI). 500 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Nahuatl del Istmo bajo, Náhuat de Pajapan, Pajapan Nahuatl		None known. 83% intelligibility of Mecayapan (Isthmus Nahuatl) [nhx], 94% of Oteapan (Cosoleacaque) [nhk].
ncl	Nahuatl, Michoacán	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Michoacán de Ocampo state: Maruata Pómaro on Pacific ocean coast	3,000 (1990 census)	6b (Threatened)	Mexicano, Michoacan Aztec, Nahuatl de Michoacán	Gente natural
nhy	Nahuatl, Northern Oaxaca	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Oaxaca state: Apixtepec, Cosolapa, El Manzano de Mazatlán, San Antonio Nanahuatipan, San Gabriel Casa Blanca, San Martín Toxpalan, Santa María Teopoxco, Teotitlán del Camino; Ignacio Zaragosa, and Tesonapa (1 of the last 2 towns in Veracruz); Puebla state: Coxcatlán	8,130 (2000 INALI). 1,400 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Mexicano, Nahuatl de Oaxaca, Náhuatl, Náhuatl del Norte de Oaxaca	nāhuatlahtōlli	None known. 80% intelligibility of Orizaba Nahuatl [nlv], 76% of Southeast Puebla [npl], 75% of North Puebla [ncj], 48% of Tatóscac [azz].
ncj	Nahuatl, Northern Puebla	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Puebla state: Naupan	60,000 (1990 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	North Puebla Aztec, North Puebla Sierra Nahuatl, Náhuatl del Norte de Puebla
nht	Nahuatl, Ometepec	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Guerrero state: Acatepec, Arcelia, El Carmen, Quetzalapa de Azoyú, and Rancho de Cuananchinicha; Oaxaca state: Juxtlahuaca district, Cruz Alta and San Vicente Piñas; Putla district, Concepción Guerrero	430 (1990 census)	7 (Shifting)	Ometepec Aztec		None known. May be 3 separate languages.
npl	Nahuatl, Southeastern Puebla	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Puebla state: Tehuacán region, Chilac and San Sebastián Zinacatepec areas	92,000 (1991 SIL). All Nahuatl variety speakers: 1,740,000	5* (Developing)	Náhuatl del Sureste de Puebla, Náhuatl del Valle de Tehuacán, Tehuacán Náhuatl		None known. Reportedly most similar to Sierra Negra Nahuatl [nsu]. Approximately 60% intelligibility of Morelos Nahuatl [nhm].
nhc	Nahuatl, Tabasco	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Tabasco state: Comalcalco municipality, La Lagartera and Paso de Cupilco	30 (2014 M. Hansen)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Tabasco Aztec
nhv	Nahuatl, Temascaltepec	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	México state: La Comunidad, Potrero de San José, San Mateo Almomoloa, and Santa Ana, southwest of Toluca	310 (1990 census)	7 (Shifting)	Almomoloa Náhuatl, Temascaltepec Aztec		None known. 53% intelligibility of Coatepec, Guerrero [ngu]; 45% of Pómaro, Michoacán [ncl]; 40% of Santa Catarina, Morelos [nhm]; 10% of Tlaxpanaloya, Puebla [ncj].
nhg	Nahuatl, Tetelcingo	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Morelos state: Tetelcingo	3,500 (1990 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Tetelcingo Aztec		None known. Distinct from Morelos Nahuatl [nhm].
nuz	Nahuatl, Tlamacazapa	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Guerrero state: border area northeast of Taxco; Morelos state: west of Tequesquitengo lake	1,550 (1990 census). 10 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)			None known. Different from Morelos Nahuatl [nhm], Guerrero Nahuatl [ngu]. 79% intelligibility of Guerrero.
