List of Narrow Bantu languages
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Below is a list of Narrow Bantu languages (excluding Narrow Bantu languages).
List[edit]
| Code | Language | Classification | Country | Distribution | Population | Status | Alternate names | Autonym | Dialects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bmb | Bembe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bembe-Buyi (D.54) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema province; Sud-Kivu province: Fizi territory, west of Lake Tanganyika | 252,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1991 UBS). Total users in all countries: 274,000 | 5* (Developing) | Beembe, Ebeembe, Ibembe | Ebembe | Lexical similarity: 76%–84% with Lega-Mwenga [lgm] dialects, 68% with Buyu [byi], 60% with Lega-Shabunda [lea], 55% with Zimba [zmb], 50% with Enya [gey], 45% with Nyanga [nyj], 40% with Tembo [tbt], 30% with Lengola [lej]. |
| bmb | Bembe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bembe-Buyi (D.54) | Tanzania | Kigoma region: Kigoma Vijinini district, Lake Tanganyika shore, Kigoma town north to Gombe National Park | 22,000 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 7 (Shifting) | Beembe, Ebembe, Ibembe, Kibembe | ||
| byi | Buyu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bembe-Buyi (D.55) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema, Sud-Kivu, and Tanganyika provinces: Lake Tanganyika area | 10,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bujwe, Buyi, Kibuyu | None known. Lexical similarity: 68% with Bembe [bmb], 60% with Lega-Mwenga [lgm], 55% with Lega-Shabunda [lea], 50% with Zimba [zmb] and Enya [gey], 40% with Bangubangu [bnx]. | |
| kbj | Kari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.301) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | North Bas-Uele province: scattered north of Uele river | 1,000. May be nearly extinct (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Kare, Li-Kari-Li | ||
| bqu | Boguru | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.302) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Uele province: Dungu territory, west of Garamba National Park | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Buguru, Guru, Kinsong, Kogoro, Koguru | Boguru, Bukur (Bukum, Bukuru), Koguru. | ||
| bqu | Boguru | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.302) | South Sudan | Western Equatoria state: Ibba and Yambio counties, Baambu, Bagasu, Ibba, and Mariko villages | No known L1 speakers in South Sudan. Last speaker in South Sudan died in 2011 (2011 A. Persson). Ethnic population: 500 | 9 (Dormant) | Buguru, Kinsong, Kogoro, Koguru | Boguru, Bukur (Bukum, Bukuru). | |
| nbd | Ngbinda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.303) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province | 4,200 (2002) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Bangbinda, Bungbinda, Ngminda | ||
| hom | Homa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.304) | South Sudan | Gbudwe state | No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died by 1975 | 10 (Extinct) | |||
| nyc | Nyanga-li | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.305) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Uele province: Watsa territory, southwest of Watsa. Between Isiro and Watsa, north of Mungbere (Gbati-ri dialect) | 69,000 (2002). 21,000 Gbati-ri (2002) | 8a (Moribund) | Linyanga-le | Gbati-ri (Gbote). Part of subgroup with Mayeka [myc]. | |
| myc | Mayeka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.307) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi province: border area with Central African Republic, Congo river vicinity | 21,000 (2004). Ethnic population: 25,500 (2000) | 8a (Moribund) | None known. Part of subgroup with Nyanga-li [nyc]. | ||
| boy | Bodo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.308) | Central African Republic | Haut-Mbomou prefecture: scattered | 15 (1996) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | |||
| bhy | Bhele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.31) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: several enclaves; Nord-Kivu province: Lubero territory, west of Butembo. Munjoa (Southern Bhele dialect) | 15,000 (1989) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bili, Ebhele, Ipere, Kipere, Kipili, Pere, Peri, Pili, Piri | Bugombe (Ebugombe). Lexical similarity: 80% with Kaiku [kkq] and Komo [kmw], 70% with Bila [bip], less than 60% with Bera [brf] and Amba [rwm], 40% with Bali [bcp] and Lika [lik]. | |
| bip | Bila | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.311) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: Irumu territory; Nord-Kivu province: northwest of Beni | 40,000 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ebila, Forest Bira, KiBila, Western Bila | Bombi-Ngbanja, Nyaku. Lexical similarity: 94% between dialects, closely related to other Bira languages: 80% with Kaiku [kkq], 72% with Bhele [bhy], 70% with Komo [kmw], nearly 60% with Bera [brf] and Amba [rwm], 46% with Beeke [bkf], 45% with Bwa [bww], 40% with Lika [lik] and Bali [bcp], 26% with Mbo [zmw], 22% with Budu [buu] and Ndaka [ndk]. | |
| kkq | Kaiku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.312) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: Mambasa territory, Babombi collectivité; Nord-Kivu province: northern border | 13,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ikaiku, Kaiko | None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with Bhele and Bila, 70% with Komo [kmw], 56% with Bera [brf], 20%–25% with Mbo [zmw], Ndaka [ndk], and Budu [buu]. | |
| brf | Bera | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.32) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: Irumu territory | 120,000 (1992 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bira, Plains Bira, Sese, Sumbura, WaBira | Kibira | One dialect, but some variation around Solenyama. Lexical similarity: 70% with Amba [rwm]; 56%–59% with Bila [bip], Kaiku [kkq], Bhele [bhy], and Komo [kmw]; 47% with Bwa [bww], Lika [lik], and Bali [bcp]; 22% with Nyali [nlj] and Budu [buu]. |
| nlj | Nyali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.33) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: Djugu territory, Kilo collectivité | 43,000 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Huku, Linyali, North Nyali, Nyali-Kilo, Nyari | None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Vanuma [vau], 76% with Mbo [zmw], 73% with Ndaka [ndk] and Budu [buu]. | |
| vau | Vanuma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.331) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: Irumu territory, Tchabi collectivité; Nord-Kivu province | 6,700 (1993 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bambutuku, Bvanuma, Livanuma, Nyali-Tchabi, South Nyali | None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Nyali [nlj]; 75% with Budu [buu], Ndaka [ndk] and Mbo [zmw]; 76% with Bila [bip]. | |
| buu | Budu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.332) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Uele province: Wamba territory, 8 collectivités | 180,000 (1991 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Bodo, Ebudu, Kibudu | Ɨbʉdhʉ | Ineta (Timoniko), Wadimbisa (Isombi), Makoda, West Bafwangada (Bafanio), East Bafwangada, Bafwakoyi, Malamba, Mahaa. Bafwakoyi dialect, around Wamba, is best understood by East Bafwangada, Mahaa, and Malamba users; Ineta dialect, near Ibambi, is best understood by Makoda, Wadimbisa, and West Bafwangada users. However, Ibambi and Wamba groups consider themselves one people and language. Lexical similarity: 92% within dialects; 85% with Ndaka [ndk]; 78% with Mbo [zmw]; 74% with Nyali [nlj] and Vanuma [vau]; 30% with Bali [bcp]; Lika [lik], and Komo [kmw]; 20%–25% with Bhele [bhy], Kaiku [kkq], Bila [bip], and Bera [brf]; 14% with Congo Swahili [swc]. |
| ndk | Ndaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.333) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: Mambasa territory, Bandaka collectivité, along Bunia to NiaNia road | 25,000 (1994 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Indaaka, Ndaaka | Only 1 dialect. Lexical similarity: 87% with Mbo [zmw]; 85% with Budu [buu]; 76% with Vanuma [vau]; 73% with Nyali [nlj]; 30% with Komo [kmw]; 22% with Bhele [bhy], Kaiku [kkq], Bila [bip], and Bera [brf]. | |
| zmw | Mbo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.334) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: Mambasa territory, Bombo collectivité; some in Nord-Kivu province | 11,000 (1994 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Imbo, Kimbo | None known. Lexical similarity: 87% with Ndaka, 78% with Budu, 77% with Vanuma, 76% with Nyali, 30% with Komo [kmw], 25% with Bhele [bhy], Kaiku [kkq], Bila [bip], Bera [brf]. | |
| bkf | Beeke | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.335) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: Mambasa territory, Bandaka and Bombo collectivités, 1 village in each | 1,000 (1994 SIL) | 8a (Moribund) | Beke, Ibeeke | None known. Lexical similarity: 65% with Bali [bcp], 46% with Lika [lik] and Bila [bip], 40% with Bera [brf], 38% with Ndaka [ndk]. | |
| jgb | Ngbee | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.336) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Uele province: scattered in Rungu, Niangara, Wamba, and Watsa territories | No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Sommer 1992) | 10 (Extinct) | Lingbe, Lingbee, Majuu, Mangbele, li-Ngbee | ||
| lik | Lika | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.201) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Uele province: Rungu territory, Mongomasi collectivité; Wamba territory, Balika-Toriko collectivité | 60,000 (1989 SIL). 57,000 in Wamba Territory, 3,000 in Rungu Territory | 5* (Developing) | Kilika, Kpongo, Liko, Mabiti, Maliko, Toriko | Liliko | Likó (Ikó), Lilikó, Liliká (Liká). Lexical similarity: 65%–70% with Bomokandi Kango [kty]; 55%–60% with Pagibete [pae], Bwa [bww], and Uélé Kango [kty]; 52% with Bali [bcp]; 51% with Ngelima [agh]; 46% with Komo [kmw]; 40% with Bhele [bhy], Bila [bip], and Bera [brf]; 30% with Budu [buu]; 25% with Lega languages and Lingala [lin]. |
| bcp | Bali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.21) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Bafwasende territory; Tshopo river south to Ituri river north, and Ituri river north bank | 42,000 (1987 UBS). 2,100 monolinguals | 6a* (Vigorous) | Baali, Dhibali, Kibaali, Kibala, Kibali, Libaali, Southeast Bwa | Bemili, Bakundumu, Bafwandaka, Bekeni. The Bemili dialect is central linguistically and geographically. Lexical similarity: 52% with Lika [lik]; 40%–45% with Bwa [bww] and Pagibete [pae]; 46% with Komo [kmw]; 40% with Bhele [bhy], Bila [bip], and Bera [brf]; 30% with Budu [buu] and Ndaka [ndk]; 25% with Lega languages and Lingala [lin]. | |
| kzy | Kango | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.211) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Bafwasende territory, Bakundumu and Bemili collectivités | 2,000 (1998 T. Harvey) | 6b* (Threatened) | Dikango, Kango Pygmy, Kikango, Likango, “Dibatchua” (pej.), “Kibatchua” (pej.) | 2 dialects. Lexical similarity: 78% with Komo [kmw], 72% with Bila [bip], 60% with Bali [bcp], 50% with Lika [lik]. | |
| rwm | Amba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.22) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Kivu province: Uganda border area south of Lake Albert, northern Ruwenzori foothills | 4,500 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1991 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Hambo, Humu, KiHumu, Kuamba, Kwamba, Ruwenzori Kibira, Rwamba | Kigumu (Hamba, Kuamba, Lubulebule), Kihyanzi, Kusuwa. | |
| rwm | Amba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.22) | Uganda | Bundibugyo and Ntoroko districts: Ruwenzori mountains, Democratic Republic of the Congo border area south of Lake Albert | 42,600 in Uganda (2014 census), decreasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Total users in all countries: 47,100 | 6b (Threatened) | Baamba, Bulebule, Hamba, Humu, Kihumu, Ku-Amba, Kuamba, Lubulebule, Lwamba, Ruwenzori Kibira, Rwamba | Kwamba | Kyanzi (Kihyanzi), Suwa (Kusuwa). Lexical similarity: 70% with Bera [brf], 57%–59% with Kaiku [kkq], Komo [kmw], and Bhele [bhy], 25% with Nande [nnb], 34% with Talinga-Bwisi [tlj]. |
| kmw | Komo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.23) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema province: Lubutu and Punia territories; Nord-Kivu province: Walikale; Tshopo province: Bafwasende territory, Opienge. Lubutu is center | 400,000 (1998 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Kikomo, Kikumo, Kikumu, Kikuumu, Kumo, Kumu, Kuumu | No identified dialects, but speech varieties have the following differences: up to 10% lexical differences, in comparison with the reference lexicon as found in Lubutu. Most noticeable phonological variation: lambdacism. Most noticeable relational word variation: shape of the alienable possession marker. Lexical similarity: 80% with Bhele [bhy], 70% with Bila [bip], 58% with Bera [brf], 48% with Bwa [bww], 46% with Bali [bcp], Lika [lik], and Pagibete [pae], 30% with Lingala [lin], Lega-Shabunda [lea], and Budu [buu]. | |
| sod | Songoora | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.24) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema province: Kindu, Punia, and Shabunda territories, small area in Sud-Kivu province. Maniema province: Kindu territory (Gengele dialect) | 1,300 (Welmers 1971a) | 6b* (Threatened) | Binja, Kesongola, Songola | Gengele (Kegengele), North Binja. North and South Binja dialects may be separate languages. Gengele dialect is reportedly a creole based on Lega-Shabunda [lea], Kusu [ksv], and other languages (1991 W. Mwangati). | |
| lgm | Lega-Mwenga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.25) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Kivu province: Mwenga territory | 44,900 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ileka Ishile, Ishile, Isile, Kilega, Kirega, Lega-Ntara, Leka-Shile, Leka-Sile, Rega, Shile | Iyoko, Ibanda, Isopo, Lusenge, Bilembo-Mango, Mizulo. Speakers say Lega-Shabunda [lea] and Bembe [bmb] are difficult to understand. Lexical similarity: 96%–88% among dialects; 76%–84% with Bembe [bmb]; 67%–81% with Lega-Shabunda [lea]; 60% with Buyu [byi]; 50% with Zimba [zmb], Enya [gey], and Mituku [zmq]; 45% with Nyanga [nyj]. | |
| ktf | Kwami | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.251) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema and Nord-Kivu provinces: between Kasese and Walikale | 400 | 6b* (Threatened) | Kikwame, Kikwami, Kwame | None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Nyanga [nyj], 68% with Lega-Shabunda [lea], 66% with Kanu [khx] and Enya [gey], 61% with Mituku [zmq], 57% with Zimba [zmb], 55% with Bembe [bmb], 52% with Lega-Mwenga [lgm], 49% with Hunde [hke] and Shi [shr], 48% with Buyu [byi], 47% with Tembo [tmv], 46% with Nande [nnb], 41% with Lengola [lej], 34% with Komo [kmw]. | |
| lea | Lega-Shabunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.251) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema and Sud-Kivu provinces: Pangi and Shabunda territories; Nord-Kivu province: southwest | 400,000 (1982 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Igonzabale, Ileka-Igonzabale, Kilega, Kirega, Lega, Lega-Malinga, Leka-Igonzabale, Rega | Kigala, Kigyoma, Liliga, Kisede, Kinyabanga, Kinyamunsange (Pangi). Kanu [khx] is probably a dialect with 92% reported similarity. Lexical similarity: 67%–81% with Lega-Mwenga [lgm]; 65% with Kwami [ktf]; 60% with Bembe [bmb]; 55% with Budu [buu], Mituku [zmq], and Enya [gey]; 50% with Zimba [zmb], Nyanga [nyj], and Hunde [hke]; 45% with Nande [nnb]; 30% with Komo [kmw]. | |
| khx | Kanu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.251) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Kivu province: Walikale territory, Kabunga area; some in Sud-Kivu province | 3,500 (Welmers 1971a) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kaanu, Kano, Likanu | Probably a dialect of Lega-Shabunda [lea]. | |
| zmb | Zimba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.26) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema province: Kasongo territory, Maringa and Mulu collectivités; small area in Sud-Kivu province | 120,000 (1994 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Nyangwe | South Binja, Binja (Soe, Sole), Semulu (Kisembombo, Nyembombo, Semolo), Semalinga, Kwange, Mamba (Kyenyemamba). Kwange and Mamba dialects may be separate languages. Lexical similarity: 55% with Bembe [bmb]; 50% with Lega-Mwenga [lgm], Lega-Shabunda [lea], Buyu [byi], Mituku [zmq], and Enya [gey]; 40% with Nyanga [nyj]; 34% with Bangubangu [bnx]; 32% with Komo [kmw]. | |
| bnx | Bangubangu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.27) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema province: Kabambare territory; Sud-Kivu and Tanganyika provinces | 246,000 (Tshonda 2011). Including 85,000 Bangubangu, 30,000 Mikebwe, 20,000 Kasenga, 32,000 Nonda, and 4,000 Hombo (Tshonda 2011) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bangobango, Kibangobango, Kibangubangu | Bangubangu, Mikebwe, Kasenga, Nonda, Hombo, Sanzi. Dialects listed probably separate languages. Lexical similarity: 67% with Hemba [hem], 58% with Songe [sop], 81% with the Mikebwe dialect, 80% with the Kasenga dialect, 80% with the Nonda dialect, 71% with the Hombo dialect. | |
| hoo | Holoholo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Holoholo (D.28) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tanganyika province: northwest Kalemie area | 15,500 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Guha, Horohoro, Kalanga, Kiholoholo, Kikalanga | ||
| mdq | Mbole | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Mbole-Enya (D.11) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: southwest of Kisangani; Tshuapa province: east | 100,000 (Welmers 1971a) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lombole | Keembo, Nkimbe (Nkembe), Yangonda, Yaisu, Inja, Botunga, Yaamba, Yaikole. Reportedly similar to Mituku [zmq]. | |
| lej | Lengola | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Mbole-Enya (D.12) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema province: Lubutu and Punia territories; Tshopo province: Ubundu territory. Lualaba river area between Opienge, Lowa, and a point called ‘Km 100’ on Kisangani-Lubutu road | 100,000 (1998) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kilengola, Lengora | 2 dialects which differ in pronunciation. Lexical similarity: 40% with Enya [gey] and Mituku [zmq]; 35%–40% with Budu [buu] and Komo [kmw]; 30%–35% with Lega-Shabunda [lea], Lega-Mwenga [lgm], and Zimba [zmb]; 25%–30% with Bembe [bmb], Buyu [byi], and Bali [bcp]. | |
| zmq | Mituku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Mbole-Enya (D.13) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Ubundu territory, west of Lualaba river | 50,900 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kinya-Mituku, Metoko | None known. Reportedly similar to Mbole [mdq]. Lexical similarity: 67% with Enya [gey]; 55% with Lega-Shabunda [lea]; 50% with Nyanga [nyj], Lega-Mwengac [lgm], Bembe [bmb], Buyu [byi], and Zimba [zmb]; 40% with Lengola [lej]. | |
| gey | Enya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Mbole-Enya (D.14) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Ubundu territory, Lualaba river from Kisangani upriver to Kongolo | 15,000 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ena, Genya, Tsheenya | None known. Lexical similarity: 67% with Mituku [zmq], 54% with Lega-Shabunda [lea], 50% with Lega-Mwenga [lgm], Bembe [bmb], Buyu [byi], and Zimba [zmb], 47% with Nyanga [nyj], 40% with Lengola [lej], 30% with Komo [kmw] and Lingala [lin]. | |
| nyj | Nyanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Nyanga (D.43) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Kivu province: Walikale territory, Wanyanga collectivité | 150,000 (1994 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Inyanga, Kinyanga | Inyanga, Ifuna, Ikumbure, Itiri. Dialects do not differ much. Itiri appears most divergent. The dialect around Bana-Bangi is reportedly best understood. Lexical similarity: 70% with Kwami [ktf]; 57% with Hunde [hke]; 54% with Kanu [khx]; 50% with Lega-Shabunda [lea] and Tembo [tbt]; 45% with Nande [nnb], Lega-Mwenga [lgm], and Bembe [bmb]; 42% with Shi [shr]; 40% with Buyu [byi] and Zimba [zmb]; 30% with Komo [kmw]. | |
| jmc | Machame | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Chaga (E.621) | Tanzania | Arusha, Kilimanjaro, and Manyara regions: Chaga area | 195,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Ki-Mashami, Kimachame, Macame, Machambe, Madjame, Mashami | Kimashami | Masdama (Masama), Siha (Shira), Ng’uni, Bosho, Hai. Chaga dialect continuum member which include Rombo [rof], Mochi [old], and Vunjo [vun]. |
| rwk | Rwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Chaga (E.621) | Tanzania | Arusha region: Mount Meru area | 90,000 (1987). 50,000 Kihai | 6a (Vigorous) | Kimeru, Kirwa, Kirwo, Mero, Meru, Rwo | Kihai (Meru). | |
| old | Mochi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Chaga (E.622) | Tanzania | Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions: Chaga area | 362,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Includes 40,000 Uru dialect | 6a (Vigorous) | Chaga, Chagga, Kimochi, Kimoshi, Moshi, Mosi, Old Moshi | Uru, Mbokomu. Chaga dialect continuum member which includes Rombo [rof], Machame [jmc], and Vunjo [vun]. | |
| vun | Vunjo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Chaga (E.622) | Tanzania | Kilimanjaro region: Chaga area | 14,200 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Kivunjo, Kivunjo-Chaga, Kiwunjo, Wunjo | Marangu (Morang’u), Lema (Kilema), Mamba, Mwika, Kiruwa. Chaga dialect continuum member which includes Rombo [rof], Mochi [old], and Machame [jmc]. | |
| rof | Rombo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Chaga (E.623) | Tanzania | Kilimanjaro region: Chaga area | 6a (Vigorous) | Kirombo | Keni, Mashati, Mkuu, Usseri (Kiseri, Useri). Chaga dialect continuum member which includes Mochi [old], Machame [jmc], and Vunjo [vun]. | ||
| hka | Kahe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Chaga (E.64) | Tanzania | Kilimanjaro region: southeast of Moshi | 9,130 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b (Threatened) | Kikahe | ||
| gwe | Gweno | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Chaga (E.65) | Tanzania | Kilimanjaro region: north Pare hills | Ethnic population: 2,500 | 8a (Moribund) | Ghonu, Kighonu, Kigweno | Lexical similarity: 54%–56% with Chaga dialects (most similar), 46% with Dawida [dav]. | |
| kik | Gikuyu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Kikuyu-Kamba (E.51) | Kenya | Kiambu, Kirinyaga, Meru, Murang’a, and Nyeri counties; Nakuru county: Lake Naivasha area; Nairobi | 6,623,000 (2009 census), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Gekoyo, Kikuyu | Gĩgĩkũyũ | Southern Gikuyu (Kiambu, Southern Murang’a), Ndia (Southern Kirinyaga), Gichugu (Northern Kirinyaga), Mathira (Karatina), Northern Gikuyu (Northern Murang’a, Nyeri). Lexical similarity: 73% with Kiembu [ebu], 70% with Gichuka [cuh], 67% with Kikamba [kam], 63% with Kimîîru [mer]. |
| ebu | Kiembu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Kikuyu-Kamba (E.52) | Kenya | Embu county: southeast of Mount Kenya | 324,000 (2009 census), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Embo, Embu | Kiembu | Mbeere (Kimbeere, Mbere), Embu. Mbeere dialect reportedly has intelligibility with Embu. Population estimate may include Gichuka [cuh] and Mwimbi-Muthambi [mws]. Lexical similarity: 85% with the Mbeere dialect, 73% with Gikuyu [kik] and Gichuka [cuh], 66% with Kamba [kam], 63%–65% with Kimîîru [mer]. |
| mer | Kimîîru | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Kikuyu-Kamba (E.53) | Kenya | Isiolo and Meru counties: northeast of Mount Kenya; Laikipia county: Ewaso Ngiro river north bank | 1,660,000 (2009 census), increasing | 4 (Educational) | Kimeru, Mero, Meru | Kimîîru | Meru (Beik), Igembe, Tigania, Imenti, Miutini, Igoji. Lexical similarity: 85% with dialects Imenti and Tigania, 67% with Chuka [cuh], 63% with Embu [ebu] and Gikuyu [kik], 57% with Kamba [kam]. |
