List of languages of Melanesia

Below is a list of ISO 639-3 codes for non-Austronesian languages of Melanesia.

List

Code	Language	Classification	Country	Distribution	Population	Status	Alternate names	Autonym	Dialects
amt	Amto	Amto-Musan	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab and Rocky Peak districts, Amto, Amu and Habiyon villages south of Upper Sepik river, toward Left May river headwaters on Samaia river	300 (2006 NTM). Ethnic population: 300 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)			Amto.
mmp	Siawi	Amto-Musan	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: south of Sepik river, between Amto and Ama. 1 village	220 (2007 NTM), increasing	6b (Threatened)	Musa, Musan, Musian, Siafli, Siwai		None known. Lexical similarity: 29% with Amto [amt]. Amto and Siawi 3% lexical similarity with Odiai [bhf]. Both average 7% lexical similarity with Arai (Left May) languages.
afd	Andai	Arafundi	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Karawari rural district. Andambit, Awarem, Imboin, Kaiyam, Kupini, and Namata mountain villages; Arafundi and Wagupman rivers’ head	440 (Kassell et al 2017)	6a (Vigorous)	Pundungum, Wangkai		None known. Lexical similarity: 58%–74% with Tapei [afp].
afk	Nanubae	Arafundi	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Karawari rural district, Imanmeri, Wambrumas and Yamandim villages	1,270 (Kassell et al 2017)	6b (Threatened)	Aunda, Kapagmai		None known. Lexical similarity: 61%–74% with Tapei [afp].
afp	Tapei	Arafundi	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Karawari rural district, Awim and Imboin villages, Arafundi river area	250 (Kassell et al 2017). Ethnic population: 250 (Kassell et al 2017)	6a (Vigorous)			None known. Lexical similarity: 61%–74% with Nanubae [afk].
nax	Nakwi	Arai (Left May)	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Augot, Nakwi-Amasu, Tiki, and Uwau villages south of Ama [amm] language area	280 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Nimo [niw].
niw	Nimo	Arai (Left May)	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Arakau, Binuto, Didipas, Fowiom, Nimo, Uburu, Uwawi, Wamwiu, Wasuai, and Yuwaitri villages. Southeast of Ama [amm] language area	350 (1998 NTM)	6b* (Threatened)	Nimo-Wasawai		None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Nakwi [nax].
owi	Owiniga	Arai (Left May)	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Amu, Inagri, Samo, and Yei villages southeast of Nimo [niw] language area	330 (1998 NTM)	6b* (Threatened)	Bero, Owininga, Samo, Taina
amm	Ama	Arai (Left May)	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Ama (Wopolu I), Kauvia (Kawiya), Waniap creek, Wopolu II (Nokonufa), and Yonuwai villages; all on hills rising from the swamp south of Sepik river, south of Namia	480 (1990 census)	5* (Developing)	Sawiyanu		Dialects have converged.
bpw	Bo	Arai (Left May)	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Bo, Kaumifi, Kobaru, and Nigyama Umarita villages; East Sepik province: Sandaun province border area, near Right May river. Heart of Western Range	85 (1998 NTM)	6b* (Threatened)	Po, Sorimi		Kaboru, Nikiyama, Umuruta.
itr	Iteri	Arai (Left May)	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: northwest Ambunti Dreikikir district; Sandaun province: Rocky Peak mountains	480 (2003 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Alowiemino, Iyo, Laro, Rocky Peak, Yinibu
awh	Awbono	Bayono-Awbono	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayawijaya regency; Modera river area	100 (1999 SIL). 100 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Kvolyab		None known. Not related to these language families: Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna [mqf], or highland languages like Dani [dnw], or Mek family. Lexical similarity: 55% with Bayono [byl].
byl	Bayono	Bayono-Awbono	Indonesia	Papua province: Asmat regency, Eilanden-Steenboom river area	100 (1999 SIL)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Not related to language families like Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highlands language families like Dani or Mek. Lexical similarity: 55% with Awbono [awh].
pgi	Pagi	Border, Bewani	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Vanimo district, Bewani subdistrict, east and southeast of Kilmeri [kih] language area. 5 villages	2,140 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bembi, Pagei		Western Pagi (Bewani), Eastern Pagi (Imbinis). Related to Kilmeri [kih] and Ningera [nby].
aic	Ainbai	Border, Bewani	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Vanimo district, south of Bewani station. 2 villages	100 (2003 SIL)	8a (Moribund)			None known. Lexical similarity: 30% with Manem [jet], 25% with Pagi [pgi].
kih	Kilmeri	Border, Bewani	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Vanimo district near Ossima. 15 villages	1,970 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,800 (2004 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Kilmera		Western Kilmeri (Isi), Eastern Kilmeri (Ossima).
nby	Ningera	Border, Bewani	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Vanimo district, east of Vanimo, north of Bewani and Ossima	150 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Nagira, Negira, Ninggera
upi	Umeda	Border, Bewani	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanda district, south of Imonda	290 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)
auw	Awyi	Border, Taikat	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom regency, Arso sub-district; northeast highland enclave near Papua New Guinea border	350 (Wurm 2000)	8a (Moribund)	Awje, Awji, Awye, Njao, Nyao
aos	Taikat	Border, Taikat	Indonesia	Papua province: northeast border area south of Jayapura	500 (Wurm 2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Arso, Tajkat		None known. Reportedly most similar to Awyi [auw].
wrs	Waris	Border, Waris	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district, Wasengla area	2,500 in Papua New Guinea, increasing. Total users in all countries: 4,000	4 (Educational)		Walsa	None known. Intelligible at Imonda but not Amanab. Similar to Imonda [imn] and Amanab [amn].
amn	Amanab	Border, Waris	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district	4,420 (2003 SIL)	5 (Developing)		Awai
smf	Auwe	Border, Waris	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district, Simog and Watape villages	410 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Simog
dnd	Daonda	Border, Waris	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district near Imonda	170 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 170 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)
imn	Imonda	Border, Waris	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district, near Imonda airstrip	250 (1994 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)
jet	Manem	Border, Waris	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom regency, northeast border area, Kiba, Wembi, and Yeti villages	400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Jeti, Skofro, Wembi, Yeti
jet	Manem	Border, Waris	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Skotiau	500 in Papua New Guinea (1993 SIL). Total users in all countries: 900	6a* (Vigorous)	Jeti, Skofro, Wembi, Yeti		None known. Lexical similarity: 50% with Waris [wrs].
sow	Sowanda	Border, Waris	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom regency, northeast border area	210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Waina, Waina-Sowanda, Wanja, Wanya, Wina
sow	Sowanda	Border, Waris	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district	970 in Papua New Guinea (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 1,180	6a* (Vigorous)	Waina, Wanja, Wanya, Wina		Punda-Umeda (Umada), Waina. May be 2 languages.
snu	Viid	Border, Waris	Indonesia	Papua province: Senggi village in border area south of Jayapura	250 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals	8a (Moribund)	Senggi
wrs	Waris	Border, Waris	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom regency, Waris sub-district	1,500 in Indonesia	6b (Threatened)	Walsa
blb	Bilua	Central Solomons	Solomon Islands	Western province: Vella Lavella island	8,740 (1999 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Mbilua, Vella Lavella
lvk	Lavukaleve	Central Solomons	Solomon Islands	Central province: Russell islands	1,780 (1999 SIL), decreasing	6a (Vigorous)	Laube, Laumbe, Russell Island
svs	Savosavo	Central Solomons	Solomon Islands	Central province: Savo island	2,420 (1999 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Savo, Savo Island
tqu	Touo	Central Solomons	Solomon Islands	Western province: south Rendova island	1,870 (1999 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Baniata, Lokuru, Mbaniata
bzu	Burmeso	East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Burmeso	Indonesia	Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district, 1 village on Middle Mamberamo river	250 (Donohue 1998)	6a (Vigorous)	Boromeso, Borumesso, Burumeso, Manau, Monao, Monau, Taurap		None known. Lexical similarity: less than 5% with other languages.
mnx	Sougb	East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Mantion	Indonesia	West Papua province: about 50 villages in Bird’s Head area, southeast from Anggi lakes to Momi town on northwest Cenderawasih bay	12,000 (1987 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Mantion, Sogh, “Manikion” (pej.)	Sougb	4 dialects.
mej	Meyah	East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax	Indonesia	West Papua province: Bird’s Head northeast coast	14,800 (2000)	5* (Developing)	Arfak, Meah, Meax, Mejach, Mejah, Meyach, “Mansibaber” (pej.)	Meyah	None known. Reportedly most similar to Sougb [mnx].
mtj	Moskona	East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax	Indonesia	West Papua province: southeast Bird’s Head, west Bituni Bay; Sebjor river basin	8,000 (1996 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Meninggo, Meningo, Meyah, Sabena	Moskona	None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Meyah [mej]. Also related to Sougb [mnx].
dmy	Sowari	East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Demta	Indonesia	Papua province: Ambora, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, and Yougafsa villages on north coast	1,300 (2000), decreasing	8a (Moribund)	Demta, Muris
nxx	Nafri	East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura area, Nafri village on southeast Yotafa bay	1,630 (1975 SIL)	8a (Moribund)
set	Sentani	East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: Lake Sentani area, about 30 scattered villages; scattered in other parts of Indonesia	30,000 (1996 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Buyaka	Sentani	East Sentani, West Sentani, Central Sentani. Lexical similarity: 30% with Tabla [tnm].
tnm	Tabla	East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura regency, Bukia, Depapre, and Wari towns, and 13 villages on north coast	3,750 (1990 UBS)	8a (Moribund)	Jakari, Tabi, Tanah Merah, Tanahmerah, Tepera		Yokari, Tepera, Yewena-Yongsu. Yokari dialect understood by other dialects at 80% to 95%, others have 95%–100% mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 30% with Sentani [set].
bpo	Anasi	East Geelvink Bay	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir sub-district on north coast, lower west bank Mamberamo river	2,000 (1993 R. Doriot)	6b* (Threatened)	Bapu
brp	Barapasi	East Geelvink Bay	Indonesia	Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Atas sub-district; east Cenderawasih bay, Barapasi river area and tributaries	2,500 (1995 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Baropasi		Sipisi, Marikai. Lexical similarity: 67% with Kofei [kpi], 71% with Sauri [srt], 61% with Tefaro [tfo], 64% with Woria [wor].
bti	Burate	East Geelvink Bay	Indonesia	Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, 1 village near Wapoga river mouth	100 (Wurm 2000)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Demisa [dei], 75% with Tunggare [trt].
khh	Kehu	East Geelvink Bay	Indonesia	Papua province: Nabire regency, Sareba bay, Wapoga river in the foothills	200 (2007 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Keuw
kpi	Kofei	East Geelvink Bay	Indonesia	Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies; east side of Cendrawasih bay	100 (Wurm 2000)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Barapasi [brp], 64% with Demisa [dei], 76% with Sauri [srt], 63% with Woria [wor].
njs	Nisa	East Geelvink Bay	Indonesia	Papua province: east Geelvink bay inland, Danau Nisa area	500 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Bonefa, Kerema
srt	Sauri	East Geelvink Bay	Indonesia	Papua province: Waropen regency, Sauri-Sirami village on east Cenderawasih bay	100 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Barapasi [brp], 60% with Demisa [dei], 76% with Kofei [kpi], 63% with Tefaro [tfo].
tfo	Tefaro	East Geelvink Bay	Indonesia	Papua province: Demba and Tefaro villages in east Cenderawasih bay	100 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Demba		None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Barapasi [brp], 63% with Sauri [srt], 70% with Tunggare [trt].
trt	Tunggare	East Geelvink Bay	Indonesia	Papua province: Nabire regency, south Cendrawasih bay, Nabire town northeast past Ruwiami point	500 (1993 R. Doriot)	6b (Threatened)	Tarunggare, Turunggare		None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Bauzi [bvz], 75% with Burate [bti], 65% with Demisa [dei], 70% with Tefaro [tfo], 69% with Woria [wor].
wor	Woria	East Geelvink Bay	Indonesia	Papua province: Waropen regency, Botawa village; Sanoringga river mouth to interior, and northeast	5 (2000 R. Doriot)	8b (Nearly extinct)			None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Barapasi [brp], 64% with Demisa [dei], 63% with Kofei [kpi], 69% with Tunggare [trt].
bvz	Bauzi	East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies, Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas sub-districts, Danau Bira, Itaba, Kustera, Neao, Noiadi, Solom, and Vakiadi villages; extensive inland area between Mamberamo and Rouffaer rivers	1,500 (1991 SIL). 1,350 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri	Bauzi	Gesda Dae, Neao, Aumenefa.
dei	Demisa	East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi	Indonesia	Papua province: Waropen Bawah sub-district, Botawa, Desawa, and Muyere villages; inland in northeast Canderawasih bay	400 (Wurm 2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Desawa		None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Burate [bti], 64% with Kofei [kpi], 60% with Sauri [srt], 65% with Tunggare [trt], 64% with Woria [wor].
ckr	Kairak	East New Britain, Baining	Papua New Guinea	East New Britain province: Ivere and Malabunga villages on Gazelle peninsula	900 (2012 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)
zmh	Makolkol	East New Britain, Baining	Papua New Guinea	East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula	No known L1 speakers. 7 speakers reported in 1988. Some speakers may still be alive (Arlo 2016). Ethnic population: 5 (Arlo 2016)	9 (Dormant)
gcc	Mali	East New Britain, Baining	Papua New Guinea	East New Britain province: east Gazelle peninsula	2,200 (1988 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gaktai		2 dialects.
byx	Qaqet	East New Britain, Baining	Papua New Guinea	East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula	6,350 (1988 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Baining, Kakat, Makakat, Mali-Baining, Maqaqet		2 dialects.
smg	Simbali	East New Britain, Baining	Papua New Guinea	East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula, Avungi and Kavudemki villages	450 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 450 (2012 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Asimbali
uro	Ura	East New Britain, Baining	Papua New Guinea	East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula	1,900 (1991 SIL)	4 (Educational)	Auramot, Uramet, Uramit, Uramot, Uramät	Ura
tuh	Taulil	East New Britain, Taulil	Papua New Guinea	East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula, Kadaulung, Taulil1, and Taulil2	2,000 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,440 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Tulil		Taulil.
bon	Bine	Eastern Trans-Fly	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Daru district, south of Fly river	2,000 (1987 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Oriomo, Pine		Kunini, Boze-Giringarede, Sogal, Masingle, Tate, Irupi-Drageli, Sebe.
tof	Gizrra	Eastern Trans-Fly	Papua New Guinea	Western province: South Fly area, Barnap, Kulalae, Kupere, Ngomtono, and Waidoro villages northeast of Torres Strait, Saibai island	1,050 (2002 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Gizra		Western Gizra, Waidoro.
ulk	Meriam Mir	Eastern Trans-Fly	Australia	Queensland state: Darnley island, Eastern Torres Strait islands	220 (2016 census)	6b* (Threatened)	East Torres, Mer, Meriam, Meryam Mir, Mir, Miriam, Miriam-Mir		Boigu, Bulgai, Buglial, Tagota. Limited mutual intelligibility of Gizrra [tof].
gdr	Wipi	Eastern Trans-Fly	Papua New Guinea	Western province: east third of area between Fly delta, estuary, and south coast	3,500 (1999 J. Shim)	5* (Developing)	Gidra, Jibu, Oriomo		Dorogori, Abam, Peawa, Ume, Kuru (uKuru), Woigo, Wonie, Iamega, Gamaewe, Podari, Wipim, Kapal, Rual, Guiam, Yuta.
bbf	Baibai	Fas	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district	340 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)
fqs	Fas	Fas	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab and Aitape districts, Fas, Fugumui, Kilifas, Utai, and Wara Mayu villages	2,500 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Bembi, Momu		Eastern Fas, Western Fas. Small dialect differences.
khp	Kapauri	Kaure, Kapore	Indonesia	Papua province: Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets on upper Idenburg river north bank	200 (2006 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Kapori
bpp	Kaure	Kaure, Kaure Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: Aurina, Harna, Lereh, Masta, and Wes villages on Nawa river	450 (1995 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Kaureh, Kaurne
kiq	Kosare	Kaure, Kaure Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: west of Nawa and Idenburg rivers confluence, south of Jayapura city	250 (1993 R. Doriot)	6a (Vigorous)	Kosadle
nxu	Narau	Kaure, Kaure Proper	Indonesia	Population:		Unattested
alc	Qawasqar	Kaweskaran	Chile	Magallanes region: West Patagonia, Channel area, Isle of Wellington off south Chilean coast, 49 degrees south. Center is Puerto Edén	12 (2006 O. Aguilera). 10 in Puerto Edén. Ethnic population: 100 (Crevels 2012)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Alacalouf, Alacaluf, Alacalufe, Alaculoof, Alaculuf, Alakaluf, Alikaluf, Alikhoolip, Alikuluf, Alilkoolif, Alokolup, Alooculoof, Alookooloop, Alucaluf, Alukoeluf, Alukulup, Halakwulup, Kaweskar, Kawesqar		Aksanás (Aksana). Dialects are generally divided into three groups, northern, central and southern, of which only the northern is still spoken (Viegas Barros 1990).
grx	Guriaso	Kwomtari, Guriaso	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district	1,500 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,600 (2014 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Muno
bio	Nai	Kwomtari, Nuclear Kwomtari	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district, southeast of Angor [agg] language area. 3 large villages	750 (2010 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Biaka		Amini. Lexical similarity: 20% with nearby Kwomtari [kwo] based on 100 basic words; grammar vastly different in major features such as medial verbs and relative clauses.
kwo	Kwomtari	Kwomtari, Nuclear Kwomtari	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district, north of Namia. 6 villages	600 (1998 SIL)	5* (Developing)			Western Kwomtari, Central Kwomtari, Eastern Kwomtari.
awr	Awera	Lakes Plain, Awera	Indonesia	Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district,1 village; east Cenderawasih bay at Wapoga river mouth	70 (Wurm 2000)	7 (Shifting)
tbp	Diebroud	Lakes Plain, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu sub-district	300 (2006 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Bok, Dabra, Taburta, Taria, Taworta, Taworta-Aero		None known. Lexical similarity: 35%–40% with Foau [flh].
flh	Foau	Lakes Plain, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura and Mamberamo Raya regencies, Kecamatan sub-district, 1 village; Mamberamo basin region on Dijai river	350 (2010 SIL), increasing	6a (Vigorous)	Abawiri, Doa, Fuau		None known. Lexical similarity: 35%–49% with Diebroud [tbp].
rac	Rasawa	Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi	Indonesia	Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, 2 villages on Cenderawasih bay east coast at Rombak river mouth	200 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)
spi	Saponi	Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi	Indonesia	Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, Botawa village	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s (Wurm 2000)	10 (Extinct)
dbf	Edopi	Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central	Indonesia	Papua province: southwest Mamberamo Raya and north Puncak regencies; Rouffaer river between Splitsingbivak and Motorbivak	1,500 (2012 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Dosobou, Dou, Doufou, Elopi, Foi, Iau, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau	Edopi
tmu	Iau	Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central	Indonesia	Papua province: Puncak Jaya regency, Bakusi, Duita, Fawi, and Fi villages between Rouffaer and Van Daalen rivers	1,500 (2018 J. Bateman), increasing. 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500	5 (Developing)	Iaw, Urundi, Ururi, Yau	yav ba	Foi (Poi), Turu, Iau. Reportedly similar to Edopi [dbf]. Distinct from Yawa [yva]. Varieties listed as dialects may be separate languages.
duv	Duvle	Lakes Plain, Tariku, Duvle	Indonesia	Papua province: south of Van Daalen river; Dagai river (Eastern Duvle), Fedide and Wedi rivers (Western Duvle)	930 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Duvde, Duve, Duvele, Duvre, Wiri		Eastern Duvle, Western Duvle. Few dialect differences.
bqq	Biritai	Lakes Plain, Tariku, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Puncakjaya district, Biri village	250 (1988 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Aliki, Ati, Biri		None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Obokuitai [afz], 61% with Eritai [ert], 60% with Kwerisa [kkb], 69% with Kaiy [tcq].
tds	Doutai	Lakes Plain, Tariku, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Toli-Dou village southwest of Taiyeve town	70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Doriot)	7 (Shifting)	Taori, Taori-So, Tolitai
ert	Eritai	Lakes Plain, Tariku, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu and Mamberamo Tengah sub-districts, Erai, Haya, and Kustera villages; low mountains, Kustera airstrip area	530 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Aliki, Babiruwa, Babrua, Babruwa, Baburiwa, Barua, Editode Edai, Erai, Eri, Haya		The dialect in Obogwi village is reportedly similar but not the same. Lexical similarity: 76% with Obokuitai [afz], 86% with Sikaritai [tty].
tcq	Kaiy	Lakes Plain, Tariku, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Kaiy and Kokou villages in Lakes plain area, lower Rouffaer river	220 (Wurm 2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Kai, Taori-Kaiy, Taori-Kei, Todi		None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Biritai [bqq].
kkb	Kwerisa	Lakes Plain, Tariku, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, lower Rouffaer river	15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130	8b (Nearly extinct)	Taogwe		None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Biritai [bqq].
afz	Obokuitai	Lakes Plain, Tariku, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Obogwi village on Lakes plain north of Rouffaer river	120 (Wurm 2000)	6b (Threatened)	Aliki, Ati, Obogwitai		None known. Lexical similarity: 78% with Eritai [ert], 69% with Biritai [bqq].
pas	Papasena	Lakes Plain, Tariku, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Lakes plain area, lower Idenburg river	400 (1982 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 23% with Sikaritai [tty].
tty	Sikaritai	Lakes Plain, Tariku, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Haya, Iri, and Sikari villages in Lakes plain area	2,000 (2015 C. Wanarahardja)	5 (Developing)	Aikwakai, Araikurioko, Ati, Sikari, Tori, Tori Aikwakai		None known. Lexical similarity: 86% with Eritai [ert].
wbe	Waritai	Lakes Plain, Tariku, East	Indonesia	Papua province: Tolikara regency; Taiyeve area south of Idenburg, Mamberama, and Rouffaer rivers’ confluence	150 (Wurm 2000)	6b (Threatened)	Wari, Weretai
fau	Fayu	Lakes Plain, Tariku, West	Indonesia	Papua province: Kliki river area; northwest towards Cenderawasik bay	1,400 (2012 SIL)	6b (Threatened)
kiy	Kirikiri	Lakes Plain, Tariku, West	Indonesia	Papua province: Dofu Wahuka and Paniai villages, west of Tariku and Kliki rivers’ confluence	250 (1982 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Kirira		Kirikiri, Faia.
tad	Tause	Lakes Plain, Tariku, West	Indonesia	Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies, 3 areas on Rouffaer river	500 (2018 K. Song)	6a (Vigorous)	Darha, Doa		Tause, Weirate, Deirate.
bsa	Abinomn	Language isolate	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu sub-district. Lakes plain area, Baso river mouth at Idenburg river to headwaters in Foya mountains	300 (Clouse et al 2002)	6b* (Threatened)	Avinomen, Foja, Foya, “Baso” (pej.)
kgr	Abun	Language isolate	Indonesia	West Papua province: Sorong regency, Ayamaru, Moraid, and Sausapor sub-districts, about 20 villages; north coast, interior of central Bird’s Head	3,000 (1995 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	A Nden, Karon, Manif, Yimbun	Abun	Abun Tat (Karon Pantai), Abun Ji (Madik), Abun Je.
mrf	Elseng	Language isolate	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura and Keerom regencies, Abepura, Arso, Kemtuk Gresi, and Senggi sub-districts, Lake Sentani area, south, southwest	300 (Foley 2018b)	6b (Threatened)	Djanggu, Janggu, Sawa, Tabu, “Morwap” (pej.)		None known. Not closely related to any other language.
had	Hatam	Language isolate	Indonesia	West Papua province: Manokwari regency	16,000 (1993 TEAM)	5* (Developing)	Atam, Borai, Hattam, Mansim		Moi (Moire), Tinam, Miriei (Moile, Moille), Adihup, Uran (Waran).
mvs	Massep	Language isolate	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, north coast; also west of Sarmi near Apauwer river	25 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 85	8b (Nearly extinct)	Masep, Potafa, Wotaf
mgk	Mawes	Language isolate	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Mawes Dai, Mawes Mukti, and Mawes Wres villages on Buri river west bank inland	850 (2006 SIL)	6b (Threatened)
akc	Mpur	Language isolate	Indonesia	West Papua province: Manokwari regency on north coast of Bird’s Head; also Kebar valley	7,000 (1993 R. Doriot)	6b* (Threatened)	Amberbaken, Dekwambre, Ekware, Kebar		Sirir, Ajiw.