azn	Nahuatl, Western Durango	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl	Mexico	Durango state: Mezquital municipality, Alacranes, Curachitos de Buenavista, San Agustin de Buenaventura, San Diego, Tepalcates, and Tepetates II (Berenjenas); Nayarit state: Acaponeta municipality, El Duraznito, La Laguna, Mesa de las Arpas, and Santa Cruz	900 (2011 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Meshikan del occidente, Mexicanero del occidente, Nahuat del Occidente en Durango y Nayarit, Western Durango Aztec	Meshikan de San Agustin Buenaventura y de Santa Cruz	None known. 85% intelligibility of Eastern Durango Nahuatl [azd], 76% of Michoacan Nahuatl [ncl].
nhm	Nahuatl, Morelos	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Corachol-Aztecan, Core Nahua, Nahuatl.	Mexico	Morelos state: Miacatlán municipality, Coatetelco; Puente de Ixtla municipality, Xoxocotla; Temixco municipality, Cuentepec; Tepoztlán municipality, Santa Catarina; Tetela del Volcán municipality, Hueyapan, Alpanocan; Puebla state: Acteopan municipality, San Marcos Acteopan and San Felipe Toctla	18,700 (2000 census). 300 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Náhuatl de Cuentepec		None known. 72% inherent intelligibility of Cuaohueyalta [ncj] (Northern Puebla), 69% of Atliaca [ngu] (Guerrero), 54% of Macuilocatl [nhv] (Western Huasteca), 40% of Yahualica [nhe] (Eastern Huasteca), 36% of Pómaro [ncl] (Michoacán), 34% of Tetelcingo [nhg], 27% of Chilac [npl] (Southeast Puebla), 19% of Tatóscac [azz] (Highland Puebla), 0% of Mecayapan [nhx] (Isthmus).
pia	Pima Bajo	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Pimic	Mexico	Sonora-Chihuahua states border, scattered	650 (2000 INALI)	6b (Threatened)	Lower Piman, Mountain Pima, Névome	Oob No’ok	Chihuahua Pima Bajo (Lower Piman), Sonora Pima Bajo, Pima del Este, Pima del Norte, Pima del Sur. Lexical similarity: 85% with Pima [ood] (Tohono O’odham) of the United States and Northern Tepehuan [ntp].
tep	Tepecano	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Pimic	Mexico	Jalisco state: San Martin de Bolaños area	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Lino de la Rosa, may have survived into the 1980s	10 (Extinct)
ood	Tohono O’odham	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Pimic	Mexico	Northern Sonora	160 in Mexico (2011 UNSD)	6b (Threatened)	O’odham, Oʼodham ñiok, Pápago, Tohono O’otham
ood	Tohono O’odham	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Pimic	United States	Arizona: south central. 60 villages on 7 reservations	14,000 in United States (Golla 2007). 180 monolinguals (1990 census). Ethnic population: 33,000 (Ichihashi-Nakayama 2004). Including 20,000 Papago, 13,000 Pima (Ichihashi-Nakayama 2004). Total users in all countries: 14,160	6b (Threatened). Language of registered tribe: Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation, Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian Reservation, Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Tohono O’odham Nation of Arizona	Nebome, Nevome, O’odham, O’othham, Papago-Pima, Upper Piman	Tohono O’otham	Tohono O’odam (“Papago” (pej.)), Akimel O’odham (Pima).
ntp	Tepehuan, Northern	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Pimic, Tepehuan	Mexico	Chihuahua state: Baborigame area; Sinaloa state: Choix municipality, border area	6,200 (2005 census)	5* (Developing)	Tepehuán del Norte	O’otham
stp	Tepehuan, Southeastern	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Pimic, Tepehuan	Mexico	Durango state: Mezquital municipality, Santa María Ocotán; Nayarit state: some in northeast	10,600 (2005 census)	5 (Developing)	Tepehuano, Tepehuán del Sureste	O’dam	None known. 78% intelligibility of Southwestern Tepehuan [tla].
tla	Tepehuan, Southwestern	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Pimic, Tepehuan	Mexico	Durango state: Lajas, Taxicaringa, and Teneraca; Nayarit state: Huajicori municipality	8,700 (2005 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Tepehuán del Suroeste		None known. 55% intelligibility of Southeastern Tepehuan [stp].