| mws | Mwimbi-Muthambi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Kikuyu-Kamba (E.531) | Kenya | Meru county | 70,000 (1980 SIL), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Mwimbi (Kimwimbi), Muthambi. People may be able to use Kimîîru [mer] literature. | ||
| thk | Kitharaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Kikuyu-Kamba (E.54) | Kenya | Embu, Meru, and Tharaka-Nithi counties | 176,000 (2009 census), increasing. 61,600 monolinguals | 5 (Developing) | Atharaka, Saraka, Sharoka, Tharaka | Kitharaka | Gatue (North Tharaka), Ntugi (Central Tharaka), Igoki, Thagicu. Thagicu dialect has extensive Kamba [kam] borrowings. Gatue is influential. Difficult intelligibility of northern Kimîîru [mer] dialects. Some Meru words have offensive meanings in Kitharaka. Lexical similarity: with Chuka [cuh]. |
| cuh | Gichuka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Kikuyu-Kamba (E.541) | Kenya | Tharaka-Nithi county: south of Meru city | 70,000 (1980 SIL), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Chuka, Chuku, Cuka, Suka | Comprehension of northern Kimîîru [mer] dialects is borderline. Similar to Kitharaka [thk]. Lexical similarity: 73% with Embu [ebu], 70% with Gikuyu [kik], 67% with Kimîîru [mer], 63% with Kikamba [kam]. | |
| kam | Kamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Kikuyu-Kamba (E.55) | Kenya | Kajiado, Kitui, Machakos, and Makueni counties; Taita-Taveta county: small border area | 4,493,000 in Kenya, all users. L1 users: 3,893,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. L2 users: 600,000. Total users in all countries: 4,493,000 (as L1: 3,893,000; as L2: 600,000) | 4 (Educational) | Akamba, Kekamba, Kiikamba, Kikamba | Kĩĩkamba | Masaku (Machakos), South Kitui, North Kitui, Mumoni. Lexical similarity: 67% with Gikuyu [kik], 66% with Embu [ebu], 63% with Chuka [cuh], 57%–59% with Kimîîru [mer]. |
| kam | Kamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Kikuyu-Kamba (E.55) | Tanzania | Kilimanjaro region: Moshi Rural and Rombo districts; Manyara region: Kiteto district; Morogoro region: Kilosa district; Tanga region: Korogwe, Lushoto, Mkinga, and Muheza districts | Ethnic population: 11,800 (2017 K. Legere) | 5* (Dispersed) | Akamba, Kĩĩkamba, Kiikamba, Kikamba | ||
| dhs | Dhaiso | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Kikuyu-Kamba (E.56) | Tanzania | Tanga region: Muheza district, Bwiti and Magati villages, east Usambara mountains | 5,000 (1999) | 7 (Shifting) | Daiso, Daisu, Kidhaiso, Kisegeju, Segeju, Sengeju | None known. Lexical similarity: 32% with Digo [dig]. | |
| mlk | Kiwilwana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.701) | Kenya | Garissa and Tana River counties: Tana River north of Pokomo, between Bura and Garissa | 16,800 (2009 census), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Elwana, Ilwana, “Malakote” (pej.), “Malankote” (pej.) | Kiwilwana | None known. Not intelligible with Kipfokomo Pokomo [pkb]. Lexical similarity: 55%–57% with Kipfokomo [pkb]. |
| pkb | Kipfokomo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.71) | Kenya | Garissa, Lamu, and Tana River counties: upper and lower Tana river between Tulu and Masabubu | 95,000 (2009 census), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Kipokomo, Lower Pokomo, Malachini, Pfokomo, Pokomo, Upper Pokomo | Kipfokomo | Malalulu, Zubaki, Ndura, Kinakomba, Gwano, Ndera, Mwina, Buu I, Buu II, Buu III, Kulesa, Ngatana, Dzunza, Kalindi. Lexical similarity: 63% with Mvita [swh], 61% with Amu [swh], 60% with Mrima [swh], 59% with Kigiryama [nyf], 58% with Chidigo [dig], 57% with Bajun [swh]. |
| dug | Chiduruma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.72) | Kenya | Kwale county: inland, south of Mombasa to Tanzania border | 397,000 (2009 census), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Duruma, “Wanyika” (pej.) | Chiduruma | None known. 9 ethnic groups form the Mijikenda community. Chiduruma is reportedly the second least similar to Kigiryama [nyf]. Comprehension of Kiswahili [swh] and Chidigo [dig] is low. Lexical similarity: 74% with Chidigo [dig], 66% with Kiswahili [swh]. |
| nyf | Kigiryama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.72) | Kenya | Kilifi and Kwale counties: north of Mombasa; Tana River county | 944,000 (2009 census), increasing. 752,000 Giryama; 25,400 Kambe; 98,700 Rabai; 14,500 Ribe; 52,900 Kauma | 5 (Developing) | Agiryama, Giriama, Giryama, Kigiriama, Kinyika, Nika, Nyika | Kigiryama | Ribe (Rihe), Kambe, Chwaka, Rabai, Kauma (Chikauma). Dialect speakers may understand Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma [coh]. Lexical similarity: 72% with Chidigo [dig], 63% with Mrima [swh], 62% with Mvita [swh], 61% with Amu [swh], 59% with Kipfokomo [pkb] and Bajun [swh]. |
| coh | Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.72) | Kenya | Kilifi county: Indian Ocean area northeast of Mombasa | 184,000 (2009 census), increasing. Chonyi 149,000, Jibana 35,200 | 6a (Vigorous) | Chonyi, Conyi, Kichonyi | Chonyi (Chichonyi, Kichonyi), Jibana (Chidzihana). May understand Kigiryama [nyf]. Kauma (Chikauma) now considered to be a dialect of Kigiryama (2012 M. Wekunda). | |
| dig | Chidigo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.73) | Kenya | Kwale county: south of Mombasa | 313,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. Total users in all countries: 479,000 | 5 (Developing) | Digo, Kidigo | Chidigo | Chichifundi, Chichinondo, Chigwirani. Partially intelligible with Kigiryama [nyf] but most remote from Kigiryama of the Mijikenda subgroup. Lexical similarity: 74% with Chiduruma [dug], 72% with Chichonyi [coh] and Kiswahili [swh], 71% with Kiswahili dialects Mrima and Mvita, 67% with Amu [swh], 62% with Bajun [swh], 58% with Upper Pokomo [pkb]. |
| dig | Digo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.73) | Tanzania | Tanga area | 166,000 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Chidigo, Kidigo | ||
| seg | Segeju | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.731) | Tanzania | Tanga region: Muheza district, narrow strip of northeast coast between Tanga and Kenya border | 23,200 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), decreasing. Ethnic population: 15,000 | 8a (Moribund) | Kisegeju, Sageju, Sengeju | None known. Closely related to Digo [dig]. | |
| dav | Dawida | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.74) | Kenya | Taita-Taveta county: Taita hills | 274,000 (2009 census), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Dabida, Davida, Kidabida, Kitaita, Taita, Teita | Kidawida | Mbololo, Werugha, Mbale, Chawia, Bura, Mwanda, Kasigau. Lexical similarity: 62% with Sagalla [tga], 46% with Gweno [gwe], 41%–44% with Chaga languages. |
| tvs | Taveta | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.74) | Kenya | Kajiado county: east of Mount Kilimanjaro; Taita-Taveta county | 21,000 (2009 census), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Dabida, Kitaveta, Kitubeta, Tubeta | Kitubheta | |
| tga | Sagalla | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Nyika-Taita (E.741) | Kenya | Taita-Taveta county: Taita hills between Mwatate and Rukanga towns | 100,000 (1992 UBS) | 5 (Developing) | Kisagala, Sagala, Saghala, Teri, kiSaghala | Kisagalla | Dambi, Mugange, Teri, Kishamba, Gimba. Lexical similarity: 62% with Dawida [dav]. |
| soz | Temi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, E, Temi (E.46) | Tanzania | Arusha region: Ngorongoro district, north central near Kenya border, Maasai area. 7 villages: Digodigo, Kisangiro, Mdito, Mugholo, Oldonyo Sambu, Sale, and Samunga | 24,600 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Ethnic population: 30,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Batem, Kisonjo, Kitemi, Sonjo, Sonyo, Wasonjo, Watemi | GiTemi | None known. Reportedly shows similarities to Gikuyu [kik] of Kenya. |
| isn | Isanzu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Nilamba-Rangi (F.31) | Tanzania | Singida region: Iramba district | 26,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ihaanzu, Issansu, Kiisanzu, Kinyihanzu, Kinyisanzu | None known. Closely related to Nyaturu [rim]. | |
| nim | Nilamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Nilamba-Rangi (F.31) | Tanzania | Shinyanga, Singida, and Tabora regions | 682,000 (2016). 50,000 Iambi | 6a (Vigorous) | Ikinilamba, Ikiniramba, Ilamba, Ilinilamba, Iramba, Kinilamba, Kiniramba, Nilyamba, Niramba, Nyilamba, Nyiramba | Iambi (Nyambi), Mbuga, Ushoola (Kinaushoola). Lexical similarity: 56% with Nyamwezi [nym], 55% with Sukuma [suk], 45% with Sumbwa [suw]. | |
| rim | Nyaturu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Nilamba-Rangi (F.32) | Tanzania | Dodoma, Manyara, and Tabora regions; Singida region: Iramba and Singida rural districts, north central, south of Singida, west of Wembere river | 892,000 (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Keremi, Kilimi, Kinyaturu, Kiremi, Kirimi, Limi, Remi, Rimi, Turu | Girwana (Rimi, Rwana), Chahi (Ahi, Cahi, Chahe), Ginyamunyinganyi (Nyamunying’anyi). Lexical similarity: 63% with Nilamba [nim], 59% with Sukuma [suk], 58% with Nyamwezi [nym], 53% with Kimbu [kiv], 44% with Sumbwa [suw]. | |
| lag | Langi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Nilamba-Rangi (F.33) | Tanzania | Dodoma region: Kondoa district; Manyara region: some south. Urban groups in Arusha, Babati, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Morogoro, Mwanza, Singida, and Tanga regions | 371,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), increasing. 38,000 monolinguals | 6a (Vigorous) | Irangi, Kelangi, Kilaangi, Kilangi, Kirangi, Rangi, Valaangi | Kɨlaangi, Langi | Kondoa, Haubi, Kolo, Mondo, Busi. Limited comprehension of other languages. Lexical similarity: 74% with Mbugwe [mgz], 49% with Nyaturu [rim] and Sukuma [suk], 48% with Nyamwezi [nym], 47% with Kimbu [kiv] and Nilamba [nim], 40% with Sumbwa [suw]. |
| mgz | Mbugwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Nilamba-Rangi (F.34) | Tanzania | Manyara region: Babati district | 37,200 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b (Threatened) | Buwe, Kemboowɛ, Kimbugwe, Kiumbugwe, Mbuwe | None known. Lexical similarity: 74% with Langi [lag]. | |
| suk | Sukuma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Sukuma-Nyamwezi (F.21) | Tanzania | Geita, Kagera, Mwanza, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Singida, and Tabora regions; some in Kigoma and Mara regions; between Lake Victoria and Lake Rukwa, to Serengeti plain, Gwe and Kiya; few in cities, 88% in the traditional area | 8,130,000 (2016), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Kesukuma | Kisukuma | Kiya (East Sukuma, Jinakiiya, Kemunakeeya, Kiiya, Kimunakiiya), Gwe (Kemunangweeli, Kigwe, West Sukuma), Kemunadakama (South Sukuma), Nasa (Kinaanasa), SumaaBu (KisumaaBu), Nelaa (Kinaanelaa), Ntuzu (Gina-Ntuzu, Kimunantuzu), Kemunasukuma (Kimuna-Sukuma, North Sukuma). Dialects contiguous with Nyamwezi and mutually intelligible along the border of the two people groups. Lexical similarity: 84% with Nyamwezi [nym], 59% with Sumbwa [suw] and Nyaturu [rim], 57% with Kimbu [kiv], 55% with Nilamba [nim], 49% with Langi [lag]. |
| kcz | Konongo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Sukuma-Nyamwezi (F.22) | Tanzania | Katavi region: Mpanda district, southwest of Ugalla river; possibly Tabora region | 51,000 (1987) | 6b (Threatened) | Kikonongo | May be a dialect of Nyamwezi [nym]. | |
| nym | Nyamwezi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Sukuma-Nyamwezi (F.22) | Tanzania | Kigoma and Rukwa regions; Tabora region: between Lake Victoria and Lake Rukwa | 1,470,000 (2016). 73% are in the traditional area | 6a (Vigorous) | Kinyamuesi, Kinyamwesi, Kinyamwezi, Manjamuesi, Mwezi, Namwezi, Nyamwesi, Nyawezi | Nyanyembe, Takama (Garaganza), Mweri (Kiya, Konongo, Sumbwa), Galaganza, Nangwila, Ilwana (Kilwana), Uyui, Rambo, Ndaala (Ndala), Nyambiu. Lexical similarity: 84% with Sukuma [suk], 61% with Sumbwa [suw], 56% with Nilamba [nim]. Dialect Continuum with Sukuma. | |
| suw | Sumbwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Sukuma-Nyamwezi (F.23) | Tanzania | Geita region: Bukombe district; Kagera and Mwanza regions; small area in Tabora region | 361,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kisumbwa, Shisumbwa, Shumbwa | None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Nyamwezi [nym], 59% with Sukuma [suk], 45% with Nilamba [nim]. | |
| kiv | Kimbu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Sukuma-Nyamwezi (F.24) | Tanzania | Mbeya region: Chunya district, Kipembawe ward; Singida region: Manyoni district; Tabora region: Sikonge district | 62,700 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), decreasing | 6b* (Threatened) | Ikibungu, Kikimbu, Yanzi | None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Nilamba [nim], 57% with Sukuma [suk], 53% with Nyaturu [rim], 48% with Sumbwa [suw], 47% with Langi [lag]. | |
| wun | Bungu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Sukuma-Nyamwezi (F.25) | Tanzania | Mbeya region: Chunya district | 30,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Echiungu, Iciwungu, Kibungu, Ungu, Wungu | Maleza, Mwambani, Udinde. | |
| tny | Tongwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Tongwe-Bende (F.11) | Tanzania | Kigoma region: Kigoma district; Kigoma and Rukwa regions east, small groups (20%–30% of the population) in Nguruka and Uvinza villages; Lake Tanganyika west shore | 37,700 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b (Threatened) | Kitongwe, Sitongwe | Tongwe and Bende [bdp] are probably dialects of 1 language. Lexical similarity: 83%–91% with Bende [bdp] (with different varieties). | |
| bdp | Bende | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, F, Tongwe-Bende (F.12) | Tanzania | Katavi region: Mpanda district, Kabungu, Karema, and Mwese divisions; Rukwa region | 41,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Babende, Kibende, Si’bende | None known. Lexical similarity: 74% with Sumbwa [suw], 72% with Nyamwezi [nym], 70% with Sukuma Hu [suk], 67% with Ha [haq], 71% with Rundi [run], 60% with Hangaza [han], 58% with Nyankore [nyn], 65% with Holoholo [hoo] and 90% with Tongwe [tny]. Bende and Tongwe may be a single language. | |
| sbp | Sangu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Bena-Kinga (G.61) | Tanzania | Iringa region: west central; Mbeya region: Mbarale district, Usangu plains | 119,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), decreasing | 6b (Threatened) | Ishisango, Ishisangu, Kisangu, Lori, Rori, Sangi, Sango, Shisangu | Shisango | Central Sangu, Eastern Sangu (Mahango), Northern Sangu, South-Central Sangu (Kapunga), Western Sangu (Kilambo). |
| heh | Hehe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Bena-Kinga (G.62) | Tanzania | Iringa region: south of Gogo area; Dodoma, Mbeya, and Morogoro regions | 1,210,000 (2016) | 5 (Developing) | Ehe, Ekiehe, KiHehe | Kihehe | Sungwa (Dzungwa, Tsungwa), Kosisamba (Kojisamba, Kotsisamba). Lexical similarity: 65% with Bena [bez] (most similar), 59% with Pangwa [pbr], 56% with Sangu [sbp], 50% with Kinga [zga], 48% with Vwanji [wbi]. |
| bez | Bena | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Bena-Kinga (G.63) | Tanzania | Njombe region: Njombe district; southwest Morogoro and north Ruvuma regions | 592,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 5 (Developing) | EkiBene, Ikibena, Kibena, ekiBena | Ekibena | Ilembula, Kilavungi (Kilavagi), Lupembe, Masakati (Masagati), Masitu, Mavemba, Maswamu, Ngaveeta, Nyikolwe, Sovi (Sove), Twangabita, Kinamanga, Ulanga. Lexical similarity: 71% with Pangwa [pbr], 65% with Hehe [heh], 55% with Sangu [sbp], 53% with Kinga [zga], 51% with Vwanji [wbi], 47% with Kisi [kiz]. |
| pbr | Pangwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Bena-Kinga (G.64) | Tanzania | Njombe region: Ludewa district; Livingstone mountains, Lake Nyasa east shore | 95,100 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ekipangwa, Kipangwa | Kimwela. Kimwela has a distinctly different accent and the people consider themselves a separate ethnic group, but it is completely intelligible with Pangwa; intelligibility with Bena [bez] not demonstrated in preliminary tests. Lexical similarity: 71% with Bena [bez], 62% with Kisi [kiz], 61% with Kinga [zga], 59% with Hehe [heh], 58% with Sangu [sbp], 55% with Vwanji [wbi]. | |
| zga | Kinga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Bena-Kinga (G.65) | Tanzania | Mbeya region; Njombe region: Makete district, Kipengere mountain range | 217,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ekikinga, Kikinga | Bakinga | Kinga, Mahanji (Mahanzi). |
| gmx | Magoma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Bena-Kinga (G.651) | Tanzania | Mbeya region; Njombe region: Makete district, near Kitulo plateau | 9,000 (2003 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kimagoma | None known. 2 very closely related varieties: 1 in the lower villages and 1 in villages with a higher elevation. | |
| wbi | Vwanji | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Bena-Kinga (G.66) | Tanzania | Njombe region: Makete district, Kipengere mountain range | 41,800 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 5 (Developing) | Kivwanji, Kiwanji, Wanji | Bavwanji | |
| kiz | Kisi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Bena-Kinga (G.67) | Tanzania | Njombe region: Ludewa district, Mwambao division, Lupingu and Makonde wards, Lifuma, Lupingu, Makonde, and Nindi are main villages; Lake Nyasa northwest shore | 11,000 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 15,000 (2012 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Kese, Kikisi | None known. Lexical similarity: 62% with Pangwa [pbr], 55% with Kinga [zga], 53% with Sangu [sbp], 52% with Vwanji [wbi], and 47% with Bena [bez]. | |
| gog | Gogo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Gogo-Kagulu (G.11) | Tanzania | Dodoma, Iringa, and Manyara regions; Singida region: Manyoni district | 1,080,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), increasing. Includes 60,000 Nyambwa | 5 (Developing) | Chigogo, Cigogo, Kigogo | Wagogo | Nyambwa (Cinyambwa, West Gogo), Nyaugogo (Central Gogo), Tumba (Citumba, East Gogo). Lexical similarity: 50% with Hehe [heh] and Sangu [sbp], 48% with Kimbu [kiv], 45% with Nilamba [nim]. |
| kki | Kagulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Gogo-Kagulu (G.12) | Tanzania | Dodoma region: Kilosa district; Manyara, Morogoro, and Tanga regions | 337,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 5 (Developing) | Cikagulu, Kaguru, Kigaguru, Kikagulu, Kiningo, Megi, Northern Sagara, Solwa | Chikagulu, Chimegi | Tumba, Mangehele (Mangaheri). Lexical similarity: 63% with Sagala [sbm], 56% with Gogo [gog]. |
| poy | Pogolo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Pogolo-Ndamba (G.51) | Tanzania | Iringa and Morogoro regions | 201,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Chipogolo, Chipogoro, Cipogolo, Pogolu, Pogora, Pogoro, Shipogolu | None known. Lexical similarity: 57% with Mbunga [mgy], 56% with Ndamba [ndj]. | |
| ndj | Ndamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Pogolo-Ndamba (G.52) | Tanzania | Iringa and Morogoro regions: northeast of Bena | 196,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kindamba | None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Mbunga [mgy], 56% with Pogolo [poy]. | |
| asa | Asu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Shambala (G.22) | Tanzania | Kilimanjaro region: Pare mountains, Mwanga and Same districts; Manyara and Tanga regions | 530,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). 25,000 monolinguals | 6a (Vigorous) | Ashu, Athu, Casu, Chasu, Chiasu, Kiathu, Kipare, Pare, Pare-Asu | Gonja, Mbaga. Related to Taveta [tvs]. | |
| ksb | Shambala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Shambala (G.23) | Tanzania | Tanga region: Lushoto district, Usambara mountains; Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions | 565,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kisambaa, Kishambaa, Kishambala, Sambaa, Sambala, Sambara, Schambala, Shambaa | None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Bondei [bou], 68% with Ngulu [ngp] and Zigula [ziw]. | |
| bou | Bondei | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Shambala (G.24) | Tanzania | Tanga region: Usambara mountains, inland from Tanga | 122,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bonde, Boondei, Kibondei | None known. Influenced linguistically by Doe [doe] and Kwere [cwe], and it also influenced them. Lexical similarity: 75% with Shambala [ksb] and Zigula [ziw], 73% with Ngulu [ngp]. | |
| swc | Swahili, Congo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.40) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Widespread in Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami, Ituri, Lualaba, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu, and Tanganyika provinces | 11,100,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo, all users. L1 users: 2,000,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2019). L2 users: 9,100,000 (1991 UBS). Total users in all countries: 11,100,000 (as L1: 2,000,000; as L2: 9,100,000) | 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in eastern regions (2006, Constitution, Article 1(8)) | Zaïre Swahili | Kiswahili | Ituri Kingwana, Lualaba Kingwana, Katanga Swahili, Kivu Swahili. Kingwana is a pidgin Swahili which functions sociolinguistically as a dialect. There are several regional dialects, with that of the formerly Arabized areas reportedly being most similar to Swahili of Kenya and Tanzania. Lexical similarity: 30% with Lingala [lin] and with the Lega group; 15%–20% with Bira-Huku group, Bali [bcp], and Lika [lik]. A member of macrolanguage Swahili [swa]. |
| swc | Swahili, Congo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.40) | Zambia | Northern province: Kaputa and Mporokoso districts; Copperbelt province: Masaiti district | 3 (Wider communication) | Kiswahili | |||
| ymk | Makwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.402) | Mozambique | Cabo Delgado province: coast, Tanzania border area south to Quionga and Palma; Ruvuma river area to Pundanhar | 22,000 in Mozambique (2003). Total users in all countries: 119,700 | 6b* (Threatened) | Kimakwe, Macue, Palma | Coastal Makwe (Palma), Interior Makwe. Not inherently intelligible with Swahili [swh]. Lexical similarity: 60% with Swahili [swh], 57% with Mwani [wmw], 48% with Yao [yao]. | |
| ymk | Maraba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.402) | Tanzania | Lindi and Mtwara regions | 97,700 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b* (Threatened) | Chimaraba, Kimakwe, Makwe, Palma | ||
| wmw | Mwani | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.403) | Mozambique | Cabo Delgado province: coast north of Pemba, Arimba to Palma, Ibo and Mocimboa da Praia; Querimba archipelago offshore | 120,000, all users. L1 users: 100,000 (2010 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 20,000 | 5* (Developing) | Ibo, Muane, Mwane, Mwaní, Namwaní, Quimuane | Kimwani | Wibo (Kiwibo), Kisanga (Kikisanga, Quissanga), Nkojo (Kinkojo), Nsimbwa (Kinsimbwa). Not intelligible of Swahili [swh]. Kiwibo is prestige dialect. Kinsimbwa, the northernmost Mocimboa da Praia dialect, is inherently intelligible with others, even though it is the most distinct. Lexical similarity: 60% with Swahili [swh], 48% with Yao [yao]. |
| swh | Swahili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42) | Burundi | Widespread in the capital. L1 in Buyenzi, Quartier asiatique, Muslim and Congolese neighborhoods (probably Congo Swahili [swc]). Spoken by Muslims in other cities like Gitega | 9,600 in Burundi (2013 J. Leclerc), increasing | 3 (Wider communication) | Kiswahili | ||
| swh | Swahili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42) | Kenya | Garissa and Lamu counties: Somali border to Tana river mouth, along coast and inland | 16,611,000 in Kenya, all users. L1 users: 111,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. 6,200 Amu, 69,000 Bajuni, 1,000 Chitundi, 2,600 Changamwe, 480 Faza, 5,200 Jomvu, 170 Katwa, 700 Kilifi, 700 Kilindini, 300 Mtwapa, 1,600 Ngare, 1,400 Pate, 290 Shaka, 3900 Siu, 650 Tangana, 2,000 Vumba (2009 census). L2 users: 16,500,000 (2013) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (2010, Constitution, Article 7(2)) | Arab-Swahili, Kisuahili, Kiswaheli, Kiswahili, Suahili | Amu (Ozi), Mvita (Kimvita, Mombasa), Bajuni (Bajun, Gunya, Tikulu, Tikuu, Tukulu), Pemba (Hadimu, Phemba, Tambatu), Mambrui (Malindi), Pate, Siu (Siyu), Jomvu, Kilindini, Changamwe, Ngare, Vumba, Tangana, Chitundi, Faza, Katwa, Kilifi, Mtwapa, Shaka. | |