nce	Yale	Language isolate	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district, west of Namia. 6 villages. South of Kwomtari [kwo] language, north of Abau [aau] language area, northeast of Busa [bhf] language area, east of Biaka [bio] language area, southeast of Anggor [agg] and Amanab [amn] language areas	600 (1991 SIL). 30 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Nagatiman, Nagatman, Yadë, Yarë	Yalë
kol	Kol	Language isolate	Papua New Guinea	East New Britain province: Pomio district, Open bay inland to Waterfall bay coast. Most on island’s south side	4,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Kola, Kole		Sui, Kol (Nakgaktai).
kto	Kuot	Language isolate	Papua New Guinea	New Ireland province: northwest coast. 9 villages	2,400 (2002 SIL)	4 (Educational)	Kuat, Panaras	Kuot
bhf	Odiai	Language isolate	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district, north of Upper Sepik river. 3 villages	240 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Busa, Busan, Uriai
pby	Pyu	Language isolate	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: October river, Biake No. 2 village. East of Papua, Indonesia border	250 (2012 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Ineisine
sua	Sulka	Language isolate	Papua New Guinea	East New Britain province: East Pomio district, Wide Bay coast	2,500 (1991 SIL)	4 (Educational)	Moglon		A dialect chain.
gpn	Taiap	Language isolate	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Gapun village	75 (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 210 (2000 census)	8a (Moribund)	Gapun		None known. Not closely related to any other language.
wsa	Warembori	Lower Mamberamo	Indonesia	Papua province: Maberamo Raya regency, Bonoi, Poiwai, Tamakuri, and Warembori villages, Mamberamo river mouth west to Manini point	620, all users. L1 users: 600 (1998 SIL). L2 users: 20	7 (Shifting)	Waremboivoro, Warenbori		Bonoi Buroro. Lexical similarity: 33% with Yoke [yki]. 30% Austronesian vocabulary.
yki	Yoke	Lower Mamberamo	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mantarbori village northeast of Rombebai lake, east of Mamberamo river	200 (1998 M. Donohue)	6b (Threatened)	Bitovondo, Jauke, Pauwi, Yauke, Yoki		None known. Lexical similarity: 33% with Warembori [wsa].
zrs	Mairasi	Mairasi	Indonesia	Papua province; West Papua province: Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast facing Arafura Sea, southeast from Arguni bay	3,300 (1996 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Faranjao, Faranjo, Faranyao, Faranyau, Kaniran	Mairasi	Northeastern Mairasi. Reportedly similar to Semimi [etz]. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Lexical similarity: 69% with Semimi [etz], 61% with Mer [mnu].
mnu	Mer	Mairasi	Indonesia	Papua province: Nabire regency; West Papua province: Kaimana and Teluk Wondama regencies on central Bird’s Head, headwaters of Uremo and Wosimi rivers	85 (2000)	6b (Threatened)	Miere, Muri		None known. Lexical similarity: 63% with Semimi [etz], 61% with Mairasi [zrs].
etz	Semimi	Mairasi	Indonesia	Papua province: Nabire regency, border area west of Lake Jamur; West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Bomberai peninsula from Tarera bay west and north to Lacmora and Aiwasa lakes area	1,000 (1991 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Etna Bay, Muri, Wesrau		None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Mairasi [zrs], 63% with Mer [mnu].
kgw	Karon Dori	Maybrat	Indonesia	West Papua province: Asses, Pef, Siakwa, and Sunopi villages; central Bird’s Head Kamundan river headwaters area	5,000 (1987 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Maiyach, Mari, Meon		None known. Reportedly similar to Mai Brat [ayz].
ayz	Mai Brat	Maybrat	Indonesia	West Papua province: about 40 villages in central Bird’s Head, Ayamaru lakes area	20,000 (1987 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Ajamaru, Atinjo, Ayamaru, Brat, Maibrat, Maite, Majbrat, Mey Brat	Mai Brat, Maybrat	Maisawiet, Maiyah, Maimaka, Maite, Maisefa. Lexical similarity: 10% with Tehit [kps], Mpur [akc], Abun [kgr], and its most similar neighbors.
mgt	Mongol	Mongol-Langam	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province	340 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Related to Langam [lnm] and Yaul [yla].
lnm	Langam	Mongol-Langam	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province	420 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)
yla	Yaul	Mongol-Langam	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: 35 km south of Angoram	1,210 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
grs	Gresi	Nimboran	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura regency, Bring, Hawa, Ibub, Klaysu, Sunna, Tabangkwari, and Yansu villages	2,500 (1987 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Geresi, Glesi, Gresik, Klesi		None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Kemtuik [kmt].
kmt	Kemtuik	Nimboran	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura regency, Aib, Aimbe, Braso, Mamda, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, Sabron Yaru, Sabransamon, Sekorup, and Yanim villages; Lake Sentani southwest area	2,500 (1987 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Kamtuk, Kemtuk		None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Gresi [grs].
msf	Mekwei	Nimboran	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura regency, Kendate, Maribu, Sabron Dosay, and Waibrong villages	1,200 (1987 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Demenggong-Waibron-Bano, Menggei, Menggwei, Moi, Mooi, Munggai, Mungge, Munkei		Moi. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemtuik [kmt].
kja	Mlap	Nimboran	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura regency, west of Lake Sentani	300 (Wurm 2000)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Kuangsu-Bonggrang, Kwangsu-Bonggrang, Kwansu, Kwansu-Bonggrang, Malf		None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemtuik [kmt].
nir	Nimboran	Nimboran	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura regency, about 26 villages west of Lake Sentani	2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Nambrong		None known. Lexical similarity: 40% with Kemtuik [kmt].
kjx	Ramopa	North Bougainville, Keriaka	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: northwest Bougainville island, south of Rapoisi	6,000 (2000 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kereaka, Keriaka		None known. Lexical similarity: 19% with Rapoisi [kyx].
kyx	Rapoisi	North Bougainville, Konua	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: Kuna district, northwest Bougainville island. Most villages are inland	3,500 (1998 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Konua, Kunua		None known. Related to Askopan [eiv], Ramopa [kjx], and Rotokas [roo].
eiv	Askopan	North Bougainville, Rotokas	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: south central mountains	5,000 (2000 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Eivo		None known. Reportedly similar to Rapoisi [kyx].
roo	Rotokas	North Bougainville, Rotokas	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: Central Bougainville district, central mountains. 28 villages	11,600 (2000 SIL)	5* (Developing)			Pipipaia, Aita, Atsilima.
enr	Emem	Pauwasi, Eastern	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom and Pegunungan Bintang regencies, border area south of Jayapura city	2,000 (2005 SIL). Some elderly monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Emumu, Imimkal, Kiamerop		None known. Lexical similarity: 25% with Yafi [wfg].
yuj	Karkar-Yuri	Pauwasi, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district, Papua, Indonesia border area	1,140 (1994 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Karkar, Yuri		North Central Yuri, Auia-Tarauwi, Usari.
wfg	Zorop	Pauwasi, Eastern	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom regency, Warlef village	230 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Jafi, Jafi Wagarindem, Wagarindem, Wargarindem, Warlef, Yaffi, Yafi		None known. Lexical similarity: 25% with Emem [enr].
dmu	Tebi	Pauwasi, Western	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom regency, Affi, Dubu, and Jembatan Web villages’ border area	220 (2005 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Dubu
ttn	Towei	Pauwasi, Western	Indonesia	Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Towe Hitam village	120 (1975 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Towe
tmd	Haruai	Piawi	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: southwest Mid-Ramu district, west Schrader range, west of the Kobon [kpw] language area	2,000 (2000 SIL). Many monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Harway, Taman, Waibuk, Wiyau, Wiyaw, Wovan	Haruai	North Waibuk (Hamil), Central Waibuk (Mambar), South Waibuk (Arama). Word taboo practiced, but does not seem to impede intelligibility among related language varieties. Lexical similarity: 37% with Pinai-Hagahai [pnn], 35% with Kobon [kpw].
pnn	Pinai-Hagahai	Piawi	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik, Enga, Madang, and Western Highlands provinces border area	600 (1997 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Aramo, Hagahai, Miamia, Pinai, Pinaye, Wapi		Luya-Ginam-Mamusi, Pinai. Lexical similarity: 78% among dialects, 33% with Haruai [tmd], 19% with Kobon [kpw], 8% with Enga [enq].
kbx	Ap Ma	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Kambot	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Angoram district	10,000 (2010 PBT)	5* (Developing)	Ap Ma Botin, Botin, Kambot, Karaube		Kambaramba.
aog	Angoram	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Angoram	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Angoram district, lower Sepik river area	8,220 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Olem, Pondo, Tjimundo
can	Chambri	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Chambri	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: marsh dwellers east and north of Sepik Hill area, southeast shore and Chambri lake island. 4 villages	1,700 (1991)	6a* (Vigorous)	Tchambuli, Tshamberi
tzx	Tabriak	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Karawari	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: near Chambri, lower Karawari river. 9 villages	2,080 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Karawari		Distinct from the Karawari dialect of Alamblak [amp].
yee	Yimas	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Karawari	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: near Chambri, Arafundi and middle Karawari rivers	300 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 350 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)
xop	Kopar	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Nor	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province	540 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Murik [mtf].
mtf	Murik	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Nor	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Angoram district, coast west of Sepik river mouth	1,000 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 3,130 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Nor, Nor-Murik Lakes		None known. Related to Kopar [xop].
ado	Abu	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Grass	Papua New Guinea	Madang and East Sepik provinces: between Angoram, Ramu, and Sepik rivers; northwest of Madang. 22 villages	4,200 (2000 census). 820 Sabu, 3,380 Abu	6a (Vigorous)	Adjora, Adjoria, Azao		Abu, Auwa, Sabu. Intelligibility among dialects sufficient to understand each other’s complex and abstract discourse. Most closely related to Banaro [byz]. Sabu in northeast language region. Auwa may be a different language.
aew	Ambakich	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Grass	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province	770 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,970 (2003 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Aion, Porapora		Northern Ambakich (Antanau), Southern Ambakich.
byz	Banaro	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Grass	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik and Madang provinces	2,480 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Banar, Banara, Waran
grq	Gorovu	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Grass	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Angoram district, Ramu river, Bangapela village; Madang province: Bogia district, Iabu RLLG	15 (Wurm 2000), decreasing	8b (Nearly extinct)	Gorova, Yerani
aki	Aiome	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Middle Ramu	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: west of Madang town, scattered	750 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ayom
anj	Anor	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Middle Ramu	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	980 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)
rao	Rao	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Middle Ramu	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Keram river area, to East Sepik province border: lower Ramu valley	6,000 (1992 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Annaberg, Rao Breri		Li’o, Ndramini’o.
spm	Akukem	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Mikarew	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district, mountains east of lower Ramu river	650 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Sepen
msy	Aruamu	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Mikarew	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district, between Ramu river and Bogia town	12,000 (2018 PBT)	5 (Developing)	Ariawiai, Makarub, Makarup, Mikarew, Mikarew-Ariaw, Mikarup
geb	Kire	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Mikarew	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district, lower Ramu, Garati village area	2,420 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Gire, Giri, Kire-Puire
gai	Mbore	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Ottilien, Borei	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district, Ramu river area and east. 8 villages	2,090 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Borei, Gamai, Gamei, Mborei	Mborena Kam	Boroi, Borewar, Botbot.
aya	Awar	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Ottilien, Bosmun-Awar	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district, Hansa bay coast. 3 villages	900 (2013 PBT). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2013 PBT)	7 (Shifting)			Awar, Nubia.
bqs	Bosmun	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Ottilien, Bosmun-Awar	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province; Madang province: Bogia district, lower Ramu river. 5 villages	1,725, all users. L1 users: 1,700 (2013 PBT). L2 users: 25 (2013 PBT). 260 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,800 (2013 PBT)	6b (Threatened)	Bosman, Bosngun
kct	Kayan	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Ottilien, Watam	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district, Kayan village; coast east of Ramu river	780, all users. L1 users: 740 (2013 PBT). L2 users: 40 (2013 PBT). Ethnic population: 790 (2013 PBT)	6a (Vigorous)	Kaian, Kayan Na Yon
wax	Marangis	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Ottilien, Watam	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Angoram district, Watam village; Madang province: Bogia district, Marangis village	590 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2013 PBT)	6a (Vigorous)	Watam
brq	Breri	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Middle Ramu district, lower Ramu valley	1,100 (1986 PBT)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kuanga		None known. Related to Kominimung [xoi], Igana [igg], and Inapang [mzu].
afi	Chini	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Middle Ramu district. 2 villages	75 (2013 J. Brooks)	7 (Shifting)	Akrukay		Akrukay, Andamang.
igg	Igana	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: west of Josephstaal	200 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 260 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Related to Romkun [rmk], Breri [brq], Kominimung [xoi], Chini [afi], and Inapang [mzu].
mzu	Inapang	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province; Madang province: Josephstaal subdistrict	1,830 (2007)	6a* (Vigorous)	Midsivindi		Itutang, Inapang.
xoi	Kominimung	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	320 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,130 (2001 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Related to Romkun [rmk], Breri [brq], Igana [igg], Chini [afi], and Inapang [mzu].
rmk	Romkun	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	630 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Romkuin
tbs	Tanguat	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tanggu	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: south of Tanggu [tgu] language area	740 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
aod	Andarum	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tanggu	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	1,080 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Kanggape [igm].
igm	Kanggape	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tanggu	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district, west of Tanggu	1,080 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)	Igom		None known. Related to Andarum [aod], Tanggu [tgu], and Tanguat [tbs].
tgu	Tanggu	Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tanggu	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district	3,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Tanggum, Tangu
agg	Angor	Senagi	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district. 11 villages	1,270 (1990 census). 840 in Nai, 430 in Samanai	6b (Threatened)	Anggor, Senagi, Wan, Watapor		Nai (Central Angor), Samanai (Mamhoaf, Southern Angor).
kbv	Dera	Senagi	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom regency, 13 villages on Papua New Guinea border	1,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Total users in all countries: 2,320	6b (Threatened)	Dla, Dra, Kamberataro, Mangguar
kbv	Dera	Senagi	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Amanab district, Faringi river area	1,320 in Papua New Guinea (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Dla, Dra, Kamberataro, Kamberatoro, Komberatoro, Mangguar		North Kamberataro, South Kamberataro, Mengau, Lihen, Duka-Ekor.
aau	Abau	Sepik, Abau	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Green River district, Sepik and Green rivers	7,270 (2000 census), increasing. No monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Green River	Abau	Central Abau, Downriver Abau, Downriver border Abau, Upriver Abau (Oriyai).
iwm	Iwam	Sepik, Iwam	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sepik river, Iyomempwi and Mowi villages; May river villages and surrounding lakes and tributaries to Premai village	3,000 (1998 NTM)	5* (Developing)	May River		None known. Reportedly similar to Amal [aad] and Sepik Iwam [iws].
aad	Amal	Sepik, Iwam	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik and Sandaun provinces: Wagana river, near confluence with Wanibe creek	830 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Alai
iws	Iwam, Sepik	Sepik, Iwam	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sepik river villages, lagoons north and south, Iniok village downstream to Leonard Schultze river	2,500 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Yawenian
ppq	Pei	Sepik, Leonhard Schultze	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti-Dreikikir district, Hauna village and Walio river	50 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Pai		None known. Reportedly similar to Walio [wla].
tww	Tuwari	Sepik, Leonhard Schultze	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: middle Sepik region, upper Walio river; near Akiapmin south of Central Range	360 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)
wla	Walio	Sepik, Leonhard Schultze	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Walio (Leonhardt Schultze) river	230 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 12% with Yawiyo [ybx].
ybx	Yawiyo	Sepik, Leonhard Schultze	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti-Dreikikir district; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, east of Duranmin, 3 villages; language area situated astride upstream portion of Wano river	66 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Yabio		None known. Lexical similarity: 7% with Papi [ppe].
abt	Ambulas	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Maprik district	44,000 (1991 SIL). 27,000 in Wosera, 9,000 in Maprik, 8,000 in Wingei (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Abelam, Abulas	Ambulas	Maprik, Wingei, Wosera-Kamu, Wosera-Mamu.
bzf	Boikin	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Yangoru district	31,300 (2003 SIL). 9,400 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Boiken, Nucum, Yangoru, Yengoru		West Boikin, Central Boikin, East Boikin, Munji, Haripmor, Kwusaun, Kunai, Island Boikin.
bry	Burui	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sepik plains south of Maprik, Burui village, north of Pagwi	260 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)
gbf	Gaikundi	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sepik Plains south of Maprik, east of Pagwi	1,200 (2000)	5* (Developing)	Gaikunti
wos	Hanga Hundi	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Pagwi district. 16 villages	7,200 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Kwasengen, West Wosera		None known. Reportedly similar to Ambulas [abt].
ian	Iatmul	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti and Angoram districts, Sepik river, Tambunum to Japandai, Kundungay area villages	8,440 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Big Sepik, Gepma Kwudi, Gepma Kwundi, Ngepma Kwundi		Nyaura, Palimbei.
kxt	Koiwat	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Kamangaui, Koiwat, Paiambit, and Seraba villages between Munguma and Nagam rivers	800 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)
mle	Manambu	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti subprovince, Sepik river area. 3 villages	2,110 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)
keh	Mevembet	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province		6a* (Vigorous)	Keak, Kwaruwikwundi, Malinguat, Sepik Plains, Tshuosh, Tshwosh	Mevembet	Yamuk, Yagiap, Slai, Aulimbit, Nagusap. Related to Gaikundi [gbf].
nud	Ngala	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district. 1 village	180 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Kara, Sogap, Swagup
spk	Sengo	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sengo village west-northwest of Pagwi	520 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
sdk	Sos Kundi	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Angoram, Kwaliangua (center village), Saussia, Wosera Gawi district, and Yangoru villages	2,850 (2000 census)	5 (Developing)	Agbane, Agbanekundi, Akbana, Soskundi		Baltu-Kamatogukundi, Kamatogukundi, Kwaroikundi, Nyandakundi, Sotakundi.
ylg	Yelogu	Sepik, Ndu	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district. 1 village	160 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 220 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Buiamanambu, Kaunga
sim	Mende	Sepik, Nukuma	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Nuku district, Torricelli range hills sloping south toward Sepik river plains. 15 villages east of Mehek	5,700 (2003 SIL)	4 (Educational)	Seim	Mende	None known. Lexical similarity: 49% with nearest Kwanga [kwj] village.
kwj	Kwanga	Sepik, Nukuma	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Maprik district, beyond west boundary; Makru-Klaplei division, Nuku district; Sandaun province: east of Mehek. 40 villages	10,000 (2001 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Gawanga, Kawanga		Apos, Bongos (Bongomaise, Bongomamsi, Kambaminchi, Nambi), Tau (Kubiwat, Mangamba, Nambes), Wasambu, Yubanakor (Daina). 2 main dialects, 5 subdialects.
kmo	Kwoma	Sepik, Nukuma	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sepik and Sanchi river areas. 12 villages	3,000 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Washkuk		Kwoma (Washkuk), Nukuma.
kmn	Awtuw	Sepik, Ram	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Galkutua, Gutaiya, Kamnom, Tubum, and Wiup villages	700 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2014 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Autu, Kamnum		None known. Related to Karawa [xrw] and Pouye [bye].
xrw	Karawa	Sepik, Ram	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Lumi district, Pulwa village	63 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals (2007 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Bulawa		None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Pouye [bye].
bye	Pouye	Sepik, Ram	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Lumi, East and West Wapei districts. 7 villages: Bulawa, Kiliauto, Komtin, Maurom, Wokien, Wulme, Yukilau	960 (2003 SIL), increasing	5 (Developing)	Bouye		None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Karawa [xrw].
amp	Alamblak	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Alamblak	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Angoram district. 9 villages on Middle Karawari and Wagupmeri rivers. Another dialect has 4 villages near Kuvanmas lake	1,530 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Arambak	Alamblak	Kuvenmas, Karawari.
knr	Kaningra	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Alamblak	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Blackwater river south of Kuvanmas lake. 2 villages	300 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 750	6b (Threatened)	Kaningara
bjh	Bahinemo	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Hunstein range, south of Sepik river. 4 villages	550 (1998 NTM)	5* (Developing)	Bahenemo, Gahom, Inaru, Wogu, Yigai	Bahinemo
bit	Berinomo	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: April river, Bitara and Kagiru villages	350 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Bitara		Bitara, Kagiru (Apowasi).
bnw	Bisis	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, between Lower Salumei river and Chambri lake, Hunstein range. 3 villages	3,500 (2013 Ethnos360). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2013 Ethnos360)	5 (Developing)	Yambiyambi, Yembiyembi	Bises
dju	Kapriman	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Blackwater and Korosameri rivers. 6 villages	1,640 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Mugumute, Wasare		Kapriman, Karambit.
mbx	Mari	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: near Mari lake and on Salumei river	80 (Wurm 2000)	6b (Threatened)
siv	Sumariup	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: upper Wagupmeri river. 1 village	80 (1993 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Latoma, Sogoba
wtk	Watakataui	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: middle Korosameri river branch. 2 villages	350 (1998)	6b* (Threatened)	Waxe
ppe	Papi	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Papi	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun and East Sepik provinces: Frieda river. 1 village	70 (Wurm 2000)	7 (Shifting)	Paupe		None known. Lexical similarity: 29% with Suarmin [seo], most similar.
seo	Suarmin	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Papi	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Telefomin district, Kenu river hamlets; Om river tributary. Near Duranmin airstrip	140 (2000 S. Wurm)	7 (Shifting)	Akiapmin, Duranmin		None known. Lexical similarity: 29% with Papi [ppe].
ham	Hewa	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Sanio	Papua New Guinea	Enga province: Lagaip district; Sandaun province: Telefomin district; Hela province: Koroba district; Lagaip river area, mountains north of Duna [duc] and Ipili [ipi] language areas; south of Lagaip river northward to Central range high peaks (boundary between Sepik region and the highlands)	2,150 (1986 SIL). 290 in Yoliapi (1982 SIL). 1,600 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Sisimin, Yoliapi		Upper Lagaip, Central Lagaip, Lower Lagaip, North Hewa.
bic	Bikaru	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Sanio	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: April river headwaters	100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	8a (Moribund)	Bugalu, Pikaru
gbe	Niksek	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Sanio	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik and Sandaun provinces: upper Niksek and east branch of Leonhard Schultze rivers’ headwaters; Sumwari	930 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Meiyari, Sumwari		Gabiano (Kabiano), Meiyari (“Paka” (pej.)), Setiali.
pin	Piame	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Sanio	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: middle Sepik region, eastern headwaters of Niksek (April) river	100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	8a (Moribund)	Biami
sny	Saniyo-Hiyewe	Sepik, Sepik Hill, Sanio	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Wogamus river basin foothills; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, southeast of Wano river; Hiyowe dialect: Maposi village; Saniyo dialect: Hanasi, Malapute’e, Pukapuki, Salunapi, and Sio villages	1,300 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Sanio-Hiowe		Saniyo (Sanio), Hiyowe (Hiowe). Reportedly similar to the Meiyari dialect of Niksek [gbe].
nux	Mehek	Sepik, Tama	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Nuku district, Makru-Klaplei area, Torricelli mountains lower foothills, southeast of Siliput. 9 large villages	6,300 (1994 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Driafleisuma, Indinogosima, Me’ek, Nuku		None known. Lexical similarity: 51% with Pahi [lgt] (most similar).
ayq	Ayi	Sepik, Tama	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: southeast corner, Wan Wan division. 3 villages	430 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Reportedly similar to Pasi [psq].
ywa	Kalou	Sepik, Tama	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Sepik Iwam area, northwest of Hauna	1,370 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Yawa
lgt	Pahi	Sepik, Tama	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: north into Maimai Namblo division	840 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Lugitama, Riahoma, Wansum		None known. Related to Pasi [psq], Kalou [ywa], Mehek [nux], and Yessan-Mayo [yss].
psq	Pasi	Sepik, Tama	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: southeast corner, Wan Wan division. 3 villages	360 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Besi		None known. Reportedly similar to Ayi [ayq].