tbu	Tubar	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic	Mexico	Chihuahua state: Sinaloa and Sonora states’ border area	No known L1 speakers. Most sources seem to agree that the last speaker probably died by the 1970s, but possibly as early as 1940 (Jaquith 1970)	10 (Extinct)	Tubare
mfy	Mayo	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic, Cahitan	Mexico	Sonora state: Navojoa (Huatabampo) area; Sinaloa state: Guasave, Los Mochis, San José Ríos, north of Guamuchil. 100 villages or more	39,800 (2011 UNSD). 120 monolinguals (1995 census). Ethnic population: 100,000 (1983)	8a (Moribund)		Yoreme Nokki	None known. 90% intelligibility of Yaqui [yaq].
yaq	Yaqui	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic, Cahitan	Mexico	Sonora state: Cócorit, Bácum, Tórim, Vícam, Pótam, Ráhum, Huirivis, and Bélen	17,600 in Mexico (2011 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 18,240	8a (Moribund)	Cahita, Hiak-nooki, Hiaki, Yoem Noki	Yoeme	None known. Partial intelligibility of Mayo [mfy].
yaq	Yaqui	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic, Cahitan	United States	Arizona: Pascua	640 in United States (2015 census). Ethnic population: 8,000 (Golla 2007)	7 (Shifting). Language of registered tribe: Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona	Hiak-nooki, Yoeme
opt	Opata	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic, Opatan	Mexico	Sonora state: Arivechi, Bacanora, Nacori, Onavas, Sahuaripa, Suaqui. Tecoripa is the traditional area	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker probably died by 1940 (Mason 1940)	10 (Extinct)	Dohema, Eudeve, Heve, Teguima
var	Huarijío	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic, Tarahumaran	Mexico	Chihuahua state: Río Chinipas east to Sonora state border; San Bernardo, to headwaters of Río Mayo. 17 or more villages or hamlets. West Sierra Madre mountains	2,840 (2005 SIL). 1,570 in Chihuahua, 1,210 in Sonora	6a (Vigorous)	Guarijío, Maculái, Macurawe, Macurái, Makurawe, Varihío, Varijío, Varohio, Vorijío, Warihó	Warijio	Highland Guarijío, Lowland Huarijío. Intelligibility of Tarahumara languages less than 50%. Maculai (Macurawe, Macuyawe), formerly used by upriver Huarijio to refer to downriver Huarijio. Refer to themselves as Huarijio, Macurawe or Macuyawe. Old ruins of Macoyawi, now under Lake Mocutzari, was presumably a village of theirs.
tar	Tarahumara, Central	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic, Tarahumaran, Tarahumara	Mexico	Chihuahua state: Balleza north, Chinantu southeast, Cuautemoc southwest to Creel down Urique river, east up Sinforosa canyon	29,700 (2000 INALI). 10,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Alta Tarahumara, Ralámuli de la Tarahumara Alta, Samachique Tarahumara, Tarahumara de Cumbres, Tarahumara del Centro	Ralámuli raicha
thh	Tarahumara, Northern	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic, Tarahumaran, Tarahumara	Mexico	Chihuahua state: Agua Caliente Ariseachi, Bilaguchi, La Nopalera, Santa Rosa Ariseachi, Tomochi	No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 1,500 (1993 SIL)	9 (Dormant)	Arisiachi Tarahumara, Tarahumara del Norte		None known. 45% intelligibility of Central Tarahumara [tar], 25% of Western Tarahumara [tac].
tcu	Tarahumara, Southeastern	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic, Tarahumaran, Tarahumara	Mexico	Chihuahua state: Chinatú	5,410 (2000 INALI)	7 (Shifting)	Balleza, Chinatú, Rarámari raicha, Tarahumara de Chinatú, Tarahumara del Sur, Tarahumara del Sureste, Uruachi		Chinatú Tarahumara.