| swh | Swahili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42) | Mozambique | Cabo Delgado province | 10,000 in Mozambique (2006) | 3 (Wider communication) | Kiswahili | ||
| swh | Swahili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42) | Oman | Ash Sharqiyah South and Muscat governorates; urban centers Muscat and Sur | 49,200 in Oman (2017) | 5* (Dispersed) | Kiswahili | ||
| swh | Swahili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42) | Somalia | Jubbada Hoose region: Kismayuu south to Kenya border (Bajuni dialect); Baraawe and dispersed in southern towns (Mwini dialect) | 183,000 in Somalia (2015) | 5* (Dispersed) | Kiswahili | Mwini (Af-Chimwiini, Barawa, Barwaani, Bravanese, Chimbalazi, Chimiini, Chimwiini, Mbalazi, Miini, Mwiini), Bajuni (Af-Bajuun, al-Jaziira, Bajun, Gunya, Kibajuni, Tikuu). | |
| swh | Swahili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42) | South Africa | KwaZulu-Natal province: Chatsworth 1, southwest of Durban proper on the coast | 2,000 in South Africa (2012 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Dispersed) | Kiswahili | ||
| swh | Swahili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42) | Tanzania | Widespread. Unguja North and Unguja South regions: coastal areas | 47,000,000 in Tanzania, all users. L1 users: 15,000,000 in Tanzania (2012), increasing. L2 users: 32,000,000 (2015 D. Nurse). Total users in all countries: 98,327,740 (as L1: 16,027,740; as L2: 82,300,000) | 1 (National). De facto national language | Kisuaheli | Kiswahili | Mrima (Mtang’ata), Unguja (Kiunguja, Zanzibar), Pemba, Mgao (Kimgao). Lexical similarity: Bajun dialect 85% with the Amu dialect, 78% with the Mvita dialect, 72% with the Mrima dialect; Mvita dialect 86% with Amu, 79% with Mrima; Mrima dialect 79% with Amu. A member of macrolanguage Swahili [swa]. |
| swh | Swahili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42) | Uganda | 34,113,000 in Uganda, all users. L1 users: 313,000 in Uganda (2015 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 33,800,000 (2015) | 1 (National). Statutory national working language (2005, Constitution Amendment Act, Article 6(2)) | Kiswahili | Shamba (Kishamba). | ||
| swb | Comorian, Maore | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.44) | Mayotte | Widespread | 152,000 in Mayotte (2012). Total users in all countries: 156,500 | 5* (Developing). De facto language of national identity | Comores Swahili, Comorian, Comoro, Komoro, Maore | Shimaore | |
| wlc | Comorian, Mwali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.44) | Comoros | Moheli Autonomous Island | 40,000 in Comoros (2015 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 41,500 | 6a* (Vigorous). Statutory language of provincial identity in Moheli Island (2002, Constitution, Article 1) | Mohélien, Mwali, Shimwali | ||
| wni | Comorian, Ndzwani | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.44) | Comoros | Anjouan Autonomous Island | 337,000 in Comoros (2015 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 348,000 | 6a* (Vigorous). Statutory language of provincial identity in Anjouan Island (2002, Constitution, Article 1) | Hinzua, Njuani | Shindzwani | |
| zdj | Comorian, Ngazidja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.44) | Comoros | Grande Comore Autonomous Island | 384,000 in Comoros (2015 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 396,000 | 5* (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in Grande Comore (2002, Constitution, Article 1) | Ngazidja, Ngazija, Shingazija | Shingazidja | |
| doe | Doe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.301) | Tanzania | Pwani region: Bagamoyo and Chalinze districts, Gongo, Mkoko, and Masugulu | 10,000 (2017 K. Legère) | 6a (Vigorous) | Dohe, Dowe, Kidoe | None known. Closely related to Kwere [cwe]. | |
| ziw | Zigula | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.31) | Tanzania | Manyara region: west central; Pwani region: Bagamoyo district; Tanga region: northeast; Maasai steppe | 442,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Chizigula, Kizigua, Kizigula, Msegua, Seguha, Wayombo, Wazegua, Zeguha, Zegura, Zigoua, Zigua, Zigwa | None known. Lexical similarity: 83% with Ngulu [ngp], 75% with Bondei [bou], 68% with Shambala [ksb], 70% with Doe [doe], 62% with Kwere [cwe]. | |
| xma | Mushungulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.311) | Somalia | Jubbada Hoose region: Jamaame district; urban areas Kismaayo and Muqdisho | 20,000 (1998 J. Leclerc) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kimushungulu, Mushunguli | None known. May be the same as, or intelligible of, Zigula [ziw] or Shambala [ksb]. | |
| cwe | Kwere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.32) | Tanzania | Morogoro region; Pwani region: Bagamoyo district | 152,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kakwere, Kikwere, Kinghwele, Kwele, Ng’were, Ngh’wele, Ngwele, Nhwele, Nwele, Tsinghwele | Nghwele | None known. Lexical similarity: 74% with Doe [doe], 69% with Kami [kcu], 64% with Kutu [kdc], 61% with Zaramo [zaj], 62% with Zigula [ziw], 54% with Luguru [ruf]. |
| zaj | Zaramo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.33) | Tanzania | Morogoro region; Pwani region: Bagamoyo and Kisarawe districts, between Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam | 293,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Includes 33,000 Nyagatwa. Ethnic population: 657,000 (2000) | 8a (Moribund) | Dzalamo, Kizaramo, Myagatwa, Saramo, Zalamo, Zaramu | None known. Lexical similarity: 68% with Kutu [kdc], 65% with Kami [kcu], 61% with Kwere [cwe] and Doe [doe]. | |
| ngp | Ngulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.34) | Tanzania | Dodoma region; Manyara region: 2 areas; Morogoro region: Morogoro rural district; Pwani region: northwest; Tanga region: Handeni district | 215,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Geja, Kingulu, Nguru, Nguu, Wayomba | None known. Lexical similarity: 83% with Zigula [ziw], 73% with Bondei [bou], 68% with Shambala [ksb]. | |
| ruf | Luguru | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.35) | Tanzania | Morogoro region: Kilosa and Morogoro districts; Pwani region: Bagamoyo district, Luguru mountains, and Dar es Salaam; central Zanzibar | 404,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Cilugulu, Guru, Ikiruguru, Kiluguru, Kiruguru, Lughuru, Lugulu, Ruguru | None known. Lexical similarity: 54% with Kami [kcu]. | |
| kcu | Kami | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.36) | Tanzania | Morogoro region: Kilosa and Morogoro rural districts, north and northeast of Morogoro; Pwani region | 5,520 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), decreasing | 7 (Shifting) | Kikami | None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Kutu [kdc] and Kwere [cwe], 65% with Zaramo [zaj], 64% with Doe [doe], 54% with Luguru [ruf]. | |
| kdc | Kutu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.37) | Tanzania | Morogoro region: Kilosa and Morogoro rural districts; Pwani region: west of Dar es Salaam | 27,500 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b* (Threatened) | Khutu, Kikutu, Kixutu | None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Kami [kcu], 68% with Zaramo [zaj], 64% with Kwere [cwe], 61% with Doe [doe]. | |
| vid | Vidunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.38) | Tanzania | Morogoro region: south of Mikumi town, Vidunda mountains west, north of Great Ruaha and Udzungwa mountains | 12,000 (2016 P. Mkwan’hembo) | 5 (Developing) | Kividunda, Ndunda | Chividunda | |
| sbm | Sagala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Zigula-Zaramo (G.39) | Tanzania | Dodoma region: Mpwapwa district; Iringa region; Morogoro region: Kilosa and Ulanga districts | 111,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Includes 4,000 Kwiva | 6b* (Threatened) | Kisagala, Kisagara, Sagalla, Sagara, Saghala, Southern Kisagala | Itumba, Kondoa (Solwe), Kweny, Nkwifiya (Kwifa, Kwiva). Lexical similarity: 63% with Kagulu [kki], 60% with Gogo [gog]. | |
| beq | Beembe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.11) | Congo | Bouenza department: Mabgombo and Mouyondzi districts, Kingoué and Sibiti; Pool department: northwest of Brazzaville | 100,000 (2007 census) | 5 (Developing) | Bembe | Kibeembe | Keenge (Kikeenge, Kinkeenge), Yari (Kiyari). Dialect subgroup. |
| dde | Doondo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.112) | Congo | Bouenza department: Boko-Songho, Madingou, and Mfouati districts; Pool department, southwest Mindouli district | 30,000 (2007 census) | 6a (Vigorous) | Dondo, Kidoondo | Boko-Songho, Mfouati, Kimbedi, Kinkeenge. Part of Kongo subgroup. | |
| xku | Kaamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.112) | Congo | Bouenza department: Madingou and Nkayi districts; Lékoumou department: Sibiti district | 1,500 (2007 census) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kamba, Kikaamba | None known. Part of Kongo subgroup. | |
| vif | Vili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.12) | Congo | Kouilou and Pointe-Noire departments: coast between Angola and Gabon borders, Yoombe Island; Niari department | 11,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 14,690 | 6a (Vigorous) | Bavili, Civili, Fiot, Fiote, Tshivili, Tsivili | Civili ci Loango, Civili ci Moongo, Civili ci Yombe, Civili ci Waanda, Kotchi, Lindji, Woyo. A dialect subgroup. | |
| vif | Vili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.12) | Gabon | Nyanga province: coast near Mayumba and south | 3,690 in Gabon (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Civili, Fiot, Fiote, Tsivili | ||
| njx | Kunyi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.13) | Congo | Bouenza, Kouilou, and Niari regions, south and southeast from Makabana to Democratic Republic of the Congo border | 116,000 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kikunyi, Kugni | Nyaanga (Kinyaanga). | |
| sdj | Suundi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.131) | Congo | Pool department: Boko, Kindamba, Kinkala, and Mayama districts; Bouenza and Niari departments: border areas | 183,000 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kissoundi, Kisuundi, Soundi, Suundi de Kifouma, Suundi de Kimongo | Kisuundi kya Mayama, Kisuundi kya Ngwaari, Kisuundi kya Nkeleke. | |
| kng | Kikongo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.16) | Angola | Scattered. north Bengo and Malanje provinces; south Cabinda province; Kuanza Norte province: small border areas; Uíge and Zaire provinces: north, along Congo river. Cabinda (Kiyombe dialect); Angola proper (Kisikongo and San Salvador dialects) | 2,000,000 in Angola (2012 World Factbook) | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity | Congo, Kikoongo, Kongo, Koongo | South Kongo, South East Kongo (Nkanu, Pende, Zoombo), West Kongo (Fiote, Fioti), Ndingi (Ndinzi), Mboka, Kisikongo, Kizombo, Kindibu, Kimanyanga, Kiyombe (Cabinda, Ibinda, Kiwoyo, San Salvador Kongo). | |
| ldi | Kilari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.16) | Angola | Zaire province: northwest corner; possibly scattered communities | 6a* (Vigorous) | Laadi, Laari, Ladi, Lari | |||
| kwy | Kongo, San Salvador | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.16) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kongo Central province: Congo river area below Kinshasa | 537,000 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Congo, Iwoyo, Kikongo, Kikoongo, Kisikongo | A member of macrolanguage Kongo [kon]. | |
| kng | Koongo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.16) | Congo | Pool department: Boko district, west and northwest of Brazzaville | 16,500 in Congo (2007 census) | 5* (Dispersed) | Congo, Kikongo, Kikoongo, Kongo, Kongo-Nseke | ||
| kng | Koongo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.16) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kinshasa province; Kongo Central province: Mbanza Manteke area; Fioti north of Boma, and scattered along Congo River from Brazzaville to its mouth | 8,000,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo, all users. L1 users: 3,000,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1982 UBS). L2 users: 5,000,000. Total users in all countries: 10,016,500 (as L1: 5,016,500; as L2: 5,000,000) | 2 (Provincial) | Congo, Kikoongo, Kongo | Kikongo | South Kongo, Cataract, Central Kongo (Manyanga, Mazinga), West Kongo (Fiote, Fioti), Bwende (Buende, Sonde), East Kongo (Ntandu, Santu), South East Kongo (Nkanu, Pende, Zoombo), Nzamba (Dzamba). Part of Kongo subgroup. Other languages of the Kongo group are sometimes regarded as dialects of Koongo (see entries for Beembe [beq], Doondo [dde], Kunyi [njx], Vili [vif], Munukutuba [mkw], and Kituba [ktu]). In Angola, Ndingi and Mboka dialects may be separate languages. A member of macrolanguage Kongo [kon]. |
| ldi | Laari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.16) | Congo | Bouenza department: Mouyondzi district; Pool department: west and northwest of Brazzaville | 135,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc) | 5 (Developing) | Kilari, Laadi, Ladi, Lali, Lari | Ghaangala (Hangala, Kighaangala), Laari de Biiza, Laari de Kinkala. A member of macrolanguage Kongo [kon]. | |
| yom | Yombe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.16) | Angola | Cabinda | 39,400 in Angola (2000) | 5* (Developing) | Bayombe, Ibinda, Iombe, Kiombi, Kiyombe | Mbala (Mumbala), Vungunya (Kivungunya, Yombe Classique). | |
| yom | Yombe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.16) | Congo | Kouilou and Niari departments | 26,000 in Congo (Mabiala 1996) | 6b (Threatened) | Bayombe, Kiombi, Kiyombe, Kiyoombi | Mbala (Mumbala), Vungunya (Kivungunya, Yombe Classique). | |
| yom | Yombe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kikongo (H.16) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kongo Central province: west in Mayombe forest | 669,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2002). Total users in all countries: 734,400 | 5* (Developing) | Bayombe, Ciyoombe, Kiombi, Kiyombe, Yoombe | Kiyoombi | Mbala (Mumbala), Vungunya (Kivungunya, Yombe Classique). |
| kmb | Kimbundu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kimbundu (H.21) | Angola | Widespread northwest, mainly Bengo, Kuanza Norte, and Malanje provinces; adjacent areas in Kuanza Sul, Luanda, and Uíge provinces | 1,700,000 (2015 L. Jordan). Ethnic population: 6,000,000 (2015 L. Jordan) | 3 (Wider communication) | Kimbundo, Loanda Mbundu, Loande, Luanda, Lunda, Mbundu, N’bundo, Nbundu, North Mbundu | Kimbundu | Njinga (Ginga, Jinga), Mbamba (Bambeiro, Kimbamba), Mbaka (Ambaquista), Ngola, Ndongo (Dongo, Kindongo). Mbamba dialect may be a separate language. |
| pnd | Mpinda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kimbundu (H.21) | Angola | Kwanza Sul province: south of Porto Amboim town | 18,000 (2018 L. Jordan). Ethnic population: 30,000 (2018 L. Jordan) | 6b (Threatened) | None known. Most closely related to Kimbundu [kmb]. Lexical similarity: 64% with Ndongo variety of Kimbundu [kmb], 47% with Kibala [blv]. | ||
| smd | Sama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kimbundu (H.22) | Angola | Coastal, southern third of Bengo province: south of Luanda, Bengo Kisama; northwest Kuanza Sul province | 24,200 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kissama, Quissama | ||
| blv | Kibala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kimbundu (H.23) | Angola | Kuanza Sul province: Libolo municipality southeast of Luanda | 2,630 (2000) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bolo, Ipala, Kimbundu de Kwanza Sul, Ngoya, Pala | Bolo (Libolo, Lubolo), Hebó, Ucela, Mbwĩ, Sende. Related to Kimbundu [kmb], Songo [nsx], and Sama [smd]. | |
| nsx | Songo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kimbundu (H.24) | Angola | North central, southeast of Luanda, Malanje, Kuanza Sul, Bié, and Lunda Norte provinces | 50,000 (1978 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Nsongo, Sungu | ||
| mdp | Mbala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Mbala-Hunganna (H.41) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: Bagata and Bulungu territories, between Kwango and Kwilu rivers | 200,000 (Nida 1972) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gimbala, Rumbala | ||
| hum | Hungana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Mbala-Hunganna (H.42) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: Bulungu-Kikwit territory | 400 | 6b (Threatened) | Huana, Hungaan, Hunganna, Kihungana | ||
| ppp | Pelende | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.31) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwango province: Kenge territory | 8,400 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Reportedly similar to Lonzo [lnz] and Ngongo [noq]. | ||
| lnz | Lonzo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.31) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwango province: Kenge territory | 300 | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| noq | Ngongo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.31) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai province: Dekese territory | 4,080 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| yaf | Yaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.31) | Angola | North central corner, east of the Kwango river; Uíge province: Kimbele municipality; Malanje province northeast corner | 200,000 in Angola (2000 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Iaca, Iaka, Iyaka, Kiyaka | Yaka, Ngoongo. | |
| yaf | Yaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.31) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwango province: Kasongo, Lunda, and Popokabaka territories | 700,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000 SIL). Total users in all countries: 900,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Iaka, Iyaka, Kiyaka | Ngoongo. | |
| sub | Suku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.32) | Angola | Lunda Norte province: Caungula and Cuango municipalities | 30,000 in Angola (2018 L. Jordan) | 6a (Vigorous) | Musuku. | ||
| sub | Suku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.32) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwango province: Moanza and Mwela areas west of Feshi | 50,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1980 UBS). Total users in all countries: 80,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kisuku | None known. Classification uncertain. One report says not in the Yaka (H.30) subgroup, but in Kongo subgroup (H.10). Another says it is in Holu (K.10). | |
| shc | Sonde | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.321) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwango province: Feshi territory | 96,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kilua, Kisonde, Kisoonde, Soonde | ||
| mxg | Mbangala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.34) | Angola | West Lunda Norte province; northeast Malanje province; Malanje province: Canhica area; northwest Lunda Sul and Uíge provinces: small areas east; Kahombo, Kela e Kambundi Katembu; community in Luanda | 400,000 (2012) | 5* (Developing) | Bangala, Cimbangala | Mbangala, Yongo. Reportedly similar to Kimbundu [kmb], but so distinct that different literature is needed. | |
| xsj | Subi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Haya-Jita (E.20) | Tanzania | Kagera region: Biharamulo district | 105,000 (2016 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Kisubi | None known. Most similar with Haya [hay], Nyambo [now], and Zinza [zin]. Lexical similarity: 75% with Nyambo [now]. | |
| now | Nyambo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Haya-Jita (E.21) | Tanzania | Kagera region: Karagwe district, northwest corner, Uganda border, west of Lake Victoria | 381,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ekinyambo, Karagwe, Kinyambo, Ragwe, Rukaragwe, Runyambo, Ururagwe | Yakahanga. Lexical similarity: 84% with Haya [hay], 81% with Zinza [zin], 75% with Kerewe [cwe] and Subi [xsj], 78% with Nyankore [nyn], 72% with Chiga [cgg], 68% with Tooro [ttj], 67% with Nyoro [nyo]. | |
| hay | Haya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Haya-Jita (E.22) | Tanzania | Kagera region: Bukoba urban and Bukoba rural districts | 1,940,000 (2016) | 5 (Developing) | EkiHaya, Ekihaya, Ekihâya, Kihaya, OluHaya, Oluhaya, Oluhâya, Ruhaya, olu-Haya | Luhaya, Oruhaya | Bumbira, Edangabo, Ganda-Kiaka, Hamba, Hangiro (Ihangiro), Kyamutwara (Kiamutwara, Kjamtwara), Mwani, Nyakisisa, Yoza, Ziba (Ekiziba, Kisiba, Kiziba, Luziba, Naziba, Ruziba, Siba), Bugabo (Bugabu), Bukara, Hanja (Kianja, Kihanja, Kjanja), Missenyi (Misenyi), Nabuddu. |
| zin | Zinza | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Haya-Jita (E.23) | Tanzania | Geita, Kagera, and Mwanza regions: Lake Victoria southwest shore; area islands | 205,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), decreasing. Includes 18,000 Longo | 6b (Threatened) | Abazinza, Binza, Dzinda, Dzindza, Echidzindza, Echijinja, Echizinza, Ecijinja, Ecizinza, Ekizinza, Jinja, Kizinza, Omuchizinza, Zinja | Echiziinza, Zinza | Longo, Kula. Lexical similarity: 81% with Nyambo [now] and Nyankore [nyn], 78% with Haya [hay], 76% with Kerewe [ked], 75% with Chiga [cgg], 67% with Nyoro [nyo] and Tooro [ttj]. |
| ked | Kerewe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Haya-Jita (E.24) | Tanzania | Mara and Mwanza regions; Lake Victoria area, Maisome island and southeast Ukerewe island | 241,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ecikerebe, Ekikerebe, Ikikerebe, Kerebe, Kikerebe, Kikerewe, Kikwere, Urukerebe | None known. Lexical similarity: 76% with Zinza [zin], 75% with Haya [hay], 69% with Nyambo [now], 68% with Nyankore [nyn], 63% with Chiga [cgg] and Tooro [ttj], 62% with Nyoro [nyo]. | |
| jit | Jita | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Haya-Jita (E.25) | Tanzania | Mara region: Bunda and Musoma rural districts; possibly Mwanza region | 365,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Ecijiita, Ecijita, Kijita | Echijita | None known. Lexical similarity: 78% with Kwaya [kya], 88% with Ruri [kya], 81% with Kara [reg], 62% with Kerewe [ked]. |
| kya | Kwaya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Haya-Jita (E.251) | Tanzania | Mara region: Musoma rural district, Nyanja division, and Musoma urban district | 100,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Includes 26,000 Ruri. Ethnic population: 115,000. 70,000 Kwaya and 45,000 Ruri | 6a (Vigorous) | Kikwaya | Ruri (Ciruri, Eciruri, Eciruuri, Kirori, Kiruri, Kishyola, Luri, Rori). Lexical similarity: 89% with Ruri dialect; 83% with Jita [jit], 80% with Kara [reg]. | |
| reg | Kara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Haya-Jita (E.252) | Tanzania | Lake Victoria southeast shore, Ukara and Ukerewe islands; A few in Mwanza region | 115,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), decreasing | 7 (Shifting) | Kikara, Kilegi, Kiregi, Regi | None known. May be able to use Jita written materials. Lexical similarity: 81% with Jita [jit], 80% with Kwaya [kya]. | |
| koo | Konzo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Konzo-Ndandi (D.41) | Uganda | Bundibugyo, Kabarole, Kasese, and Ntoroko districts in Ruwenzori mountains; Bundibugyo district (Olhughendera dialect) | 893,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Includes 16,000 Banyabindi, 10,000 Banyabutumbi and 16,000 Basongora (2014 census) | 5 (Developing) | Bakonzo, Bayira, Konjo, Olukonjo, Olukonzo, Rukonjo, oluKonzo | Lhukonzo | Sanza (Ekisanza), Rukonzo (Rukonjo), Rusongora (Lusongora), Olhughendera, Runyabindi, Rugabo, Rukingwe (Runyabutumbi). Nande [nnb] (Kinande) in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Konzo [koo] (Lukonzo) in Uganda are 2 varieties of the same language. Nande [nnb] is influenced by French [fra] and Swahili [swh]; Konzo [koo] by Tooro [ttj]. Lexical similarity: 77% with Nande [nnb]. |
| koo | Konzo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Konzo-Ndandi (D.41) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Kivu province: west slope Ruwenzori Mountains | 6a* (Vigorous) | Konjo | Sanza (Ekisanza). | ||