yss	Yessan-Mayo	Sepik, Tama	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district; Sandaun province: Wan Wan district, south of Mehek. 10 villages	1,990 (2000 census). 993 Yawu dialect (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Maio-Yesan, Mayo, Mayo-Yesan, Yasyin, Yesan		Yawu (Warasai, Yau, Yaw), Mayo-Yessan.
cjn	Chenapian	Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Sepik river west of Wogamusin. 1 village	180 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Chenap, Tsenap, Zenap
wog	Wogamusin	Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, juncture of Niksek (April) and Sepik rivers. 4 villages	700 (1998 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Wongamusin
akq	Ak	Sepik, Yellow River	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Kwieftim village	10 (2017 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct)			None known. Reportedly similar to Namia [nnm] and Awun [aww].
aww	Awun	Sepik, Yellow River	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Yakeltim village east of Namia	400 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Auwon, Awon		None known. Related to Namia [nnm] and Ak [akq].
nnm	Namia	Sepik, Yellow River	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ameni, Edwaki, Iwane, Lawo, Pabei, Panewai village, and Wiyari areas; Sandaun province: Yellow River district, 19 villages	6,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,200	6a (Vigorous)	Edawapi, Lujere, Namie, Nemia, Yellow River		None known. Reportedly most similar to Ak [akq] and Awun [aww]. Lexical similarity: 13% with Abau [aau], 12% with May River Iwam [iwm].
yra	Yerakai	Sepik, Yerakai	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti district, southeast near government station. 2 villages	380 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Yerekai		None known. Lexical similarity: 6% with Middle Sepik languages.
ksi	Isaka	Skou, I’saka	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Krisa and Pasi villages; near Mt. Asowa	420 (2003 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Krisa		None known. Related to Rawo [rwa], Puare [pux], and Warapu [wra].
vam	Vanimo	Skou, Skou-Serra-Piore, Nuclear Skou, Eastern Skou	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Vanimo district. 3 villages	2,670 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dumo, Duso, Manimo, Wanimo		2 dialects.
wut	Wutung	Skou, Skou-Serra-Piore, Nuclear Skou, Eastern Skou	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Vanimo district, coast bordering Papua, Indonesia, including Sangke village	900 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Udung
skv	Skou	Skou, Skou-Serra-Piore, Nuclear Skou, Skou	Indonesia	Papua province: Sko-Mabu, Sko-Sai, and Sko-Yambe villages, north coast border area at Tami river mouth	700 (1999 M. Donohue)	6a (Vigorous)	Sekol, Sekou, Sko, Skouw, Skow, Sukou, Te Mawo, Tumawo
wra	Warapu	Skou, Skou-Serra-Piore, Serra Hills, Piore River	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: near Sera and Sissano coast, Ramu and Sumo town areas, northwest peninsula of Sissano Lagoon	3,000 (Corris 2005)	6a (Vigorous)	Barupu
pux	Puare	Skou, Skou-Serra-Piore, Serra Hills, Puari	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Puari coast area	35 (2003 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Bkwala		None known. Related to Rawo [rwa], Isaka [ksi], and Warapu [wra].
wmx	Womo	Skou, Skou-Serra-Piore, Serra Hills, Rawo-Main Serra, Main Serra	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Onei village	190 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)
rwa	Rawo	Skou, Skou-Serra-Piore, Serra Hills, Rawo-Main Serra, Rawo	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: coast, 35 km east of Vanimo, Leitre and Rawo area	640 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Isaka [ksi], Puare [pux], and Warapu [wra].
mmb	Momina	Somahai	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Samboka village on lowland hills at headwaters of Brazza and Einladen rivers	200 (1998 M. Donohue)	6b (Threatened)			None known. May be the same language as Momuna [mqf].
mqf	Momuna	Somahai	Indonesia	Papua province: west Asmat regency into Yahukimo regency; lowlands south of main ranges	2,000 (Wurm 2000)	6b (Threatened)	Somage, Somahai, Sumohai		None known. May be the same language as Momina [mmb].
siw	Siwai	South Bougainville, Buin	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: southeast	6,600. 600 in Baitsi	5* (Developing)	Motuna		Baitsi (Sigisigero).
buo	Terei	South Bougainville, Buin	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: Buin district	26,500 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Buin, Kugara, Telei		None known. Reportedly most similar to Uisai [uis].
uis	Uisai	South Bougainville, Buin	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: Buin district	350 (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2001 UNESCO)	6a (Vigorous)			Reuno, Kugala, Kukuinu, Iuno.
lni	Daantanai’	South Bougainville, Nasioi	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: Kieta district, Piruneu’ and Warana villages; Crown Prince range east slope, Kreiowo and Tavatava rivers’ headwaters, east-south-east of Koromira Point	600 (2007 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Lantanai
kqj	Koromira	South Bougainville, Nasioi	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: Kieta district, central mountains and southeast coast, between Metong and Luluai rivers	2,500 (2007 SIL). 2,300 Koromira and 200 Koianu	6a* (Vigorous)			Koromira, Koianu.
nas	Naasioi	South Bougainville, Nasioi	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: Kieta district, central mountains and southeast coast	20,000 (2007 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Kieta, Nasioi		Pirung (Naasioi), Kongara, Orami (Guava), Pakia-Sideronsi.
oue	Oune	South Bougainville, Nasioi	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: Crown Prince Range, Asiamana river headwaters southeast to Karewong river	1,000 (2007 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dapera, Eivo, Ounge		None known. Most closely related to Naasioi [nas].
nco	Sibe	South Bougainville, Nasioi	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: Buin district	6,000 (2011 SIL), increasing. 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,000	5 (Developing)	Nagovisi, Sibbe, Sibe-Nagovisi		Teleipi, To’mau, Laagasi’, Tobe’laaki’, Welipe’.
smz	Simeku	South Bougainville, Nasioi	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville province: Crown Prince Range west of Arawa, Koopei on east slope, Mainoki west	3,000 (2007 SIL). 2,000 Koopei and 1,000 Mainoki	6a* (Vigorous)			Mainoki (Mainoke), Koopei (Kopei, Korpei). Not functionally intelligible with Naasioi [nas].
ncm	Nambo	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Morehead district, Arufe, Bebdeben, Derideri, Gubam, and Pongariki villages bordering Idi [idi] and Nen [nqn] language areas	670 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 670 (2003 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Arufe, Nambu, Namna		Nambo, Namna (Nama). Namna dialect, in Pongariki and Derideri, being replaced by Nambo dialect. Children in Derideri learn only Nambo.
nqn	Nen	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Morehead district, Bimadeben village, between Nambo [ncm] and Idi [idi] language areas	350 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (2003 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)
nmx	Nama	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Morehead district, Daraia, Mata, and Ngaraita villages	690 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 690 (2003 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)
nkm	Namat	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Morehead district, Mibini village south of Morehead	215 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 215 (2003 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)
mxw	Namo	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Morehead district, Mari and Tais villages south coast and inland	400 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 400 (2003 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Dorro, Mari
nex	Neme	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Morehead district, Keru and Mitere villages northeast of Morehead	300 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 300 (2003 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)
bfh	Blafe	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Indorodoro village is center; west of Nambo [ncm] language area	670 (2003 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Indorodoro, Tonda		Mblafe, Ránmo.
stk	Arammba	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Morehead subprovince, southwest of Suki	970 (2003 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Aramba, Serki, Serkisetavi, Upper Morehead
gnt	Guntai	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Morehead district	350 (2003 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)			Kan.
khd	Kanum, Bädi	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency, south coast border area	10 (1996 M. Donohue)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Enkelembu, Kanum, Kenume, Knwne		None known. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan.
kcd	Kanum, Ngkâlmpw	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency, Onggaya, Tomer, and Yanggandur villages south along Papua New Guinea border	150 (1996 M. Donohue)	6a (Vigorous)	Enkelembu, Kanum, Kenume, Knwne		None known. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan.
kxq	Kanum, Smärky	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda	Indonesia	Papua province: Kondo, Rawa Biru, Tomer, Tomerau, and Yanggandur villages, south point bordering Papua New Guinea	80 (1996 M. Donohue)	6a (Vigorous)	Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne		None known. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan.
krz	Kanum, Sota	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency, Sota village; south, bordering Papua New Guinea	100 (1996 M. Donohue)	6a (Vigorous)	Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne		None known. Kanum varieties are separate languages, with difficult mutual intelligibility. Reportedly similar to Yei [jei]. Also classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan.
pep	Kunja	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda	Papua New Guinea	Western province: extreme southwest	290 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 400 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Lower Morehead, Peremka, Thundai-Kanza		Gambadi, Semariji, Kánchá, Kámá. Related to Kanum, Arammba [stk], Rema [bow], Wara [tci], Guntai [gnt], and Blafe [bfh], aided by extensive intermarriage networks and Nambo subfamily languages.
bow	Rema	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Morehead district, Wereavere village	12 (2012 J. Thiessen)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Bothar		None known. Reportedly most similar to Blafe [bfh].
tci	Wára	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Morehead district, villages west of Morehead	700 (2002 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ara, Kamindjo, Rouku, Tjokwai, Tokwasa, Upper Morehead, Vara, Wärä, Yumbar		Wára, Kómnjo, Anta, Wèré.
jei	Yei	South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Yey	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency, 6 villages in south coast area, along Maro river	2,390 (2001 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Je, Jei, Yei-Nan, Yey		Upper Yei, Lower Yei. Dialects mutually inherently intelligible only with difficulty.
idi	Idi	South-Central Papuan, Pahoturi	Papua New Guinea	Western province: northwest of Agob [kit], east of Nambo [ncm] language areas	1,610 (2000 census). 780 Idi, 800 Tame	6a* (Vigorous)	Diblaeg, Dimisi, Dimsisi, Tame		Tame, Idi. End of a dialect subgroup stretching to Agob [kit]. Distinct from but reportedly similar to Agob.
kit	Agob	South-Central Papuan, Pahoturi	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Pahoturi river area and south coast	2,440 (2000 census). 1,440 Agob, 540 Ende, 460 Kawam	5* (Developing)	Dabu		Agob, Ende, Kawam. One end of a chain of related varieties stretching to Idi [idi]. Distinct from, but related to, Idi (Tame).
knv	Tabo	South-Central Papuan, Waia	Papua New Guinea	Western province: lower Aramia river, Alagi, Galu, Saiwase, and Waya villages; Bamu river, Alikinapi village; lower Fly river, Kenedibi, Urio, and Wagumi-Sarau villages; Segero Creek, Segero village	3,000 (2002 SIL). Population split equally between dialects	5 (Developing)	Waya		Aramia River, Fly River. Lexical similarity: 60% among dialects, but nearly identical syntax and grammar.
mgf	Maklew	South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency; south coast area	120	6b (Threatened)	Makleu		None known. Reportedly similar to Yelmek [jel].
jel	Yelmek	South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency south coast, east Muli strait	400 (1978 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Jab, Jabsch, Jelmek, Jelmik		None known. Reportedly most similar to Maklew [mgf].
srl	Isirawa	Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Isirawa	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi regency: Amsira, Arabais, Arsania, Kamenawari, Mararena, Martewar, Nisero, Nuerawar, Perkami, Siaratesa, Waim, Wari, and Webro villages	1,800 (Wurm 2000)	6b (Threatened)	Okwasar, Saberi, Saweri		Western Isirawa, Eastern Isirawa. Reportedly similar to Kwerba [kwe]. Dialects very similar.
tip	Trimuris	Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district on Mamberamo river east bank	300 (1999 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)			None known. Low intelligibility of Kwerba [kwe]. Lexical similarity: 70% with Kauwera [xau] and 60% with Kwerba [kwe].
bqb	Bagusa	Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district	300 (1987 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Kapeso, Suaseso		None known. Lexical similarity: 64% with Kwerba [kwe].
xau	Kauwera	Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear	Indonesia	Papua province: middle Mamberamo river, north bank	400 (1987 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Kabera, Kaowerawedj, Kauwerawec, Kauwerawetj, Kawera, Koassa, Tekutameso
kwe	Kwerba	Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear	Indonesia	Papua province: Apiaweti, Aurime, Munukania, Tatsewalem, and Wamariri villages in Apauwer river headwaters	2,500 (1996 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Air Mati, Airmati, Armati, Koassa, Mataweja, Naibedj, Segar Tor, Tekutameso	Kwerba	Serikenam, Sasawa, Nogukwabai. Lexical similarity: 64% with Bagusa [bqb].
xwr	Kwerba Mamberamo	Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear	Indonesia	Papua province: Edifalen, Kwerba, and Marinafalen villages on Mamberamo river east bank and into highlands	300 (1993 R. Doriot)	6a (Vigorous)	Napok, Nobuk, Nogukwabai, Nopuk, Nopukw, Tatsewalem
air	Airoran	Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat sub-districts, Isirania, Motobiak, Subu, and other villages on lower Apauwer river	1,000 (1998 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Adora, Aeroran, Iriemkena
tmj	Samarokena	Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast	Indonesia	Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Sarmi regencies, Karfasia, Maseb, Samarkena, and Tamaya villages on north coast, and inland east of Apauwar river and west of Sarmi	400 (1982 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Karfasia, Samarkena, Tamaja, Tamaya
ury	Orya	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Orya	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayapura and Sarmi regencies, Bonggo, Lereh, and Unurum-Guay sub-districts, Taja, Wamho, and Witi villages	1,600 (1985 P. Fields). 900 in Unurum-Guay, 100 in Bonggo subdistrict, 600 in Lereh subdistrict. No monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Oria, Uria, Warpok, Warpu		Barat (West Orya), Timur (East Orya), Yapsi-Taja. Slight dialect differences.
sao	Sause	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Sause	Indonesia	Papua Province, southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, and Puaral villages	250 (Wurm 2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Seuce
bnv	Beneraf	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Beneraf and part of Nenke village; north coast area east of Tor river mouth	200 (2005 SIL). Very few monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Boneraf, Bonerif, Edwas
bkl	Berik	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Tor Atas sub-district, Beu, Bora Bora, Dangken, Doronta, Kondirjan, Safrontani, Sewan, Somanente, Taminambor, Tenwer, Togonfo, and Waf villages; north coast, mid and upper Tor river, inland from Sarmi peninsula	1,200 (1994 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper Tor		None known. Lexical similarity: 45% with Keijar [kdy], 13% with Orya [ury].
bfe	Betaf	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district; north coast area east of Sarmi	600 (2005 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Ten’a, Tena
dbe	Dabe	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Dabe village, Tor river valley north to coast	440 (2005 SIL)	7 (Shifting)
mrx	Dineor	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency on north coast, Walckenaer bay area	55 (2006 SIL), decreasing	8a (Moribund)	Maremgi, Marengge		None known. Unintelligible to speakers in neighboring settlements including Bonggo.
itx	Itik	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, north coast on upper Biri river	80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200	6b (Threatened)	Betef, Borto, Ittik, Ittik-Tor		Ittik, Ittik-Tor.
jbr	Jofotek-Bromnya	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Srum village (Bromnya dialect); Pantai Timur sub-district, Biridua village (Jofotek dialect)	200 (2007), increasing. Few monolinguals	6b (Threatened)			Jofotek, Bromnya.
kdy	Keijar	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Pacific coast east, north of Tor river mouth	370 (2005 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Keder		None known. Lexical similarity: 45% with Berik [bkl].
kwt	Kwesten	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Arare, Holmhaven, Mafenter, and Omte villages in Pacific coast area	2,000 (1987 SIL)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Lexical similarity: 40% with Berik [bkl].
kuc	Kwinsu	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Ansudu village	500 (2007)	6b (Threatened)	Ansudu
mqr	Mander	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, 2 areas on upper Tor river tributary of upper Bu river	20 (1991 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct)
vto	Vitou	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Takar village inland	630 (2007)	7 (Shifting)	Takar		None known. Lexical similarity: 63% with Betaf [bfe].
wai	Wares	Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor	Indonesia	Papua province: Sarmi regency, Maweswares village on Biri river headwaters south side	200 (1993 R. Doriot)	7 (Shifting)
aah	Arapesh, Abu’	Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Arapesh	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Maprik district, Mablep Rural LLG, ward 8; Sandaun province: Aitape district, East Aitape Rural LLG, wards 23, 24, 25	2,560 (2000). Ethnic population: 2,560 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Abu’, Ua		Matapau, Ounibisima, Womenika.
aon	Arapesh, Bumbita	Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Arapesh	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Maprik district, Torricelli mountains, south of Wom. 13 villages	4,340 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 8,680	6b (Threatened)	Bambita Arapesh, But Arapesh	Weri	Bonahoi, Timingir, Urita, Weril, Werir. Weril and Werir mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: 30% with Bukiyip [ape].
ape	Bukiyip	Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Arapesh	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: west Yangoru district, Torricelli mountains; Sandaun province: Attape Lumi district	16,200 (2003 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Bukiyúp, Mountain Arapesh		Coastal Arapesh, Bukiyip (Mountain Arapesh). Lexical similarity: 60% with Mufian [aoj].
aoj	Mufian	Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Arapesh	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Maprik district, Torricelli mountains, west of Maprik. 36 villages	11,000 (1998 SIL). 6,000 Filifita (1999 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Muhian, Muhiang, Southern Arapesh		Balif, Filifita (Ilahita), Iwam-Nagalemb, Nagipaem, Supari.
aur	Aruek	Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: north of Yessip Mission; East Sepik province	740 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Djang
eit	Eitiep	Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: southwest of Kombio; Sandaun province: across Bongos river	500 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 500 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Reportedly similar to Kombio [xbi].
xbi	Kombio	Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Dreikikir district, Torricelli mountains. 31 villages	2,970 (2003 SIL), decreasing. Small groups in West New Britain, Vanimo and Lae areas; a few elsewhere. About 2,400 live in Kombio area. Very few monolinguals	7 (Shifting)	Endangen	Akwun	North Kombio (Mwi), West-Central Kombio (Wampukuamp), South Kombio (Yanimoi), East Kombio (Wampurun). Mwi dialect is more distinct from the others and users have some difficulty in comprehension between dialects. 7–8 central villages each have unique idiolect versions.
tei	Torricelli	Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Maprik district; Sandaun province: west of Kombio. 5 villages	520 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Anamagi, Lou		West Torricelli, East Torricelli. 2 dialects.
wmo	Wom	Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Maprik district, east of Wara Sikau; Dreikikir district, west of Maprik; Torricelli mountain foothills. 12 villages	4,260 (2003 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Mie, Wam		2 slightly different dialects. Brief word lists and survey indicate little similarity to Kombio [xbi].
ymb	Yambes	Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Dreikikkir district, east and southeast of Kombio, northwest of Wom. 4 villages	1,080 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals	6b (Threatened)			West Yambes, East Yambes. Language combines features and vocabulary of Kombio [xbi], Urat [urt], and Wom [wmo]; some understanding of all 3.
bey	Beli	Torricelli, Maimai, Beli	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: west of Mehek	2,200 (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	Akuwagel, Makarim, Mukili
lkl	Laeko-Libuat	Torricelli, Maimai, Laeko-Libuat	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Torricelli mountains, west of Mehek	720 (2003 SIL). 520 in area; 200 outside	6a (Vigorous)	Laeko, Laeko-Limbuat
rhp	Yahang	Torricelli, Maimai, Maimai Proper	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: west of Mehek	1,430 (2003 SIL). 1,120 in area, 66 outside	6b (Threatened)	Ruruhi’ip, Ruruhip, Ya’unk		None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Heyo [auk] (Arinua).
auk	Heyo	Torricelli, Maimai, Maimai Proper	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Aumbunti Dreikker district; Sandaun province: Nuku district	2,710 (2000 census). 270 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Arima, Arinua, Arinwa, Lolopani, Ruruhip, Wan Wan, Wanib		None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Yahang [rhp].
mkc	Siliput	Torricelli, Maimai, Maimai Proper	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Makru-Klaplei division, Nuku district, Seleput village north of Mehek	520 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Mai, Maimai, Seleput, Sokorok		None known. Lexical similarity: 30% with Yahang [rhp].
wii	Minidien	Torricelli, Maimai, Wiaki	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: north of Beli, Laeko-Libuat	100 (2004 SIL). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,190 (2000 census)	8a (Moribund)	Miniden, Wiakei, Wiaki
bvn	Buna	Torricelli, Marienberg	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Angoram district	750 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			Kasmin, Masan. Apparently 2 dialects: one in Kasmin, Boig, Waskurin, and Arapang villages and another in Masan, Mangan, and Garien villages.
but	Bungain	Torricelli, Marienberg	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province	3,600 (2003 SIL)	7 (Shifting)			Wunabag (Forok).
ele	Elepi	Torricelli, Marienberg	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Samap coast area	330 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Samap
mwb	Juwal	Torricelli, Marienberg	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: south southeast of Wewak	700 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,400 (2000 census)	7 (Shifting)	Juwar
kms	Kamasau	Torricelli, Marienberg	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Wewak district. Ghini dialect: Wandomi, Wobu and Yibab; Hagi dialect: Kenyari; Segi dialect: Kamasau, Tring, and Wau villages	960 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Wand Tuan		Hagi, Segi, Ghini.
urx	Urimo	Torricelli, Marienberg	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: 35 km south of Wewak	800 (2003 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Ulimo, Yaugiba
tua	Wiarumus	Torricelli, Marienberg	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Mandi village, southeast of Wewak on coast	460 (2000 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Imandi, Mandi	Wiarumus
lll	Lilau	Torricelli, Monumbo	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district	450 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)	Ngaimbom
mxk	Monumbo	Torricelli, Monumbo	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia District	410 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)
uri	Urim	Torricelli, Urim	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Maprik subdistrict; Sandaun province: Nuku subdistrict, southwest of Kombio. 16 villages	3,740 (2003 SIL). 40 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Kalp, Kurom, Tayon, Wan		Kukwo (Kalpm), Yangkolen. Yangkolen and Kukwo dialects are 95% lexically similar. Lexical similarity: 8% with Kombio [xbi], 12% with Urat [urt], 2% with Kwanga [kwj], and 15% with Aiku [ymo].
aif	Agi	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province	960 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
aag	Ambrak	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Nuku district	290 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)
alx	Amol	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Nuku district	500 (2004 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Alatil, Aru, Eru, Mol, Oru		Arang Mol, Alang Mol.
lsr	Aruop	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province. 6 villages	700 (1991 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Lau’u, Lauisaranga, Lawu Srenge, Srenge
aof	Bragat	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: 4 villages	460 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Alauagat, Yauan
mty	Nabi	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province. 3 villages	620 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Metan, Mitang, Nambieb
wnp	Wanap	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: north of Mehek, northeast of Siliput	1,070 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Kayik
yde	Yangum Dey	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Nuku district	180 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)
ygl	Yangum Gel	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Nuku district	45 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 45 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)
ymo	Yangum Mon	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Nuku district	730 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Aiku, Malek, Menandon, Minendon
urt	Urat	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Urat	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Dreikikir district, southwest of Wom, south of Kombio. 20 villages, several hamlets	6,280 (2003 SIL), decreasing. 2,480 in Wasep Ngau, 2,060 in Wusyep Yihre, 1,210 in Wasep Yam, and 550 in Wusyep Tep	6b (Threatened)			Wasep Ngau (North Urat), Wusyep Yihre (Central Urat), Wasep Yam (South Urat), Wusyep Tep (East Urat).
yyu	Yau	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: northwest of Lumi, Senim village	200 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (2014 SIL)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 63% with Olo [ong] and Yis [yis].
yll	Yil	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: northwest of Au [avt] language area. 16 villages	2,470 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Lexical similarity: 23% with Au [avt].
avt	Au	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Lumi district, Torricelli mountain foothills. 19 villages	8,000 (2000 census). 1,600 monolinguals	5* (Developing)		Au
dia	Dia	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province	1,840 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Alu, Galu, Metru
elk	Elkei	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province	1,640 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Olkoi		At least 3 dialects.
gnu	Gnau	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Namblo census division, northwest of Maimai	1,330 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)
niz	Ningil	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province	950 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)
ong	Olo	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Lumi district. 55 villages	13,700 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Orlei		Payi (North Olo, Pay), Wapi (South Olo, Wape).
siu	Sinagen	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: 30 km south of Aitape	330 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Galu, Metru
van	Valman	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: east of Aitape	1,740 (2003 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Koroko, Koruon, Walman
yev	Yapunda	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: south-southeast of Aitape, on upper Om river	60 (Wurm 2000)	7 (Shifting)	Reiwo, Yeri
yis	Yis	Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: west of Lumi. 5 villages	800 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2014 SIL)	6b (Threatened)			You (Ai). Different dialects in each village.