twr	Tarahumara, Southwestern	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic, Tarahumaran, Tarahumara	Mexico	Chihuahua state: Tubare	100 (1983 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Tarahumara del Suroeste, Tubare
tac	Tarahumara, Western	Uto-Aztecan, Southern Uto-Aztecan, Taracahitic, Tarahumaran, Tarahumara	Mexico	Chihuahua state: Guazapares, Urique, and Uruachi	9,230 (2000 INALI)	5 (Developing)	Baja Tarahumara, Lowland Tarahumara, Ralámuli de la Baja Tarahumara, Rarámuri, Rocoroibo, Tarahumara del Oeste, Tarahumara del Poniente	Rarómari raicha
has	Haisla	Wakashan, Northern Wakashan	Canada	British Columbia province: Douglas Channel head, near Kitimat	240 (FPCC 2014). 21 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,680 (FPCC 2014)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Haisla	Haishilla, Kitlope, Northern Kwakiutl, Xenaksialakala		Kitimat (Kitamat). Related to Heiltsuk [hei] and Kwakiutl [kwk].
hei	Heiltsuk	Wakashan, Northern Wakashan, Kwakiutlan	Canada	British Columbia province: Bella Bella and Kitasoo villages, Rivers Inlet area	66 (FPCC 2014). 50 semi-speakers; 6 remaining speakers of Oowekyala (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 2,530 (FPCC 2014)	7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Heiltsuk, Wuikinuxv	Hailhzaqvla		Bella Bella (Belbellah, Northern Heiltsuk), Oowekyala (Heiltsuk-Oweek’ala, Oowekeno, Oweek’ala, ’Uikala). Related to Haisla [has] and Kwakiutl [kwk].
kwk	Kwakiutl	Wakashan, Northern Wakashan, Kwakiutlan	Canada	British Columbia province: north Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland	170 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 500 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,310 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 350	8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Campbell River, Cape Mudge, Da’naxda’xw, Dzawada’enuxw, Gwa’Sala-Nakwaxda’xw, Gwawaenuk Tribe, Klahoose, Kwakiutl, Kwiakah, Kwikwasut’inuxw Haxwa’mis, Kwikwetlem, Mamalilikulla, Namgis, Qualicum, Quatsino, Tlatlasikwala, Tlowitsis Tribe	Kwagiutl, Kwakwaka’wakw	Kwak’wala	Gwawaenuk. Related to Haisla [has] and Heiltsuk [hei].
dtd	Ditidaht	Wakashan, Southern Wakashan	Canada	British Columbia, Malachan Reserve, Nitinaht lake. Also previously used in Pacheedaht Territory in the vicinity of Port Renfrew, British Columbia	7 (FPCC 2014). 6 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 940 (FPCC 2014)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ditidaht	Diidiitidq, Diitiid’aatx, Nitinaht, Nitinat		None known. Reportedly similar to Makah [myh] and Nuu-chah-nulth [nuk].
nuk	Nuu-chah-nulth	Wakashan, Southern Wakashan	Canada	British Columbia province: Vancouver Island, Pacific Ocean coast	130 (FPCC 2014). 200 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,680 (FPCC 2014)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ahousaht, Ehattesaht, Hesquiaht, Hupacasath, Huu-ay-aht, Ka:’yu:’k’t’h’/Che:k:tles7et’h’, Mowachaht/Muchalaht, Nuchatlaht, Pacheedaht, Tla-o-qui-aht, Toquaht, Tseshaht, Uchucklesaht, Ucluelet	Aht, Nootka, Nootkans, Nutka, Nuučaan’ul, Quuquu’aca, T’aat’aaqsapa, West Coast		Cheklesaht, Kyuquot, Ehattesaht, Nuchatlaht, Mowachaht, Muchalaht, Hesquiaht, Ahousaht, Tla-o-qui-aht, Ucluelet, Toquaht, Uchucklesaht, Tseshaht, Hupacasath, Huu-ay-aht. Reportedly similar to Ditidaht [dtd] and Makah [myh].