| nnb | Nande | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Konzo-Ndandi (D.42) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: southeast; Nord-Kivu province: mainly Beni and Lubero territories | 903,000 (1991 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Banande, Bayira, Kinandi, Nandi, Ndande, Ndandi, Northern Nande, Orundande | Kinande | Nande, Kumbule (Ekikumbule), Mate (Ekimate), Tangi (Ekitangi), Sanza (Ekisanza), Shu (Ekishu), Ekisongoora (Nyangala, Songola), Swaga (Ekikira, Ekiswaga), Yira (Ekiyira). Lexical similarity: 75% with Konzo [koo]; 65% with Hunde [hke]; 55% with Tembo [tmv] and Shi [shr]; 45% with Nyoro [nyo], Nyanga [nyj], and Lega-Shabunda [lea]; 40% with Talinga-Bwisi [tlj]; 30% with Bhele [bhy]; 25% with Amba [rwm]. |
| ngq | Ngoreme | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.401) | Tanzania | Mara region: Serengeti district, Ikorongo and Ngoreme divisions | 52,400 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Dengurume, Ikingurimi, Kingereme, Kingoreme, Ngruimi, Ngurimi, Nguruimi | None known. Limited comprehension of other languages. Lexical similarity: 73% with Kuria [kuj], 76% with Zanaki [zak], 77% with Ikoma [ntk], 49% with Gusii [guz]. | |
| ikz | Ikizu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.402) | Tanzania | Mara region: Bunda district, Chamriho division; Musoma district, south of Zanaki; southeast of Lake Victoria | 52,900 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Includes 4,000 Shashi | 6a (Vigorous) | Ikiikiizu, Ikikizo, Ikikizu, Kiikizu, Kizu | Ikizu, Shashi (Kishashi, Kisizaki, Sizaki). Lexical similarity: 95% with Sizaki dialect, 87% with Zanaki [zak]. | |
| sxb | Suba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.403) | Kenya | Homa Bay county: Lake Victoria east shore, Mfangano and Rusinga islands | 139,000 (2009 census), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Luo AbaSuba | Olusuba | Suba, EgiSuba. Reportedly most similar to Suba-Simbiti [ssc]. |
| cwa | Kabwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.405) | Tanzania | Mara region: Musoma rural district, Makongoro division, Bukabwa ward | 14,000 (2011 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ekikabwa, Kikabwa | Ekikabhwa | Lexical similarity: 86% with Sweta [kuj], 80% with Kiroba (Suba-Simbiti dialects [ssc]), 73% with Kuria [kuj]. |
| sgm | Singa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.406) | Kenya | Homa Bay county: Rusinga island, Kavirondo gulf entrance | No known L1 speakers | 10 (Extinct) | Cula, Logang, Lusinga | ||
| rag | Logooli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.41) | Tanzania | Mara region: Serengeti district, Kyambahi ward | 300 in Tanzania (2005 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Maragoli | ||
| rag | Lulogooli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.41) | Kenya | Kakamega and Vihiga counties: north of Kisumu | 618,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. Total users in all countries: 618,300 | 4 (Educational) | Llogole, Llugule, Logooli, Lugooli, Luragoli, Maragoli, Maragooli, Ragoli, Uluragooli | Lulogooli | None known. Lexical similarity: 70%–80% with Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki [ida]. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| ida | Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.411) | Kenya | Bungoma, Kakamega, and Nandi counties | 598,000 (2009 census), increasing. Idakho 171,000; Isukha 217,000; Tiriki 210,000 (2009 census) | 5 (Developing) | Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki, Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki | Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi | Idakho (Idaxo, Itakho, Itoxo), Isukha (Isuxa, Lwisukha), Tiriki. High comprehension of Lulogooli [rag], but resist each other’s pronunciation. Lexical similarity: 70% with Logooli [rag], 52% with Masaba [myx] (Uganda) and Oluluyia [luy]. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| guz | Ekegusii | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.42) | Kenya | Kisii, north Migori, and Nyamira counties; Narok county: Thimjope area; south of Kavirondo Gulf | 2,705,000 in Kenya, all users. L1 users: 2,205,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. L2 users: 500,000. Total users in all countries: 2,706,470 (as L1: 2,206,470; as L2: 500,000) | 5 (Developing) | EkeGusii, Gusii, Guzii, Kisii, Kosova | Ekegusii | |
| guz | Gusii | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.42) | Tanzania | Mara region: Serengeti district, Kyambahi ward | 1,470 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b (Threatened) | Ekegusii, Guzii, Kisii, Kosova | ||
| kuj | Kuria | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.43) | Tanzania | Mara region: Musoma rural and Tarime districts, near Kenya border; some in north Serengeti | 424,000 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Total users in all countries: 684,000 | 5 (Developing) | Egikuria, Ekikuria, Ikikuria, Kikuria, Kikuria cha Mashariki, Kikuria cha juu, Koria, Kulia, Kurya, Kurye | Igikuria | 15–20 clans in Tanzania, each with slightly different dialect. Clans consider themselves to speak the Kuria language rather than the language of their clan. Lexical similarity: 73% with Ngoreme [ngq], 84% with Kiroba (Suba-Simbiti [ssc] dialect). |
| kuj | Kuria | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.43) | Kenya | Migori and southwest Narok counties | 260,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Ekiguria, Gikuria, Igikuria, Kikoria, Kikuria, Koria, Kurya | Nyabasi, Bugumbe, Bukira, Bwirege, Kiroba, Sweta. | |
| ssc | Suba-Simbiti | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.431) | Tanzania | Mara region: Tarime district, Kisumwa, Komuge, Kyang’ombe, Nyahongo, Nyamagaro, Nyamtinga, and Nyamunga wards; Musoma rural district, Nyankanga ward; Musoma urban district, Bweri ward | 113,000 (2011). Spoken by 6 ethnic groups in Tarime District: Hacha (4,200), Kine (14,500), Surwa (4,200), Sweta (12,800) and Simbiti (33,000), and Kiroba (30,000) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kisimbiti, Kisuba, Simbiti | Suba-Simbiti | Kiroba (Ekekeroobha), Kine (Kiine, Kikine), Sweta (Kisweta), Hacha (Haacha, Kihacha), Surwa (Kisurwa), Rieri (Ryeri), Kironi (Kikirone), Iryege (Ikiirëghë, Iregi, Kiiryege), Kiseru, Kisingiri. Lexical similarity: Simbiti dialect 84% with Kuria [kuj], 40% with Suba of Kenya [sxb]. |
| zak | Zanaki | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.44) | Tanzania | Mara region: Musoma rural district, Makongoro division | 97,400 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ikizanaki, Ilizanaki, Kizanaki | Ekizanaki | None known. Lexical similarity: 87% with Ikizu [ikz], 74% with Ikoma [ntk], 76% with Ngoreme [ngq], 66% with Kuria [kuj], 50% with Gusii [guz]. |
| ntk | Ikoma-Nata-Isenye | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Logooli-Kuria (E.45) | Tanzania | Mara region: Serengeti district, Gurumeti division | 34,700 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). 19,400 Ikoma, 7,100 Nata, 8,200 Isenye (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b (Threatened) | Kiikoma | Eghiikoma | Ikoma (Egiikoma, Kiikoma, Koma), Nata (Ekinata, Ikinata, Kinata, Kinatta, Natta), Isenye (Ikisenyi, Isenyi, Issenye, Kiisenye, Kiissenye). Lexical similarity: 81% with Zanaki [zak], 73% with Ngoreme [ngq], 68% with Kuria [kuj], 44% with Gusii [guz]. Dialect similarity: Ikoma 85% with Isenye and 89% with Nata; Isenye and Nata share 88%. |
| bxk | Bukusu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.31) | Kenya | Bungoma, Kakamega, and Trans Nzoia counties: south of Kitale | 1,433,000 in Kenya (2009 census), increasing. Total users in all countries: 1,470,100 | 4 (Educational) | Lubukusu | A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. | |
| bxk | Bukusu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.31) | Uganda | Manafwa and Namisindwa districts. Majority of speakers live across the Kenyan border | 37,100 in Uganda (2014 census). Census based on tribal affiliation | 6a* (Vigorous) | Babukusu, Lubukusu | ||
| lts | Lutachoni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.31) | Kenya | Bungoma and Kakamega counties: Nzoia river middle reaches | 118,000 (2009 census) | 5* (Developing) | Tachon, Tachoni, Tatsoni | Lutachoni | None known. Reportedly similar to Lukabaras [lkb]. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| myx | Masaaba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.31) | Uganda | Bududa, Bulambuli, Manafwa, Mbale, and Sironko districts; Mount Elgon area | 1,650,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation | 5 (Developing) | Bagisu, Gisu, Kisu, Lugisu, Masaba | Lumasaaba, Masaaba | Ludadiri (Dadiri), Lubuuya (Buuya, Buya), Luwalasi, Luyobo, Luteza, Lufumbo. Intelligibility of Dadiri and Buuya 83%. Central and Southern varieties of Buuya 93%. Lexical similarity: 62% with Saamia [lsm], 52% with Isukha [ida], 50% with Logooli [rag]. |
| lkb | Lukabaras | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.32) | Kenya | Kakamega, Nandi, and Uasin Gishu counties | 253,000 (2009 census) | 5* (Developing) | Kabarasi, Kabras | Lukabaras | None known. Reportedly similar to Lutachoni [lts]. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| nle | Nyala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.32) | Kenya | Busia and Siaya counties: Lake Victoria area, Nzoia river mouth to northwest of Luambwa and Busonga; enclave up river; Bungoma and Kakamega counties | 273,000 (2009 census) | 5 (Developing) | LuNyala, OluNyala, Olunyala | Lunyala | East Nyala, West Nyala. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| lrm | Olumarama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.32) | Kenya | Kakamega and Vihiga counties: north of Kisumu town | 152,500 (2009 census) | 4 (Educational) | Marama | Olumarama | None known. Reportedly similar to Oluwanga [lwg]. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| lks | Olushisa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.32) | Kenya | Kakamega county: Yala town northeastward | 137,000 (2009 census) | 4 (Educational) | Kisa | Olushisa | None known. Reportedly similar to Olumarama [lrm]. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| lto | Olutsotso | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.32) | Kenya | Kakamega county: capital area | 122,000 (2009 census) | 4 (Educational) | Tsotso | Olutsotso | A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| lwg | Oluwanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.32) | Kenya | Kakamega county: both banks of Nzoia river | 309,000 (2009 census) | 4 (Educational) | Hanga, Kawanga, Luhanga, Luwanga, Oluhanga, Wanga | Oluwanga | None known. Reportedly similar to Olumarama [lrm]. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| nyd | Olunyole | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.33) | Kenya | Kakamega and Vihiga counties: above Kavirondo gulf | 311,000 (2009 census), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Lunyole, Lunyore, Nyole, Nyoole, Nyore, Olunyore | Olunyole | None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Nyole [nuj] of Uganda. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| lsm | Saamya-Gwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.34) | Uganda | Bugiri, Busia, and Namayingo districts: near Kenya border, Lake Victoria is southern boundary | 525,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. 421,000 Saamya, 100,000 Gwe and 4,000 Heehe (2014 census). Total users in all countries: 650,000 | 5 (Developing) | Bagwe, Basamia, Lusaamya-Lugwe, Saamia | Ólusaamya | Saamya (Saamia, Samia), Gwe (Lugwe), Heehe (Luheehe, Luhehe). Lexical similarity: 88% with Oluwanga [lwg], 80% with Olunyole [nyd], 62% with Masaba [myx] (Uganda), 59%–61% with Ganda [lug] (Uganda), 52% with Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi [ida], 51% with Gwere [gwr] (Uganda). A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| lsm | Olusamia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.34) | Kenya | Busia and Siaya counties: west of Ukewala to Lake Victoria | 125,000 in Kenya (2009 census) | 4 (Educational) | Lusaamia, Saamia, Ólusaamya | ||
| lko | Olukhayo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.341) | Kenya | Busia county: Nambare area | 125,000 (2009 census) | 4 (Educational) | Khayo, Xaayo | Olukhayo | None known. Reportedly similar to Olumarachi [lri]. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| lri | Olumarachi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.342) | Kenya | Busia county: northwest of Nzoia river | 155,000 (2009 census) | 4 (Educational) | Marachi | Olumarachi | None known. Reportedly similar to Olukhayo [lko]. A member of macrolanguage Oluluyia [luy]. |
| nuj | Nyole | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Masaba-Luhya (E.35) | Uganda | Butaleja, Mbale, and Tororo districts | 530,000 (2002 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation | 5 (Developing) | LoNyole, Nyule, Nyuli | Lunyole | Menya (Lumenya), Hadyo (Luhadyo), Sabi (Lusabi), Wesa (Luwesa). Lexical similarity: 70%–80% with Saamia [lsm], 82% with the Lugwe dialect of Saamia, 67% with Ganda [lug], 61% with Olunyole [nyd] of Kenya. |
| rub | Gungu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.101) | Uganda | Buliisa district: Lake Albert northeast shore; down the Rift valley and hills above; Hoima district: Kigoroobya, both Town Council and Kigorobya (Rural) sub-county | 84,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation | 5 (Developing) | Rugungu | Lugungu | Highland Gungu, Lowland Gungu. Reported 58% or lower inherent intelligibility with Tooro [ttj]. Nyoro [nyo] is most similar. Lexical similarity: 75% with Nyoro [nyo]. |
| tlj | Talinga-Bwisi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.102) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Kivu province: Beni territory, Butalinga county, Virunga National Park boundary, up to Uganda border | 30,900 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bwisi, Kitalinga, Lubwisi, Lubwissi, Mawissi, Olubwisi, Talinga | ||
| tlj | Talinga-Bwisi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.102) | Uganda | Bundibugyo district: Bwamba county, southwest of Fort Portal, between Albert and Edward lakes; Democratic Republic of the Congo border | 101,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Total users in all countries: 131,900 | 5 (Developing) | Bwissi, Kitalinga, Lubwisi, Lubwissi, Mawissi, Olubwisi, Talinge | Bwisi | None known. 68% inherent intelligibility with Tooro [ttj]. Lexical similarity: 73% with Tooro [ttj], 72% with Nyoro [nyo], 40% with Nande [nnb]. |
| ruc | Ruruuli-Runyala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.103) | Uganda | Kayunga, Kiryandongo, Masindi, and Nakasongola districts: west of Lake Kyoga area; some in Amolatar and Luwero districts | 238,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. 190,000 Ruuli, 48,000 Nyala (2014 census) | 6a (Vigorous) | Baruli, Luduuli, Ruli, Ruluuli, Ruluuli-Runyala, Rurulim, Ruuli, Ruuli-Nyala | Runyala. Reportedly similar to Gwere [gwr], Gungu [rub], and the Lamoogi, Siki and Lukono dialects of Soga [xog]. Lexical similarity: 71% with Nyoro [nyo], 70% between Eastern Ruli and Ganda [lug]. | |
| nyo | Nyoro | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.11) | Uganda | Buliisa, Hoima, Kibaale, Kiryandongo, and Masindi districts; also Kiboga, Kyankwanzi, Kyegegwa, and Kyenjojo districts east of Lake Albert | 967,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation | 5 (Developing) | Kyopi, Lunyoro | Runyoro | Rutagwenda, Orunyoro (Nyoro). 73% inherent intelligibility with Gungu [rub]. Hema-Sud [nyo] (Nyoro-Toro) in Democratic Republic of the Congo is quite different. Lexical similarity: 78%–93% with Tooro [ttj], 77% with Nyankore [nyn] and Chiga [cgg], 67% with Nyambo [now] and Zinza [zin], 66% with Haya [hay], 62% with Kerewe [ked]. |
| ttj | Tooro | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.12) | Uganda | Bundibugyo, Kabarole, Kamwenge, Kasese, Kibaale, Kyegegwa, Kyenjojo, and Ntoroko districts; West, south and southeast of Lake Albert | 846,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. 811,000 Tooro, 35,000 Tuku (2014 census) | 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in Kabarole and Kabale districts | Orutoro, Rutoro, Toro | Rutooro | Tuku, Rutuku. Hema [nix] (Nyoro-Toro) in Democratic Republic of the Congo is slightly different. Tuku dialect is most likely a separate language. Lexical similarity: 78%–93% with Nyoro [nyo]. |
| nix | Hema | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.121) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ituri province: Djugu and Irumu territories | 125,000 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Congo Nyoro, Hema-Sud, Kihema, Nyoro, Oruhuma, Runyoro, Southern Hema | ||
| nyn | Nyankore | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.13) | Uganda | Bushenyi district: Ishaka municipality; Ibanda, Isingiro, Kabale, Kamwenge, Kasese, Kiruhura, Mbarara, Ntungamo, and Rubirizi districts | 3,420,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Includes 152,000 Hororo and 49,000 Runyaruguru (2014 census) | 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Bushenyi, Mbarara, Ntungamo districts | Nkole, Nyankole, Olunyankole, Runyankole, Ulunyankole, Ulunyankore | Runyankore | Hororo, Hima, Runyaruguru. Hima dialect may be a separate language similar to Tuku [ttj] and Hema [nix] in Democratic Republic of Congo. Lexical similarity: 78%–96% between Nyankore, Nyoro [nyo], and their dialects; 84%–94% with Chiga [cgg], 75%–86% with Tooro (Nyoro) [nyo], 81% with Zinza [zin], 78% with Nyambo [now], 74% with Haya [hay], 68% with Kerewe [ked]. |
| cgg | Chiga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.14) | Uganda | Kabale, Kanungu, Kibaale, north Kisoro, Ntungamo, and Rukungiri districts | 2,390,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation | 4 (Educational) | Bachiga, Bahororo, Bakiga, Ciga, Kiga, Nkore, Nkore-Kiga, Oluchiga, Orukiga, Runyankore-Rukiga | Rukiga | RuNyaifwe-Hororo, RuSigi, RuNyangyezi, RuHimba. 72% intelligible with Nyankore [nyn]. Lexical similarity: 84%–94% with Nyankore [nyn], 77% with Nyoro [nyo], 75% with Zinza [zin], 72% with Nyambo [now], 70% with Haya [hay], 68% with Tooro [ttj], 63% with Kerewe [ked]. |
| lug | Ganda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.15) | Uganda | Buganda province: Lake Victoria northwest shore to Lake Kyoga and Tanzania border | 6,560,000 in Uganda, all users. L1 users: 5,560,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. L2 users: 1,000,000 (Wiesenfeld 1999). Total users in all countries: 6,564,750 (as L1: 5,564,750; as L2: 1,000,000) | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity | Baganda, LùGáànda, luGanda | Luganda | Kooki (Olukooki), Sese (Olusese), Vuma (Luvuma), Diopa (Ludiopa). Lexical similarity: 71%–86% with Soga [xog], 68% with Gwere [gwr]. |
| lke | Kenye | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.16) | Uganda | Buyende, Kaliro, Kibuku, Mayuge, Pallisa, and Serere districts: Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga basin; some in Bugiri, Busia, Kaberamaido, Kamuli, Kayunga, and Namayingo districts | 99,900 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation | 6a (Vigorous) | Bakenyi, Kenyi, Lukenhe, Lukenye, Lukenyi | Lukenye-Ludebede, Lukenye-Lukooli. Kenye, Lamogi [xog], Siginyi [xog], and Gwere [gwr] are mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: 81% with Soga [xog], 71%–86% with Ganda [lug], 64% with Gwere [gwr], 58% with Saamia [lsm]. | |
| xog | Soga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.16) | Uganda | Bugiri, Buyende, Iganga, Jinja, Kamuli, Luuka, Mayuge, and Namayingo districts; between Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga. Kaliro district (Lulamogi dialect); Namutumba district (Lukono and Lusiginyi dialects) | 2,960,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation | 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in Iganga, 4 other districts | Olusoga | Lusoga | Tenga (Lutenga), Lamoogi (Lamogi, Lulamogi, Lulamoogi), Siki (Lusiginyi, Lusiki, Siginyi), Diope (Ludiope), Nholo (Lunholo), Kigulu (Lukigulu), Gweri (Lugweri), Luuka, Tembé (Lutembe), Gabula (Lugabula), Lukono (Kono). Lamogi (Lamoogi)and Siki (Siginyi) dialects are mutually intelligible of Gwere [gwr] and Kenye [lke]. Lexical similarity: Lutenga dialect; 82%–86% with Ganda [lug], 77%– 81% with Kenye [lke], 69%–78% with Lulamoogi [xog], 64% with Gwere [gwr], 58% with Saamia [luy]. Lulamoogi dialect; 89%–92% with Lusiginyi; 83%–88% with Kenye [lke], and 81%–82% with Gwere [gwr], Lusiginyi dialect; 83%–84% with Kenye [lke], and 79%–82% with Gwere. |
| gwr | Gwere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (E.17) | Uganda | Budaka, Butaleja, Butebo, Kibuku, Mbale, Pallisa, and Sironko districts | 621,000 (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation | 5 (Developing) | Bagwere, Olugwere, oLugwere | Lugwere | None known. Lexical similarity: 68% with Ganda [lug], 82% with Lamooji [xog], 79% with Lusiginyi [xog], 77% with Kenye [lke], 64% with Lutenga [xog]. |
| kin | Fumbira | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.61) | Uganda | Kisoro district; Kabale and Ntungamo districts | 1,240,000 in Uganda (2014 census), increasing. Census based on tribal affiliation; 713,000 Bafumbira, 524,000 Banyarwanda (2014 census) | 5 (Dispersed) | Bafumbira, Banyarwanda, Kinyarwanda, Ruanda, Rufumbira, Runyarwanda, Rwanda | ||
| kin | Kinyarwanda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.61) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Kivu province: Rwanda border lakes area; Sud-Kivu province: west of Bujumbura | 250,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (UBS) | 5* (Dispersed) | Ruanda, Rwanda | Bwisha (Kinyabwisha), Mulenge (Kinyamulenge), Twa. | |
| kin | Kinyarwanda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.61) | Rwanda | 10,600,000 in Rwanda (2013). Total users in all countries: 12,120,250 | 1 (National). Statutory national language (2003, Constitution, Article 5) | Hima, Ikinyarwanda, Orunyarwanda, Ruanda, Rwanda, Rwandan, Urunyaruanda | Kinyarwanda | Igikiga (Igishiru, Ikigoyi, Kiga, Tshiga), Bufumbwa, Hutu (Hera, Lera, Ndara, Ndogo, Shobyo, Tshogo, Ululera), Rutwa (Twa), Gitwa, Ikinyanduga. Mutually intelligible with Rundi [run]. | |
| run | Rundi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.62) | Burundi | Widespread | 10,000,000 in Burundi (2006 World Factbook), increasing. 4,000,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 10,000,000. Total users in all countries: 10,765,950 | 1 (National). Statutory national language (2005, Constitution, Article 5) | Hima, Kirundi, Urundi | Ikirundi | Ikibo, Ikirundi, Ikiragane, Igisoni, Ikinyabweru, Ikiyogoma, Ikimoso (Urumoso). All dialects except Twa are reportedly very similar to each other and to Kinyarwanda [kin]. |
| flr | Fuliiru | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.63) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Kivu province: Uvira territory, north and northwest of Uvira | 400,000 (2012 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Fulero, Fuliiro, Fuliru, Kifulero | Kifuliiru | None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Mashi [shr], 90% with Nyindu [nyg] and Joba [job]. |
| job | Joba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.631) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Kivu province: Uvira territory, north and northwest of Uvira | 10,000 (1989 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kijoba, Kivira, Loba, Vira | ||
| suj | Shubi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.64) | Tanzania | Kagera region: Biharamulo district, northwest of Sumbwa, near Lake Victoria; north Kigoma and Shinyanga regions | 92,400 (2016 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kishubi, Shuwi, Sinja, Sinya, Urushubi | None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Hangaza [han], 77% with Rundi [run] and Ha [haq], 71% with Kinyarwanda [kin], 49% with Sumbwa [suw]. | |
| han | Hangaza | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.65) | Tanzania | Kagera region: Biharamulo and Ngara districts, southwest of Bukoba; Kigoma region | 155,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kihangaza | None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Shubi [suj], 83% with Rundi [run], 77% with Ha [haq], 72% with Kinyarwanda [kin]. | |
| haq | Ha | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.66) | Tanzania | Kigoma region: near Burundi border; Kagera and Shinyanga regions | 1,230,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Many monolinguals | 6a (Vigorous) | Giha, Igiha, Ikiha, Kiha, Ruha, Ruhaa | Dialects in border area near Burundi reportedly intelligible with Rundi [run] (Polomé and Hill 1980). Lexical similarity: 78% with Rundi [run], 77% with Hangaza [han] and Shubi [suj], 72% with Kinyarwanda [kin]. | |