stf	Seta	Torricelli, West Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province	180 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 210 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)
sbi	Seti	Torricelli, West Wapei	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province	160 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 160 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)
oin	One, Inebu	Torricelli, West Wapei, One	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Lumi district, West Waipei division, Alkula, Inebu, Kalema, and Windiple villages between east Bewani and west Torricelli ranges	1,300 (2000 M. Crowther)	6b (Threatened)	Aunalei, Inebu, Onele, Oni		None known. Reportedly similar to Kabore One [onk], Northern One [onr], Southern One [osu], Kwamtim One [okk], Molmo One [aun].
onk	One, Kabore	Torricelli, West Wapei, One	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Lumi district, West Waipei division, Abore, Kabore Station, Kara, Sapin, and Wamtip villages between east Bewani and west Torricelli ranges	300 (2000 M. Crowther)	6b (Threatened)	Aunalei, Kabore, Onele, Oni		None known. Reportedly similar to Inebu One [oin], Northern One [onr], Southern One [osu], Kwamtim One [okk], Molmo One [aun].
okk	One, Kwamtim	Torricelli, West Wapei, One	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Lumi district, west Waipei division, Kuamtim village between east Bewani and west Torricelli ranges	150 (2000 M. Crowther)	6b (Threatened)	Aunalei, Kuamtim, Kwamtim, Oni		None known. Reportedly similar to Kabore One [onk], Inebu One [oin], Northern One [onr], Molmo One [aun].
aun	One, Molmo	Torricelli, West Wapei, One	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: west Waipei division, Anononti, Laurela, Molmo, Pusa and Wisoli villages between East Bewani and West Torricelli ranges	700, all users. L1 users: 500 (2000 M. Crowther). L2 users: 200	6b (Threatened)	Aunalei, Molmo, Onele, Oni	One	North Aunalei, Central Aunalei, South Aunalei. Reportedly similar to One Kabore [onk], One Inebu [oin], One Northern [onr], One Southern [osu], One Kwamtim [okk].
onr	One, Northern	Torricelli, West Wapei, One	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Lumi district, West Waipei division, Karantu, Koiniri, Parara, Romei, and Wolwale villages between east Bewani and west Torricelli ranges	2,000 (2000 M. Crowther)	6b (Threatened)	Aunalei, Onele, Oni		None known. Reportedly similar to Kabore One [onk], Inebu One [oin], Southern One [osu], Kwamtim One [okk], Molmo One [aun].
osu	One, Southern	Torricelli, West Wapei, One	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Lumi district, West Waipei division, Karantu, Koiniri, Parara, Romei, and Wolwale villages between east Bewani and west Torricelli ranges	200 (2000 M. Crowther). Ethnic population: 300 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Aunalei, Onele, Oni		None known. Reportedly similar to Kabore One [onk], Inebu One [oin], Northern One [onr], Kwamtim One [okk], Molmo One [aun].
agm	Angaataha	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Angaatiha	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Menyamya district	2,500 (2015 BTA)	5 (Developing)	Angaatiha, Angaatiya, Angataha, Langimar	Angaataha
ygw	Yagwoia	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Iqwalaqamalje; Gulf province: Gwase; Morobe province: Hiqwase, Hiqwaye, and Yeqwangilje	10,000 (2005 R. Westerveld). 1,500 Iwalaqamalje, 1,500 Gwase, 7,000 Hiqwaye, Hiqwase, Yeqwangilje	5* (Developing)	Kokwaiyakwa, Yeghuye		Iwalaqamalje, Gwase, Hiqwaye, Hiqwase, Yeqwangilje. Reportedly similar to Chimbari [smb], Hamtai [hmt], Baruya [byr], and Menya [mcr] (most similar).
miw	Akoye	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Kaberofe district, valleys between Nabo range and Albert mountains, Lohiki river. Most in a Kerema settlement	800 (1998 SIL), decreasing	5* (Developing)	Akoinkake, Akoyi, Angoya, Lohiki, Mai-Hea-Ri, Maihiri, Obi	Akoye	None known. Reportedly similar to Tainae [ago].
aak	Ankave	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Kerema district, Mbwei and Swanson valleys’ rivers	1,600 (1987 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Angave		Sawuve, Wiyagwa, Wunavai, Miyatnu, Ankai, Bu’u.
hmt	Hamtai	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Kukipi district, Tauri river inland east to Ladedamu river; Morobe province: Lae district, Kodama range into Bulolo-Watut divide, to Mount Grosse and north to Mount Taylor	45,000 (1998 T. Palmer)	5* (Developing)	Hamday, Kamea, Kapau, Watut, “Kukukuku” (pej.)		Wenta, Howi, Pmasa’a, Hamtai, Kaintiba.
klp	Kamasa	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Katsiong census unit area	7 (2003 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct)
kcb	Kawacha	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Katsiong census unit east of Ampale	12 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 40	8a (Moribund)	Kawatsa
mcr	Menya	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Karema district, Naniwe area; Morobe province: Menyamya district, north Tauri river area and tributaries	20,000 (1998 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Menyama, Menye
apz	Safeyoka	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Kaiapit, Lae-Wamba, and Menyamya districts	2,390 (1980 census)	5* (Developing)	Ambari, Ampale, Ampeeli, Ampeeli-Wojokeso, Ampele		Aiewomba, Wojokeso (Wajakes, Wocokeso).
smb	Simbari	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Obura-Wonenara district, Marawaka station, southeast of Lamari river; Gulf province: Kikori district, Baimuru and Ihu RLLGs	3,040 (1990 census)	5* (Developing)	Chimbari
ssu	Susuami	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: upper Watut valley outside Bulolo	10 (Wurm 2000)	8b (Nearly extinct)
ago	Tainae	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Ivori-Swanson district, Famba, Paiguna, and Pio are main villages	1,000 (1991 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ivori	Tainae	None known. Reportedly similar to Akoye [miw].
byr	Yipma	Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Marawaka district	6,600 (1990 census)	5* (Developing)	Barua, Baruya		Wantakia, Baruya, Gulicha, Usirampia (Wuzuraabya).
cns	Asmat, Central	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat	Indonesia	Papua province: Asmat regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari sub-districts, south coast from Owap river northwest to Farec river southwest, inland; Mappi regency, Edera and Nambai sub-districts in Digul river delta area	7,000 (Roesler 1972). Most are monolingual	6b* (Threatened)	Jas, Manowee, Yas		Simai (Simay), Misman, Ajam (Ayam). Reportedly similar to Sempan [xse] north of the rivers, Kamoro [kgq] and Citak [txt].
asc	Asmat, Casuarina Coast	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat	Indonesia	Papua province: Mappi regency, Edera and Pantai Kasuari sub-districts on Casuarina Coast from Ewta river north to Kuti river south, and inland	9,000 (1991 SIL). 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan	6a* (Vigorous)	As-amat, Asmat, Kaweinag		Matia, Sapan (Safan).
nks	Asmat, North	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency, Sawa-Erma sub-district. Near Pater Le Cocq river headwaters west to Unir river east to the foothills	1,000 (1991 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Keenok
asy	Asmat, Yaosakor	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat	Indonesia	Papua province: Asmat regency, Agats and Atsy sub-districts; lower Surets and Eilanden rivers confluence area	2,000 (1991 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	As-amat, Yaosakor	Asmat
txt	Citak	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat	Indonesia	Papua province: Mappi regency, Citak-Mitak sub-district, 19 villages on south coast	8,000 (1985 M. Stringer)	5* (Developing)	Asmat Darat, Cicak, Kaunak, Tjitak, Tjitjak		Senggo, Komasma, Bubis, Esaun, Pirabanak, Vakam, Tiau. Reportedly similar to Asmat [cns].
tml	Citak, Tamnim	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat	Indonesia	Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies, Epem, Tamnim, Wowi, and Zinak villages; Senggo town area	290 (1993 R. Doriot)	6a (Vigorous)	Asmat Darat, Tamnim		None known. May be linguistically more similar to Asmat, but speakers want to be called Citak, not Asmat.
diy	Diuwe	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Diuwe	Indonesia	Papua province: Asmat regency, southeast of Wamena city	100 (1999 SIL)	6b (Threatened)
kgq	Kamoro	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Kamoro	Indonesia	Papua province: south coast; Mukamuga river into West Papua province: Etna bay area	8,000 (1987 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kamora, Kaokonau, Lakahia, Mimika, Mukamuga, Nafarpi, Nagramadu, Nefarpi, Neferipi, Umar, Umari		Tarya, Yamur, Nanesa. 4 other dialects.
asi	Buruwai	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor	Indonesia	West Papua province: Fakfak and Kaimana regencies, Esania, Gaka, Guriasa, Hia, Kuna, Marobia, Tairi, and Yarona villages in Kamrau bay southwest	1,000 (2000)	7 (Shifting)	Asianara, Asienara, Karufa, Madidwana, Sabakor, Sebakoor		None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kamberau [irx].
irx	Kamberau	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor	Indonesia	West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Bahomia, Coa, Inari, Koi, Tanggaromi, Ubia-Seramuku, Waho, Wamesa, and Wamoma villages; southeast Bomberai peninsula, Kamerau bay area	1,570 (1993 R. Doriot)	7 (Shifting)	Iria, Kambrau, Kamrau		None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Buruwai [asi].
xse	Sempan	Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sempan	Indonesia	Papua province: middle south coast, between Agats and Kokonao	1,000 (1987 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Nararapi		None known. Reportedly similar to Kamoro [kgq].
awi	Aekyom	Trans-New Guinea, Awin-Pare	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Kiunga area	8,000 (1987 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Aiwin, Akium, Awin, West Awin		North Awin, South Awin, East Awin.
ppt	Pare	Trans-New Guinea, Awin-Pare	Papua New Guinea	Western province	2,000 (1990 UBS)	6a* (Vigorous)	Akium-Pare, Pa
khs	Kasua	Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: West Kikori RLLG, 6 villages; Southern Highlands province: east and south of Mount Bosavi; Western province: Olosobip RLLG	600 (1990 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Grammatical structures reportedly very similar with Fasu [faa] despite being classified in different families.
ail	Aimele	Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: southwest corner, Mount Bosavi area; Western province: Lake Campbell area. Most moved to Western province: Wawoi falls area	140 (2000), decreasing	7 (Shifting)	Eibela, Kware
beo	Beami	Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi	Papua New Guinea	Western province: east of Nomad; into Southern Highlands province	4,200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Bedamini, Bedamuni, Mougulu		Komofio, North Beami.
dby	Dibiyaso	Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Bamustu, Makapa, and Pikiwa villages	1,950 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Bainapi, Dibiasu, Pikiwa		None known. Lexical similarity: 19% with Turumsa [tqm], 15% with Doso [dol].
etr	Edolo	Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi	Papua New Guinea	Hela province: Tari district; Western province: Nomad district, southwest of Mount Sisa. 16 villages	1,670 (2000 census). 300 monolinguals (2015 A. Grosh)	5 (Developing)	Edolo Ado, Etolo, Etoro	Edolo	Eastern Edolo, Western Edolo. Lexical similarity: 38% with Beami [beo].
bco	Kaluli	Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: Muluma sub-district; Western province: Mount Bosavi northern and western slopes	3,100 (2015 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Bosavi		Ologo, Kaluli, Walulu, Kugenesi. Dialect differences are not great. Reportedly similar to but different from Kasua [khs].
onn	Onobasulu	Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: midway between Mount Sisa and Mount Bosavi	1,200, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (2010 SIL). L2 users: 200. 500 monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Onabasulu
siq	Sonia	Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi	Papua New Guinea	Western and Southern Highlands provinces: west and southwest of Bosavi	400 (1993 SIL), decreasing	8a (Moribund)
tqm	Turumsa	Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Middle Fly district, Makapa village	5 (2002 SIL), decreasing. Possibly no remaining speakers (2011)	8b (Nearly extinct)			None known. Lexical similarity: 19% with Dibiyaso [dby], 61% with Doso [dol].
sst	Sinasina	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: Sinasina-Yonggamugl district, Sinasina RLLG	50,100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Chimbu		Tabare, Guna. Reportedly similar to Dom [doa] and Golin [gvf].
cjv	Chuave	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: Chuave district, Elimbari LLG; Eastern Highlands province: Lufa district, Lufa Station	23,100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Tjuave		Elimbari, Kebai, Gomia, Chuave, Sua. Kebai dialect is distinct but intelligible.
doa	Dom	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: mainly south of Wahgi river from Kundiawa west	12,000 (1994 NTM)	5* (Developing)			Era.
gvf	Golin	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: Gumine district	51,100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Gollum, Gumine		Yuri, Kia (Kiari), Keri, Marigl. Reportedly similar to Dom [doa].
kue	Kuman	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: northern third; Eastern Highlands province: Daulo, Lufa and Unggai-Benna Lufa districts	115,000 (2000 census), increasing. Few monolinguals	3 (Wider communication). Major area language used as a trade language for all the other Chimbu languages	Chimbu, Simbu	Kuman	Kuman, Nagane (Genagane, Genogane), Yongomugl.
nof	Nomane	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: Karimui-Nomane district, Karimui LLG; Eastern Highlands province: Lufa district, Lufa RLLG	6,700 (2000 census). 3,140 Kewo-Meba, 2,290 Meine, 1,250 Siarha, and 20 Gomla (all men 35 and older)	6a (Vigorous)	Kiari		Kiari, Kewo-Meba (Nomane), Meine, Gomla, Siarha (Kiari, Siar).
sll	Salt-Yui	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: Gumine district. 10 villages	6,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Iui, Salt, Salt-Iui, Yui
mux	Bo-Ung	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Hagen, Kaugel	Papua New Guinea	Western Highlands province: Hagen, Lower Kaugel, and Tambul districts	40,900 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Mbo-Ung, Mboung, Tembalo		Miyemu (Miyem), Mara-Gomu, Tembalo (Tembaglo), Ku Waru.
imo	Imbongu	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Hagen, Kaugel	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: Ialibu district	42,500 (2000 census). 6,380 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Au, Aua, Awa, Ibo Ugu, Imbo Ungo, Imbo Ungu, Imbonggo		Awa (Au, Aua).
ubu	Umbu-Ungu	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Hagen, Kaugel	Papua New Guinea	Western Highlands province. Tambul district (No-Penge dialect), lower Kaugel district (Kala dialect), Southern Highlands province (Andelale dialect)	34,200 (2000 census). 14,300 Andelale, 13,500 Kala, and 6,360 No-penge (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Gawigl, Gawil, Hagen, Imbo-Ungu, Kakoli, Kaugel, Kauil, Ubu Ugu, Umbongu, Umbu Ungu		Kala (Mendo-Kala), No-Penge, Andelale.
med	Melpa	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Hagen, Melpa	Papua New Guinea	Western Highlands province: Hagen district	130,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Hagen, Medlpa		Tembagla (Temboka). Only slight dialect differences.
gam	Kandawo	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Jimi	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: isolated border areas; Madang province: Usino-Bundi district, Bundi LLG; Western Highlands province: Hagen district, upper Jimi headwaters, Mount Wilhelm slopes	4,000 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Narake
mbw	Maring	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Jimi	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bismarck range; Western Highlands province: Hagen district. 18 villages	11,000 (1998 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Mareng, Yoadabe-Watoare		Central Maring, Eastern Maring, Timbunki, Tsuwenki, Karamba, Kambegl. Central dialect understood by all other dialect speakers.
nac	Narak	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Jimi	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Usino-Bundi district; Western Highlands province: Hagen district, middle Jimi river valley near Tabibuga	6,220 (2000 census). 4,350 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Ganja		None known. Reportedly similar to Maring [mbw], North Wahgi [whg], and Kandawo [gam].
nii	Nii	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Wahgi	Papua New Guinea	Western Highlands province: Hagen district	12,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Ek Nii
wgi	Wahgi	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Wahgi	Papua New Guinea	Jiwaka province: Minj district; Chimbu province: south of Wahgi river	39,000 (1999 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Banz		Kup-Minj (Kumai), Pukamigl-Andegabu, Kunjip, Kambia, Mid-Wahgi.
whg	Wahgi, North	Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Wahgi	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: Kerowagi district; Madang province: Usino-Bundi district, Usino LLG; Jiwaka province: Minj district; both sides of Sepik-Wahgi divide	47,000 (1999 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Banz		Banz-Nondugl. Between 2 to 5 dialects.
uhn	Damal	Trans-New Guinea, Damal	Indonesia	Papua province: central highlands, Paniai regency, Beoga and Ilaga sub-districts; Asmat, Deiya, Mimika, and Puncak regencies, north and south Carstens mountains; possibly Lanny Jaya and Nduga regencies	14,000 (Wurm 2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Amung, Amung Kal, Amungme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, Uhunduni		Damal, Amung, Amongme, Enggipilu. Related to Ekari [ekg], Moni [mnz], and Wolani [wod].
dem	Dem	Trans-New Guinea, Dem	Indonesia	Papua province: Western highlands along Rouffaer river headwaters	1,000 (1987 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Lem, Ndem
boq	Bogaya	Trans-New Guinea, Duna-Bogaya	Papua New Guinea	Hela province: Koroba Lake Kopiago district; Western province: large area east of Strickland river; North Fly district, Olsobip and Nomad RLLGs	300 (2007 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Bogaia, Pogaya
duc	Duna	Trans-New Guinea, Duna-Bogaya	Papua New Guinea	Hela province: Koroba and Lake Kopiago districts, east from Strickland river; Enga province: Paiela-Hewa RLLG	20,000 (2014 Christian Books Melanesia)	5* (Developing)	Yuna
fiw	Fiwaga	Trans-New Guinea, East Kutubu	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: northeast of Tama	300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)	Fimaga, Fiwage
foi	Foi	Trans-New Guinea, East Kutubu	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: east and south of Lake Kutubu and Mubi river	2,800 (1980 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Foe, Mubi River		Ifigi, Kafa, Kutubu, Mubi.
jko	Kubo	Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Lake Murray district, north half Upper Strickland census district, east of Strickland river, north of the Samo [smq] language area	1000	5* (Developing)			None known. Related to Samo [smq] and Gobasi [goi].
agl	Fembe	Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Upper Strickland river	350 (1986 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Agala, Sinale		None known. Reportedly most similar to Odoodee [kkc] and Konai [kxw].
goi	Gobasi	Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland	Papua New Guinea	Western province	900 (Knauft 2013)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gebusi, Nomad		Gobasi (Bibo), Honibo, Oibae (Oiba). Related to Samo [smq] and Kubo [jko].
kxw	Konai	Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Upper Strickland river west side	600 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Mirapmin		None known. Reportedly most similar to Odoodee [kkc] and Fembe [agl].
kkc	Odoodee	Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: southwest corner; Western province: middle Fly district, Hasalibi, Kalamo Lake Campbell, villages on middle Rentoul river south bank past middle Tomu river to Wawoi Falls	490 (2002 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Kalamo, Nomad, Ododei, Tomu, Tomu River	Odoodee	None known. Reportedly most similar to Samo [smq] and Konai [kxw].
smq	Samo	Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Lake Murray district, south Upper Strickland census district, east of Strickland river, north of Nomad	900 (2001 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Daba, Nomad, Supei
uar	Tairuma	Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Nuclear Eleman, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Uaripi and villages near Kerema	4,500 (2004 SIL), increasing	5 (Developing)	Kerema, Tairuma’a, Uaripi
tqo	Toaripi	Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Nuclear Eleman, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Cape Possession to Cape Cupola, Kerema is a main town	23,000 (1977 SIL)	5* (Developing)	East Elema, Melaripi, Motumotu		Kaipi (Melaripi), Toaripi (Moripi-Iokea, Moveave), Sepoe.
xeu	Keoru-Ahia	Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Nuclear Eleman, Western	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Purari river mouth east to Bairu river west of Kerema	5,970 (2000 census). Keoru: 5070, Ahia: 710, Pairi: 190	6a (Vigorous)	Ahia, Ahiave, Haura, Haura Haela, Horo, Houro, Hovoiroro, Hovoyo, Ke’oru, Keuro, Keuru, Kouri, Lavau, Lower Ahia, O’o Moko, Pairi, Velepa		Keoru, Pairi, Ahia (Aheave).
opo	Opao	Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Nuclear Eleman, Western	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Orokolo and Keuru area	2,070 (2005 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)
oro	Orokolo	Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Nuclear Eleman, Western	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Purari river mouth east to Bairu river; Kerema is the main town	13,000 (1977 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Bailala, Haira, Kaipi, Kairu-Kaura, Muro, Muru, Vailala, West Elema
iar	Purari	Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Purari	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Kapaina inlet to Orokolo, Purari river	7,000 (2011 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Evorra, Iai, Koriki, Maipua, Namau		Iai (Namau), Purari. Apparently unrelated to other Gulf Province languages.
tbd	Kaki Ae	Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Tate	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Auri, Kupiano, Kupla, Lou, Ovorio, and Uriri villages southeast of Kerema	630 (2004 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,280	6b* (Threatened)	Lorabada, Lou, Raepa Tati, Tate, Tati		None known. Different from Torricelli [tei] (Lou) in East Sepik Province or Lou [loj] in Manus Province.
age	Angal	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: Mendi area, north into Mendi valley, west into Lai valley, east bank, west of Mount Giluwe	18,600 (2000)	5* (Developing)	East Angal, Mendi	Angal Heneng
aoe	Angal Enen	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: south of Nipa, north of Erave river, east of Lake Kutubu, west of Lai valley	22,000 (1995 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Nembi, South Angal Heneng, South Mendi		Megi.
akh	Angal Heneng	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: south of Kandep and Margarima, north of Lake Kutubu, west of Lai valley	40,000 (1994 V. Schlatter)	5* (Developing)	Agarar, Augu, Katinja, Wage, West Angal Heneng, West Mendi		Waola (Wala), Augu, Nipa, Ota.
kjy	Erave	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province	10,000 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Kewa South, Pole, South Kewa
kjs	Kewa, East	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: Ialibu and Kagua districts	45,000 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)
kew	Kewa, West	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: Kagua and Mendi districts	45,000 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Pasuma
ssx	Samberigi	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: Lake Kutubu district, east of Erave	3,130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Sanaberigi, Sau
net	Nete	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik and Enga provinces: next to Hewa [ham] language area. 3 villages	750 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Iniai, Malamauda, Malaumanda		None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Bisorio [bir] of East Sepik.
bir	Bisorio	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Bisorio, Gadio, and Iniai villages; Karawari, Korosameri, and Wagupmeri rivers’ headwaters	260 (2003 SIL). 50–100 Pikaru	6b* (Threatened)	Iniai, Inyai-Gadio-Bisorio		Pikaru (Bikaru). Lexical similarity: 70% with Nete [net].
enq	Enga	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Angoram district; Enga province: eastern 2 thirds; Southern Highlands province: border area near Winja; Western Highlands province: Mul-Baiyer Station district, Baiyer LLG	230,000 (2000 census). 12,000 in Sau (1990 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Caga, Tchaga, Tsaga		Kandepe, Layapo, Tayato, Mae (Mai, Wabag), Maramuni (Malamuni), Kaina, Kapona, Sau (Sau Enga, Wapi), Yandapo, Lapalama 1, Lapalama 2, Laiagam, Sari. Mae is standard dialect; all understand it. Layapo is between Mae and Kyaka [kyc].
ipi	Ipili	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga	Papua New Guinea	Enga province: Porgera patrol–post area	26,000 (2002 SIL), increasing. 13,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Ipili-Paiela, Ipili-Payala		Porgera, Paiela, Tipinini. Paiela and Pogera have minor lexical differences; Tipinini is reportedly similar to Enga [enq].
kyc	Kyaka	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga	Papua New Guinea	Enga province: Wapenamanda district; Western Highlands province: Baiyer-Mul district	15,400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Baiyer, Enga-Kyaka, Kyaka Enga		Yaramanda.
leq	Lembena	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga	Papua New Guinea	Enga province: northeast; East Sepik province: Eleme, Isataele, Itopeno, Madawesa, Mokosele, Pipitesa, Saut Mosope, and Yambaitoko villages	1,760 (2000 census), increasing. 750 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Lembena Pii, Nanimba Pii, Uyalipa Pii, Wapi Pii
hui	Huli	Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Huli	Papua New Guinea	Enga province: south fringe; Hela province: Tari area	150,000 (2011 ECP), increasing	5 (Developing)	Huli-Hulidana, Huri
mhf	Mamaa	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Mama village. North-northwest of Uri [uvh] and west of Finongan [fag] language areas	200 (McElhanon 1978)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Doloman, Mama
fag	Finongan	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province	1,300 (2002 SIL). 40 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,350	6a (Vigorous)	Finungwa, Finungwan		Mamaa.