myh	Makah	Wakashan, Southern Wakashan	United States	Washington: Neah Bay on northern tip of Olympic Peninsula, opposite Vancouver Island	No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Ruth Claplanhoo, died in 2002 (2002 M. Barber). Ethnic population: 2,220 (2000 census)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Makah Indian Tribe of the Makah Indian Reservation	Kwe-Nee-Chee-Aht, Kweedishchaaht, qʷi·qʷi·diččaq
nol	Nomlaki	Wintuan	United States	California: Grindstone Rancheria, Paskenta, and Round Valley reservation	1 (Golla 2011)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians of California, Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California, Round Valley Indian Tribes-Round Valley Reservation	Central Wintun, Wintu, Wintun		None known. Reportedly similar to Patwin [pwi] and Wintu [wnw].
pwi	Patwin	Wintuan	United States	California: Cortina, Grindstone, and Rumsey	1 (Golla 2011)	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Cachil DeHe Band of Wintun Indians of the Colusa Indian Community of the Colusa Rancheria, Cortina Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians of California, Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians of California, Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation	Southern Wintun, Wintu		None known. Reportedly similar to Nomlaki [nol] and Wintu [wnw].
wnw	Wintu	Wintuan	United States	California: Hayfork, Redding, Trinity Center, Weaverville in north Sacramento valley, north of Cottonwood creek, into mountains to Trinity river headwaters	No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker, Flora Jones, died in 2003 (Golla 2011)	10 (Extinct). Language of registered tribe: Redding Rancheria	Northern Wintun, Wintun		None known. Reportedly similar to Nomlaki [nol] and Patwin [pwi].
noj	Nonuya	Witotoan	Colombia	Amazonas department: Puerto Santander municipality, Peña Roja	2 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 230 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Nononota
noj	Nonuya	Witotoan	Peru	Loreto region: Maynas province, Putumayo district	No known L1 speakers in Peru. Last known speaker in Peru likely survived until 2010. Ethnic population: 90. Ethnic population covers both Colombia and Peru	9 (Dormant)	Nononota
boa	Bora	Witotoan, Proto-Bora-Muinane	Peru	Loreto region: Ampiyacu, Putumayo, northeast Yaguasyacu rivers. 5 villages	750 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 750 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 1,350	7 (Shifting)	Bora-Miranya, Meamuyna, Miamuna’a, Miranas, Miranya, Miraña, Mïamuna	Booraa, Miamunaa	None known. Distinct from Bora Muinane [bmr] but related.
boa	Bora	Witotoan, Proto-Bora-Muinane	Colombia	Amazonas department: Bora, Providencia on Igaraparana (tributary of the Putumayo); Miraña: lower Caquetá river, near Cahuinari river mouth	600 in Colombia (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 1,420 (Crevels 2012). 700 Bora and 720 Miraña in 2001 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Boro, Meamuyna, Miranya, Miraña, Mirañã, Miriña
boa	Miranha	Witotoan, Proto-Bora-Muinane	Brazil	Amazonas state: Solimões, between Tefé and Caiçara river areas; along Brazilian Rio Iça	No known L1 speakers in Brazil. Ethnic population: 840 (Crevels 2012)	9 (Dormant)	Bora, Boro, Meamuyna, Miamunaa, Miraña, Mirãnha, Mirãnia
bmr	Muinane	Witotoan, Proto-Bora-Muinane	Colombia	Amazonas department: Puerto Santander municipality, south of Caquetá river; Caqueta department: between Caqueta and Yari rivers	150 (2007 F. Cuéllar). Ethnic population: 550 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Bora-Muinane, Muename, Muinana, Muinani
oca	Ocaina	Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina	Colombia	Amazonas department: upper Igará-Paraná and tributaries	140 in Colombia (Arango Ochoa and Sánchez Gutierrez 1998). Ethnic population: 140 (Crevels 2012)	8a (Moribund)	Okaina		Dukaiya, Ibo’tsa.