| vin | Vinza | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.67) | Tanzania | Kigoma region: Kigoma rural district, Uvinza town area west; Rukwa and Tabora regions | 10,000 (1987) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kivinza | ||
| nyg | Nyindu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Hunde (D.501) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Kivu province: west of Lake Kivu | 8,400 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Many Nyindu consider themselves Lega-Mwenga [lgm], but Lega and Shi [shr] speakers consider them Shi. Their speech is reportedly a mixture of Lega-Mwenga [lgm] and Shi [shr]. | ||
| hke | Hunde | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Hunde (D.51) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Kivu province: Masisi and Rutshuru territories | 200,000 (1980 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kihunde, Kobi, Rukobi | None known. Lexical similarity: 75% with Tembo [tbt], 65% with Nande [nnb], 57% with Nyanga [nyj] and Shi [shr], 50% with Lega-Shabunda [lea]. | |
| hav | Havu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Hunde (D.52) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Kivu province; Sud-Kivu province: Idjwi and Kalehe territories | 506,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Haavu, Kihavu | None known. Lexical similarity: 70% with Shi [shr]. | |
| shr | Shi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Hunde (D.53) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Kivu province: north, west, and south of Bukavu | 654,000 (1991 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Kishi, Nyabungu | Mashi | Lindja, Hwindja (Lwindja), Ziba, Longe-Longe. Lexical similarity: 70% with Havu [hav] and Tembo [tbt], 57% with Hunde [hke], 55% with Nande [nnb], 44% with Lega-Shabunda [lea], 42% with Nyanga [nyj]. |
| tbt | Tembo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Hunde (D.531) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Kivu and Sud-Kivu provinces: Kalehe territory | 150,000 (1994 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | ChiTembo, Kitembo | Chitembo | Tembo (Kitembo), Rhinyihinyi. No major dialect differences. Lexical similarity: 75% with Hunde [hke], 70% with Shi [shr], 55% with Nande [nnb], 50% with Nyanga [nyj], 45% with Lega Shabunda [lea]. |
| kcw | Kabwari | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Hunde (D.56) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Kivu province: Fizi territory | 8,400 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bwari | ||
| cjk | Chokwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.11) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | East Kwango, south Kasai, and Lualaba provinces: near Angola border | 504,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1990 UBS) | 5* (Dispersed) | Ciokwe, Cokwe, Djok, Imo, Shioko, Tschiokwe, Tshokwe | ||
| cjk | Chokwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.11) | Zambia | North-Western province | 17,700 in Zambia (2010 census). Ethnic population: 61,900 (2010 census) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ciokwe, Cokwe, Djok, Shioko, Tschiokwe, Tshokwe | Minungo. | |
| cjk | Cokwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.11) | Angola | Widespread. East Bié, Cunene, central Kuando Kubango, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, and west Moxico provinces | 456,000 in Angola (1991). Total users in all countries: 977,700 | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity | Chokwe, Ciokwe, Djok, Kioko, Quioco, Shioko, Tschiokloe, Tshokwe | Minungo, Ulanda, Ukhongo. | |
| lum | Luimbi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.12) | Angola | North Bié and south Malanje provinces: Kuanza river watershed area | 43,900 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Chiluimbi, Luimbe, Lwimbe, Lwimbi | None known. Related to Nkangala [nkn] and Mbwela [mfu]; in Ngangela subgroup. Similar to Songo [nsx], less similar to Lucazi [lch] and Ngonzela of Ngangela cluster. Doubtful if intelligible with Mbwela [mfu], as they are not contact languages. | |
| nba | Nyemba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.12) | Angola | North Cunene, east Huíla, northwest Kuando Kubango provinces; some in Bié and Huambo provinces | 222,000 in Angola (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Total users in all countries: 231,540 | 5* (Developing) | Gangela, Ganguela, Ganguella, Ngangela, Nhemba | None known. Part of Ngangela subgroup. Fully intelligible with Lucazi [lch], Nkangala [nkn], Mbwela [mfu], and Ngonzela. | |
| lch | Lucazi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.13) | Angola | Kuando Kubango province: Kuito Kuanavale to Mavinga; southwest Moxico province: Lucazi municipality; adjacent areas | 400,000 in Angola (2011 S. Floor). Total users in all countries: 431,000 | 5 (Developing) | Luchazi, Lujash, Lujazi, Lutchaz, Lutshase, Luxage, Ponda, chi-Luchazi | Chiluchazi | None known. Part of Ngangela subgroup. Readily intelligible with all variants of the Ngangela macrolanguage. |
| lch | Luchazi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.13) | Zambia | North-Western province | 29,600 in Zambia (2010 census) | 5* (Developing) | Chiluchazi, Cujazi, Lucazi, Lujash, Lujasi, Lutshase, Luxage, Ponda | ||
| lue | Luvale | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.14) | Angola | Moxico and southeast provinces | 464,000 in Angola (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001) | 5* (Dispersed) | Balovale, Chiluvale, Lovale, Lubale, Luena, Lwena | ||
| lue | Luvale | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.14) | Zambia | North-Western and Western provinces | 171,000 in Zambia (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 635,000 | 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Northwestern and Western provinces | Balovale, Lovale, Lubale | Chiluvale, Luvale | |
| mck | Mbunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.15) | Angola | Moxico province | 135,000 in Angola (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Total users in all countries: 218,000 | 5* (Developing) | Chimbunda, Ki-mbunda, Mbuunda, Mbúùnda | Chimbúùnda | |
| mck | Mbunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.15) | Zambia | North-Western province: north Barotseland | 83,000 in Zambia (2010 census) | 5* (Developing) | Chimbunda, Gimbunda, Kimbunda, Mbuunda | ||
| yax | Yauma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.16) | Angola | Southeast, isolated enclave in Lucazi [lch] language area, Moxico province; Kuando Kubango Province, Kuando river area | 17,100 in Angola (2000). Total users in all countries: 22,200 | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Part of the Ngangela Subgroup. | ||
| nye | Nyengo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.16) | Angola | Kuando Kubango province | 9,380 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Nhengo | ||
| yax | Yauma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.16) | Zambia | Western province: southwest corner, Kwando river area | 5,100 in Zambia (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6b (Threatened) | |||
| mfu | Mbwela | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.17) | Angola | Kuando Kubango province: large central, southern area; Bié, Cunene, Huíla, and Moxico provinces | 222,000 (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ambuela, Ambuella, Mbuela, Mbwera, Shimbwera | None known. Part of Ngangela subgroup. Intelligible with Lucazi [lch], Ngonzela, and Nyemba [nba], and will be able to use the new Lucazi Bible. | |
| nkn | Nkangala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Ciokwe-Luchazi (K.18) | Angola | Kuando Kubango and Moxico provinces | 22,300 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Cangala, Ngangala | None known. Member of Ngangela cluster. Intelligible with Nyemba [nba], Mbwela [mfu], Ngonzela, and Lucazi [lch]. | |
| loz | Lozi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Lozi (K.21) | Botswana | North West district: Chobe subdistrict, mixed in with Kuhane [sbs] language area | 14,000 in Botswana (2003 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Dispersed) | |||
| loz | Lozi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Lozi (K.21) | Namibia | Kavango East and Zambezi regions: widespread | 34,100 in Namibia (2016) | 3 (Wider communication). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5), mainly used as primary educational medium in certain areas. Spoken as lingua franca by all residents of East Caprivi Strip | Kololo, Rotse, Rozi, Rutse, Silozi, Tozvi | ||
| loz | Lozi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Lozi (K.21) | Zambia | Southern province: Livingstone area; Western province: Barotseland | 612,000 in Zambia (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 730,100 | 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in portions of Western and Southern provinces | Kololo, Kolololo, Rotse, Rozi, Rutse, Silozi, Tozvi | siLozi | |
| loz | Lozi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Lozi (K.21) | Zimbabwe | Matabeleland North province: Zambia border west of Victoria Falls | 70,000 in Zimbabwe (1982) | 7 (Shifting). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Kololo, Rotse, Rotvi, Rozi, Rutse, Silozi, Tozvi | ||
| lyn | Luyana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.31) | Zambia | Western province: east Lozi-Luyana area | 2,880 in Zambia (2010 census). 1,000 Kwandi, 1,400 Kwangwa, 480 Luyana (2010 census) | 4 (Educational) | Esiluyana, Louyi, Lui, Luyi, Rouyi | Kwandi, Kwanga (Kwangwa), Mbumi (Mbume). Mbowe dialect may be a separate language. | |
| mxo | Mbowe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.32) | Zambia | North-Western province: Zambezi district; Western province: Lukulu district; Zambezi river area | 460 (2010 census) | 6b (Threatened) | Esimbowe | ||
| kwn | Kwangali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.33) | Angola | Kuando Kubango province: Diriku and Kalai municipalities | 22,000 in Angola (2017 K. Legère) | 5* (Dispersed) | Cuangar, Kwangare, Kwangari, Rukwangari, Rukwángali, Sikwangali, Vakwángali | Shambyu (Sambio, Sambiu, Sambyu, Shisambyu). | |
| kwn | Kwangali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.33) | Namibia | Kavango East and Kavango West regions | 130,000 in Namibia (2017 K. Legère). Ethnic population: 133,000 (2017 K. Legère). Total users in all countries: 152,000 | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5), mainly used as education medium in primary grades | Kwangare, Kwangari, Rukwangari, Sikwangali, Vakwángali | Rukwángali | Shambyu (Sambio, Sambiu, Sambyu, Shisambyu). May be intelligible of Gciriku [diu]. |
| diu | Gciriku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.332) | Namibia | Kavango East, Kavango West, Otjozondjupa, and Zambezi regions | 13,800 in Namibia (2016). Total users in all countries: 39,800 | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5), mainly used as education medium in primary grades | Dciriku, Diriko, Diriku, Manyo, Mbogedo, Mbogedu, Rugciriku, Shimbogedu | Rumanyo | None known. Reportedly similar to Simaa [sie] and Kwangali [kwn]. |
| diu | Gciriku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.332) | Angola | Kuando Kubango province: Diriku municipality; southeast border with Namibia | 24,000 in Angola | 5* (Dispersed) | Dciriku, Diriko, Diriku, Manyo, Mbogedo, Rugciriku, Rumanyo, Shimbogedu | ||
| diu | Gciriku | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.332) | Botswana | North West district; extreme west and north borders with Namibia | 2,000 in Botswana (2004 R. Cook) | 5 (Dispersed) | Diriko, Diriku, Mbogedo, Mbogedu, Rugciriku, Rumanyo, Shimbogedu | ||
| mhw | Mbukushu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.333) | Angola | Kuando Kubango province: Okavango river north bank | 4,000 in Angola (Andersson and Janson 1997) | 6b* (Threatened) | Cusso, Gova, Kuso, Mambukush, Mampukush, Mbukuhu, Mbukushi, Thimbukushu | ||
| mhw | Mbukushu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.333) | Botswana | North West district: north of Gomare within 30 km of Okavango river | 31,200 in Botswana (2015 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 49,710 | 6a (Vigorous) | Gova, Hambukushu, Kusso, Mambukush, Mampukush, Mbukuhu, Mbukushi, Sempukushu | Thimbukushu | |
| mhw | Mbukushu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.333) | Namibia | Kavango East and Zambezi regions | 9,510 in Namibia (2016) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5), mainly used as education medium in primary grades | Gova, Hambukushu, Kusso, Mambukush, Mampukush, Mbukuhu, Mbukushi, Thimbukushu | None known. Reportedly similar to Kwangali [kwm]. | |
| mhw | Mbukushu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.333) | Zambia | Western province: Kwando river area | 5,000 in Zambia (2006 J. Leclerc) | 6b (Threatened) | Gova, Kusso, Mambukush, Mampukush, Mbukuhu, Mbukushi, Thimukushu | ||
| mho | Mashi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.34) | Angola | Kuando Kubango and Moxico provinces: Kuando river west bank | 2,630 in Angola (2000) | 5 (Developing) | Kamaxi, Masi | North Kwandu, South Kwandu, Mashi. | |
| mho | Mashi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.34) | Namibia | Kavango East and Zambezi regions; scattered nomadic groups | 300 in Namibia (2016) | 6b* (Threatened) | Masi | North Kwandu, South Kwandu, Mashi. | |
| mho | Mashi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.34) | Zambia | Western province | 18,800 in Zambia (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 21,730 | 6b* (Threatened) | Masi | North Kwandu, South Kwandu, Mashi. Dialect subgroup. | |
| sie | Makoma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.35) | Angola | Moxico province: Bundas municipality; vicinity around Mussuma town east of Lumbala near the border of Zambia | 3,000 in Angola (2018 L. Jordan) | 6a (Vigorous) | Simaa | ||
| sie | Simaa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Luyana (K.35) | Zambia | Western province: Lozi-Luyana area | 16,700 in Zambia (2010 census). 1,980 Imilangu, 9,300 Koma, 2,870 Mwenyi, 2,530 Simaa. Ethnic population: 27,600 (2010 census). 3,630 Imilangu, 14,300 Koma, 4,600 Mwenyi, 5,000 Simaa (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 19,700 | 6b (Threatened) | Simaa, Mulonga, Imilangu, Mwenyi, Nyengo, Makoma (Koma), Liyuwa. Imigangu may be a dialect of Luyana [lyn]. | ||
| fwe | Fwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Subiya-Totela (K.402) | Namibia | Zambezi region | 13,700 in Namibia (2016) | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Reportedly similar to Kuhane [sbs]. | ||
| ttl | Totela | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Subiya-Totela (K.41) | Zambia | Western province: north of Subia; Southern rovince: Kazungula district | 1,120 (2010 census) | 6b* (Threatened) | Echitotela | ||
| sbs | Kuhane | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Subiya-Totela (K.42) | Botswana | North West district: Chobe subdistrict, mixed in with Lozi [loz] language area | 6,520 in Botswana (2015 UNSD) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Chikuhane, Echisubia, Ikuhane, Kuahane, Kwahane, Sesubea, Sesubiya, Subia, Subiya, Supia | ||
| sbs | Kuhane | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Subiya-Totela (K.42) | Namibia | Zambezi region | 31,700 in Namibia (2016). Total users in all countries: 39,570 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Chikuahane, Chikwahane, Ciikuhane, Echisubia, Ikuhane, Mbalangwe, Subia, Subiya, Supia | None known. Lexical similarity: 61% with Luyana [lyn], 60% with Tonga [toi]. | |
| sbs | Kuhane | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Subiya-Totela (K.42) | Zambia | Southern province: southwest corner; Western province: southeast corner; along Zambezi river | 1,350 in Zambia (2010 census) | 6b* (Threatened) | Chikuahane, Chikwahane, Echisubia, Ikuhane, Subia, Subiya, Supia | ||
| kqn | Kaonde | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Kaonde (L.41) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Katanga province: west; Lualaba province: east Kolwezi territory | 36,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1995) | 6b (Threatened) | Chikahonde, Chikaonde, Kahonde, Kawonde | ||
| kqn | Kaonde | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Kaonde (L.41) | Zambia | Central, Copperbelt, North-Western, and Western provinces: northwest of Mumbwa | 206,000 in Zambia (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 242,000 | 4 (Educational) | Chikahonde, Chikaonde, Kahonde, Kawonde, Luba Kaonde | kiiKaonde | None known. Not closely related to other languages. |
| lua | Luba-Kasai | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.31) | Angola | Lunda Norte province: Cambulo, Chitato, Cuilo, and Lucapa municipalities | 60,000 in Angola (2018 L. Jordan) | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| lua | Luba-Kasai | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.31) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai-Oriental; Kasai province: southeastern third; Sankuru province | 7,000,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo, all users. L1 users: 6,300,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1991 UBS). L2 users: 700,000. Total users in all countries: 7,060,000 (as L1: 6,360,000; as L2: 700,000) | 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Kasai Region (2006, Constitution, Article 1(8)) | Bena-Lulua, Ciluba, Luba-Lulua, Luva, Western Luba | Tshiluba | Lulua, Luluwa, West Luba. Significant dialect differences between East Kasai region (Baluba people) and West Kasai region (Bena Lulua people). Reportedly similar to Hemba [hem]. |
| kny | Kanyok | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.32) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Lomami province: Mwene-Ditu territory, between Bushimaie and Luembe rivers | 200,000 (1991 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Kanioka, Kanyoka | Kanyok | |
| lub | Luba-Katanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.33) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Lomami province; Sankuru province: southeast | 1,510,000 (1991 UBS) | 6b (Threatened) | Luba, Luba-Shaba | Kiluba | |
| hem | Hemba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.34) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema province: extreme south; Tanganyika province: east Kongolo territory | 181,000 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Eastern Luba, Emba, Kiemba, Kihemba, Luba-Hemba | Lexical similarity: 67% with Bangubangu [bnx], 64% with Songe [sop], higher than 67% with the Mikebwe and Hombo dialects of Bangubangu. | |
| sng | Sanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.35) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Katanga province: north of Likasi, dispersed in Mitwaba and Pweto territories; Lualaba province: Lubudi territory | 431,000 (1991 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Garengaze, Kiluba, Luba-Garenganze, Luba-Sanga, Southern Luba | Kisanga | |
| slx | Salampasu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Lunda (L.51) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai-Central province: southest, east of Luiza | 60,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Chisalampasu | Luntu. | |
| lun | Lunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Lunda (L.52) | Zambia | Luapula province: between Mweru and Bangweula lakes; North-Western province, northern Kabompo and Mwinilunga districts; Western province: Kabongo river area | 225,000 in Zambia (2010 census). 214,000 Lunda, 10,900 Ndembu (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 403,000 | 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Northwest Province, Copperbelt | Chilunda | chiLunda | Kosa (Koosa), Ndembu, Humbu, Kawiku. Reportedly similar to Ruund [rnd] of Democratic Republic of the Congo. |
| lun | Lunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Lunda (L.52) | Angola | Lunda Norte province: Caungula municipality; Lunda Sul and Moxico provinces: contiguous border area with Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Zambia | 178,000 in Angola (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001) | 5* (Dispersed) | Chilunda, Ruund | ||
| lun | Lunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Lunda (L.52) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwango province: southeast, Kahemba territory; Lualaba province | 5* (Dispersed) | Chilunda | Lunda Ndembu, Lunda Kalunda, Lunda Kambove. | ||
| rnd | Ruund | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Lunda (L.53) | Angola | Northeast, north central Lunda Norte province: Luchibe river area | 98,500 in Angola (2000) | 5* (Developing) | Chilu Wunda, Luunda, Muatiamvua, Northern Lunda, Ruwund, Uruund | ||
| rnd | Ruund | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Lunda (L.53) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Lomami province: small border area south; Lualaba province: west | 153,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000). Total users in all countries: 251,500 | 5* (Developing) | Chiluwunda, Kilunda, Kiluunda, Lunda Kambove, Lunda-Kamboro, Luunda, Luwunda, Muatiamvua, Northern Lunda, Ru-unda | Uruund | |
| nka | Nkoya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Nkoya (L.60) | Zambia | North-Western province: Kabompo district; Southern and Western provinces: Mankoya area | 36,200 (2010 census). 1,190 Mashasha, 35,000 Nkoya (2010 census) | 5* (Developing) | shiNkoya | Shinkoya | Nkoya, Mbowela (Mbwela, Mbwera, Shimbwera), Lushangi, Shasha (Mashasha), Lukolwe (Kolwe). |
| pem | Phende | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Pende (L.11) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: Idiofa and Gungu territories, south of Kasai river; possibly in Kasai province | 420,000 (1991 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Gipende, Giphende, Kipende, Pende, Pheende, Pindi, Pinji | ||
| hol | Holu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Pende (L.12) | Angola | Northwest Lunda Norte and northeast Malanje provinces: Kwango river area | 23,100 in Angola (2000). Total users in all countries: 28,200 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Holo, Hongu, Kiholo, Kiholu | Holu, Yeci. Reportedly similar to Samba [smx]. Yeci may be a separate language. Reportedly related to Kimbundu [kmb]. | |
| hol | Holu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Pende (L.12) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwango province: extreme southwest corner | 5,100 in Democratic Republic of the Congo | 6b* (Threatened) | Holo, Hongu, Kiholo, Kiholu | ||
| smx | Samba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Pende (L.12) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwango province: north Kasongo Lunda territory | 4,200 (2002) | 6b* (Threatened) | Shankadi, Tsaam, Tsamba, Usamba | None known. Reportedly similar to Holu [hol]. | |
| kws | Kwese | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Pende (L.13) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: west of Kikwit | 60000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kikwese, Kwezo, Pindi, Ukwese | ||
| kcv | Kete | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songe (L.21) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai-Central province: northeast of Mweka; Lomami province: south | 8,400 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ciket, Kikete, Lukete, Tshikete | Kete (East Kete), Kete-Kuba (North Kete), Kete-Lulua (Southwest Kete). | |
| lwa | Khongo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songe (L.221) | Angola | Lunda Norte province: Cambulo municipality | 20,000 in Angola (2018 L. Jordan) | 6a (Vigorous) | Lwalu | ||
| lwa | Lwalu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songe (L.221) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai-Central province: Luiza territory | 21,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (Welmers 1971a). Total users in all countries: 41,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lwalwa | ||