skc	Ma Manda	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Nawaeb district, Kesengen, Rabisap, and Saut	1,600 (Pennington 2018)	6a (Vigorous)	Sauk
mpv	Mungkip	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Kasuka and Mungkip villages	12 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 670 (2006 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Munkip		None known. Reportedly most similar to Uri [uvh].
nib	Nakame	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: west and northwest of Boana Saruwaged Range south side. 6 villages	1,640 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,900 (2002 census)	6b (Threatened)	Nakama		North Nakame, South Nakame.
nif	Nek	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Nawaeb district, Saruwaged range south side, rugged terrain north of Boana. 5 villages	2,000 (2011 SIL), increasing	5 (Developing)			East Nek, West Nek. Lexical similarity: 65% with Nuk [noc], less than 60% with Nakame [nib].
gsn	Nema	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province	800 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,030 (2000 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Gusan
nis	Nimi	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: upper Erap river, south of Saruwaged range	1,700 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,800	6a (Vigorous)
noc	Nuk	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Saruwaged range south side, rugged terrain northeast of Boana. 8 villages	900 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,630 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)			Northern Nuk, Southern Nuk, Wagangan.
nop	Numanggang	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Lae district, north of Nadzab. 10 villages; Lae, Mount Hagen, and Rabaul	2,300 (2000 census). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,800	4 (Educational)	Boana, Kai, Manggang, Ngain, Numangan, Numangang, Sugu		East Numanggang, West Numanggang.
uvh	Uri	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Boana district	2,500 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Erap, Uri Vehees, Urii		East Urii, West Urii.
nca	Iyo	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Finisterre mountains’ south slopes along Nahu and Bure rivers; north slopes along Kipuro and Kasang rivers; Morobe province: northwest Markham district	6,900 (2003 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Bure, Nabu, Naho, Nahu, Ndo		None known. Lexical similarity: 54% with Rawa [rwo].
grg	Madi	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	380 (2003 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Gira
nkg	Nekgini	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: west of Mot river	690 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Nakgini, Nekeni	Nekgini
nej	Neko	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: coast near Biliau	640 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Yarete
nnf	Ngaing	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: southwest of Saidor, foothills from coast to Finisterre Range. 15 villages	2,020 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,060	4 (Educational)	Mailang, Sor	Ngaing	Eastern Ngaing, Central Ngaing, Western Ngaing.
rwo	Rawa	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot	Papua New Guinea	Madang province. Rai Coast district (Karo dialect), Upper Ramu district (Rawa dialect); dialects on opposite sides of Finisterre Range	11,500 (1998 SIL), increasing. 7,000 Rawa and 4,500 Karo	5 (Developing)	Erawa, Erewa, Raua		Rawa, Karo.
ufi	Ufim	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Markham river upper reaches	550 (McElhanon 1978)	6a* (Vigorous)
smc	Som	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Uruwa	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: northwest Huon peninsula, on middle Som river, a tributary of Uruwa river, east of Wantoat [wnc] language area	80 (Wurm 2000)	7 (Shifting)	Dinanget, Somm, Tayatuk		None known. Reportedly most similar to Nukna [klt].
skm	Kutong	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Uruwa	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Kamdaran, Makwa, Sakam, and Tamunat villages	1,300 (2000 census). 200 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Dinangat, Sakam	Kutong gin	Akwawin, Iyot, Sakam, Kamdaran. Most divergent Uruwa language.
klt	Nukna	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Uruwa	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: lower Timbe river valley	1,000 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,010	6a (Vigorous)	Komutu	Nukna
klh	Weliki	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Uruwa	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: lower Timbe river valley	670 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 760 (2016 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Karangi, Weleki
yuw	Yau	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Uruwa	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Kabwum district, Boit, Boksawin, Komdaron, Kotet, Mitmit, Mup, Sapmanga, Sapurong, Sindamon, Sugan, Towet, Worin, and Yawan villages	2,380 (2000)	5 (Developing)	Uruwa	Yaö	Nungon, Nuon, Yau (Yaö), Yano (Yanu).
awx	Awara	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Wantoat	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Lae district, near the Wantoat [wnc] language area	1,900 (2011 SIL), increasing. 670 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,950	6a (Vigorous)			Some dialect variation. Wantoat [wnc], Wapu dialect of Wantoat, and Awara are part of a chain of related varieties, with Awara at the western end. Lexical similarity: 60%–70% with Wantoat [wnc] and Wapu dialect of Wantoat.
iou	Tuma-Irumu	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Wantoat	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Kaiapit district, Wantoat subdistrict	1,100 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,200	5* (Developing)	Irumu, Tuma, Upper Irumu
wnc	Wantoat	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Wantoat	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Kaiapit district, Bam, Leron, and Wantoat rivers	8,000 (Quigley 2012)	6a (Vigorous)			Wapu (Leron), Central Wantoat, Bam, Yagawak (Kandomin).
mtv	Asaro’o	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bagen, Baru, Somek, and Subura; some in Mur; possibly Kasu; southeast of Saidor	1,250 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Morafa		Molet. Related to Muratayak [asx], Bulgebi [bmp], Degenan [dge], Forak [frq], Guya [gka], Gwahatike [dah], and Yagomi [ygm].
dge	Degenan	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	790 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dingana		None known. Related to Asaro’o [mtv], Muratayak [asx], Bulgebi [bmp], Forak [frq], Guya [gka], Gwahatike [dah], and Yagomi [ygm].
frq	Forak	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Saidor district, Mamgak village, west and inland from Seure on the coast	280 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Related to Asaro’o [mtv], Muratayak [asx], Bulgebi [bmp], Degenan [dge], Guya [gka], Gwahatike [dah], and Yagomi [ygm].
bmp	Gamane	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Astrolabe bay inland on east end of south coast, on lower Nankina river	150 (2016 J. Claussen). Ethnic population: 150 (2016 J. Claussen)	6a (Vigorous)	Bulgebi		None known. Related to Asaro’o [mtv], Muratayak [asx], Degenan [dge], Forak [frq], Guya [gka], Gwahatike [dah], and Yagomi [ygm].
gka	Guya	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 20 km west of Seure	130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b (Threatened)	Guiarak, Guyarak		None known. Related to Asaro’o [mtv], Muratayak [asx], Bulgebi [bmp], Degenan [dge], Forak [frq], Gwahatike [dah], and Yagomi [ygm].
dah	Gwahatike	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Saidor district, several villages south of Saidor	1,570 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Dahating, Gwatike		Gwahatike, Gwahamere (Gwaha), Gora, Gwapti, Gohing. Related to Asaro’o [mtv], Muratayak [asx], Bulgebi [bmp], Degenan [dge], Forak [frq], Guya [gka], and Yagomi [ygm].
asx	Muratayak	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Rai Coast district, east of Saidor	810 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Asat, Murataik		None known. Related to Asaro’o [mtv], Bulgebi [bmp], Degenan [dge], Forak [frq], Guya [gka], Gwahatike [dah], and Yagomi [ygm].
ygm	Yagomi	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Saidor district, coast southeast of Seure, Yagomi village	280 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)
mjn	Ma	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Mibu and Tariknan villages, area hamlets southwest of Saidor	570 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 570	6a (Vigorous)	Mawam, Mebu		Mina. Related to Nankina [nnk] (Jerung).
bop	Bonkiman	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna	Papua New Guinea	Madang and Morobe provinces	180 (1991 SIL). 70 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 230 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)
dev	Domung	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Rai Coast district, Aunon, Ayengket, Bobongat, Dirit, Gabutamon, Kian, Kosit, Maramung, Maum, Sibgou, Swantan, Tapen, and Wokopop villages	1,800 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)
nnk	Nankina	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Saidor district, upper Nankina river valley	2,500 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)
yut	Yopno	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna	Papua New Guinea	Madang and Morobe provincial borders: Finisterre range	9,000 (2010 SIL), increasing. 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 9,000	5 (Developing)	Yupna		Kewieng, Nokopo, Wandabong, Isan.
ytw	Yout Wam	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Finisterre mountains north slope of Rai Coast, Yout village	270 (2006 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)
ksr	Borong	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Finschhafen district, central Huon peninsula between Kuat and Burum rivers. 5 villages and 5 hamlets, Lae and others	2,200 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2001 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Kosorong, Naama		Kosorong, Yangeborong.
ded	Dedua	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Sialum district, Masaweng and Tewae rivers’ headwaters, south of Mount Besenona. 19 villages	6,500 (2000 census), increasing. No monolinguals above age 20. Ethnic population: 8,910	4 (Educational)		Dedua	Dzeigoc, Fanic.
kmg	Kâte	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Finschhafen district	100,000, all users. L1 users: 20,000 (2011 M. Muhujupe). L2 users: 80,000 (1980 UBS)	3 (Wider communication). Established as a church language by the Lutherans in the early 1900s	Kai, Kâte Dong		Magobineng (Bamota), Wamora (Wamola), Wemo, Parec, Wana. Dialects may be separate languages.
kgf	Kube	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Dindiu district, east Mongi river headwaters, lower Kua river valley east slopes, Foris river valley	7,500 (2000 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 8,000	5 (Developing)	Hube	Mongi	Kurungtufu, Yoangen (Yoanggeng).
mlh	Mape	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Mape river area	1,700 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 8,110 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)			Naga, Mape, Nigac, Fukac. Reportedly similar to Kâte [kmg], the lingua franca.
mpp	Migabac	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Masaweng river area. 5 villages divided among 3 dialects: Ago; Butengka and Kapawa; Hudewa and Waringai	2,600 (2010 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Migaba’		North Migabac, Central Migabac, South Migabac.
msz	Momare	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: north of Masaweng river	10. Ethnic population: 800	8b (Nearly extinct)	Momale, Momole, Mumare
sej	Sene	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: east end of Huon peninsula	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers likely survived into the 1980s	10 (Extinct)
kqb	Kovai	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Kovai	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Siassi district, Umboi and Rooke islands. 13 villages	6,000 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,300	4 (Educational)	Kobai, Kowai	Alngubin
kpf	Komba	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Kabwum district. Selepet [spl] language area is northwest, Timbe [tim] language area is west, Saruwaged mountains south, and Cromwell mountains east	15,000 (2000 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Neng Den		East Komba, Central Komba, West Central Komba, Border Komba, West Komba.
kco	Kinalakna	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province	305 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 330	6b* (Threatened)
kuo	Kumukio	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province	1,050 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,100	6a* (Vigorous)	Kumokio
mci	Mesem	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Lae district, Boana subdistrict, interior north of Lae. 14 villages	4,000 (1997 census)	5* (Developing)	Mese, “Momalili” (pej.), “Momolili” (pej.)		West-Central Mese, East Mese, Momolili, Zezagi.
naf	Nabak	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Lae district, Busu river east headwaters. 52 villages, 30 settlements	16,000 (1994 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Naba, Napa, Wain
noh	Nomu	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Huon peninsula north coast	400 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2000 SIL)	6b (Threatened)
ons	Ono	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Finschhafen district, northeast Huon peninsula	11,000, all users. L1 users: 10,000 (2011 SIL), increasing. Population increase due to Bakesu Revival Church activity. L2 users: 1,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977)	5* (Developing)			Ziwe, Amugen.
spl	Selepet	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Kabwum district, Kiari and Pumune river valleys	7,000 (1988 SIL). Ethnic population: 7,500	5* (Developing)	Selepe		North Selepet, South Selepet.
slw	Sialum	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Huon peninsula, northeast coast	400 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 960 (2000 SIL)	6b (Threatened)
bmu	Somba-Siawari	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Finschhafen district, Central Huon peninsula, Lae south of Cromwell Range, Burum river valley and west slopes of Kuat river; scattered in Port Moresby. 30 villages	10,000 (2000 census). 5,500 Somba, 4,500 Siawari. 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 11,000	4 (Educational)	Bulum, Burum, Burum-Mindik, Mindik	Somba-Siawari	Somba, Siawari. Lexical similarity: 92% with dialects.
tim	Timbe	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Kabwum district, Timbe river valley and tributaries	11,000 (1991 SIL). 660 monolinguals. Women and older men	5 (Developing)			Central Timbe, North Timbe, South Timbe.
tbv	Tobo	Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: upper Kuat river valley, south of Cromwell range	2,230 (1980 census)	4 (Educational)
aac	Ari	Trans-New Guinea, Gogodala-Suki, Gogodala	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Ari and Serea villages; Aramia river area	50 (Wurm 2000)	6b* (Threatened)			Serea.
ggw	Gogodala	Trans-New Guinea, Gogodala-Suki, Gogodala	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Fly River north bank, Aramia river. 301 villages	22,000 (2004 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Gogodara		None known. Reportedly most similar to Ari [aac].
wrv	Waruna	Trans-New Guinea, Gogodala-Suki, Gogodala	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Aramia river area, Waruna village	600 (1991 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Lexical similarity: 50% with Ari [aac].
sui	Suki	Trans-New Guinea, Gogodala-Suki, Suki	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Lake Suki	3,510 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Wiram
zia	Zia	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, North Binanderean	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Huon Gulf district, Morobe Patrol Post station near Waria river mouth; downstream from Oro province, Sohe district	4,500 (2000 SIL). 3,000 Zia (1991 SIL), 940 Mawae dialect. Ethnic population: 4,550	5* (Developing)	Lower Waria, Tsia, Ziya		Zia, Mawae. Lexical similarity: 68% with Yekora [ykr] (most similar).
sue	Suena	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, North Binanderean	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Lae district, southeast coast, north of Yekora	3,600 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,700	5* (Developing)	Yarawe, Yarawi, Yema
bhg	Binandere	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, Binandere	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: along Eia, Gira, Kumusi, and Mamba rivers; between Iwaia and Sowara villages on coast; some in Morobe province	7,000 (2007 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Ioma Binandere		None known. Lexical similarity: 50%–54% with Suena [sue] and Zia [zia].
bjz	Baruga	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Coastal Binanderean, Baruga	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Tufi district, west Musa and Bariji rivers flood plains; Gaina [gcn], Bariji [bjc], and Yareba [yrb] language areas on south and west borders, Dyke Ackland bay is north; Ewage-Notu (Okeina dialect) [nou], Ambe Tofo, Korafe-Mokorua, Miniafia-Arifama, Ubir [ubr], and Maisin [mbq] villages on the east	2,230 (2003 SIL), increasing. 800 Tafota, 990 Bareji, 440 Mado. 200 monolinguals	5 (Developing)			Bareji, Baruga, Mado, Tafota Baruga. Lexical similarity: 56%–61% with Korafe-Yegha [kpr], Gaina [gcn] and Dogoro [dgx] (Dutton 1971), 43% with Ewage dialect of Ewage-Notu [nou].
dgx	Doghoro	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Coastal Binanderean, Baruga	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Tufi district, Bendorode and Sebagha villages on Bariji and Musa river flood plains	270 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Dogoro
kpr	Korafe-Yegha	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Coastal Binanderean, Gaena-Korafe	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Tufi district, Cape Nelson headlands	3,630 (2003 SIL). A very few old women are monolingual	5 (Developing)	Kailikaili, Kaire, Korafe, Korafi, Korape, Kwarafe		Korafe, Yegha (Mokorua, Yega). Yegha dialect is distinct from Yega dialect of Ewage-Notu [nou]. Gaina [gcn] may also be a dialect. Lexical similarity: 43% with Baruga [bjz], 61% with Ewage dialect of Ewage Notu [nou] (2007 SIL).
gcn	Gaina	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Coastal Binanderean, Gaena-Korafe	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Ijivitari district, Iwuji village area, inland from Solomon sea	1,410 (Dutton 1971). 1,000 in Bareji, 130 in Gaina	6a* (Vigorous)			Bareji (Baredji), Gaina. Lexical similarity: 61% with Doghoro [dgx] (most similar).
nou	Ewage-Notu	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Coastal Binanderean, Notu	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Popondetta district, coast between Bakumbari and Pongani	12,900 (1988 SIL)	5* (Developing)			Ewage-Notu, Yega (Gona, Okeina, Okena).
okv	Orokaiva	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Orokaivan	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Popondetta town area. 200 villages	35,000 (2000 census)	5 (Developing)	Ehija, Etija		Kokoda, Etija (Sohe, Sose), Ehija (Ifane, Ihane), Harava. Reportedly similar to Aeka [aez] and Hunjara-Kaina Ke [hkk].
aez	Aeka	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Orokaivan	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Sohe district, Tamata rural LLG	3,400 (2007 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Ajeka	Aeka	None known. Reportedly similar to Orokaiva [okv].
hkk	Hunjara-Kaina Ke	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Orokaivan	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Kokoda RLLG	8,770 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)			Hunjara, Kaina Ke. Reportedly similar to Orokaiva [okv].
ykr	Yekora	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Yekora	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Morobe government station area. 2 villages	1,050 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,080 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)			Reportedly similar to Mawae dialect of Zia [zia].
ghs	Guhu-Samane	Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Guhu-Samane	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Sohe district, Kanoma and Sidema villages north; Morobe province: Lae district; Waria river headwaters	13,000 (2000 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 13,500	5 (Developing)	Bia, Mid-Waria, Muri, Paiawa, Tahari		Sekare. Lexical similarity: 18% with Suena [sue] and Zia [zia] (most similar).
ipo	Ipiko	Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Ipiko	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Ipiko and Pahemuba villages on Pie river beyond Baimuru	600 (2016 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Epai, Higa, Ipikoi		Eva, Ibigo. Related to Minanibai [mcv] and Mubami [tsx].
tsx	Mubami	Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai	Papua New Guinea	Western province: middle and lower Wawoi river; Diwami, Kubeai, Parieme, Paueme, Sogae, Ugu, and Waliho villages on Guavi and Aramia rivers	1,730 (2002 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Dausame, Dausuami Mubami, Ta, Tao-Suamato, Tao-Suame		None known. Limited mutual intelligibility of Foia Foia [ffi] and Hoyahoya [hhi]. Lexical similarity: 42% with Minanibai [mcv] (most similar).
ffi	Foia Foia	Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Middle Fly district, Bibisa village; Gulf province: Kikori district, Turama river, Moka village	180 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 260 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Foiafoia, Foyafoya	Foia Foia	None known. Lexical similarity: 73% with Minanibai [mcv], 52% with Mubami [tsx], 59% with Hoyahoya [hhy], 54% with Hoia Hoia [hhi].
hhi	Hoia Hoia	Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Middle Fly district, Ukusi-Koparamio village	80 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 120 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Hoiahoia, Ukusi-Koparamio Hoyahoya		None known. Lexical similarity: 52% with Minanibai [mcv], 47% with Mubami [tsx], 54% with Foia Foia [ffi], 71% with Hoyahoya [hhy].
hhy	Hoyahoya	Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Middle Fly district, Matakaia village	95 (2000 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 130 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Hoiahoia, Hoya Hoya, Matakaia Hoyahoya		None known. Lexical similarity: 71% with Hoia Hoia [hhi], 52% with Minanibai [mcv], 52% with Mubami [tsx], 59% with Foia Foia [ffi].
xar	Karami	Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province; Western province: border area northeast of Tao-Suamoto	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the 1950s (Wurm 2007)	10 (Extinct)
mcv	Minanibai	Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Goaribari and Ikobi Kairi census districts, near Omati river mouth, Moka and Pepeha villages	300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Eme-Eme, Hei, Pepeha		None known. Related to Mubami [tsx].
for	Fore	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Fore	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Okapa district	17,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)			Pamusa (South Fore), North Central Fore.
gim	Gimi	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Fore	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: border area; Eastern Highlands province: Okapa district	22,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Labogai		East Gimi, West Gimi (Gouno).
gah	Alekano	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Gahuku-Benabena	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district, Goroka town area	25,000 (1999 SIL), increasing	7 (Shifting)	Gafuku, Gahuku, Gahuku-Asaro, Gahuku-Gama		None known. Reportedly similar to Siane [snp], Tokano [zuh], Dano [aso], Yaweyuha [yby], and Benabena [bef].
bef	Benabena	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Gahuku-Benabena	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district	45,000 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Bena		Upper Bena, Middle Bena, Lower Bena.
aso	Dano	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Gahuku-Benabena	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district	30,000 (1987 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Asaro, Upper Asaro		Upper Asaro, Lunube Mado, Bohena, Amaizuho, Kongi.
zuh	Tokano	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Gahuku-Benabena	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district	6,000 (1982 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Gamuso, Tokama, Yufiyufa, Zaka, Zuhozuho, Zuhuzuho		Lower Asaro, Zuhuzuho.
gaf	Gende	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Gende	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Usino Bundi district, near Bundi	8,000 (1987 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bundi, Gendeka, Gene
isa	Isabi	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Isabi	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district, Goroka Urban LLG; Madang province: Usino Bundi district, Bundi LLG	280 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)	Maruhia		None known. Related languages: Biyom [bpm], Tauya [tya], and Faita [faj].
kmu	Kanite	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Kamano-Yagaria	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Okapa district	8,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)			None known. Reportedly similar to Keyagana [kyg] and Inoke-Yate [ino].
ino	Inoke-Yate	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Kamano-Yagaria	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Okapa district	10,000 (1993 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Inoke, Jate, Yate
kbq	Kamano	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Kamano-Yagaria	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Henganofi and Kainantu districts	63,200 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Kamano-Kafe
kyg	Keyagana	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Kamano-Yagaria	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Henganofi and Okapa districts	12,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Ke’yagana, Keiagana, Keigana
ygr	Yagaria	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Kamano-Yagaria	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district	21,100 (1982 SIL)	5* (Developing)			Kami-Kulaka, Move, Ologuti, Dagenava, Kamate, Hira, Hua (Huva), Kotom.
snp	Siane	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Siane	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: Nambaiyufa census division; Eastern Highlands province: Unggai and Watabung census divisions, Goroka district	29,000 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Siani		Kolepa, Yamofowe, Komongu, Komoigaleka, Kemanimowe, Ona, Keto, Laiya, Fowe, Olumba, Lambau, Alango, Yandime, Wando. Separate literature exists in Komongu and Lambau dialects.
yby	Yaweyuha	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Siane	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district, south of Goroka	2,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Yabiyufa, Yawiyuha
gat	Kenati	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Wonenara district, Wonenara area. 3 villages	950 (1990 census)	5* (Developing)	Aziana, Ganati, Kenathi
agd	Agarabi	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu district	27,000 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Agarabe, Bare	Agarabi	None known. Reportedly similar to Gadsup [gaj].
awb	Awa	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu and Okapa districts	2,050 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Mobuta		Tauna, Ilakia, Northeast Awa, South Awa.
auy	Awiyaana	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu and Okapa districts. 15 villages	11,100 (2000)	5* (Developing)	Auyana
gaj	Gadsup	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu district; Morobe province: Markham district, west of district headquarters Mutzing town	22,100 (2000 census)	5 (Developing)			Oyana (Oiyana), Gadsup. Related to Ontenu [ont].
kze	Kosena	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu and Okapa districts	2,000 (1987 SIL)	5* (Developing)
ont	Ontenu	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu district	3,000 (1996 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ontena
usa	Usarufa	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Okapa district	2,000 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,700 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Usurufa, Uturupa
kyy	Kambaira	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Kambaira	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu district	3 (2016 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2000 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Asa’a
wsr	Owenia	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Owenia	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Obura district	350 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)	Owena, Owenda, Waijara, Waisara
bjr	Binumarien	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Tairora	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu district	520 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Binamarir, Binumaria	Binumarien
tbg	Tairora, North	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Tairora	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu and Obura districts, north of Kainantu	6,000 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Tairora		Aantantara (Andandara), Arau-Varosia (Arau-Barosia), Arokaara (Arokara), Saiqora (Sai’ora), Tairora.
omw	Tairora, South	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Tairora	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu and Obura districts, south of Kainantu	7,000 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Omwunra-Toqura		Aatasaara (Atakara), Haaviqinra-Oraura (Habina-Oraura), Omwunra-Toqura (Obura-To’okena), Vaira-Ntosara (Baira), Veqaura (Meauna), Vinaata-Konkompira (Pinata-Konkombira).
waj	Waffa	Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Tairora	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Kainantau district, small border area near To’okena; Morobe province: Kaiapit district, Waffa river headwaters, 5 villages	1,300 (1988 SIL)	5 (Developing)
xla	Kamula	Trans-New Guinea, Kamula	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Wawoi Falls area, Kamiyami village; Aramia river area, Keseki and Somokopa	800 (1998 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Wawoi		None known. Pare [ppt] is most similar (Reesink 1976).