oca	Ocaina	Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina	Peru	Loreto region: Ampuyacu, Putumayo, and Yaguasyacu rivers	50 in Peru (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 100 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 190	7 (Shifting)	Okaina		Dukaiya (Dyo’xaiya), Ibo’tsa.
hux	Witoto, Muinani	Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto	Peru	Loreto region	50 in Peru (2017 K. Wojtylak). 1,130 Huitoto in Peru (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 110 (Griffiths et al 2001)	7 (Shifting)	Muinane Huitoto, Nipode Witoto, Nüpode Huitoto
hux	Witoto, Nipode	Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto	Colombia	Amazonas and Caquetá departments	200 in Colombia (2017 K. Wojtylak). Ethnic population: 480 (Griffiths et al 2001). Total users in all countries: 250	7 (Shifting)
hto	Witoto, Minika	Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto, Proto-Minica-Murai	Colombia	Amazonas and Caquetá departments: Isla de los Monos in Caquetá river basin; Putumayo department: Leguizamo minicipality; Caguan river area near Sanvicente del Caguan unconfirmed	1,500 (2008 K. Wojtylak). Ethnic population: 2,400 (2008 K. Wojtylak)	7 (Shifting)	Meneca, Minica, Minica Huitoto
huu	Witoto, Murui	Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto, Proto-Minica-Murai	Colombia	Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo departments: between Putumayo and Caquetá rivers, north of Porto Arturo	600 in Colombia (2008). Ethnic population: 1,700 (2008). Total users in all countries: 1,000	6b* (Threatened)	Bue, Murui Huitoto, Witoto	Murui	Mika.
huu	Witoto, Murui	Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto, Proto-Minica-Murai	Peru	Loreto region: Ampiyacu, Napo, and Putumayo rivers; between Iquitos, Peru and Leticia, Colombia	400 in Peru (2008), decreasing. 1,130 Huitoto in Peru (Crevels 2007). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,100 (2008)	7 (Shifting)	Bue, Murui, Murui Huitoto, Witoto		Mica (Mika).
yad	Yagua	Yaguan	Peru	Loreto region: Iquitos to Brazil border; northeast Amazon river area	5,000 in Peru (2016 T. Payne). No monolinguals (2016). Ethnic population: 5,680 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 5,300	6b* (Threatened)	Llagua, Nijyamii, Nijyamïï Nikyejaada, Yahua, Yava, Yegua	Nijya̱mi̱ Niquejada	2 dialects.
yme	Yameo	Yaguan	Peru	Loreto region: Amazon and Marañon rivers from mouth of Tigre river to Nanay river	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s (Peña 2009)	10 (Extinct)	Camuchivo, Lllameo, Masamae, Masamae Yameo, Mazan, Parara, Yaméo
shb	Ninam	Yanomaman	Brazil	Roraima state: Mucajaí, Paragua, Roraima, and upper Uraricaá rivers	470 in Brazil (Crevels 2012). About evenly divided between northern and southern dialects. 15,700 for all Yanomam groups in Brazil (2006 FUNASA). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 470 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 1,030	6a (Vigorous)	Shiriana, Xirianá, Xirixana, Yanam		Southern Ninam (Mukajai, Shirishana), Northern Ninam (Shiriana, Uraricaa-Paragua).
shb	Ninam	Yanomaman	Venezuela	Bolívar state: Karun and Paragua rivers	560 in Venezuela (2010 L. Campbell)	6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Shiriana, Yanam		Northern Ninam, Southern Ninam.
xsu	Sanumá	Yanomaman	Venezuela	Amazonas and Bolívar states: Caura, Erebato, and Ventuari rivers; Upper Auaris west to upper Padamo river area	3,040 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 3,040 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 3,500	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Caura, Chirichano, Guaika, Samatali, Samatari, Sanema, Sanɨma, Sanima, Sanma, Sanïma, Tsanɨma, Tsanuma, Xamatari	Sanöma	Yanoma (Kohoroxitari), Cobari (Cobariwa, Kobali).