| sop | Songe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songe (L.23) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Lomami province: mainly Kabinda territory; Sankuru province: between Lualaba and Sankuru rivers; Tanganyika province: Kabolo and Kongolo territories; Kasai and Maniema provinces | 1,000,000 (Hoffman 1991). 150,000 in Western Kalebwe (1982 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kalebwe, Kisonge, Kisongi, Kisongye, Luba-Songi, Lusonge, Northeast Luba, Songye, Yembe | Western Kalebwe (Esambi Kipya, Songe), Eastern Kalebwe (Ikalebwe, Kilombeno Kibya), Mbagani. | |
| bpj | Binji | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songe (L.231) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai-Central province: Kazumba territory; Sankuru province | 165,000 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bindji | ||
| luj | Luna | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songe (L.24) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sankuru province: Lusambo territory | 50000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Inkongo, Kuba, Luna-Inkongo, Northern Luba | ||
| bwc | Bwile | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.401) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Katanga province: Pweto area north end of Lake Mweru | 12,400 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| bwc | Bwile | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.401) | Zambia | Luapula province | 19,600 in Zambia (2010 census). Ethnic population: 55,600 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 32,000 | 6b (Threatened) | None known. Not closely related to other languages. | ||
| auh | Aushi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.402) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Katanga province: east of Lubumbashi | 6a* (Vigorous) | Avaushi, Ushi, Usi, Uzhili, Vouaousi | |||
| auh | Aushi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.402) | Zambia | Luapula province | 100,000 in Zambia (2010 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Avaushi, Ushi, Usi, Uzhil, Vouaousi | ||
| tap | Taabwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.41) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tanganyika province: on Lake Tanganyika, south of Moba | 250,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (Barrett 1982). Total users in all countries: 281,600 | 5* (Developing) | Ichitaabwa, Kitabwa, Lungu, Rungu, Taabua, Tabwa, Zabwa | Shila. | |
| tap | Taabwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.41) | Zambia | Congo-Kinshasa border, Northern and Luapula provinces surrounding Lake Chishi | 31,600 in Zambia (2010 census). 4,120 Shila, 27,500 Taabwa (2010 census) | 5 (Developing) | Ichitaabwa, Rungu, Tabwa | Shila. | |
| bem | Bemba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.42) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Katanga province: east | 300,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000) | 5* (Dispersed) | Chibemba, Chiwemba, Ichibemba, Icibemba, Wemba | Lembue, Lomotua (Lomotwa), Ngoma, Nwesi, Shila. | |
| bem | Bemba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.42) | Zambia | Eastern, Luapula, Muchinga, and Northern provinces; possibly Copperbelt province | 3,810,000 in Zambia (2010 census), decreasing. 3,730,000 Bemba, 12,800 Chishinga, 37,900 Kabende, 15,000 Lunda, 1,680 Mukulu, 11,500 Unga (2010 census). Ethnic population: 2,890,000 (2010 census). 2,630,000 Bemba, 64,400 Chishinga, 45,000 Kabende, 119,000 Lunda, 5,130 Mukulu, 24,900 Unga (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 4,110,000 | 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in North, Copperbelt, and Luapula provinces. Town Bemba is a widely used lingua franca in urban areas, with higher social status than other languages except English [eng], and is used for educational and administrative purposes | Chiwemba, Cibemba, Ichibemba, Icibemba, Wemba | Chibemba | Lembue, Lomotua (Lomotwa), Ngoma, Nwesi, Town Bemba, Lunda (Luapula), Chishinga, Kabende, Mukulu, Ng’umbo, Twa of Bangweulu, Unga. Town Bemba has a Bemba base with heavy code mixing with English and neighboring Bantu languages. |
| piw | Pimbwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Fipa-Mambwe (M.11) | Tanzania | Katavi region: Mpanda district; Rift valley to northwest of Lake Rukwa | 64,600 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Cipimbwe, Ichipimbwe, Icipimbwe, Kipimbwe | None known. Lexical similarity: 88% with Rungwa [rnw], 67% with Fipa [fip], 63% with Wungu [wun] (Roth 2011). | |
| rnw | Rungwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Fipa-Mambwe (M.12) | Tanzania | Katavi region: Mpanda district, north Lake Rukwa plains | 18,000 (1987) | 6b (Threatened) | Ichirungwa, Icilungwa, Kirungwa, Lungwa, Nyalungwa, Runga | None known. Lexical similarity: 88% with Pimbwe [piw]; 69% with Fipa [fip], 63% with Wungu [wun] (Roth 2011). | |
| fip | Fipa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Fipa-Mambwe (M.13) | Tanzania | Rukwa region: Nkansi and Sumbawanga urban districts, between Tanganyika and Rukwa lakes | 713,000 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Cifipa, Fiba, Icifipa, Kifipa | Ichifipa | Kwa (Icikwa), Milanzi (Fipa-Sukuma, Icisukuuma, Sukuma, Sukuuma), Northern Fipa (Icikandaasi, Kandaasi, Kandasi), Southern Fipa, Siiwa (Icisiiwa), Nkwaamba (Icinkwaamba), Kwaafi (Icikwaafi), Ntile (Cile, Icintile, Yantili), Peemba (Icipeemba). Over half ethnic Fipa speak a speech variety called Fipa-Mambwe, which is a dialect of Mambwe-Lungu [mgr]. More research needed for whether Kwa dialect speakers can adequately understand the Northern variety. Lexical similarity: 69% with Rungwa [rnw]; 67% with Pimbwe [piw]; 65% with Nyika, Tanzania [nkt] (Roth 2011). |
| mgr | Mambwe-Lungu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Fipa-Mambwe (M.14) | Zambia | Northern province: south of Lake Tanganyika | 207,000 in Zambia (2010 census). 64,500 Lungu, 142,000 Mambwe (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 213,680 | 5* (Developing) | Mambe-Lungu, Mambwe-Rungu | ichiMambwe | Mambwe (Cimambwe, Ichimambwe, Kimambwe), Lungu (Adong, Ichirungu, Rungu), Fipa-Mambwe (Kifipa cha Kimambwe). Uncertain intelligibility between Fipa-Mambwe [fip] (Tanzania) and other dialects. Minor dialect differences between Mambwe and Lungu. |
| mgr | Mambwe-Lungu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Fipa-Mambwe (M.14) | Tanzania | Rukwa region: Sumbawanga rural, Sumbawanga urban, and far south Nkansi districts, Matanga village south to Zambia border, Lake Tanganyika west to Tunko village east | 6,680 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). 5,050 Mambwe and 1,630 Lungu (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Mambwe-Rungu | Mambwe (Cimambwe, Ichimambwe, Icimambwe, Kimambwe), Lungu (Cilungu, Icilungu, Icirungu, Kilungu, Kirungu, Rungu), Fipa-Mambwe (Kifipa cha Kimambwe). | |
| leb | Lala-Bisa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lala-Bisa-Lamba (M.51) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Katanga province: extreme southeast corner | 5* (Developing) | Ambo (Bambo, Kambonsenga), Luano, Swaka, Wulima, Lala (Ichilala), Bisa (Ichibisa, Wiza). | |||
| leb | Lala-Bisa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lala-Bisa-Lamba (M.51) | Zambia | Central, Eastern, Muchinga, and Northern provinces: east along Luangwa river (Bisa dialect), southwest (Lala dialect); Copperbelt province: Masaiti district | 353,000 in Zambia (2010 census). 750 Ambo, 112,000 Bisa, 201,000 Lala, 1,620 Luano, 37,700 Swaka (2010 census). Ethnic population: 590,000 (2010 census). 2,450 Ambo, 198,000 Bisa, 392,000 Lala (2010 census) | 5* (Developing) | Biza-Lala | Chilala | Ambo, Luano, Swaka, Bisa (Biisa, Ichibisa, Wisa, Wiza), Lala (Ichilala). |
| lam | Lamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lala-Bisa-Lamba (M.54) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Katanga province: southeast corner, Lubumbashi area | 6b (Threatened) | Chilamba, Ichilamba | |||
| lam | Lamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lala-Bisa-Lamba (M.54) | Zambia | Central, Copperbelt, and North-Western provinces | 201,000 in Zambia (2010 census). 198,000 Lamba, 2,250 Lima (2010 census) | 5* (Developing) | ChiLamba, IchiLamba | Lamba, Lima (Bulima). | |
| kdg | Seba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lala-Bisa-Lamba (M.55) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Haut-Katanga province: Kasenga territory | 167,000 (2002) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kunda, Sewa, Shishi | ||
| leh | Lenje | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lenje-Tonga (M.61) | Zambia | Central province: Lukanga swamp area; Copperbelt province: border areas south; Lusaka province | 128,000 (2010 census) | 5 (Developing) | Chinamukuni, Ciina, Ciina Mukuni, Lengi, Lenji, Mukuni | Chilenje | Twa (Lukanga), Lenje. |
| sby | Soli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lenje-Tonga (M.62) | Zambia | Lusaka province; Central province: Mkusi district, east of Lusaka; Southern province: border areas | 34,100 (2010 census) | 6a (Vigorous) | Chisoli | A more distinct language or dialect of the Tonga group. | |
| ilb | Ila | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lenje-Tonga (M.63) | Zambia | Central and Southern provinces: Kafue river west bend | 82,900 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 97,400 (2010 census) | 5 (Developing) | Shukulumbwe, Sukulumbwe | Chiila | Lundwe, Lumbu, Ila. |
| shq | Sala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lenje-Tonga (M.631) | Zambia | Central province; west Lusaka and Southern (Mazabuka) provinces | 23,500 (2010 census) | 6a (Vigorous) | None known. Intelligible of Tonga [toi] and possibly Ila [ilb]. | ||
| dov | Dombe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lenje-Tonga (M.64) | Zimbabwe | Matabeleland North province: Hwange district, Lukosi area; southwest of confluence of Shangani and Zambezi rivers | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Reportedly has Nambya [nmq] influences. | |||
| toi | Tonga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lenje-Tonga (M.64) | Zambia | Southern province: with Ila [ilb] language users; Western province: Sesheke district; small Lusaka border areas | 1,330,000 in Zambia (2010 census), increasing. 55,600 Toka-Leya, 1,270,000 Tonga (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,530,000 | 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Southern and Western provinces | Batonga, Plateau Tonga, Zambezi, iciTonga | Chitonga | Chitonga, Leya, Toka (Southern Tonga), We (Valley Tonga), Shanjo (Sanjo), Twa of Kafwe (Kafue Twa), Mala. |
| toi | Tonga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Lenje-Tonga (M.64) | Zimbabwe | Mashonaland Central: Mount Darwin district; Mashonaland West province: Kariba district; Matabeleland North province: Binga district; Midlands province: Gokwe North and Gokwe South districts. South shore of Lake Kariba and inland | 200,000 in Zimbabwe (Hachipola 1998) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Batonga, Chitonga, Zambezi | Chitonga, Leya, Toka, We. | |
| ndh | Ndali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyakyusa-Ngonde (M.301) | Malawi | Chitipa district: Sukwa Hills | 70,000 in Malawi (2003 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Sukwa. | ||
| ndh | Ndali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyakyusa-Ngonde (M.301) | Tanzania | Mbeya region: Ileje district, between Lambya and Nyakyusa | 193,000 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), increasing. Total users in all countries: 263,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Chindali, Cindali, Ici-Ndali, Icindali, Kindali, Ndari | Sukwa. | |
| nyy | Nyakyusa-Ngonde | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyakyusa-Ngonde (M.31) | Malawi | Chitipa district: northeast; Karonga district: west of Lake Malawi | 149,000 in Malawi (2009 UNSD). 18,800 Nyakyusa, 130,000 Nkonde (2009 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Ikingonde, Ikinyikyusa, Kinyakyusa, Konde, Kukwe, Mombe, Ngonde, Nkhonde, Nkonde, Nyakusa, Nyekyosa, Sochile, Sokile | Nyakyusa, Nkonde, Sukwa. | |
| nyy | Nyakyusa-Ngonde | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyakyusa-Ngonde (M.31) | Tanzania | Mbeya region: Kyela and Rungwe districts, Lake Malawi north end; Njombe region: Makete district | 1,210,000 in Tanzania (2016), increasing. Total users in all countries: 1,359,000 | 5 (Developing) | Ikingonde, Ikinyakyusa, Ikinyikiusa, Ikinyikyusa, Kinyakyusa, Kinyakyusa-Ngonde, Konde, Mombe, Ngonde, Nkonde, Nyakusa, Nyakyusa, Nyekyosa, Nyikyusa, kiNyakyʉsa | Kɨnyakyʉsa | Nyakyusa (Nyekyosa), Kukwe (Lungulu, Ngumba), Mwamba (Cisociri, Sochile, Sokelo, Sokile, Sokili), Ngonde (IkyaNgonde, Konde), Selya (Kaaselya, Salya, Seria), Sukwa. |
| lai | Lambya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.201) | Malawi | Chitipa and Karonga districts: along Tanzania and Zambia borders | 59,500 in Malawi (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 91,900 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ichilambya, Kilambya, Lambia, Lambwa, Rambia | Central Lambya. Ndali [ndh] may be intelligible with Lambya. | |
| lai | Lambya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.201) | Tanzania | Mbeya region: Ileje district, south Ulambya division, on Malawi border | 30,400 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ichilambya, Icilambya, Icirambia, Iramba, Lambia, Lambwa, Rambia | Northern Lambya. | |
| lai | Lambya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.201) | Zambia | Muchinga province: Isoka district | 2,000 in Zambia (1958) | 6b* (Threatened) | Southern Lambya. | ||
| wbh | Wanda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.21) | Tanzania | Mbeya region: Mbozi district; Rukwa region: Sumbawanga rural district | 180 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b (Threatened) | Ichiwanda, Iciwanda, Kiwanda, Vanda, Wandia | Sichela. Lexical similarity: 68% with Nyamwanga [mwn]. | |
| mwn | Nyamwanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.22) | Tanzania | Mbeya region: Momba district southwest corner, Zambia border; Rukwa region: Sumbawanga district southeast corner; southwest of Lake Rukwa; Saisi valley northwest to forested plateau southeast | 141,000 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Chinamwanga, Chinyamwanga, Cinamwanga, Ichinamwanga, Inamwanga, Kinamwanga, Kinyamwanga, Mwanga, Namwanga | Tambo, Iwa. | |
| mwn | Nyamwanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.22) | Zambia | Northern province: east; Muchinga province: Chama district | 140,000 in Zambia (2010 census). 135,000 Nyamwanga, 4,220 Tambo (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 281,000 | 5* (Developing) | Ichinamwanga, Inamwanga, Mwanga, Namwanga | Chinamwanga | Iwa, Tambo (Tembo). |
| nyr | Nyiha, Malawi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.23) | Malawi | Chitipa district: Kameme town area villages | 10,000 (2007) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kinyiha, Shinyiha | None known. Reportedly similar to but not the same at Nyiha [nyf] (Giryama) of Kenya and Nyiha [nih] of Tanzania. | |
| nih | Nyiha, Tanzania | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.23) | Tanzania | Mbeya region: Mbozi district, Lake Rukwa south and west | 276,000 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), increasing. Total users in all countries: 632,000 | 5 (Developing) | Isinyixa, Kinyiha, Nyiha, Nyika, Nyixa | Ishinyiha, Shinyiha | Mbozi, Sumbawanga. Reportedly similar to Lambya [lai]. Lexical similarity: 67% with Nyika, Tanzania [nkt]; 74% with Malila [mgq]; 71% with Safwa [sbk] (Roth 2011). |
| nkt | Nyika, Tanzania | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.23) | Tanzania | Rukwa region: Sumbawanga rural district, mainly Sandulula ward; Mollo ward | 25,000 (2007) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kinyiha, Kinyika | None known. Reportedly similar to Malawi Nyiha [nyr]. Lexical similarity: 67% with Nyiha,Tanzania [nih]; 74% with Malila [mgq], 71% with Safwa [sbk] (Roth 2011). | |
| nih | Nyiha | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.23) | Zambia | Muchinga province: Chama and Isoka districts; near Malawi border | 356,000 in Zambia (Johnstone 1993) | 5* (Developing) | Ishinyiha, Nyika, Nyixa, Shinyiha | Wandya, Nyika. | |
| nkv | Nyika | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.23) | Malawi | Chitipa district: Chisenga area villages; Karonga district: west | 5,000 in Malawi (2007). Total users in all countries: 10,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Chinyika, Kinyika | None known. Reportedly similar to Malawi Nyiha [nyr]. | |
| nkv | Nyika | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.23) | Zambia | Muchinga province: Isoka district, Mulekatembo village area | 5,000 in Zambia (2007) | 6b* (Threatened) | Chinyika, Kinyika | ||
| mgq | Malila | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.24) | Tanzania | Mbeya region: Mbeya Rural district, 40 km southwest of Mbeya town | 78,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ishimalilia, Kimalila, Malilia, Shimalilia | Bamalila | |
| sbk | Safwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Nyiha-Safwa (M.25) | Tanzania | Mbeya region: Chunya, Mbeya rural, and Mbeya urban, and Mbozi districts, Mbeya and Poroto mountain ranges; Iringa region border area, north of Lake Malawi | 322,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009), increasing. Includes 22,000 Songwe | 6a (Vigorous) | Cisafwa, Kisafwa, Shisafwa | Ishisafwa | Guruka (Guluxa, Kiguluka), Mbwila (Uleenje, Ulenje), Poroto (Kiporoto, Polooto), Songwe (Kisongwe, Soongwe), Central Safwa. |
| nya | Chichewa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Chewa-Nyanja (N.31) | Botswana | Population: | 4 (Educational) | Chicheŵa, Chinjanja, Chinyanja, Nyanja | |||
| nya | Chichewa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Chewa-Nyanja (N.31) | Malawi | West central and southwest | 6,500,000 in Malawi (2009 UNSD). 4,250,000 Chewa, 1,490,000 Ngoni, 754,000 Nyanja (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 9,690,520 | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity | Chewa, Chinyanja, Nyanja, Nyanja-Chewa | Chicheŵa | Chewa (Cheva, Chichewa, Sheva), Ngoni, Manganja (Cimanganja, Waganga), Nyasa, Peta (Cipeta, Malawi, Marave, Maravi). Manganja is also a Chewa-influenced dialect of Sena [swk]. |
| nya | Chichewa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Chewa-Nyanja (N.31) | Zambia | Central and Eastern provinces | 2,180,000 in Zambia (2010 census). 500,000 Chewa, 40,000 Kunda 1,640,000 Nyanja (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,060,000 (2010 census). 930,000 Chewa, 83,500 Kunda, 50,800 Nyanja (2010 census) | 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in Eastern, Central provinces | Chewa, Chicheŵa, Chinyanja, Cinyanja, Nyanja | Chewa (Cewa), Peta (Chipeta, Cipeta, Malawi, Marave, Maravi), Chingoni (Ngoni), Manganja (Waganga), Nyasa, Kunda. | |
| nya | Chichewa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Chewa-Nyanja (N.31) | Zimbabwe | Mashonaland Central province; possible communities in Harare and other urban areas | 405,000 in Zimbabwe (2012) | 6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Chicheŵa, Chinyanja, Nyanja | ||
| nya | Nyanja | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Chewa-Nyanja (N.31) | Mozambique | Niassa, Tete, and Zambezia provinces. Macanga district, Tete (Angoni and Chewa dialects); Niassa province: Lago and Sanga (Ngoni dialect); Niassa and Tete, along Lake Niassa (Nyanja dialect) | 599,000 in Mozambique (2006) | 5* (Dispersed) | Chinyanja, Cinianja | Chewa (Cewa, Chichewa, Cicewa), Ngoni (Cingoni), Nyanja (Cinyanja), Angoni, Nyasa (Nyasa-Cewa). | |
| dne | Ndendeule | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Manda (N.101) | Tanzania | Ruvuma region: inland south of 10th parallel, and beyond Selous Game Reserve | 140,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kindendeule, Kindendeuli, Ndendeuli | None known. Reportedly most similar to Ngindo [nnq]. | |
| nxi | Nindi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Manda (N.102) | Tanzania | Ruvuma region: East Songea district, near Mozambique border | 5,690 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 7 (Shifting) | Kinindi, Manundi | None known. Reportedly similar to Ndendeule [dne]. | |
| mgs | Manda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Manda (N.11) | Tanzania | Njombe region: Ludewa district; Ruvuma region: Mbinga district; east shore of Lake Nyasa | 43,100 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kimanda, Kinyasa, Manda-Matumba, Nyasa | Matumba. Matumba dialect is a distinct dialect but is completely intelligible with Manda. | |
| ngo | Ngoni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Manda (N.12) | Tanzania | Iringa and Morogoro regions; Ruvuma region: Songea area | 258,000 in Tanzania (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009). Total users in all countries: 311,000 | 5 (Developing) | Angoni, Chingoni, Kingoni, Kisutu, Sutu | Xingoni | Different from Ngoni which is an alternate name for Zulu [zul], Ngoni dialect of Nsenga [nse], Ngoni dialect of Tumbuka [tum]. Not related to Ngoni [nya] of Malawi. Lexical similarity: low percentage with Zulu [zul]. |
| ngo | Ngoni | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Manda (N.12) | Mozambique | Cabo Delgado province: central; Niassa province: Macuaida area; Tete province | 53,000 in Mozambique (2006) | 5* (Developing) | Angoni, Chingoni, Cingoni, Kingoni, Kisutu, Sutu | ||
| mgv | Matengo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Manda (N.13) | Tanzania | Ruvuma region: southwest and east of Lake Malawi | 271,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Chimatengo, Kimatengo | ||
| mpa | Mpoto | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Manda (N.14) | Tanzania | Ruvuma region: Mbinga district, southwest, Lake Nyasa northeast shore | 72,800 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Chimpoto, Cimpoto, Kimpoto, Kinyasa, Nyasa | ||
| tog | Tonga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Manda (N.15) | Malawi | Nkhata Bay district: Lake Malawi west shore; Nkhotakota, Mzimba, and Rumphi districts | 271,000 (2009 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Kitonga, Siska, Sisya, Western Nyasa | Chitonga | |
| nse | Nsenga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.41) | Mozambique | Tete province: north of Zambezi river | 141,000 in Mozambique (2010 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Chinsenga, Cinsenga, Senga | ||
| nse | Nsenga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.41) | Zambia | Eastern province: Petauke district; Lusaka province: Chongwe and Luangwa districts | 405,000 in Zambia (2010 census). 76,000 Ngoni, 329,000 Nsenga (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,570,000 (2010 census). 503,000 Ngoni, 661,000 Nsenga (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 562,100 | 5 (Developing) | Chinsenga, Cinsenga, Senga | Nsenga, Ngoni (Mpezeni), Kunda-Nsenga. | |
| nse | Nsenga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.41) | Zimbabwe | Mashonaland Central province: Mozambique border; Mount Darwin, Muzarabani, and Rushinga districts | 16,100 in Zimbabwe (1969 census) | 7 (Shifting) | Chinsenga, Cinsenga, Senga | ||
| phm | Phimbi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.41) | Mozambique | Tete province: Zambezi river banks northwest of Tete city | 6000 | 6b* (Threatened) | Pimbi | None known. Reportedly similar to Sena [seh]. | |
| kdn | Kunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.42) | Zimbabwe | Mashonaland Central province: Guruve district | 145,000 in Zimbabwe (2000). Total users in all countries: 157,260 | 6b* (Threatened) | Achikunda, Cikunda | Chikunda | None known. Reportedly more similar to Nyungwe [nyu] than to Sena [seh]. |
| kdn | Kunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.42) | Mozambique | Tete province: Luangwe and Zambezi rivers’ confluence area | 5,500 in Mozambique (2006) | 6b* (Threatened) | Chicunda, Chikunda, Cikunda | ||
| kdn | Kunda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.42) | Zambia | Eastern province; Lusaka province: Luangwa district; small areas in Central and Northern provinces | 6,760 in Zambia (2010 census). Ethnic population: 31,300 (2010 census) | 6a (Vigorous) | Chikunda | ||
| nyu | Nyungwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.43) | Mozambique | Manica province: Luenha river east bank, east from Changara; Tete province: Zambezi river banks | 262,000 (2010 J. Leclerc) | 3 (Wider communication) | Chinyungwe, Chinyungwi, Nyongwe, Teta, Tete, Yungwe | Cinyungwe | None known. Reportedly similar to Sena [seh]. |