aqm	Atohwaim	Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar	Indonesia	Papua province: Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari sub-district. South coast inland, between Cook and Kronkel rivers	1,000 (1987 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Kaugat
kyt	Kayagar	Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar	Indonesia	Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies, southwest coast from Arafura sea inland	10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing	6b* (Threatened)	Kajagar, Kaygi, Kaygir, Wiyagar		None known. Reportedly most similar to Tamagario [tcg]; related to Atohwaim [aqm].
tcg	Tamagario	Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar	Indonesia	Papua province: south coast area	3,500 (1987 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Buru, Tamaraw, Wagow, Wiyagar		None known. Reportedly most similar to Kayagar [kyt], also related to Atohwaim [aqm].
mdb	Morigi	Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: lower Turama census division	700 (Wurm 1975)	6a (Vigorous)	Dabura, Morigi Island, Turama River Kiwai, Wariadai		None known. Lexical similarity: with Kerewo [kxz] and Bamu [bcf].
bcf	Bamu	Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Turama river mouth south bank; Western province: Bamu river from mouth to confluence of Wawoi and Guavi rivers, lower Wawoi, Guavi and Gama rivers, Sagero creek to its mouth at Fly river	6,310 (2000 census). 960 Gama	5 (Developing)	Bamu Kiwai, Kiwai		Gama, Lower Bamu, Sisiame, Upper Bamu (Middle Bamu), Nuhiro. Gama dialect may be a separate language. Closely related to Kiwai; less closely to Waboda [kmx]. Lexical similarity: less than 80% with Gama and Lower Bamu, the most similar other Bamu dialect.
kxz	Kerewo	Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Omati river west bank, east and inland to Samoa village	1,090 (2011 SIL). Population represents speakers living in their language area	5* (Developing)	Kerewa, Kerewa-Goari		Gibario (Goaribari).
prm	Kibiri	Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Kikori district, Babaguina, Doibo, Ero, Paile, Tipeowo, and Wowa villages near Aird Hills, Kikori river tributaries	1,180 (2011 SIL). 900 Porome, 280 Kibiri	6a* (Vigorous)	Gibiri, Polome, Porome		Aird Hills (Kibiri), Porome. Unrelated to other Gulf Province languages.
kiw	Kiwai, Northeast	Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province	6,000 (2011 W. Foley)	5 (Developing)	Gibaio, Urama-Kope		Gibaio, Kope (Era River, Gope), Urama, Anigibi (Arigibi), Fomomoto (Era). The differences between Urama and Kope, and Anigibi and Kope, are of a similar significance (2018 N. Schulz).
kjd	Kiwai, Southern	Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Fly river delta, Fly river north bank	9,700 (Wurm 1975). 3,800 in Coast, 1,000 in Daru, 4,500 in Island Kiwai, 400 in Doumori. Several sources estimate current population now in excess of 20,000 (2011 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Kiwai		Coast Kiwai, Island Kiwai (Bamu Kiwai).
kmx	Waboda	Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Wabuda island, Dameratamu, Gesoa, Kabaturi, Maduduo, Meipani, Sagero, Tirere, and Wapi villages on Fly river mouth north bank	2,750 (2003 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Wabuda
nqm	Ndom	Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom	Indonesia	Papua province: Kolopom island	1,200 (2002 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Reportedly most similar to Kimaghima [kig] and Riantana [ran].
kig	Kimaghima	Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency, Kolopom island interior	3,000 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Kaladdarsch, Kimaama, Kimaghama, Kimaghana, Teri-Kalwasch
ran	Riantana	Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom	Indonesia	Papua province: Kolopom island	1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977)	6b* (Threatened)	Kimaam
aey	Amele	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Madang district, hills up from Astrolabe bay, between Gum and Gogol rivers. 40 hamlets	5,300 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Amale	Amele	Huar, Jagahala, Haija. Related to Gumalu [gmu], Sihan [snr], Isebe [igo], Bau [bbd], and Panim [pnr].
bbd	Bau	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	3,150 (2000 SIL)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Related to Sihan [snr], Gumalu [gmu], Isebe [igo], Amele [aey], and Panim [pnr].
gmu	Gumalu	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	580 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Sihan [snr], Amele [aey], Isebe [igo], Bau [bbd], and Panim [pnr].
igo	Isebe	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Madang district, Gum river north bank, west of Madang town	910 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)	Balahaim		Isebe, Urukun, Mirkuk. Related to Sihan [snr], Gumalu [gmu], Amele [aey], Bau [bbd], and Panim [pnr].
pnr	Panim	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: west of Madang town	420 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Related to Gumalu [gmu], Sihan [snr], Isebe [igo], Bau [bbd], and Amele [aey].
snr	Sihan	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 35 km southwest of Madang	570 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
bpi	Bagupi	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Gogol river headwaters, west of Mabanob, northwest of Madang town	50 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130	7 (Shifting)			None known. Related languages: Rapting [rpt], Wamas [wmc], Samosa [swm], Murupi [mqw], Saruga [sra], Nake [nbk], Mosimo [mqv], Yoidik [ydk], Rempi [rmp], Silopi [xsp], Utu [utu], Mawan [mcz], Baimak [bmx], Matepi [mqe], Gal [gap], Nobonob [gaw], and Wagi [fad].
bmx	Baimak	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: west of Madang city	650 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Gal [gap].
gap	Gal	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Gogol river	340 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Baimak, Weim
gyb	Garus	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Astrolabe bay	2,650 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ate, Em, Kurupi		None known. Related to Bagupi [bpi], Matepi [mqe], Mosimo [mqv], Murupi [mqw], Rapting [rpt], Samosa [swm], and Silopi [xsp].
mqe	Matepi	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	280 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Related to Rapting [rpt], Wamas [wmc], Samosa [swm], Murupi [mqw], Saruga [sra], Nake [nbk], Mosimo [mqv], Garus [gyb], Yoidik [ydk], Rempi [rmp], Silopi [xsp], Utu [utu], Mawan [mcz], Baimak [bmx], Bagupi [bpi], Gal [gap], Nobonob [gaw], and Wagi [fad].
mcz	Mawan	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Gogol river area	470 (2003 SIL), decreasing	8a (Moribund)
mqv	Mosimo	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: about 30 km inland from the east coast, north of Alexishafen, due west of Garu and Yoidik settlements	50 (Wurm 2000)	7 (Shifting)			None known. Related to Rapting [rpt], Wamas [wmc], Samosa [swm], Murupi [mqw], Saruga [sra], Nake [nbk], Matepi [mqe], Garus [gyb], Yoidik [ydk], Rempi [rmp], Silopi [xsp], Utu [utu], Mawan [mcz], Baimak [bmx], Bagupi [bpi], Gal [gap], Nobonob [gaw], and Wagi [fad].
mqw	Murupi	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)
nbk	Nake	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: northwest of Madang	170 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b (Threatened)	Ale
gaw	Nobonob	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Madang district	5,000 (2005 census), increasing	4 (Educational)	Butelkud-Guntabak, Garuh, Nobanob, Nobnob, Nupanob		Ari (A’i, Ati).
rpt	Rapting	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 30 km north of Madang	330 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Related to Murupi [mqw], Wamas [wmc], Samosa [swm], Mosimo [mqv], Saruga [sra], Nake [nbk], Matepi [mqe], Garus [gyb], Yoidik [ydk], Rempi [rmp], Silopi [xsp], Utu [utu], Mawan [mcz], Baimak [bmx], Bagupi [bpi], Gal [gap], Nobonob [gaw], and Wagi [fad].
rmp	Rempi	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: north coast	1,590 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	A’e, Erempi, Rempin		Aic, Em.
swm	Samosa	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: inland from Aleishafen on Gogal river north tributary headwaters	90 (Wurm 2000)	7 (Shifting)
sra	Saruga	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 35 km north of Madang	130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b (Threatened)
xsp	Silopi	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 25 km northwest of Madang	180 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)
utu	Utu	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 30 km west of Madang	580 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)
fad	Wagi	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: northwest of Madang, Foran, Kamba, Kauris, Mis, and Silibob villages	3,380 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Foran, Furan, Kamba, Mis-Kemba		Kamba. Lexical similarity: 30% with Ari dialect of Nobonob [gaw].
wmc	Wamas	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 40 km north of Madang. 10 villages	220 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)
ydk	Yoidik	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 35 km north of Madang on the coast	770 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
buq	Brem	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Isumrud	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: including Bunabun village	1,190 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Barem, Bububun, Bunabun, Bunubun
dmc	Gavak	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Isumrud	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Madang district, Basken, Dawo, Dindareng, Malan, Pagin, and Segar villages	3,820 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,890 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Bosiken, Boskien, Dimir
mkr	Malas	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Isumrud	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Tokain area	650 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
kmf	Kare	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Kare	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	380 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)
bbr	Girawa	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Kokon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Upper Ramu district	4,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Bagasin, Begasin, Begesin		None known. Related to Munit [mtc] and Kein [bmh].
bmh	Kein	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Kokon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Trans-Gogol district	1,750 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Bemal		Sigau, Sog, Kibam. Related to Girawa [bbr] and Munit [mtc].
mtc	Munit	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Kokon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Trans-Gogol district	910 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Girawa [bbr] and Kein [bmh].
mlp	Bargam	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Mugil	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Madang district, North Coast road opposite Karkar island	4,000 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,640 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Mugil, Saker
ali	Amaimon	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Amaimon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	1,780 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
tnh	Maiani	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Kaukombaran	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district	3,040 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Banara, Miani South, Tani, Wagimuda		None known. Different from Mala [ped] (Banara).
sks	Maia	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Kaukombaran	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district, mainland south of Manam island	4,500 (2007 SIL). 3,510 in main dialect, 990 in southern dialect (2017 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Banar, Maya, Pila, Saki, Suaro, Turutap, Yakiba
ped	Mala	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Kaukombaran	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district	1,390 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Alam, Banara, Dagoi, Dagui, Hatzfeldhafen, Malala, Pai, Pay
pla	Miani	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Kaukombaran	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district, inland	1,500 (1987 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Bonaputa-Mopu, Miani North, Tani
bie	Bepour	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Kumilan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district, south of lower Kumil river and Sikor	50 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Related to Mauwake [mhl] and Moere [mvq].
mhl	Mauwake	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Kumilan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bogia district	2,390 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Mawake, Ulingan
mvq	Moere	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Kumilan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: south of Kumil river, Malala harbour, and Sikor	50 (Wurm 2000)	7 (Shifting)
bql	Bilakura	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Numugenan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Madang district, headwaters of Gilagil river, due east of Kosilanta	30 (Wurm 2000)	8a (Moribund)			None known. Related languages: Usan [wnu], Yaben [ybm], Yarawata [yrw], Parawen [prw], and Ukuriguma [ukg].
prw	Parawen	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Numugenan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	430 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)	Para
ukg	Ukuriguma	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Numugenan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 40 km northwest of Madang	170 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)
wnu	Usan	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Numugenan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Madang district, 65 km northwest of Madang	1,400 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Wanuma
ybm	Yaben	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Numugenan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 65 km northwest of Madang	700 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)
yrw	Yarawata	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Numugenan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	130 (2003 SIL)	8a (Moribund)
kgu	Kobol	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Omosan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	720 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Koguman		None known. Related to Pal [abw].
abw	Pal	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Omosan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	1,160 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Abasakur		None known. Related to Kobol [kgu].
xow	Kowaki	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Tiboran	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: south of Kumil river, about 10 km from the coast, south of Sikor and Malala harbor	25 (Wurm 2000)	8b (Nearly extinct)
mjj	Mawak	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Tiboran	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: south of upper Kumil river, southwest of Malala and Sikor harbor	25 (Wurm 2000)	8a (Moribund)
mmi	Musar	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Tiboran	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: inland, west of Tokain	680 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)	Aregerek
hih	Pamosu	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Tiboran	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: north central, Adelbert Range	1,500 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,620 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Hinihon	Pamosu	Hinangave, Hinihon, Perene.
wnb	Wanambre	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Tiboran	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 55 km west of Karkar island	590 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Vanambere
gsp	Wasembo	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Pihom, Wasembo	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: west of Ufim	590 (1980 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Biapim, Gusap, Yankowan
kmh	Kalam	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Kalam-Kobon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Ramu district; Western Highlands province: Hagen district, Jimi river north side into Kaironk valley	15,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Aforo, Karam		Minimib. Related to Gants [gao] and Kobon [kpw].
kpw	Kobon	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Kalam-Kobon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Middle Ramu district; Western Highlands province: Kaironk river, lower Jimi river area north of Mount Hagen	10,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 4,000 monolinguals	4 (Educational)		Kobon
taw	Tai	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Kalam-Kobon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Dundrom village southwest	900 (1990 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Tay
abg	Wagama	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Kalam-Kobon	Papua New Guinea	Eastern Highlands province: Henganofi district, Dunantina valley, Kese village	600 (2017 SIL). No monolinguals (2017 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2017 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Abaga, Vaga, Wagaba
bpm	Biyom	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Biyom-Tauya	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: southeast of Gende	380 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)	Sasime		None known. Related to Isabi [isa], Tauya [tya], and Faita [faj].
tya	Tauya	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Biyom-Tauya	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Ramu river valley, 30 km west of Dumpu	350 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b* (Threatened)	Inafosa
xes	Kesawai	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Evapia	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	770 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kesawi, Koromu, Namuya		None known. Related to Kou [snz], Wia [ssj], and Watiwa [wtf].
snz	Kou	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Evapia	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: between the Mindjim and Napu Rivers, and along the Madang Highway	3,000 (2017 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Asas, Kow, Sensauru, Sinsauru	Kou	Baipa. Other slight regional variation exists, but with high mutual intelligibility. All varieties understood by Baipa. Some have difficulty understanding Baipa.
wtf	Watiwa	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Evapia	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Bebei and Dumpu villages	510 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dumpu, Watifa
ssj	Wia	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Evapia	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Upper Ramu river, near Koropa	500 (2000 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Sausi, Uya, Wiya	Wia, Witi	None known. Related to Kou [snz], Kesawai [xes], and Watiwa [wtf].
awm	Arawum	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Kabenau	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	320 (2016 J. Claussen). Ethnic population: 320 (2016 J. Claussen)	6a (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Siroi [ssd], Pulabu [pup], Migum [klm], and Lemio [lei].
lei	Lemio	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Kabenau	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: several coastal villages near Saidor	270 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)
klm	Migum	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Kabenau	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	470 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Kolom
pup	Pulabu	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Kabenau	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	120 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Related to Siroi [ssd], Arawum [awm], Migum [klm], and Lemio [lei].
ssd	Siroi	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Kabenau	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Saidor district, Kumisanger village. 5 villages	1,310 (2003 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Suroi
mdc	Male	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Mindjim	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: coast south of Bom	970 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Koliku		None known. Related to Bongu [bpu] and Anjam [boj].
boj	Anjam	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Mindjim	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Astrolabe Bay district	2,020 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Bogadjim, Bogajim, Bogati, Bom, Lalok	Anjam
bpu	Bongu	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Mindjim	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Astrolabe bay, Rai coast	850 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)
snx	Sam	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Mindjim	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Rai coast, near the head of Astrolabe Bay along the Kabenau River, Songum, Buan, and Wongbe villages	780 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Songum	Sam
ynl	Dubuporo	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: east of Erima	910 (2016 J. Claussen). Ethnic population: 910 (2016 J. Claussen)	6a (Vigorous)	Yangulam
jil	Jilim	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	650 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Waube [kop], Ogea [eri], Uya [usu], Uyajitaya [duk], Rerau [rea], and Yangulam [ynl].
eri	Ogea	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Astrolabe bay	2,210 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Erima, Nuru
rea	Rerau	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	590 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Waube [kop], Ogea [eri], Uya [usu], Uyajitaya [duk], Jilim [jil], and Yangulam [ynl].
usu	Uya	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Trans-Gogol district	270 (2003 SIL)	8a (Moribund)	Usu
duk	Uyajitaya	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 30 km south of Madang	1,050 (Kassell et al 2008)	6b (Threatened)	Abowe, Amito, Amowe, Duduela, Koki, Uyaji, Xuyadzitaya, Yabatia		Uyajitaya, Amowe.
kop	Waube	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 20 km east of Erima	1,650 (Kassell et al 2009)	6b (Threatened)	Kwato, Waupe
dnr	Danaru	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Peka	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Usino Rural LLG, Ward 16, Danaru village	260 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2000 SIL)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Related to Sop [urw], Kobuka [urg], and Sumau [six].
urg	Kobuka	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Peka	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Ramu river, 50 km downstream from Dumpu	1,500 (2000 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Kopuka, Origanau, Urigina, Uriginau	Kobuka, Wakoro
urw	Sop	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Peka	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Usino Bundi district, Usino subdistrict, northeast of Ramu valley	2,250 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Kari, Usino
six	Sumau	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Peka	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: low mountain ranges between Ramu and Naru rivers	2,580 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Garia, Kari, Sumau-Garia		Possibly 2 dialects. Related to Sop [urw], Kobuka [urg], and Danaru [dnr].
dui	Dumun	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Yaganon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Astrolabe bay south coast, Gowar river mouth, west of Dein, and its lower course	120 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Bai		None known. Related to Yabong [ybo], Ganglau [ggl], and Saep [spd].
ggl	Ganglau	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Yaganon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	470 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 640 (2016 J. Claussen)	6b (Threatened)			None known. Related to Yabong [ybo], Dumun [dui], and Saep [spd].
spd	Saep	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Yaganon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Gowar river area, Rai coast, east of Madang	550 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
ybo	Yabong	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Yaganon	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	1,500 (2000 census)	5 (Developing)		Yabong
omo	Utarmbung	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Josephstaal, Osum	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	1,170 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Osum
pda	Anam	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Josephstaal, Pomoikan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Josephstaal area villages	1,070 (2003 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Pondoma
imi	Anamgura	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Josephstaal, Pomoikan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: northwest of Josephstaal	1,960 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Anamuxra, Ikundun, Mindivi
msx	Moresada	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Josephstaal, Pomoikan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6b (Threatened)	Murisapa, Murusapa-Sarewa
wdg	Wadaginam	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Josephstaal, Wadaginam	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 30 km southeast of Erima	950 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Wadaginamb
koz	Korak	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Kowan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	510 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Amako
wsk	Waskia	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Kowan	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Madang district, northern half of Karkar island	20,000 (2007 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Vaskia, Woskia		None known. Reportedly most similar to Korak [koz].
ena	Apal	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, Central Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Aiome district, upper Ramu river area	980 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Apali, Emerum, Munga		Aki, Aci.
gmg	Magiyi	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, Central Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Middle Ramu district, Vguvindi village		6a* (Vigorous)
pmr	Manat	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, Central Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	50 (Daniels 2015). Ethnic population: 300 (Daniels 2015)	8a (Moribund)	Paynamar
kqa	Mum	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, Central Sogeram, North Central Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	3,290 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Katiati
sbq	Sirva	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, Central Sogeram, North Central Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: 60 km northwest of Madang	250 (Daniels 2015)	7 (Shifting)	Sileibi
mmq	Aisi	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, East Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Ramu river west of Astrolabe bay	400 (Daniels 2015)	6b (Threatened)	Musak
gao	Gants	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, East Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	1,880 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)	Gaj, Ganj
faj	Kursav	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, East Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: upper Ramu river, near Usino	10 (Daniels 2015). Ethnic population: 110 (2000 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Faita		None known. Related to Biyom [bpm], Isabi [isa], and Tauya [tya].
gkd	Magɨ	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, East Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province	50 (2016 D. Daniels)	8a (Moribund)			None known. Closely related to Aisi [mmq].
ate	Mand	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, West Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Ramu river, northwest of Aiome, upstream from Annaberg	8 (Daniels 2015)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Atemble, Atemple, Atemple-Apris
anh	Nend	Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, West Sogeram	Papua New Guinea	Madang province: Pasinkap village area between Ramu and Sogeram rivers	2,000 (1991 UBS)	6a* (Vigorous)	Angaua, Nent
kvg	Kuni-Boazi	Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Boazi	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Lake Murray district	4,500 (2007 SIL), increasing	5 (Developing)	Boadji, Boazi, Bwadji, Kuini, Kuni		Kuni, Wamak, Khoamak, Sengeze, Ingias, Aewa.
zik	Zimakani	Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Boazi	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Lake Murray south end	1,500 (1990 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Baegwa, Bagwa Zimakani, Dea		Zimakani, Bagwa (Begua, Mbegu), Dea.
mrz	Marind	Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency south coast area; also, enclave in extreme south Papua	7,000 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Gawir, Holifoersch, Southeast Marind, Tugeri		Gawir, Southeast Marind, Tugeri, Halifoersch. Significant differences between inland and coastal dialects, but speakers report intelligibility.
bpv	Marind, Bian	Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency, Muting sub-district, Sanayu village in upper Bian river area	2,900 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook)	7 (Shifting)	Bian, Boven-Mbian, Malind Deg, Northwest Marind		None known. Not inherently intelligible with Marind [mrz].
bgv	Warkay-Bipim	Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay	Indonesia	Papua province: Asmat regency south coast, 3 villages near Otsianep and northeast near Bapiem	300 (1993 R. Doriot)	6b (Threatened)	Bipim, Bipim As-So
jaq	Yaqay	Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay	Indonesia	Papua province: Mappi regency, south coast along Obaa river north to Gandaimu area	10,000 (1987 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Jakai, Jaqai, Mapi, Sohur, Yaqai		Oba-Miwamon, Nambiomon-Mabur, Bapai.
kpq	Korupun-Sela	Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district in eastern highlands, on Erok river upper reaches	8,000 (1996 E. Young)	5* (Developing)	Kimyal of Korupun, Korapun		Korupun (Duram), Dagi, Sisibna (Gobugdua), Deibula, Sela. Lexical similarity: 60% with Nipsan [nps].
eip	Lik	Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern	Indonesia	Papua province: Eastern highlands, Eipo river area	3,000 (1987 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Eipo, Eipomek, T-Valley	Lik	None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Una [mtg].
nlc	Nalca	Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern	Indonesia	Papua province: east highlands north slopes	16,000 (2013 R. Doriot)	5* (Developing)	Hmanggona, Hmonono, Kimjal, Kimyal, Nalja, Naltje, Naltya	Mek, Nalca	None known. Lexical similarity: 59% with Kosarek Yale [kkl].
nps	Nipsan	Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district west of Hmanggona	2,500 (1993 R. Doriot)	6b* (Threatened)	Southern Jale, Yale-Nipsan		None known. Lexical similarity: 78% with Kosarek Yale [kkl], 59% with Nalca [nlc].
mtg	Una	Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern	Indonesia	Papua province: Langda, Bomela, and Sumtamon areas in east Weip and Yay valleys	5,600 (2006 SIL), increasing	4 (Educational)	Goliath, Langda, Mount Goliath, Oranje-Gebergte	Una	None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Eipomek [eip], 69% with Ketengban [xte].
kkl	Yale, Kosarek	Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern	Indonesia	Papua province: eastern highlands	2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). 2,300 monolinguals. Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,300	5* (Developing)	In-lom, Kosarek, Mek Kosarek, Wanam, Yale, Yale yubu, Yale-Kosarek, Yali, Yali Kosarek		Kosarek, Gilika (Kilika), Tiple. Lexical similarity: 78% with Nipsan [nps], 59% with Nalca [nlc].
xte	Ketengban	Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Western	Indonesia	Papua province: Papua New Guinea border area, east highland slopes, scattered	9,970 (2000)	5* (Developing)	Kufel-wenga, Kupel, Oktengban	Ketengban	Okbap, Omban, Bime, Onya. Lexical similarity: 69% with Una [mtg].
kdw	Koneraw	Trans-New Guinea, Mombum	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency, Kolopom island south coast	1,200 (2001 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Konorau
mso	Mombum	Trans-New Guinea, Mombum	Indonesia	Papua province: Kolopom island	250 (1993 R. Doriot)	8a (Moribund)	Kemelom, Kemelomsch, Komolom		None known. Reportedly most similar to Koneraw [kdw].
moq	Mor	Trans-New Guinea, Mor	Indonesia	West Papua province: Fakfak regency on northwest Bomberai peninsula, Berau bay inland	30 (2012 H. Hammarström). 70 semi-speakers (2012 H. Hammarström)	8a (Moribund)
mok	Morori	Trans-New Guinea, Moraori	Indonesia	Papua province: south coast border area	50 (1998 M. Donohue). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue)	8a (Moribund)	Marori, Moaraeri, Moraori, Morari		Menge dialect remembered as the language of ceremony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997.