xsu	Sánuma	Yanomaman	Brazil	Roraima state: Auaris river	460 in Brazil (Moore 2006). All Yanomam groups in Brazil: 11,700 (2000 ISA). Ethnic population: 460 (Crevels 2012)	7 (Shifting)	Sanema, Sanïma, Sanöma, Sánïma, Tsanuma		Caura, Ervato-Ventuari, Auaris, Yanoma (Samatali, Samatari).
wca	Yanomámi	Yanomaman	Brazil	Amazonas state: Toototobi post; Roraima state: Waicá post, Catrimani and Uraricuera rivers	6,000 (Moore 2006). 11,700 for all Yanomam groups in Brazil (2000 ISA). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 6,000 (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Central Waica, Parahuri, Surara, Waicá, Waiká, Xurima, Yanoam, Yanoama, Yanomam, Yanomama, Yanomamé, Yanomamï, Yanomamõ		Yanamam (Patimitheri, Waika), Yanomam (Guadema, Naomam, Wadema, Warema), Yanomay (Toototobi), Nanomam (Karime), Jauari (Aica, Joari, Yoari), Xamatari, Kohoroxitari.
guu	Yanomamö	Yanomaman	Brazil	Amazonas and Roraima states: upper tributaries of Rio Negro, along Venezuela border	4,000 in Brazil (Moore 2006). 11,700 for all Yanomam groups in Brazil (2000 ISA). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 4,000 (Crevels 2012)	5* (Developing)	Guaharibo, Guaica, Shaathari, Shamatri, Yanomae, Yanomam, Yanomami		Eastern Yanomami (Parima), Western Yanomami (Padamo-Orinoco).
guu	Yanomamö	Yanomaman	Venezuela	Amazonas state: Orinoco-Mavaca area; Eastern dialect: Parima mountains, east of Batau river; Western dialect: Manaviche, Ocamo, and upper Orinoco rivers, Padamo river basin; south of Orinoco river, Cauaburi and Marania rivers’ headwaters; large villages in Siapa river area south	12,200 in Venezuela (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 12,200 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 16,200	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2008, Indigenous Languages Law, Article 4)	Cobari Kobali, Cobariwa, Guaharibo, Guaica, Guajaribo, Ianomami, Shamatari, Yanoama, Yanoamae, Yanoamï, Yanomame, Yanomami, Yanomamï	Yanomamɨ	Eastern Yanomami (Parima), Western Yanomami (Padamo-Orinoco). Cobari dialect is easily intelligible of the others.
yro	Yaroamë	Yanomaman	Brazil	Roraima	430 (Ferreira 2011)	6a* (Vigorous)	Jawari, Yawari		None known. Most similar to Ninam [shb].
yok	Yokuts	Yokutsan	United States	California: San Joaquin river and valley; Sierra Nevada slopes	50 (Golla 2007). Wukchumne dialect: fewer than 10; Choinumne dialect: 6; Yowlumne dialect: 20–25 fluent and semispeakers; Chukchansi: a few semispeakers; Tachi dialect: a few speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2000 A. Yamamoto)	8a (Moribund). Language of registered tribe: Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians of California, Santa Rosa Indian Community of the Santa Rosa Rancheria, Table Mountain Rancheria of California, Tejon Indian Tribe, Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation, Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians of the Tuolumne Rancheria of California	Yaudanchi, Yaudanchi Yokuts, Yokutsan		Tachi (Southern Valley Yokuts), Wukchumne (Wikchamni, Wukchumni), Choinumne (Choinimne, Choynumne, Chulamni, Kings River), Yowlumne (Yawelmani), Chukchansi (Chawchila, Dumna, Northern Valley Yokuts), Gashowu. Many subvarieties. Southern Foothill and Valley Yokuts dialects are extinct.