| bwg | Barwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.44) | Mozambique | Manica province | 15,000 in Mozambique (1999) | 6b* (Threatened) | Balke, Chirue, Cibalke, Rue | None known. Probably good comprehension of Nyungwe [nyu] or Sena [seh]. | |
| seh | Sena | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.44) | Mozambique | Manica, Sofala, Tete, and Zambezia provinces: lower Zambezi river region | 1,550,000 (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Chisena | Cisena | Caia (Care, North Sena, Sare), Bangwe (South Sena), Gombe, Sangwe, Podzo (Chipodzo, Cipodzo, Phodzo, Puthsu, Shiputhsu), Gorongosa. Reportedly similar to Nyungwe [nyu], Nyanja [nya], Phimbi [phm], and Kunda [kdn] of Zambia. Sena Central is the prestige dialect. Lexical similarity: 92% between the Podzo and Sena-Sare dialects. |
| bwg | Barwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.44) | Zimbabwe | Manicaland province: Nyanga district, Nyamaropa area, Mashumba, Mbiriyade, Mukatsa, Mukwewa, and Sangoma wards; possibly Mashonaland East province: Mudzi district | 6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | ChiBarwe | |||
| swk | Sena, Malawi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Senga-Sena (N.441) | Malawi | Chikwawa district: south; Nsanje district; along Mozambique border | 468,000 (2009 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Chisena, Cisena | Chimanganja. Linguistically related to Kunda [kdn] but not intelligible. | |
| mjh | Mwera | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Tumbuka (N.201) | Tanzania | Ruvuma region: Mbinga district, Mbamba bay, Lake Nyasa shore | 6,000 (2004) | 6b (Threatened) | Kimwera, Kinyasa, Nyanza, Nyasa | None known. Reportedly similar to Mwera [mwe] in the Lindi Region, but not the same. Also reportedly similar to Nyanja (N.30) languages. | |
| tum | Tumbuka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Tumbuka (N.21) | Malawi | Chitipa and Karonga districts: Lake Malawi west shore; Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Rumphi, and Mzimba districts | 1,180,000 in Malawi (2009 UNSD). 24,400 Senga, 1,150,000 Tumbuka (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 1,546,000 | 4 (Educational) | Citumbuka, Tamboka, Tambuka, Timbuka, Tombucas, Tumboka | Chitumbuka | Chitumbuka, Chikamanga (Henga, Kamanga), Nenya, Poka (Chipoka, Phoka), Yombe, Senga, Nthali, Fungwe, Wenya, Hewe (Hewa). |
| tum | Tumbuka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, N, Tumbuka (N.21) | Zambia | Eastern province: northern third; Muchinga province: Isoka district | 366,000 in Zambia (2010 census). 79,500 Senga, 285,000 Tumbuka, 2,000 Yombe (2010 census) | 5* (Dispersed) | Chitumbuka, Tambuka, Tew, Timbuka, Tombucas, Tumboka | Chitumbuka, Chikamanga (Henga, Kamanga), Kandawire, Chipoka, Yombe, Senga, Fungwe, Wenya, Nenya, Ngoni (Magodi), Fililwa (Filirwa), Hewe (Hewa), Nthali. | |
| kzn | Kokola | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Malawi | Mulanje district; Thyolo district: Sandama area | 200,000 in Malawi (2000). Total users in all countries: 280,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kokhola | None known. May be a subvariety of Lolo, which is itself a subvariety of Lomwe [lon]. May be intelligible of Lomwe. Reportedly similar to Marendje [vmr] and Takwane [tke]. | |
| llb | Lolo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Mozambique | Zambezia province | 162,000 (2006) | 5* (Developing) | Ilolo | May be a dialect of Lomwe [ngl] or Makhuwa [vmw]. Reportedly similar to Takwane [tke]. | |
| vmk | Makhuwa-Shirima | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Mozambique | Nampula province: west; Niassa province; Zambezia province: northwest border | 707,000 (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Chirima, Echirima, Emakhua Eshirima, Emakhuwa Echirima, Eshirima, Makhuwa-Exirima, Makhuwa-Niassa, Makhuwa-Xirima, Shirima, West Makua, Xirima | Emakhua Exirima | None known. Probably not intelligible of Makhuwa-Meetto [mgh] or Lomwe [ngl]. |
| vmr | Marenje | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Mozambique | Zambezia province | 571,000 (2016) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Emarendje, Marendje | None known. Related to Lolo [llb] and Kokola [kzn]. | |
| kzn | Kokola | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Mozambique | Zambezia province: west | 80,000 in Mozambique (2006) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| vmw | Makhuwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Mozambique | Nampula province: south of Meetto area; Cabo Delgado, Niassa, and Zambezia provinces: border areas | 3,590,000 (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Central Makhuwa, Emakhuwa-Makhuwana, Emakua, Macua, Makhuwa-Makhuwana, Makhuwwa of Nampula, Makoane, Makua, Maquoua | Emakhuwa | Emwaja, Naharra (Emathipane, Enaharra, Maharra, Nahara), Enyara, Central Makua (Emakhuwana, Makhuwana, Makuana), Empamela (Nampamela), Enlai (Mulai). |
| xmc | Makhuwa-Marrevone | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Mozambique | Nampula province: inland from Angoche and Moma; Zambezia province: Nova Nabori inland to Amela | 517,000 (2016) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Coastal Makhuwa, Emaka, Maca, Maka, Makua-Marevone, Marevone, Marrevone, South Maca | Makhuwana (Emakhuwana), Enlai, Nampamela (Empamela). | |
| mgh | Makhuwa-Meetto | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Mozambique | Cabo Delgado and Niassa provinces: Pemba coast inland; Nampula province: coast north of Nacala | 1,140,000 in Mozambique (2016). Total users in all countries: 1,717,000 | 5* (Developing) | Emeto, Medo, Meetto, Meto, Metto, Mêto | Imeetto | Lexical similarity: 81%–88% with Makhuwa-Saka [xsq], 78%–82% with the Nahara dialect of Makhuwa-Marrevone [xmc], 78%–80% with Makhuwa [vmw], 66%–68% with Lomwe [ngl]. |
| mgh | Makhuwa-Meetto | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Tanzania | Mtwara region: Masasi district; some in Ruvuma region | 577,000 in Tanzania (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Chimakua, Emakhua, Emakhuwa, Imakua, Kimakua, Macua, Makhua, Makoa, Makua, Makuwa, Maquoua, Mato | Medo (Emeto, Meto). | |
| xsq | Makhuwa-Saka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Mozambique | Cabo Delgado and Nampula provinces: border area, Lurio river | 212,000 (2006) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Esaaka, Esaka, Isaanga, Ishanga, Saaka, Saanga, Saka, Sanga | Saka (Esaaka), Rati (Erati). Lexical similarity: 81%–88% with Makhuwa-Meetto [mgh], 78%–80% with Makhuwa [vmw]. | |
| mny | Manyawa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Mozambique | Zambezia province: Lugela district | 150,000 (2010 J. Leclerc). 85% monolingual in Lugela District | 6a (Vigorous) | None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Takwane [tke]. | ||
| tke | Takwane | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.31) | Mozambique | Zambezia province | 181,000 (2006) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Thakwani | ||
| eko | Koti | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.311) | Mozambique | Nampula province: Angoche district, Angoche island coast area; Nampula city enclave | 77,000 (2006) | 6a (Vigorous) | Angoche, Angoje, Angoxe, Coti, Ekoti | Ekoti, Enatthembo (“Edheidhei” (pej.), Esakaji, Esangaje, Esangaji, “Etteittei” (pej.), Sangaje). A separate language within the Makhuwa group. | |
| nte | Nathembo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.312) | Mozambique | Nampula province: Amisse, Charamatane, Mutembua, Namaeca, Namaponda, Zubairi, to Khibulani and Mogincual, all on Sangange peninsula | 25,000 (2006) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Esakaji, Sakaji, Sakati, Sanagage, Sangaji, Sankaji, Theithei | ||
| ngl | Lomwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.32) | Mozambique | Nampula and Niassa provinces: Alto Molocue; Zambezia province | 1,850,000 (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Acilowe, Alomwe, Chilowe, Cilowe, Elomwe, Ilomwe, Ingulu, Lomue, Mihavane, Mihavani, Mihawani, Ngulu, Nguru, Walomwe, West Makhuwa, Western Makua | Elhomwe | None known. Reportedly most similar to Makhuwa [vmw] and Chuwabu [chw]. |
| lon | Lomwe, Malawi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.331) | Malawi | Blantyre, Machinga, Mulanje, Phalombe, Thyolo, and Zomba districts | 2,290,000 (2009 UNSD) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Anguru, Elhomwe, Nguru | Mihavane, Muhavani. Not intelligible of Lomwe [ngl] of Mozambique. Different from Ngulu [ngp] (Kingulu) of Tanzania. Reportedly similar to Takwane [tke]. | |
| chw | Chuwabu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.34) | Mozambique | Zambezia province: central coast between Mlanje and Quelimane mountains | 952,000 (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Chichwabo, Chuabo, Chuwabo, Chwabo, Cicuabo, Cuabo, Cuwabo, Echuabo, Echuwabo, Echuwabu, Ecwabo, Etxuwabo, Txuwabo, Xuabo | Central Chuwabo, Nyaringa, Marale, Karungu, Maindo. Lexical similarity: 78% between Chuwabo of Makusi district and Marrare. | |
| cwb | Maindo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.34) | Mozambique | Zambezia province: Micaune, Zambezi river mouth | 21,000 (2006) | 6b* (Threatened) | Chwambo | Mitange, Badoni. Lexical similarity: 84% with Chuwabu [chw]. | |
| mhm | Makhuwa-Moniga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Makhuwa (P.341) | Mozambique | Zambezia province: Indian Ocean coast and inland past Mocubela | 200,000 (2003 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Emakhuwa-Emoniga, Emoniga, Moniga | None known. Lexical similarity: 56% with Lomwe [ngl]. | |
| ndg | Ndengereko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Matuumbi (P.11) | Tanzania | Morogoro region; Pwani region: east Songea district, central coast | 72,000 (Ström 2013) | 6b* (Threatened) | Kindengereko, Kingengereko, Ndengeleko | ||
| rui | Rufiji | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Matuumbi (P.12) | Tanzania | Lindi region; central coast; Pwani region: Rufiji district | 6,450 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Fiji, Kiruihi, Ruihi | ||
| mgw | Matumbi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Matuumbi (P.13) | Tanzania | Lindi and Pwani regions | 227,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kimatumbi, Kimatuumbi, Matuumbi | Kuchi. | |
| nnq | Ngindo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Matuumbi (P.14) | Tanzania | Lindi and Morogoro regions | 171,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Cingindo, Gindo, Kingindo, Magingo, Njindo, Njinjo | ||
| mgy | Mbunga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Matuumbi (P.15) | Tanzania | Iringa and Morogoro regions | 11,600 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b (Threatened) | Bunga, Kimbunga | None known. Lexical similarity: 69% with Ndamba [ndj], 57% with Pogolo [poy]. | |
| yao | Yao | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.21) | Malawi | Balaka, Machinga, Mangochi, and Zomba districts: bordering Mozambique, between southeast tip of Lake Kilwa and Lake Malawi; Chiradzulu district: small area | 1,760,000 in Malawi (2009 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 2,585,000 | 5* (Developing) | Achawa, Adsawa, Adsoa, Ajawa, Ayao, Ayawa, Ayo, Chiyao, Chiyawo, Ciyaawo, Ciyao, Djao, Haiao, Hiao, Hyao, Jao, Veiao, Wajao, Yawo, chiYao, ciYao, waYao | Ciyawo | Mangoche. |
| yao | Yao | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.21) | Mozambique | Cabo Delgado province: Ruvumu river near Negomano; Nampula province: west; Niassa province: south and east of Lake Malawi; Zambezia province: Gurue district, northwest border | 195,000 in Mozambique (2010 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Achawa, Adsawa, Adsoa, Ajawa, Ayawa, Ayo, Chiyao, Ciyao, Djao, Haiao, Hiao, Hyao, Jao, Veiao, Wajao, Yawo | Makale (Cimakale), Massaninga (Cimassaninga), Machinga, Mangochi, Tunduru Yao, Chikonono (Cikonono). | |
| yao | Yao | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.21) | Tanzania | Lindi region; Ruvuma region: Tunduru district, east of Lake Malawi; possibly Mtwara region; Mozambique border area | 630,000 in Tanzania (2016) | 5 (Developing) | Achawa, Adsawa, Ajawa, Ayawa, Ayo, Chiyao, Ciyao, Djao, Haiao, Hajao, Hiao, Hyao, Jao, Kihiau, Kihyao, Kiyao, Veiao, Wajao | ||
| yao | Yao | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.21) | Zambia | Eastern province: Chipata district, Kapata township; Katete district | 200 families or more in the 1970s (F. Banda) | 6b* (Threatened) | Achawa, Adsawa, Adsoa, Ajawa, Ayawa, Ayo, Chichawa, Chiyao, Ciyao, Djao, Haiao, Hiao, Hyao, Jao, Veiao, Wajao | Makale (Cimakale), Massaninga (Cimassaninga). | |
| mwe | Mwera | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.22) | Tanzania | Lindi region: Nachingwea, Ruangwa, and Lindi urban and rural districts, north of Makonde; Mtwara region | 385,000 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6a (Vigorous) | Chimwera, Cimwela, Cimwera, Kimwera, Mwela | ||
| kde | Makonde | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.23) | Tanzania | Mtwara region: Mtwara rural, Mtwara urban, Newala, and Tandahomba districts; north into Lindi region | 1,470,000 in Tanzania (2016). Total users in all countries: 1,987,000 | 5 (Developing) | Chinimakonde, Kimakonde, Konde, Matambe, Matambwe, Mekwengo, Simakonde | Chimakonde | Maviha (Chimaviha, Cimabiha, Kimawiha, Mabiha, Mawia), Matambwe (Tambwe). Matambwe dialect may be more similar to Yao [yao] than Makonde, and may even be a separate language or dialect of Mwera [mwe]. |
| mvw | Machinga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.23) | Tanzania | Lindi region: Kilwa and Lindi districts, along the coast | 36,000 (1987) | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| kde | Makonde | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.23) | Mozambique | Cabo Delgado province: Mueda (Maviha dialect) | 517,000 in Mozambique (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Chimakonde, Chinimakonde, Cimakonde, Konde, Maconde, Makonda, Matambwe, Shimakonde | Vadonde (Donde, Ndonde), Vamwalu (Mwalu), Vamwambe (Mwambe), Vamakonde (Makonde), Maviha (Chimaviha, Kimawiha, Mabiha, Mavia, Mawia, Mawiha). | |
| njd | Ndonde Hamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, P, Yao (P.24) | Tanzania | Lindi region: Nachingwea district, Kilimarondo division | 2,460 (Mradi wa Lugha za Tanzania 2009) | 6b (Threatened) | Chindonde, Chindonde Hamba, Ishiwanda, Kidonde, Kimawanda, Kindonde Hamba, Mawanda, Ndomde, Ndonde, Wanda | ||
| her | Herero | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Herero (R.30) | Botswana | Central district: Letlhakane, Mahalapye, Mokoboxane, Rakops, and Toromoja; Ghanzi district: Charles Hill, Dekar, Dryhoek, Ghanzi, Makunda, and New Kanagas; Kgalagadi district: Omaweneno, Tsabong, and Werd; Kgatleng district: Morwa; North West district: Gomare, Makakung, Maun, Nokaneng, Nxaunxau, Sehitwa, Shakawe, and western cattleposts; scattered among other ethnic groups | 18,700 in Botswana (2015 UNSD) | 5 (Dispersed) | Ochiherero, Otjiherero | ||
| her | Herero | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Herero (R.30) | Namibia | Kunene region: Sesfontein north to Angola border area; Omaheke region; Otjozondjupa region: Otumborombonga, southeast corner and central area | 173,000 in Namibia (2014 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 211,700 | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5), mainly used as education medium in primary grades | Ochiherero, Oluherero, Otshiherero, Ovaherero | Otjiherero | Mbandieru (East Herero, Mbanderu), Central Herero, Himba (Otjihimba, Ovahimba). |
| her | Himba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Herero (R.30) | Angola | Cunene province: Cahama and Curoca municipalities; Namibe province: Tombua municipality | 20,000 in Angola (2018 L. Jordan) | 6a (Vigorous) | Herero | ||
| dhm | Dhimba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Herero (R.311) | Angola | Coastal Benguela and Namibe provinces: as far as Equimina; Cunene and Huíla provinces: near Namibia border | 18,000 in Angola (2011). Total users in all countries: 25,000 | 5 (Developing) | Chimba, Dimba, Oluthimba, Oluzimba, Otjidhimba, Ovazimba, Simba, Tjimba, Zemba | Oludhimba | Hakawona, Tchavikwa. |
| dhm | Zemba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Herero (R.311) | Namibia | Kunene region: south of Kunene river | 7,000 in Namibia (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Dhimba, Himba, Luzimba, Oluthimba, Otjidhimba, Simba | ||
| olu | Kuvale | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Umbundu (R.101) | Angola | Benguela and Namibe provinces: Atlantic coast to Huila province border east, from Dombe Grande north to Tombua south | 70,000 (2015 L. Jordan) | 6a (Vigorous) | Mucubal | Kuvale, Olukuvale | None known. Most similar to Herero [her]. Lexical similarity: 52%–54% with Nyaneka [nyk] (2015 L. Jordan). |
| nql | Ngendelengo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Umbundu (R.101) | Angola | Namibe Province: north of Kamucuio town, just south of Mamué; also south of Kamucuio municipality | 900 (2016 L. Jordan). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2016 L. Jordan) | 6a (Vigorous) | Cuendelengo, Kwendelengo, N’Guendelengo, Olungendelengo, Ovangendelengo | None known. Most similar to Kuvale [olu]. Lexical similarity: 66% with Kuvale [olu]. | |
| umb | Umbundu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Umbundu (R.11) | Angola | Scattered in the west central area, mostly Huambo, Kuanza Sul, and Benguela provinces; also Bié, Huíla, Namibe, and Bengo provinces | 6,000,000 (2012 World Factbook) | 3 (Wider communication) | Kimbari, M’bundo, Mbali, Mbari, Mbundu, Mbundu Benguella, Nano, Olumbali, Ovimbundu, South Mbundu, Umbundo | Umbundu | Mbalundu, Hele (Sele). |
| ndq | Ndombe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Umbundu (R.12) | Angola | Benguela province: Ndombe area south and southeast of Benguela | 22,300 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Dombe | Not a Uvimbundu [umb] dialect; survey needed. | |
| xdo | Kwandu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Umbundu (R.13) | Angola | Namibe province: Kumucuio municipality, on the Serra das Neves plateau, near Mamué | 6,000 (2016 L. Jordan). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2016 L. Jordan) | 5 (Developing) | Kwando, Ovakwandu | Kwandu, Olukwandu | Similar to Kuvale [olu] and Nyaneka [nyk]. Lexical similarity: 70% with the Cilenge dialect of Nyaneka [nyk]. |
| nyk | Nyaneka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Umbundu (R.13) | Angola | Mainly Huíla and Namibe provinces; also Benguela and Cunene provinces | 300,000 (1996 UBS). All Nyaneka variants together amount to 1,200,000 speakers (2012 Nyaneka Language Association) | 5 (Developing) | Lunyaneka, Nhaneca, Nhaneka | Olunyaneka | Humbe, Mwila (Huila, Muila, Olumuila), Ngambwe (Olungambwe), Handa, Cilenge, Nyaneka. Nyaneka seems to be a cluster of related but distinct varieties. Nkumbi [khu] is probably part of this cluster too, more closely related to the Handa and Humbe dialects. The cluster is sometimes called Nyaneka-Humbi. Speakers of Humbe and Cilenge have difficulty understanding one another. Lexical similarity: Mwila 79% with Nyaneka, 74% with Ngambwe, 65% with Handa; Nyaneka 80% with Ngambwe, 76% with Handa; Ngambwe 68% with Handa. Humbe 74% with Cilenge. |
| khu | Nkumbi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Umbundu (R.14) | Angola | Cunene and Huíla provinces: Cunene river west bank | 150,000 (1996 UBS) | 5 (Developing) | Khumbi, Ngumbi, Nkhumbi, Ocinkumbi, Otjingumbi | Nkumbi-mulondo. Part of Nyaneka [nyk] cluster, but low intelligibility with the central variants of Nyaneka. Bordering on and reportedly similar to the Nyaneka-Gambwe variant. | |
| kua | Oshiwambo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Wambo (R.21) | Angola | South central, Namibian border: Cunene and Kuando Kubango provinces | 461,000 in Angola, all users. L1 users: 421,000 in Angola (Johnstone 1993). L2 users: 40,000 (2013 SIL). Total users in all countries: 1,481,000 (as L1: 1,441,000; as L2: 40,000) | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity. Its use as an LWC has its origin in its status as the language of the powerful Kwanyama kingdom, influential in what is now southern Angola and northern Namibia throughout the colonial period up to the year 1917. Used in the eastern half of Kunene Province in church, market, business, and media domains | Cuanhama, Humba, Kuanjama, Kwancama, Kwanjama, Kwanyama, Ochikwanyama, Oshikuanjama, Ovambo, Oxikuanyama, Wambo | Oshikwanyama, Oshiwambo | Kwanyama, Mbadja. Intelligible with Ndonga [ndo] and Kwambi [kwm]. |
| kua | Kwanyama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Wambo (R.21) | Namibia | Kavango West, Kunene, Ohangwena, and Oshikoto regions; northeast Omusati and east Oshana regions | 1,020,000 in Namibia (2014 UNSD) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5), mainly used as education medium in primary grades | Humba, Kuanyama, Kwancama, Kwanjama, Ochikwanyama, Oshikwanyama, Oshiwambo, Otjiwambo, Ovambo, Owambo | ||
| lnb | Mbalanhu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Wambo (R.214) | Namibia | Kunene region | 300 (2016) | 6b (Threatened) | Mbaanhu, Mbalantu, Mbaluntu | ||
| ndo | Ndonga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Wambo (R.22) | Namibia | Kunene and Oshana regions: small scattered areas; Omusati region; Ohangwena and Oshikoto regions: east | 570,000 (2016) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5), mainly used as education medium in primary grades | Ambo, Ochindonga, Osindonga, Otjiwambo, Owambo | Oshindonga, Oshiwambo | Ngandyera, Eunda Kolonkadhi, Kwaludhi. Ngandyera may be a separate language. Partially intelligible of Kwanyama [kua]. |
| kwm | Kwambi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Wambo (R.23) | Namibia | Oshana region; Omusati and Ohangwena regions bordering Oshana; Oshikoto region: southwest | 39,000 (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Otjiwambo, Owambo | Oshikwambi | |
| nne | Ngandyera | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Wambo (R.24) | Angola | Kuando Kubango province: southeast corner | 13,100 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ngandjera | ||
| yey | Yeyi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Yeyi (R.41) | Botswana | Central district: Letihakane, Motopi, Rakops, and Xumu; North West district: Maun, Shorobe up to Daunara, Gumare, Ikoga, Mababe, Nokaneng, Sankoyo, Sepopo, Seronga, and Shakawe | 4,180 in Botswana (2015 UNSD). Ethnic population: 47,000. Total users in all countries: 11,180 | 6b (Threatened) | Ciyei, Seyei, Seyeyi, Siyei, Wayeyi, Yeei, Yei, “Koba” (pej.), “Kuba” (pej.), “Sekoba” (pej.) | Shiyeyi | Shirwanga. Not closely related to other languages. Lexical similarity: 47% with Luyana [lyn], 30% with Herero [her]. |
| yey | Yeyi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, R, Yeyi (R.41) | Namibia | Zambezi region | 7,000 in Namibia (2016) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ciyei, Mayeyi, Seyeyi, Shiyeyi, Yeei, Yei, “Koba” (pej.), “Kuba” (pej.), “Sekoba” (pej.) | Shirwanga. | |
| cce | Chopi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Copi (S.61) | Mozambique | Gaza province: coastal strip between Chidunguela and Inharrime; Inhambane province: south Zavala district; Maputo province. Center is Quissico | 1,090,000 (2016) | 5* (Developing) | Cicopi, Copi, Shichopi, Shicopi, Shilenge, Tschopi, Txitxopi, Txopi, Xilenge, shiChopi | Chichopi | Copi, Ndonge, Lengue (Kilenge, Lenge), Tonga, Lambwe, Khambani. Many dialects; all mutually inherently intelligible. Lexical similarity: 44% with Gitonga [toh]. |
| toh | Tonga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Copi (S.62) | Mozambique | Inhambane province: up to Morrumbane | 224,000 (2010 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Bitonga, Gitonga, Guitonga, Inhambane, Shengwe, Tonga-Inhambane | guiTonga | Gitonga Gy Khogani, Nyambe (Cinyambe), Sewi (Gisewi). Lexical similarity: 44% with Chopi [cce]. |
| nbl | Ndebele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.407) | South Africa | Mpumalanga and Gauteng (Nkangala district) provinces: northeast of Pretoria | 2,490,000, all users. L1 users: 1,090,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 1,400,000 (Webb 2002) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Mpumalunga province (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)) | Isikhethu, Ndzundza, Nrebele, Southern Ndebele, Transvaal Ndebele, isiNdebele | IsiNdebele | |