psa	Awyu, Asue	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu	Indonesia	Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies; inland from Pirimapun	6,500 (2002 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Miaro, Miaro Awyu, Pisa		None known. Reportedly similar to Edera Awyu [awy] and South Awyu [aws], but distinct from Central Awyu [awu] and Jair Awyu [awv].
ahh	Aghu	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu	Indonesia	Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, Jair sub-district in south interior between Mapi and Digul rivers	3,000 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Djair, Dyair
awu	Awyu, Central	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu	Indonesia	Papua province: Mappi and Boven Digul regencies, Bimika, Citak Mitak, Mandobo, and Obaa sub-districts; south coast inland	7,500 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ajau, Auyu, Avio, Awju, Awya, Nohon		4 dialects.
awy	Awyu, Edera	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke regency, both banks, lower Digul river	3,870 (2002 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu
awv	Awyu, Jair	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke district	2,300 (2002 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Kia River Awyu
yir	Awyu, North	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke district; Digul river west side	1,500 (1987 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Awyu, Djair, Dyair, Jair, Yair
aws	Awyu, South	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu	Indonesia	Papua province: Merauke and Mappi regencies, Bade town area; lower Digul river	9,340 (2002 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu
ktt	Ketum	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut	Indonesia	Papua province: foothills on east Digul river	900 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Kitum, Wambon-Ketum		None known. Related to Wambon [wms] and Mandobo.
tyn	Kombai	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut	Indonesia	Papua province: Asmat regency, between upper Wideman and Digul rivers	4,000 (1991 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Komboy		Central Kombai, Tayan. Reportedly most similar to Wanggom [wng].
aax	Mandobo Atas	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut	Indonesia	Papua province: between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, toward Fly river border in Papua New Guinea	10,000 (2002 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dumut, Kambon, Kwem, Mandobbo, Nub, Wambon, “Kaeti” (pej.)
bwp	Mandobo Bawah	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut	Indonesia	Papua province: Boven Digul regency, Aiwat, Anggai, Butiptiri, Getentiri, Kaisah, and Subur villages; south of Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, to Fly river on Papua New Guinea border	20,000 (2002 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Dumut, Kambon, Mandobbo, Nub, “Kaeti” (pej.)
wms	Wambon	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut	Indonesia	Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, Ambatkwi sub-district	3,000 (1987 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			Kenon, Kenyam.
wng	Wanggom	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut	Indonesia	Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, upper Digul river area	1,180 (2002 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Wanggo, Wangom		None known. Reportedly most similar to Kombai [tyn].
khe	Korowai	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Korowai	Indonesia	Papua province: southeast inland area between upper Sirac and Digul rivers	3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Kolufaup		North Korowai, South Korowai. Dialects have high mutual intelligibility. Lexical similarity: 90% with dialects.
saw	Sawi	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Sawi	Indonesia	Papua Province, Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ayip rivers and upper Fayit river area, Kamur, Esebor, Wiagas, Minahai, and Comoro villages	3,500 (1993 R. Doriot)	8a (Moribund)	Aejauroh, Sawuy
iwo	Morop	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland	Indonesia	Papua province: Iwur river valley border area, Ok Iwur east to Ok Denom. Dewok (Dinamne dialect); Aurarin hamlet (Upper Dintere dialect)	6,900 (2011 J. Elliot)	6a* (Vigorous)	Iwoer, Iwur		Dintere, Upper Dintere, Dinmane, Nemah/Nehayah.
kti	Muyu, North	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland	Indonesia	Papua province: south coast border area	8,000 (2002 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kataut, Kati-Ninanti, Niinati, Ninatie, North Kati, North Moejoe, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom		Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are).
kts	Muyu, South	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland	Indonesia	Papua province: south coast, north of Fly river border with Papua New Guinea	4,000 (2002 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Digoel, Digul, Kati Metomka, Metomka, Moejoe, Ok Bari, South Kati, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom		Metomka.
nxr	Ninggerum	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland	Indonesia	Papua province: Boven Digoel regency on Papua New Guinea border	1,000 in Indonesia	6b* (Threatened)	Kasiwa, Kativa, Muyu, Ninggeroem, Ninggirum, Ninggrum, Orgwo
nxr	Ninggerum	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland	Papua New Guinea	Western province: between Ok Birim and Ok Tedi rivers, east of Ok Tedi to main road linking Kiunga and Tabubil, and north to the main mountain range	5,150 in Papua New Guinea (2000 census). 2,060 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 6,150	5 (Developing)	Kasiwa, Kativa, Ningerum, Ninggirum, Ninggrum, Niyium, Obgwo, Tedi, Tidi		Kasuwa, Daupka.
yon	Yongkom	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Fly and Tedi (Alice) rivers and toward Lake Murray	6,000 (1999 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Yonggom, Yongom		None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with North Muyu [kti], 70% with South Muyu [kts], 30% with Ninggerum [nxr].
nkj	Nakai	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain	Indonesia	Papua province: east of upper Digul river, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil northeast, and southwest toward Morop [iwo] language area	700 (1999 M. Donohue)	6b* (Threatened)	Na’ai, Na’i, Nagai		They report Indonesian [ind] and Papuan Malay [pmy] difficult to understand. Probably 3 dialects, two of these may constitute a separate language called Nagi. Not the same as Larantuka Malay [lrt] (Nagi) in Nusa Tenggara.
bhl	Bimin	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain	Papua New Guinea	Western province: large area west of Strickland river; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, Oksapmin RLLG; Southern Highlands province: small border area south of Umanapi	2,250 (2003 SIL)	4 (Educational)		Bimin	Bim, Nimtep Weng. Reportedly similar to Faiwol [fai].
fai	Faiwol	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Tabubil district, Fly and Palmer rivers’ headwaters; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, Yapsie RLLG	4,500 (1987 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Angkiyakmin, Faiwolmin, Fegolmin, Wokeimin		Angkiyakmin, Faiwolmin, Wopkeimin. Many dialects.
mpt	Mian	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti-Dreikikir district, upper May river, Blimo, Nenebil, Suganga, and Wagarabai; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, north Aki and Fak river valleys, August river headwaters	1,400 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Mianmin		Upper August River, Usage, Mianmin. Lexical similarity: 75%–83% among dialects.
stm	Setaman	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain	Papua New Guinea	Western province: North Fly district, Olsobip RLLG, Baktamin area	500 (Bullock and Van Cott 2010)	6a (Vigorous)
sug	Suganga	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Ambunti-Dreikikir district; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, east of Sepik river	350 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)	North Mianmin, Wagarabai		None known. Reportedly similar to Mian [mpt].
tlf	Telefol	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Telefomin district, large central area; Western province: North Fly district, Star Mountains and Olsobip RLLGs	5,400 (1994 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Teleefool, Telefolmin, Telefomin		Telefol, Feramin.
tif	Tifal	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Telefomin district, south of Sepik river; Western province: North Fly district, Star Mountains RLLG	3,600 (2003 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Tifalmin		Tifal, Asbalmin.
urm	Urapmin	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Telefomin district, southern headwaters Sepik river; Western province: North Fly district, Olsobip RLLG, Dumidubi area	370 (2003 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)
kzv	Komyandaret	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum	Indonesia	Papua province: Sungai river west bank headwaters	300 (2000 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. May be mutually intelligible with Tsaukambo [kvz].
szb	Ngalum	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum	Indonesia	Papua province: Ok Bon, Ok Sibil, and Ok Tsop valleys	10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Total users in all countries: 18,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Sibil		Ngalum, Apmisibil, Sibil.
szb	Ngalum	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province	8,000 in Papua New Guinea (1981)	6a* (Vigorous)			Ngalum, Apmisibil, Sibil.
kvz	Tsaukambo	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum	Indonesia	Papua province: upper Digul river west side	780 (2000 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Kotogüt, Tsakwambo, Tsokwambo		None known. Reportedly most similar to Komyandaret [kzv].
tkx	Tangko	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Tangko	Indonesia	Papua province: Kawemaot village	100 (2000 SIL)	6b (Threatened)
aip	Burumakok	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western	Indonesia	Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Kurima sub-district, Burumakok village	40 (1994 R. Kroneman)	8b (Nearly extinct)
opk	Kopkaka	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district, Burungmakok and Siradala villages in lowlands; headwaters area, and Sirac river tributaries	400 (2002 SIL). 400 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	Kopka		Marub, Tokuni. Reportedly similar to Kwer [kwr].
kwr	Kwer	Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district, Kwer village; lowlands area at Sirac river headwaters	100 (1998 M. Donohue)	6b (Threatened)	Kware		None known. Reportedly similar to Kopkaka [opk]; may be considered the same language.
opm	Oksapmin	Trans-New Guinea, Oksapmin	Papua New Guinea	Sandaun province: Telefomin district; Southern Highlands province: Strickland river north bank to Sandaun province border; Western province: Olsobip RLLG	12,000 (2005 SIL)	5* (Developing)			Several dialects. Not closely related to other languages.
pwa	Pawaia	Trans-New Guinea, Pawaian	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: Karimui district; Eastern Highlands province: Lufa and Okapa districts, Lamari river; Gulf province: Baimuru RLLG, Purari river near Oroi	4,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Aurama, Pavaia, Pawaian, Sira, Tudahwe, Yasa		Aurama (Turoha, Uri), Hauruha.
dbn	Duriankere	Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Inanwatan	Indonesia	West Papua province: one island between Salawati island and Bird’s Head west end	30 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 60	8a (Moribund)	Duriankari, Esaro, Sailen
szp	Suabo	Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Inanwatan	Indonesia	West Papua province: south Bird’s Head, 15 villages along Maccluer bay	1,100 (1987 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Iagu, Inanwatan, Mirabo, Suabau		None known. Reportedly most similar to Duriankere [dbn].
knd	Konda	Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian	Indonesia	West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, Teminabuan sub-district, Konda village; lower Waromge river in southwest Bird’s Head facing Seram Sea	500 (1988 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Ogit, Yabin, Yabin-Konda		None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Yahadian [ner].
ner	Yahadian	Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian	Indonesia	West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, south Bird’s Head along Maccluer bay	500 (1991 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Jahadian, Nerigo, Yabin Yahadian		None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Konda [knd].
xod	Kokoda	Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Central	Indonesia	West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency in Bird’s Head, northwest coast of Maccluer gulf	3,700 (1991 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Kasuweri, Komudago, Nebes, Oderago, Samalek, Tarof		Kasuweri (Komudago), Negri Besar (Negeri Besar), Tarof. Wurm and Hattori (1981) list Kasuweri and Tarof as separate languages. Komudago and Tarof dialects are most similar. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kemberano [bzp]; Kasuweri dialect 86% with Tarof dialect; Negri Besar 82% with Tarof.
jbj	Arandai	Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern	Indonesia	West Papua province: Manokwari regency, Bintuni sub-district; South Bird’s Head, Ceram Sea coast	1,000 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Dombano, Jaban, Sebyar, Sumuri, Yaban		Dombano (Arandai). Lexical similarity: 71% with the Kemberano and Dombano dialects.
bzp	Kemberano	Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern	Indonesia	West Papua province: several villages on Bird’s Head south coast, northwest Bomberai peninsula, Kalitami across Bintuni bay	1,500 (1987 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Arandai, Barau, Kalitami, Wariagar		Barau, Weriagar. Lexical similarity: 85% with Arandai [jbj], 60% with Kokoda [xod].
uka	Kaburi	Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western	Indonesia	West Papua province: Sorong Selatan and Teluk Bintuni regencies, Inanwatan and Merdei sub-districts; south Bird’s Head and west bank lower Kamundan river	600 (1986 SIL)	6b (Threatened)
kzm	Kais	Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western	Indonesia	West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, south Bird’s Head area; inland along Kais river: 8 villages	700 (1993 R. Doriot)	7 (Shifting)	Aiso, Atori, Kampung Baru, Mintamani
pru	Puragi	Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western	Indonesia	West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency on southwest Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf, Matamani river area, and inland	700 (1991 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Mogao
jma	Dima	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan	Papua New Guinea	Milne Bay province: east of Moi bay coast almost to Posaposa Harbor; Ruaba river area	750 (2001 SIL). 115 monolinguals	6a (Vigorous)	Bayu Dimadima, Dimadima, Jimajima		None known. Lexical similarity: 41% with Daga [dgz] (most similar).
soq	Kanasi	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan	Papua New Guinea	Milne Bay province: Rabaraba district, from Mount Thomson, main range river valleys	2,200 (1998 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Sona		None known. Lexical similarity: 51% with Ginuman [gnm] (most similar).
mnm	Mapena	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan	Papua New Guinea	Milne Bay province: Mount Gwoira area	450 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 51% with Daga [dgz] (most similar).
onj	Onjob	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Ijivitari district, Koreat and Naukwate villages inland south of Cape Nelson	150 (Wurm 2000)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Onjab		None known. Lexical similarity: 30% with Maiwa [mti] (most similar).
gdn	Umanakaina	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan	Papua New Guinea	Milne Bay province: Rabaraba district, Goodenough Bay coast, inland between Mount Gwoira and Mount Simpson	2,400 (1987 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Gvede, Gweda, Gwede, Gwedena, Umanikaina	Umanakaina	Upper Ugu River, East Umanakaina. At least 2 dialects. Lexical similarity: 23% with Ginuman [gnm] (most similar).
dgz	Daga	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Abau district; Milne Bay province: Rabaraba district; Oro province: some southeast	9,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 10,000	5 (Developing)	Dimuga, Nawp		Upper Daga, Lower Daga.
gnm	Ginuman	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Abau district, Amazon RLLG; Milne Bay province: Mount Simpson to Naraka coast, Goodenough bay	1,440 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dime		None known. Lexical similarity: 42% with Kanasi (Dombosaina village) [soq].
mti	Maiwa	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan	Papua New Guinea	Milne Bay province: Rabaraba district, Meneao range area; Moi Biri bay coast; into Oro province	1,400 (1998 SIL), increasing	5 (Developing)			Maiwa, Oren, Manigara, Gairen, Gwareta. Lexical similarity: 41% with Mapena [mnm].
trh	Turaka	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan	Papua New Guinea	Milne Bay province: southwest of Radarada and Ruaba, inland from Goodenough bay	25 (Wurm 2000)	8a (Moribund)
fuy	Fuyug	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Goilalan, Fuyug	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Goilala district, Owen Stanley range; Oro province: Kokoda Rural LLG	14,000 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 14,000	5 (Developing)	Fuyuge, Fuyughe, Mafulu		Central Udab, Northeast Fuyug, North-South Udab, West Fuyug. Lexical similarity: 35% with Biangai [big], 33% with Kunimaipa [kup], 29% with Amam [wer], 27% with Tauade [ttd].
ttd	Tauade	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Goilalan, Kunimaipa	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Goilala district northeast; Oro province: Sohe district, Kira RLLG	7,000 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Tauata		None known. Lexical similarity: 44% with Kunimaipa [kup] (most similar).
wer	Amam	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Goilalan, Kunimaipa	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Goilala district northeast; Morobe province: Wau district, Biaru, Ono, and Waria rivers’ headwaters	6,900 (2017 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Wele, Weli, Weri	Amam	Wateo, Weri, Ken.
big	Biangai	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Goilalan, Kunimaipa	Papua New Guinea	Morobe province: Wau district, Bulolo river headwaters. 7 villages	1,400 (1991 SIL). 700 monolinguals	5* (Developing)		Biangai	Ngowiye, Yongolei.
kup	Kunimaipa	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Goilalan, Kunimaipa	Papua New Guinea	Central province: north Goilala district; Morobe province: Wau district; Oro province: extreme northwest	8,200 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)			Karuama, Kâte (Hate), Gajili (Gajila, Gazili, Hazili).
bbb	Barai	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Baraic	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Rigo district, Rigo Inland RLLG, west of Moni river; Oro province: Afore district, Managalas plateau; Itokama, Madokoro, Naokanane, and Umuate villages (Birarie dialect)	800 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)			Birarie, Muguani. Lexical similarity: 50% with Ese [mcq].
mcq	Ese	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Baraic	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Popondetta district, Kawawoki Mission area	10,000 (2000 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals	5 (Developing)			Muaturaina, Chimona, Dea, Akabafa, Nami, Mesari, Averi, Afore, Minjori, Oko, Wakue, Numba, Jimuni, Karira.
nvm	Namiae	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Baraic	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Afore district, inland, Kokoro, Kuae, Sorefuna, Tahama, and Ubuvara villages; Managalas plateau	1,200 (2003 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Namiai
aom	Ömie	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Baraic	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Afore, Kokoda, and Upper Kumusi districts, northwest of Managalasi; Mamama river, and upper Kumusi valley	800 (1993 SIL). 400 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Aomie, Upper Managalasi		Asapa, Zuwadza, Gora-Bomahouji, Ihuaje, Juvaje.
kpx	Koiali, Mountain	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Koiaric	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Kairuku-Hiri district, Hiri RLLG; National Capital District, Barai, and Efogi, and Koiari villages north of Koita	4,000 (2000 census). 2,000 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Mountain Koiari		None known. Lexical similarity: 50%–57% with Grass Koiari [kbk] (most similar).
kbk	Koiari, Grass	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Koiaric	Papua New Guinea	Central province: east of Port Moresby to coast, Sinnuma reservoir area; National Capital District, eastern portion	1,700 (Wurm 2000). 170 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	Koiari		Hogeri, Lahada, Omani. Lexical similarity: 60%–65% with Koitabu [kqi] (most similar).
kqi	Koitabu	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Koiaric	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Kairuku-Hiri district, Hiri and Kairuku RLLGs; National Capital District, Port Moresby and north, west and southeast	2,700 (Wurm 2000)	6b* (Threatened)	Koita		West Koita, East Koita. Lexical similarity: 60%–65% with Grass Koiari [kbk] (most similar).
bdf	Biage	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Koiaric	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Sohe district, Kokoda RLLG, along Owen Stanley range foothills and mountains	1,100 (2009 S. Cott)	6a (Vigorous)			Mountain Biage, Lowlands Biage.
huf	Humene	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Kwalean	Papua New Guinea	Central province: lower Sogeri plateau; plain between Gaire and Kapakapa villages. Manugoro is principal village	940 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)			Lagume (Lakume, Manukolu), Humene. Lexical similarity: 65%–74% with Kwale [ksj] (most similar).
ksj	Uare	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Kwalean	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Rigo Inland district, southeast of Port Moresby, Hunter and Kemp Welsh rivers	1,300 (2004 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Kwale, Kware		Garihe (Garia), Uare (Kwale). Lexical similarity: 65%–74% with Humene [huf] (most similar).
mfw	Mulaha	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Kwalean	Papua New Guinea	Central province: southeast of Gaile on the coast	No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker survived into the 1950s (Wurm 2007)	10 (Extinct)			Mulaha, Iaibu.
bwk	Bauwaki	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: south of Moni river; into Central province: Amau river	520 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bawaki		None known. Dutton (1971) says this is a bridge language between the Mailuan and Yareban families. Lexical similarity: 66% with Aneme Wake [aby] (most similar), 39% with Domu [dof].
bxz	Binahari	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Cloudy Bay hills range inland	630 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)			Neme (Nemea), Ma. Lexical similarity: 70% with Morawa [mze] (most similar).
dof	Domu	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan	Papua New Guinea	Central province: coast east of Cape Rodney and inland	950 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dom		None known. Lexical similarity: 66% with Bauwaki [bwk] (most similar).
mze	Morawa	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan	Papua New Guinea	Central province: south coast around Cloudy bay	1,100 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Binahari [bxz] (most similar).
luf	Laua	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan	Papua New Guinea	Central province: north and west of Laua	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL)	10 (Extinct)	Labu
mgu	Magi	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan	Papua New Guinea	Central province: south coast, near Gadaisu to Baramata, Table bay and Toulon island; Milne Bay province: small area on south coast	8,500 (2000 census)	5* (Developing)	Mailu	Magi	Domara, Darava, Asiaoro, Derebai, Geagea, Borebo, Ilai, Baibara, Island Mailu. Related to Laua [luf].
kqc	Doromu-Koki	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Manubaran	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Inland Rigo district, south of Mount Obree, west of Mount Brown	2,000 (2018 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Dorom, Doromu, Koki		Koki, Kokila, ’Origo. Lexical similarity: 63% with Maria [mds] (most similar).
mds	Maria	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Manubaran	Papua New Guinea	Central province: Abau and Rigo districts, Marshall lagoon to northwest; Oro province: Mount Brown area	1,350 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Manubara		Didigaru, Maria, Gebi, Oibu, Amota, Imila, Uderi. Lexical similarity: 63% with Doromu-Koki [kqc] (most similar).
aby	Aneme Wake	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Yareban	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Afore district, both sides of Owen Stanley range; Central province: north from Ianu along Domara and Foasi creeks	650 (1990 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Abia, Abie		Mori, Buniabura, Auwaka, Jari, Doma. Lexical similarity: 65%–73% with Moikodi [mkp] (most similar).
mkp	Moikodi	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Yareban	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Owen Stanley Range north slopes, Mount Brown to Moni river	570 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 290 monolinguals	6a* (Vigorous)	Doriri		Several dialects. Lexical similarity: 65%–73% with Aneme Wake [aby] (most similar).
bjc	Bariji	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Yareban	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Bariji river south bank	460 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Aga Bereho		None known. Lexical similarity: 49% with Moikodi [mkp].
nwr	Nawaru	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Yareban	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Ijivitari district, upper Musa river valley area near Sibia	190 (1990 SIL). Ethnic population: 290 (2000 census)	6b (Threatened)	Sirio		None known. Reportedly very similar to Yareba [yrb].
yrb	Yareba	Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Yareban	Papua New Guinea	Oro province: Ijitivari and Popondetta districts, Moni river basin	750 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Middle Musa
tcm	Tanahmerah	Trans-New Guinea, Tanah Merah	Indonesia	West Papua province: Teluk Bintuni regency on north Bomberai peninsula, Bintuni bay, Bapai and Gondu river areas	500 (1978 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Sumeri, Sumerine
mps	Dadibi	Trans-New Guinea, Teberan	Papua New Guinea	Chimbu province: Karimui district, Tua river system; Southern Highlands province: Kagua-Erave district, southeast corner, 28 villages; Jiwaka province: southern extremity, South Waghi LLG	10,000 (1988 SIL). 1,000 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Daribi, Karimui		Erave. In the Karimui and Negabo areas, villages have minor dialect differences from standard Dadibi.
ppo	Folopa	Trans-New Guinea, Teberan	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Baimuru district, Kerabi valley; Southern Highlands province. 20 villages	3,000 (1985 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Foraba, Podoba, Podopa, Polopa		Ro (Keai, Worugl), Bara (Harahu, Harahui), Sesa (Ibukairu, Mamisa, Songu), Kewah, Tebera, Aurei, Waraga, Pupitau, Boro, Suri, Siligi, Sopese, Keba-Wopasali. Reportedly most similar to Dadibi [mps].
aob	Abom	Trans-New Guinea, Tirio	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Lewada, Mutam, and Tewara villages	15 (2002 SIL)	8a (Moribund)			None known. Lexical similarity: 14% with Bitur [mcc], 12% with Baramu [bmz], 11% with Makayam [aup], 9% with Wara [tci], 4% with Idi [idi] and Agob [kit].
bmz	Baramu	Trans-New Guinea, Tirio	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Baramura, Tapila, Tirio, and Tirio 2 villages; lower Fly river south bank	850 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)			None known. Lexical similarity: 33% with Bitur [mcc], 32% with Makayam [aup], 27% with Wara [tci].
mcc	Bitur	Trans-New Guinea, Tirio	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Bisuaka, Kasimap, Petom, Tewara and Upiara villages; south bank and inland of Fly river	860 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Bituri, Dudi, Mutum, Paswam	Bitur	None known. Lexical similarity: 52% with Makayam [aup], 35% with Wara [tci], 33% with Baramu [bmz].
wei	Kiunum	Trans-New Guinea, Tirio	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Dewara village	490 (2000 census)	6a (Vigorous)	Were, Weredai
aup	Makayam	Trans-New Guinea, Tirio	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Adulu, Fly estuary, Lewada, Suame, and Sumogi island villages. Janor village (Giribam dialect)	1,300 (2003 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Adulu, Atura, Aturu, Makaeyam, Tirio		Giribam. Lexical similarity: 79% with Giribam dialect, 52% with Bitur [mcc], 47% with Wara [tci], 32% with Baramu [bmz].