wao	Wappo	Yukian	United States	California: north of San Francisco Bay	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Laura Fish Somersal, died in 1990	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Middletown Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California
yuk	Yuki	Yukian, Core Yukian	United States	California: Round Valley Reservation north	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Arthur Anderson, died around 1990 (Golla 2011). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2000 A. Yamamoto)	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Round Valley Indian Tribes-Round Valley Reservation
ayo	Ayoreo	Zamucoan	Bolivia	Santa Cruz department: Ángel Sandoval, Chiquitos, Germán Busch, and Ñuflo de Chávez provinces; Santa Cruz de la Sierra city, Zapocó, Poza Verde, Puesto Paz, Guidai Ichai, Santa Teresita, Tobité, Urucú, Motacú, Rincón del Tigre, Belen	1,400 in Bolivia (Crevels 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Ayoré, Moro, Morotoco, Pyeta, Yovai		Tsiricua.
ayo	Ayoreo	Zamucoan	Paraguay	Alto Paraguay department: Arocojnadi, Cucaani, Guidaichai, and Isla Alta; Boquerón department: Campo Loro, Ebetogue, Jesudi, and Tunocojai	1,760 in Paraguay (Crevels 2012), increasing. 1,000 monolinguals (2012). Ethnic population: 2,100 (Crevels 2012). Total users in all countries: 3,160	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Ayoré, Coroino, Garaygosode, Guarañoca, Guidaigosode, Koroino, Moro, Poturero, Pyeta Yovai, Pyta Jovai, Samococio, Takrat, Totobiegosode, Yanaigua	Morotoco	Tsiracua (Sirákua, Tsirákua). Lexical similarity: 30% with Chamacoco [ceg].
ceg	Chamacoco	Zamucoan	Paraguay	Alto Paraguay department: (Tomárãho) Pitiantuta and Puerto María Elena, (Ybytoso) Inihta, Karchabalut, Misión Santa Teresita, Puerto Caballo, Puerto Diana, Puerto Esperanza	2,000 (Ciucci and Bertinetto 2015)	6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (2010, Languages Act, No. 4251, Article 2)	Ishir, Ishiro, Jeywo		Tomarãho (Chamacoco Bravo, Tomaraho, Tomaraxo, Tomárãho), Chamacoco Ebitoso (Chamacoco Manso, Ebitoso, Ybytoso, Yshyr Ybytoso). Lexical similarity: 30% with Ayoreo [ayo].
iqu	Iquitu	Zaparoan, Iquito-Cahuarano	Peru	Loreto region: Atalaya and San Antonia on Chambira, Nanay, and Pintoyacu rivers	35 (2002 SIL), decreasing. 1 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 520 (2007 census)	8a (Moribund)	Amacacore, Hamacore, Ikito, Ikitu, Iquita, Iquito, Puca-Uma, Quiturran	Akenóiri	Pintuyacu. Cahuarano [cah] may be a dialect.
cah	Cahuarano	Zaparoan, Iquito-Cahuarano	Peru	Loreto region: Maynas province, Nanay river headwaters	No known L1 speakers (2012 SIL). Last speaker died in the late 1980s or early 1990s	10 (Extinct)
zro	Záparo	Zaparoan, Záparo	Ecuador	Pastaza province: Peru border, between Curaray and Bobonaza rivers	3 (2011 P. McLaren). 5 semi-speakers, all in their 80s (2011 P. McLaren). Ethnic population: 350 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Kayapi, Kayapwe, Sápara, Sáparo-Konambo, Zaparo, Zápara
anb	Andoa	Zaparoan, Záparo, Arabela-Andoa	Peru	Loreto region: Andoas town on Pastaza river	No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker died in 2012	10 (Extinct)	Andoa-Shimigae, Gae, Gaye, Semigae, Shimigae	Simikai	None known. Distinct from Záparo [zro] (Kayapwe) of Ecuador.
arl	Arabela	Zaparoan, Záparo, Arabela-Andoa	Peru	Loreto region: Arabela river, tributary of the Napo. 2 villages	50 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 400 (2007 census)	8a (Moribund)	Chiripuno, Chiripunu, Tapueyocuaca	Tapueyocaca

References

• Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

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