klq	Rumu	Trans-New Guinea, Turama-Kikorian, Kairi	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Kikori district, Kikori, Sirebi, and Tiviri rivers north of Kikori	1,000 (1985 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Dumu, Kai-Iri, Kairi, Kibiri, Rumuwa, Tumu
meb	Ikobi	Trans-New Guinea, Turama-Kikorian, Kaser	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: south of Kibirowi island, upper Omati and Middle Turama rivers’ areas	1,570 (2009 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Ikobi Kairi, Ikobi-Mena, Kasere, Kopo-Monia, Meni, Wailemi		Upper Turama Kaser, Upper Kikori Kaser, Dukemi. Barikewa [jbk] and Mouwase [jmw] reportedly most similar. Mena variety may be a separate language (Wurm and Hattori 1981).
jbk	Barikewa	Trans-New Guinea, Turama-Kikorian, Kaser	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Omati river	320 (2011 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Iba		None known. Lexical similarity: 58% with Ikobi [meb].
jmw	Mouwase	Trans-New Guinea, Turama-Kikorian, Kaser	Papua New Guinea	Gulf province: Omati river	450 (2011 SIL). Speakers of other languages live at some of the Mouwase villages, especially Omati, and this may have skewed population figures. Speakers are widely scattered in bush villages, hamlets and squatter settlements	6a (Vigorous)			None known. Lexical similarity: 58% with Ikobi [meb].
faa	Fasu	Trans-New Guinea, West Kutubu	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: Nipa district; Gulf province; Western province: Kikori river	1,200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 750 Fasu, 300 Namuni, 150 Some	5* (Developing)	Namome		Some, Kaibu (Kaipu), Namome (Namumi, Namuni).
nbq	Nggem	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: middle Hablifoeri river north of Wamena	4,400 (2005)	5* (Developing)		Nggem	None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Yali [yac] (Pass Valley), 62% with Walak [wlw], and 50% with Western Dani [dnw].
dni	Dani, Lower Grand Valley	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: Ndugu regency, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands; lower gorge	20,000 (1996 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Dani, Grand Valley Dani		Lower Grand Valley Hitigima (Dani-Kurima, Kurima), Upper Bele, Lower Bele, Lower Kimbin (Kibin), Upper Pyramid.
dnt	Dani, Mid Grand Valley	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: Lanny Jaya and Ndugu regencies, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands	50,000 (1990 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Baliem Valley Dani, Central Grand Valley Dani, Dani, Tulem
dna	Dani, Upper Grand Valley	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: Lanny Jaya regency, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands; upper gorge	20,000 (1996)	5* (Developing)	Dani
dnw	Dani, Western	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: Central highlands	180,000 (1993 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dani Barat, Ilaga Western Dani, Laany, Lani, Oeringoep, Timorini		Western Dani of Pyramid, Western Dani of Bokondini. Lexical similarity: 65% with Obokuitai [afz], 60% with Wano [wno].
hap	Hupla	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: central highlands area, Baliem gorge	3,000 (1982 WT)	6b* (Threatened)	Soba	Hupla	None known. Reportedly similar to Lower Grand Valley Dani [dni].
wlw	Walak	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Asologoima, Biri, Bolakme, Bugi, Koragi, Ngguma (Tagima), Pyramid, Silo Karno, Wolo, and Yalengga districts; Mamberamo Tengah Regency, Eragiam, Ilugwa, Mogonik, Winam, and Wurigelebur districts	20,000 (2007 P. Seow)	6a* (Vigorous)	Lower Pyramid, Wodo
ndx	Nduga	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Tiom in central highlands, and scattered	10,000 (1985 M. Owen)	5* (Developing)	Dauwa, Dawa, Ndauwa, Ndugwa, Pesecham, Pesechem, Pesegem		Sinak Nduga, Hitadipa Nduga.
wul	Silimo	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik	Indonesia	Papua province: central highlands, Amo and Kiniage valleys	5,000 (1987 SIL). 2,500 monolinguals	5* (Developing)	Ngalik, Paiyage, South Ngalik, Usak, Wulik		Lower Samenage.
yli	Yali, Angguruk	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik	Indonesia	Papua province: central highlands area	15,000 (1991 J. Wilson)	5* (Developing)	Angguruk, Ngalik, Northern Yali, Yali, Yalimo
nlk	Yali, Ninia	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik	Indonesia	Papua province: central highlands, Holuwon, Lolat, and Ninia villages	10,500 (1999 J. Wilson)	5* (Developing)	Jaly, Jalè, Ninia, North Ngalik, Southern Yali, Yali, Yali Selatan		None known. Different from Yali of Pass Valley [yac], Yali of Angguruk [yli], and Hupla [hap].
yac	Yali, Pass Valley	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik	Indonesia	Papua province: central highlands, Jayawijaya, Kurima, and Kurulu regencies	5,000 (1988 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Abendago, North Ngalik, Western Yali, Yali, Yaly		Pass Valley, Landikma, Apahapsili.
wno	Wano	Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Wano	Indonesia	Papua province: Puncak and Puncak Jaya regencies in central highlands area; Van Daalen river to upper Rouffaer river	1,000 (2011), decreasing. L2 users: 0. 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,000	6b (Threatened)	Waano	Wano	East Wano, Central Wano, West Wano. Reportedly similar to Nggem [nbq], and Walak [wlw]. Lexical similarity: 65% with Western Dani [dnw].
oia	Oirata	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar	Indonesia	Maluku province: southeast Maluku Barat Daya regency; Kisar island, Oirata village; some in Ambon city	1,220 (1987 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Maaro		None known. Not related to other languages on Oirata or to central Maluku languages. Not closely related to languages in East Timor.
kvw	Wersing	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, Pietoko, Pureman, and 2 enclaves on central north, east, and southeast coasts	3,700 (Grimes et al 1997)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kolana, Kolana-Wersin, Warsina, Wersin		Kolana, Maneta, Langkuru (Mademang, Pureman).
abz	Abui	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: west Alor island	16,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)	Barue, Namatalaki, “Barawahing” (pej.)		Atimelang, Abui Barat, Alakaman, Abui Selatan. Much dialect diversity. Alakaman may be a dialect of Kamang [woi] (Woisika). May be more than 1 language.
adn	Adang	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, northwest of Kalabahi town toward Banda Sea coast	3,000 (2000), decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Alor		Aimoli. Because of linguistic differences and social identity, considered a separate language from Kabola [klz].
hmu	Hamap	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, Moru town area, 2 villages in east Kalabahi bay	900	6b (Threatened)			None known. Said to be intelligible with Adang [adn], but Adang speakers live on Bird’s Head area of Alor, while Hamap speakers live geographically separated from Adang speakers, across the bay. Structural and lexical differences with Adang.
klz	Kabola	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: northwest Alor island, Bird’s Head area	3,900 (1995 N. Johnston)	6a* (Vigorous)			Pintumbang, Tang’ala, Meibuil, Otvai, Kebun Kopi. Dialect names and locations in Wurm and Hattori (1981) are disputed by native speakers. May be more than 1 language. Based on linguistic differences and social identity, best considered a separate language from Adang [adn].
kpu	Kafoa	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, southwest enclave	1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1981)	6b (Threatened)	Aikoli, Fanating, Jafoo, Pailelang, Ruilak
woi	Kamang	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: central Alor island	6,000 (2011 A. Schapper and M. Manimau)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kamana-Kamang, Waisika, Woisika		Manetaa, Suboo, Takailubui, Tiee, Moo, Kamang. Probably more than 1 language.
kyo	Klon	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency, Halerman, Manatang, Margera, Probur, Probur Utara, and Tribur villages	5,000 (2008 L. Baird)	6b* (Threatened)	Kalong, Kelon, Kelong, Kolon		Klon Bring, Klon Paneia.
kvd	Kui	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency. Lerabaing and Buraga villages on Alor island (Kui dialect); Kapebang and Sibera villages in Kalabahi bay (Batulolong dialect)	1,900. Ethnic population: 1,900	6b (Threatened)	Lerabain, Masin-Lak		Kui (Buraga, Lerabaing), Kiramang (Kramang), Batulolong.
beu	Blagar	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: east Pantar, north Pura, and south Ternate islands	11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	6a* (Vigorous)	Belagar, Pura, Tarang		Apuri, Limarahing, Bakalang, Pura. Retta [ret], spoken on south Pura and nearby islands, is a separate language.
jka	Kaera	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara Timur province: Abangiwang, Bibit Gomi, Matgomi/Weniwa, Padangsul, Pantar, and Tamalabang villages on northeast coast	5,500 (2014 M. Kramer)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Teiwa [twe].
nec	Nedebang	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Pantar island in Banda sea	1500	6b* (Threatened)	Balungada, Klamu, Nédebang
lev	Pantar, Western	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: west Pantar island	10,000. Ethnic population: 10,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Lamma, Lamma’, Lemma, Mauta, Pantar Barat		Lamma’, Tubbe, Mauta.
ret	Reta	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency, south Pura and south Ternate (Alor) islands	800	6b (Threatened)	Retta		None known. Not intelligible of languages on north Pura.
twe	Teiwa	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: 6 villages on central Pantar island	4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010)	6a* (Vigorous)	Tewa		Deing, Madar, Lebang. Deing (Diang) may be a separate language.
twg	Tereweng	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: 2 villages on Tereweng island; 1 village on Pantar island	800 (Grimes et al 1997)	6b* (Threatened)
swt	Sawila	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara Province; southeast Alor island, between Kula [tpg] and Wersing [kvw] language areas	3,000 (Grimes et al 1997)	6b* (Threatened)	Tanglapui, Tanlapui		Sawila, Lona, Salimana, Lalamana, Sileba. Marginal intelligibility but reportedly structurally similar to Kula [tpg]; distinct historical ethnic identities.
tpg	Kula	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, northeast coast, Kiralela, Koilela, Maukuru, Peisaka, and Takala villages; also east central mountains	5,000 (Grimes et al 1997)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kola, Lamtoka, Lantoka, Tanglapui		Iramang, Kula, Kulatela, Watena, Larena, Kula Watena, Sumang, Arumaka. Reportedly structurally similar to Sawila [swt], but intelligibility is marginal.
adb	Adabe	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor	East Timor	Dili district: Atauro island; Timor island north of capital	5,000 (2010 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ataura, Atauran, Atauro, Atauru, Raklu Un, Raklu-Un		Munaseli Pandai, Rahesuk, Raklungu, Resuk. Different from Galolen [gal] dialects on Atauro.
ddg	Fataluku	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor	East Timor	Lautém district: Los Palos area on Timor island east tip	37,000 (2010 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Dagada, Dagaga, Dagoda’		May be related to Oirata [oia] on nearby Kisar Island. Significant dialect variation. May be several languages.
bfn	Bunak	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor	East Timor	Ainaro district: Zumalai subdistrict; Bobonaro district: Maliana south; Cova Lima district: on Timor island central interior, south coast, north of Suai town	55,000 in East Timor (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 76,000	6a* (Vigorous)	Buna, Bunake, Bunaq, Gae’, Marae		None known. Not closely related to other languages.
bfn	Bunak	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Belu regency, central interior, near East Timor border, on Timor island	21,000 in Indonesia (2010)	6a* (Vigorous)	Buna’, Bunake, Bunaq, Gae’, Marae
mjb	Makalero	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor	East Timor	Lautém district: Ilimoar area on Timor island	6,500 (Huber 2011)	6a (Vigorous)	Maklere		None known. Lexical similarity: 53%–56% with Makasae [mkz].
mkz	Makasae	Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor	East Timor	Baucau district: north coast and inland; Lautém district: west band; Manatuto district: on Timor island; Viqueque district: north half; generally, from north to south coast in a dialect chain	102,000 (2010 census)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ma’asae, Macassai, Makasai, Makassai, Maksae		Makasae. Not closely related to other languages. Lexical similarity: 53%–56% with Makalero [mjb].
kgv	Karas	Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, Karas	Indonesia	West Papua province: Antalisa and Mas villages on Karas island	240 (1983 SIL)	8a (Moribund)
bdw	Baham	Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper	Indonesia	West Papua province: northwest Bomberai peninsula, Fakfak regency, Fakfak, Kaimana, and Kokas sub-districts; Kaimana regency, Cape Papisoi area	1,100 (1987 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Patimuni		None known. Reportedly similar to Iha [ihp].
ihp	Iha	Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper	Indonesia	West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Fakfak, Kaimana, and Kokas sub-districts on west Bomberai peninsula	5,500 (1987 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Kapaur		None known. Reportedly similar to Baham [bdw].
auu	Auye	Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes	Indonesia	Papua province: Paniai regency, Napan sub-district; central highlands in Siriwo river area	350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2012 SIL)	5 (Developing)	Auwje	Auye	None known. Related to Ekari [ekg].
daz	Dao	Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes	Indonesia	Papua province: Paniai regency, Napan sub-district; west central highlands along Dao river	250 (1991 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Maniwo, “X-Ray” (pej.)		None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Auye [auu].
ekg	Ekari	Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes	Indonesia	Papua province: Deiya, Dogiyai, Intan Jaya, north Mimika, south Nabire, and Paniai regencies in west central highlands and Lake Paniai area; West Papua province: Kaimana regency south-southwest	100,000 (1985 M. Doble)	5* (Developing)	Ekagi, Kapauku, Me Mana, Mee Mana, Tapiro	Me	Simori, Yabi (Jabi), Mapiya-Kegata, Mee. Reportedly most similar to Wolani [wod]. Slight dialect difference with Mapiya-Kegata.
mnz	Moni	Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes	Indonesia	Papua province: central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area	20,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Djonggunu, Jonggunu, Megani, Migani		Awembak (Awembiak).
wod	Wolani	Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes	Indonesia	Papua province: west central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers area northeast of Lake Paniai, north of Wissel Lakes	5,000 (1992 UBS)	5* (Developing)	Woda, Woda-Mo, Wodani
wiu	Wiru	Trans-New Guinea, Wiru	Papua New Guinea	Southern Highlands province: Ialibu district	15,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	5* (Developing)	Witu
dol	Doso	Unclassified	Papua New Guinea	Western province: Aramia river and Wawoi falls areas, near Kamula [xla] language area	700 (Shaw 1973)	6b (Threatened)
xkw	Kembra	Unclassified	Indonesia	Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab sub-district	20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 50	8a (Moribund)
sbt	Kimki	Unclassified	Indonesia	Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom sub-district, near Sepik river entrance to Papua New Guinea	500 (2004 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Aipki, Kimgi, Sukubatom, Sukubatong
lpe	Lepki	Unclassified	Indonesia	Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Teiraplu, Yefta, and Aboy districts, west of Sungai Sobger	530 (1991 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Possible genetic similarities with Murkim [rmh].
msl	Molof	Unclassified	Indonesia	Papua province: 9 villages 100 km south of Jayapura city	230 (2005 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Poule		None known. Not closely related to any other language.
rmh	Murkim	Unclassified	Indonesia	Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom sub-district, Milki and Mot villages	290 (2004 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)			None known. Possible genetic relationship to Lepki [lpe].
naa	Namla	Unclassified	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom regency, Senggi sub-district, Namla village	30 (2005 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct)			None known. Possible genetic relationship to Tofanma [tlg].
tlg	Tofanma	Unclassified	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom regency, Senggi sub-district, most of Namla, Tofanma Dua, and Tofanma Satu villages in south Jayapura border area	250 (2005 SIL)	6a (Vigorous)	Tofamna		None known. Not closely related to any other language.
ulf	Usku	Unclassified	Indonesia	Papua province: Keerom regency, Usku village west of Sobger river	110 (2004 SIL). Population estimates range from 20 to 160 (Wurm 2007). Few monolinguals	8a (Moribund)	Afra		None known. Not closely related to any other language.
yet	Yetfa	Unclassified	Indonesia	Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Okbibab sub-district	1,400, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (1996). L2 users: 400 (2013 M. Donohue)	3 (Wider communication). Trade language in the area, extending to Papua New Guinea border	Biaksi, Biksi, Inisine		None known. Yetfa and Biksi are 2 ethnic groups, speaking the same language.
loa	Loloda	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda	Indonesia	North Maluku province: North Halmahera regency on northwest coast, nearby islands	15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bakun	5* (Developing)	Loda, Loda’sch, North Loloda	Lolodaka	Bakun. Intelligibility of Laba [lau] very limited. 85% intelligibility of Galela [gbi], Galela [gbi] has 65% intelligibility of Loloda.
gbi	Galela	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Halmahera Selatan regency, Bisa island, Koto Wonto area; Obi island: Laiwai and Sesepe area, and Woi Lower and Wui islands on south coast; Kasiratua, Mandioli, and Obit islands in Bacan islands group; Halmahera Utara regency, Galela bay, east of Galela town; Pulau Morotai regency, Rau and Morotai islands	79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi	5* (Developing)		Galelaka	Kadai, Kadina, Morotai, Sopi. Laba [lau] may be a dialect. 65% intelligibility of Loloda [loa], Loloda 85% of Galela.
tuj	Tugutil	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda	Indonesia	North Maluku province: East Halmahera regency, Maba district, Miaf, Bebsili, and Marasipno villages; Wasile district, pass between Lolobata and Buli; North Halmahera regency, Kao district, Taboulamo area; Tobelo district, Kusuri. Dodaga, Tutuling, Akelamo, and Mabulan rivers in Maba district	2,590 (2000)	6b* (Threatened)			Teluk Lili, Kusuri. Possibly several dialects separated by large distances. Inadequate intelligibility with Tobelo [tlb] variety.
lau	Laba	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda	Indonesia	North Maluku province: south Loloda district, 4 villages; Halmahera island northwest interior	2,000 (1991 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Kedi, South Loloda		None known. Phonology like Galela [gbi], 70% intelligibility, 75% of Loloda [loa]. Lexical similarity: 75% with Galela [gbi], 78% with Loloda [loa].
mqo	Modole	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Kao river headwaters on north Halmahera island	2,000 (1983 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Madole		North Modole, South Modole. Minimal differences between north and south Modole.
pgu	Pagu	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency on lower Kao river and west to interior foothills	3,310 (2000)	7 (Shifting)	Pago, Pagoe		Isam, Pagu, Toliwiku (Toliliko).
tby	Tabaru	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda	Indonesia	North Maluku province: West Halmahera regency, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba sub-districts	15,000 (1991 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Tobaru	Tabaru	Adu, Nyeku. Northern dialect is the main one. Dialects mutually inherently intelligible.
tlb	Tobelo	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Kao, Jailolo, and Tubelo districts on north Halmahera island; Maba and Wasile districts on central Halmahera; Morotai island central east coast; Ambon, Bacan, Gane, Obi, Patani, Raja Ampat, and Weda islands; Papua province: Sorong area	27,700 (2000)	5* (Developing)		Tobelo	Dodinga, Boëng, Tobelo (Heleworuru).
saj	Sahu	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Jailolo town area on north Halmahera island	7,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). 3,500 in Tala’i, 4,000 in Pa’disua	5* (Developing)	Sa’u, Sahu’u, Sau	Sahu	Pa’disua (Palisua), Tala’i. Reportedly similar to Waioli [wli] and Gamkonora [gak].
gak	Gamkonora	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Halmahera island, Baru town and inland on northwest coast	1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987)	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Waioli [wli].
ibu	Ibu	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Halmahera Barat regency, Gamlamo and Gamici villages on north Halmahera island, Iboe river mouth	35 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). In 1987, there were a few elderly speakers but it is now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 50 (1984)	8b (Nearly extinct)			None known. May be inherently intelligible with Sahu [saj].
kax	Kao	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency; north Halmahera island on Kao bay area near Kao river mouth	400 (2000)	8a (Moribund)	Ka’u, Kau		Could be a marginal dialect of Pagu [pgu], but relates uniquely to other languages in Kao River subbranch.
wli	Waioli	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu	Indonesia	North Maluku province: northwest Halmahera island coast from Sasu town inland to highland interior	3,000 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987)	6b* (Threatened)	Wajoli, Wayoli		None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Gamkonora [gak].
tft	Ternate	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Kota Ternate regency, Hiri and Ternate islands; Halmahera Selatan regency, islands between Bacan and Kasiruta islands; Halmahera island southeast of Gane bay; Damar and Yoronga islands	62,000, all users. L1 users: 42,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Reportedly similar to Tidore [tvo].
tvo	Tidore	West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Tidore, Mare, and Moti islands; Halmahera island west coast areas	46,000, all users. L1 users: 26,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Reportedly similar to Ternate [tft].
mqs	Makian, West	West Papuan, North Halmahera, West Makian	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Halmahera southwest coast, Kayoa, west Makian islands	12,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands	6a* (Vigorous)	Makian Barat, Makian Luar		None known. Language isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian.
kzz	Kalabra	West Papuan, West Bird’s Head	Indonesia	West Papua province: west Bird’s Head, Kalabra river inland	3,290 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Beraur		None known. Lexical similarity: 60% with Tehit [kps].
mxn	Moi	West Papuan, West Bird’s Head	Indonesia	West Papua province: 9 villages on west Bird’s Head; Salawati island, Sorong city east and southeast	4,600 (1993 R. Doriot)	6b* (Threatened)	Mekwei, Mooi, Mosana, Waipu		Mosemah.
msg	Moraid	West Papuan, West Bird’s Head	Indonesia	West Papua province: west Bird’s Head inland, Mata to Worbo area	1,000 (1988 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)
sbg	Seget	West Papuan, West Bird’s Head	Indonesia	West Papua province, west Bird’s Head southwest of Sorong, Walian, Sailolof, Segum, and Seget villages	1,200 (1988 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)
kps	Tehit	West Papuan, West Bird’s Head	Indonesia	West Papua province: Sorong regency, most of Teminabuan sub-district, half of Sawiat sub-district, about 31 villages in southwest Bird’s Head	10,000 (2000 R. Hesse). 500 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	Kaibus, Tahit, Tehid, Teminabuan		Tehit Jit, Mbol Fle, Saifi, Imyan, Sfa Riere, Fkar, Sawiat Salmeit. Lexical similarity: 60% with Kalabra.
swr	Saweru	West Papuan, Yapen	Indonesia	Papua Province, Serui Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Yapen island, an island south of Yapen island near Serui	300 (1991 SIL)	6b (Threatened)	Sarwar Use
yva	Yawa	West Papuan, Yapen	Indonesia	Papua province: central Yapen island, 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, and 18 south coast villages	10,000 (2011 SIL)	5* (Developing)	Mantembu, Mora, Turu, Unat, Yapanani, Yava	Yawa Unat	Central Yawa (Mora), West Yawa, South Yawa, North Yawa, East Yawa.
anz	Anem	Yele-West New Britain, West New Britain	Papua New Guinea	West New Britain province: northwest coast and inland	800 (2011 SIL)	5 (Developing)
ata	Pele-Ata	Yele-West New Britain, West New Britain	Papua New Guinea	East New Britain province: Mamusi-West Pomio RLLG; West New Britain province: Talasea district, inland from Bongula bay in Nakanai mountains	2,000 (2007 SIL)	4 (Educational)	Peleata, Uase, Uasi, Uasilau, Wasi		Pele, Ata.
yle	Yele	Yele-West New Britain, Yele	Papua New Guinea	Milne Bay province: Misima district, Rossel island at Calvados chain east end; Alotau and Port Moresby	3,750 (1998 Rossel Health Centres). 400 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,750 (1998)	5 (Developing)	Rossel, Yela, Yelejong, Yeletnye, Yelidnye, Yélî Dnye		Daminyu, Bou, Wulanga, Jinjo, Abaletti, Jaru. Lexical similarity: 8% with Daga [dgz] (most similar).
bwm	Biwat	Yuat	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: lower and middle Yuat river	3,040 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Munduguma, Mundugumor		None known. Related to Kyenele [kql], Changriwa [cga], Mekmek [mvk], and Bun [buv].
buv	Bun	Yuat	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province	480 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related to Changriwa [cga], Mekmek [mvk], Biwat [bwm], and Kyenele [kql].
cga	Changriwa	Yuat	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province	690 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Related languages: Mekmek [mvk], Kyenele [kql], Biwat [bwm], and Bun [buv].
kql	Kyenele	Yuat	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province: Giling village on Yuat river	1,250 (2003 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bulang, Kenen Birang, Kenying, Keyele, Keñele, Kyenying-Barang, Miyak
mvk	Mekmek	Yuat	Papua New Guinea	East Sepik province	1,400 (2000 census)	6a* (Vigorous)

References

• Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

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