| xho | Xhosa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.41) | Lesotho | Qacha’s Nek district: villages near Sinxondo, Tele Valley, and Tosing in Sebapala valley central mountains and inland; Quthing district: south of Quthing city | 24,000 in Lesotho (Leclerc 2017e) | 5* (Dispersed) | Isixhosa | ||
| xho | Xhosa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.41) | South Africa | Eastern Cape province: east of Middelburg and Port Elizabeth; Northern Cape province: southeast Pixley ka Seme municipality; KwaZulu-Natal province: Ugu and Sisonke municipalities; Free State: border area, west of Lesotho | 19,150,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 8,150,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 11,000,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 19,183,300 (as L1: 8,183,300; as L2: 11,000,000) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Eastern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape, and Western Cape (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)), official language in 5 provinces | Isixhosa, Koosa, Xosa, “Cauzuh” (pej.) | isiXhosa | Mpondo (Pondo), Xesibe, Bomwana, Gaika, Gcaleka, Thembu, Mpondomise, Ndlambe. 15% of the vocabulary estimated to be of Khoekhoe (Khoisan) origin. |
| zul | Zulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.42) | South Africa | KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga (Gert Sibande muni) provinces; northeast Free State and southeast Gauteng provinces; Eastern Cape province: Harding area | 27,300,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 11,600,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 15,700,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 27,779,100 (as L1: 12,079,100; as L2: 15,700,000) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)) | Isizulu, Zunda, isiZulu | Lala, Qwabe, Cele, Transvaal Zulu. Reportedly similar to Swazi [ssw] and Xhosa [xho]. | |
| zul | Zulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.42) | Lesotho | Butha-Buthe and Leribe districts: Caledonspoort border post on north border | 328,000 in Lesotho (Leclerc 2017e) | 5* (Dispersed) | Isizulu | ||
| zul | Zulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.42) | Malawi | Dedza, Karonga, Mzimba, and Ntcheu districts | 37,500 in Malawi (1966 census) | 5* (Dispersed) | Isizulu, Kingoni, Ngoni, Zunda | ||
| zul | Zulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.42) | Mozambique | Maputo province: borders with Swaziland and South Africa | 3,000 in Mozambique (2006) | 5* (Dispersed) | Isizulu, Zunda | ||
| zul | Zulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.42) | Swaziland | Scattered | 106,000 in Eswatini (2017 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Dispersed) | Isizulu, Zunda | ||
| ssw | Phuthi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.43) | Lesotho | Mohale’s Hoek, Qacha’s Nek, Quthing, and Thaba-Tseka districts | 52,000 in Lesotho (Leclerc 2017e) | 5* (Dispersed) | Sephuthi | ||
| ssw | Swati | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.43) | Mozambique | Maputo province: border area west of the capital | 1,200 in Mozambique (2006) | 5* (Dispersed) | Siswati, Siswazi, Swazi, Tekela, Tekeza | ||
| ssw | Swati | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.43) | South Africa | KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces | 3,700,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 1,300,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 2,400,000 (Webb 2002) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Mpumalanga province (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)) | Siswati, Siswazi, Swazi, Tekela, Tekeza, Thithiza, Yeyeza, siSwati | Baca, Hlubi, Phuthi (Sephuthi). | |
| ssw | Swati | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.43) | Swaziland | 1,090,000 in Eswatini (2017 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 4,843,200 (as L1: 2,443,200; as L2: 2,400,000) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (2005, Constitution, Article 3(2)) | Isiswazi, Ngwane, Phuthi, Swazi, Tekela, Tekeza | Siswati | Baca, Hlubi, Phuthi (Sephuthi). | |
| nde | Ndebele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.44) | Botswana | Central district: Zimbabwe border; North East district: a few villages; North West district: Chobe area | 19,000 in Botswana (2015 UNSD) | 5* (Dispersed) | Isinde’bele, Northern Ndebele, Sindebele, Tabele, Tebele, isiNdebele | ||
| nde | Ndebele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.44) | Zimbabwe | Bulawayo, Matabeleland North, and Matabeleland South provinces; Midlands province: Gokwe South, Gueru, Kwekwe, Mberengwa, and Shurugwi districts | 1,610,000 in Zimbabwe (2012). Total users in all countries: 1,634,800 | 3 (Wider communication). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Isinde’bele, Ndebele of Zimbabwe, Northern Ndebele, Sindebele, Tabele, Tebele | isiNdebele | None known. Reportedly similar to Zulu [zul]. |
| sna | Shona | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.10) | Zimbabwe | Harare, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, and Midlands provinces. Manicaland province, Nyanga district (Hwesa dialect); Mashonaland East, Mudzi and Mutoko districts (Budja dialect) | 8,960,000 in Zimbabwe, all users. L1 users: 7,160,000 in Zimbabwe (2012). L2 users: 1,800,000 (Chebanne and Nthapelelang 2000). Total users in all countries: 9,037,290 (as L1: 7,237,290; as L2: 1,800,000) | 3 (Wider communication). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | chiShona, “Swina” (pej.) | Chishona | Karanga (Chikaranga), Zezuru (Bazezuru, Bazuzura, Chizezuru, Harava, Hera, Mazizuru, Shawasha, Vazezuru, Wazezuru), Korekore (Goba, Gova, Northern Shona, Shangwe), Hwesa (Chihwesa), Budja. Subdialects: Karanga: Duma, Jena, Mhari (Mari), Ngova, Nyubi, Govera; Korekore: Budya, Gova, Tande, Tavara, Nyongwe, Pfunde, Shan Gwe; Zezuru: Shawasha, Gova, Mbire, Tsunga, Kachikwakwa, Harava, Nohwe, Njanja, Nobvu, Kwazwimba (Zimba); Shona: Toko, Hwesa. Rozvi (Rozwi, Ruzwi, Chirozwi) speak Karanga dialect. Ndau [ndc] and Manyika [mxc] are partially intelligible of Shona. |
| dmx | Dema | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.10) | Mozambique | Tete province: near Cahora Bassa dam, north of Zimbabwe | 5,000 (2000 J. and M. Bister). Population displaced during Cabora Bassa Dam construction | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| sna | Shona | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.10) | Zambia | Lusaka province: southeast of the capital; Southern province: Slavonga district; possibly Central province: near Zimbabwe border | 12,700 in Zambia (2010 census). Ethnic population: 21,900 (2010 census) | 6b* (Threatened) | Chishona, chiShona | Korekore (Budya, Goba, Gova, Gowa, Korikori, Makorekore, Northern Shona, Wakorikori). | |
| sna | Zezuru | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.10) | Botswana | Central district: north; North West district: northeast | 11,000 in Botswana (2004 R. Cook) | 5* (Dispersed) | Shona, chiShona | Karanga. | |
| twl | Tawara | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.11) | Mozambique | Tete province: south, north of Zimbabwe | 60,000 (2006) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Tavara, Tawala | Tawara-Chioco, Tawara-Daque. Northernmost variety is related to the Korekore dialect of Shone [sna]; appears to have been influenced by Nyungwe [nyu]. | |
| mxc | Manyika | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.13) | Zimbabwe | Manicaland province: Makoni, Mutasa, Mutare, and Nyanga districts, northwest of Umtali | 405,000 in Zimbabwe (2012). Total users in all countries: 505,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bamanyeka, Chimanyika, Manika, Wamanyika, Wanyika | Bocha (Boka), Bunji, Bvumba, Domba, Guta, Here, Hungwe, Jindwi, Karombe, Nyamuka, Nyatwe, Unyama. A bit more divergent from Shona [sna] than the Karanga, Zezuru, and Korekore dialects. Partially intelligible with Shona. Lexical similarity: 74%–81% with Ndau [ndc]. | |
| twx | Tewe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.13) | Mozambique | Manica and Sofala provinces: Chimoio city northeast, Pungoe river north bank | 250,000 (2010 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Chiute, Ciute, Teve, Utee, Vateve, Wateve | Considered by many a Manyika [mxc] dialect. | |
| mxc | Manyika | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.13) | Mozambique | Manica province: north of Ndau, west of Tewe; Tete province: southwest | 100,000 in Mozambique (2010 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Chimanyika, Manika | Bocha (Boka), Bunji, Bvumba, Domba, Guta, Here, Hungwe, Jindwi, Karombe, Nyamuka, Nyatwe, Unyama. | |
| ndc | Ndau | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.15) | Mozambique | Inhambane and Gaza provinces; Manica and Sofala provinces: south of Beira | 707,000 in Mozambique (2016). Total users in all countries: 1,507,000 | 5* (Developing) | ChiNdau, Chindau, Cindau, Ndzawu, Njao, Sofala, Southeast Shona, chiNdau | Ndau (Cindau), Shanga (Changa, Chichanga, Chisenji, Chixanga, Cimashanga, Mashanga, Senji, Xanga), Danda (Cidanda, Cindanda, Ndanda, Vadanda, Watande), Dondo (Chibabava, Cidondo, Wadondo), Gova (Cigova). Divergent from Union Shona [sna]. Ndau (Gova) [sna] in Mozambique is more similar to Ndau, but in Zambia and Zimbabwe, Ndau is more similar to the Korekore dialect of Shona. Lexical similarity: 92% between Danda and Dondo dialects, 85% between Dondo and Shanga dialects; 74%–81% between Ndau dialects and Manyika [mxc]. | |
| ndc | Ndau | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.15) | Zimbabwe | Manicaland province: Melsetter area south of Umtali; Masvingo province: Bikita district | 800,000 in Zimbabwe (Chebanne and Nthapelelang 2000) | 5* (Developing). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Chindau, Ndzawu, Njao, Sofala, Southeast Shona | Changa (Chichanga, Chixanga, Shanga), Garwe, Tonga (Abatonga, Atonga, Batoka, Batonga, Watonga). | |
| kck | Kalanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.16) | Zimbabwe | Matabeleland South province: Bulilimamangwe and Matobo districts; Matabeleland North province: Tsholotsho district | 196,000 in Zimbabwe (2012). Total users in all countries: 338,000 | 5* (Developing). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Bakaa, Chikalanga, Kalana, Kanana, Makalaka, Sekalaña, Wakalanga, Western Shona | Ikalanga, Tjikalanga | Lilima (Humbe, Limima, Peri), Rozvi (Abanyai, Banyai, Nyai, Wanyai), Talahundra, Romwe, Lemba (Remba), Lembethu (Rembethu), Twamamba (Xwamamba), Pfumbi, Jawunda. Talahundra has no remaining speakers. Peri are an ethnic group of Birwa and Tswapong assimilated into Kalanga and speak the Lilima dialect. Humbe are ethnically different from the Lilima but now share the same language. Similar to Nambya [nmq] and the Karanga, Zezuru, and Shangwe dialects of Shona [sna]. |
| kck | Kalanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.16) | Botswana | Central district: east third; North East district: widespread; North West district: southeast | 142,000 in Botswana (2015 UNSD) | 5* (Developing) | Chikalanga, Ikalanga, Kalagan, Kalaka, Sekalaka, Sekalaña, Tjikalanga | Nyai (Nyayi, Rozvi), Ikalanga, Talahundra, Lilima (Humbe), Peri. | |
| nmq | Nambya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.16) | Botswana | Central district: west and southeast of Nata town, also along Nata river watershed; North West district: southeast corner | 15,000 in Botswana (2004 R. Cook) | 5* (Dispersed) | Chinambya, Nambzya, Nanzva | ||
| nmq | Nambya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.16) | Zimbabwe | Matabeleland North province: primarily Hwange district; Binga and Lupane districts; Bulawayo | 90,000 in Zimbabwe (Chebanne and Nthapelelang 2000). Total users in all countries: 105,000 | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Banyai, Chinambya, Nambzya, Nanzva | chiNambya | None known. Slight pronunciation difference in Jambezi area. Reportedly most similar to Kalanga [kck]. |
| tsn | Setswana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.31) | Botswana | Widespread as lingua franca; Central district: Mahalapye and Serowe-Palapye subdistricts; Kgatleng and South East districts; Kweneng and Southern districts: east; North West district: Maun village area | 1,860,000 in Botswana, all users. L1 users: 1,710,000 in Botswana (2015). L2 users: 150,000. Total users in all countries: 13,664,710 (as L1: 5,814,710; as L2: 7,850,000) | 1 (National). De facto national language | Bechuana, Beetjuans, Chuana, Chwana, Coana, Cuana, Sechuana, Secoana, Secwana, Tshwana | Setswana, Tswana | Tlahaping (Thlaping, Tlapi), Rolong, Kwena, Kgatla, Ngwatu (Ngwato), Tawana, Lete, Ngwaketse, Tlokwa, Sehurutshe. High intelligibility among Southern Sotho [sot], Northern Sotho [nso], and Setswana. Standard Setswana is based on the Sehurutshe dialect and is nearly identical to it. |
| tsn | Setswana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.31) | Namibia | Hardap region; Omaheke region: Botswana border | 5,310 in Namibia (2014 UNSD) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5), mainly used as education medium in primary grades | Tswana | Tlharo, Tlhaping, Tawana. | |
| tsn | Setswana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.31) | South Africa | Free State province: between Bloemfontein and Kimberley; Gauteng province: southwest of Pretoria; Limpopo province: Waterberg municipality; North-West province; Northern Cape province: northeast | 11,770,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 4,070,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 7,700,000 (Webb 2002) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Northern Cape and North West provinces (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)) | Beetjuans, Chuana, Coana, Cuana, Sechuana, Tsiwaha, Tswana | Tawana, Hurutshe, Ngwaketse, Thlaro, Kwena, Ngwato, Tlokwa, Melete, Kgatla, Thlaping (Tlapi), Rolong. | |
| tsn | Setswana | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.31) | Zimbabwe | Matabeleland South province: Bulilimamangwe district, between Ramoquabane and Simukwe rivers | 29,400 in Zimbabwe (1969 census) | 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Beetjuans, Chuana, Chwana, Coana, Cuana, Sechuana, Tshwana, Tswana | Ngwatu (Mangwato), Tlhaping. | |
| xkv | Kgalagadi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.311) | Botswana | Ghanzi district: Charles Hill, Dekar, Ghanzi, Grootlaagte, Kanagas, Karakobis, Kuke, Kule, Ncojane, New Xade, and Tsotsha; Kgalagadi district: north; Kweneng district: west; Southern district; North West district: Maun and Sehitwa | 65,400 (2015 UNSD) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bakgalagari, Kgalagarhi, Kgalagari, Khalagari, Khalakadi, Kxhalaxadi, Qhalaxari, Sekgalagadi, Shekgalagadi, “Makgalagadi” (pej.) | Shekgalagari | Ngologa, Shaga, Kgalagadi (Kgalagari), Balaongwe (Boloongwe), Shelala, Pedi, Phaleng, Kenyi (Khena), Kgwatheng, Tjhauba, Khakhae, Koma, Rhiti, Siwane (Gyegwana). Ngologa is the largest dialect and may be a separate language. Different from Setswana [tsn]. |
| two | Tswapong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.32) | Botswana | Central district: Mahalapye subdistrict, all villages east of Mahalapye; Kgatleng district: northeast corner | 5,380 (2003 UNSD) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Setswapong | Reportedly some similarities to Northern Sotho [nso] and Setswana [tsn], but not clearly a dialect of either. Some intelligibility of northern dialect speakers of Setswana (Sengwato and Setawana), and of a northwestern dialect of Northern Sotho. Some Birwa [brl] and Tswapong [two] say their varieties are more similar to one another than to Setswana or Northern Sotho. | |
| brl | Birwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.32) | Botswana | Central district: Bobonong subdistrict, Bobonong, Kobojango, Mathathane, Motalatau, and Semolale | 15,000 in Botswana (2004 R. Cook). Total users in all countries: 71,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | None known. Related to Tswapong [two]. | ||
| brl | Birwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.32) | South Africa | Limpopo province: Capricorn district; near Zimbabwe border | 6a* (Vigorous) | ||||
| brl | Birwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.32) | Zimbabwe | Matabeleland South province: Beitbridge, Bulilimamangwe, Gwanda and Matobo districts | 56,000 in Zimbabwe (1982 census) | 6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Sotho | None known. Related to Northern Sotho [nso], Southern Sotho [sot], and Setswana [tsn]. | |
| nso | Sotho, Northern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.32) | South Africa | Gauteng province: Pretoria area; Limpopo province; Mpumalanga province: Ehlanzeni and Nkangala districts; North-West province: Mortele municipality | 13,720,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 4,620,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 9,100,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 13,731,000 (as L1: 4,631,000; as L2: 9,100,000) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Gauteng and Limpopo provinces (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)) | Pedi, Sepedi, Transvaal Sotho | Sesotho sa Leboa | Masemola (Masemula, Tau), Kgaga (Khaga, Kxaxa), Koni (Kone), Tswene (Tsweni), Gananwa (Hananwa, Xananwa), Pulana, Phalaborwa (Phalaburwa, Thephalaborwa), Khutswe (Khutswi, Kutswe), Lobedu (Khelobedu, Lovedu, Lubedu), Tlokwa (Dogwa, Tlokoa, Tokwa), Pai, Dzwabo (Thabine-Roka-Nareng), Kopa (Ndebele-Sotho), Matlala-Moletshi. Dialects Pai, Kutswe, and Pulana are more divergent and sometimes called ‘Eastern Sotho’. |
| sot | Sotho, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.33) | Lesotho | 1,760,000 in Lesotho (Leclerc 2017e). Total users in all countries: 13,524,520 (as L1: 5,624,520; as L2: 7,900,000) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (1993, Constitution, Article 3(1)) | Sisutho, Souto, Suthu, Suto | Sesotho | None known. Northern Sotho [nso] and Setswana [tsn] are inherently intelligible but have generally been considered separate languages. | |
| sot | Sotho, Southern | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.33) | South Africa | Eastern Cape province: Senqu municipality, south of Lesotho; Free State province; Gauteng province: Kempton and Tembisa Park; North-West and Mpumalanga provinces border areas | 11,750,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 3,850,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 7,900,000 (Webb 2002) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Gauteng, East Cape, Free State, and North West provinces (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)) | Sesotho, Sisutho, Souto, Suthu, Suto | Taung. | |
| tsc | Tswa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.51) | Mozambique | Gaza province: border area; Inhambane province: south of Save river | 979,000 in Mozambique (2016). Total users in all countries: 999,000 | 5* (Developing) | Kitshwa, Sheetshwa, Shitshwa, Tshwa, Xitshwa | Xitswa | Hlengwe (Khambana-Makwakwe, Khambani, Lengwe, Lhengwe, Makwakwe-Khambana, Shilengwe), Tshwa (Dzibi-Dzonga, Dzivi, Dzonga-Dzibi, Xidzivi), Mandla, Ndxhonge, Nhayi. Partially intelligible of Ronga [rng] and Tsonga [tso]. |
| tsc | Tswa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.51) | South Africa | Limpopo province: near South Africa-Zimbabwe-Mozambique shared border | 20,000 in South Africa (2012 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Kitshwa, Sheetshwa, Shitshwa, Tshwa, Xitshwa | Hlengwe (Makawe-Khambana), Tshwa (Dzibi-Dzonga). | |
| tsc | Tswa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.51) | Zimbabwe | Manicaland province: southern area; Masvingo province; Matabeleland South province: Beitbridge; Midlands province: Mberengwa | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kitshwa, Sheetshwa, Shitshwa, Tshwa, Xitshwa | Hlengwe (Makakwe-Khambana), Tshwa (Dzibi-Dzonga). | ||
| tso | Tsonga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.53) | Mozambique | Cidade de Maputo, Gaza, and Maputo provinces; Inhambane province: west | 3,100,000 in Mozambique (2016) | 5* (Dispersed) | Gwamba, Shitsonga, Thonga, Tonga, Vatsonga, Xitsonga | Bila (Vila), Changana (Changa, Hanganu, Hlanganu, Langanu, Shangaan, Shangana, Shilanganu, Xichangana), Jonga (Djonga, Dzonga), Ngwalungu (Shingwalungu). | |
| tso | Tsonga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.53) | South Africa | Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces | 5,680,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 2,280,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 3,400,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 8,900,000 (as L1: 5,500,000; as L2: 3,400,000) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Limpopo province (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)) | Shangaan, Shangana, Shitsonga, Thonga, Tonga, Vatsonga | Xitsonga | Luleke (Xiluleke), Gwamba (Gwapa), Changana (Xichangana), Hlave, Kande, N’walungu (Shingwalungu), Xonga (Ssonga), Jonga (Dzonga), Nkuna, Songa, Nhlanganu (Shihlanganu). ‘Tsonga’ is used to describe Changana [tso], Tswa [tsc], and Ronga [rng], although often used interchangeably with Changana, the most prestigious of the 3. All are recognized as languages, although inherently intelligible. |
| tso | Tsonga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.53) | Swaziland | Scattered | 20,000 in Eswatini (Mwakikagile 2010) | 5* (Dispersed) | Changana, Shitsonga, Vatsonga, Xichangana, Xitsonga | ||
| tso | Tsonga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.53) | Zimbabwe | Masvingo province, Chiredzi, Mwenezi, and Zaka districts; near Mozambique border | 100,000 in Zimbabwe (Hachipola 1998) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Gwamba, Shangani, Shitsonga, Thonga, Tonga, Vatsonga, Xitsonga | Bila (Vila), Changana (Changa, Hanganu, Hlanganu, Langanu, Shangaan, Shangana, Shilanganu, Xichangana), Jonga (Djonga, Dzonga), Ngwalungu (Shingwalungu). | |
| rng | Ronga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.54) | Mozambique | Cidade de Maputo; Maputo province | 423,000 in Mozambique (2014). Total users in all countries: 424,000 | 5* (Developing) | GiRonga, Gironga, Rhonga, ShiRonga, Shironga, XiRonga, Xirhonga | Xironga | Konde, Putru, Kalanga. Partially intelligible with Tsonga [tso] and Tswa [tsc]. |
| rng | Ronga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.54) | South Africa | KwaZulu-Natal province | 1,000 in South Africa (2012 J. Leclerc) | 6b* (Threatened) | Shironga | Konde. | |
| ven | Venda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Venda (S.21) | South Africa | Limpopo province | 2,910,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 1,210,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 1,700,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 3,001,400 (as L1: 1,301,400; as L2: 1,700,000) | 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Limpopo province (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)) | Chivenda, Luvenda | Tshivenḓa (Tshivenda) | Phani, Tavha-Tsindi, Ilafuri (West Venda), Manda (Central Venda), Guvhu, Mbedzi (East Venda), Lembetu, Ronga (Southeast Venda). |
| ven | Venda | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Venda (S.21) | Zimbabwe | Matabeleland South province: Beitbridge, Bulilimamangwe, and Gwanda districts; Midlands province: Mberengwa district | 91,400 in Zimbabwe (2012) | 4 (Educational). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1)) | Cevenda, Chivenda, Luvenḓa, Tshivenḓa | Phani, Tavhatsindi. | |
| hij | Hijuk | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bafia (A.501) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, Bokito subdivision, southwest of Bokito, Batanga village, 2 quartiers | 400 (1992 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | None known. Lexical similarity: 31% with Bafia [ksf], 87% with Basaa [bas], 30% with Yangben [yav], 40% with Mbule [mlb]. | ||
| lfa | Lefa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bafia (A.51) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, Deuk subdivision | 15,000 (2010 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Balom, Fa’, Fak, Lefa’ | Lefa, Cama (Tempanye), Tingong, Letia. Intelligibility 81% of Bafia [ksf] (2001 M. Ayotte and M. Lamberty). | |
| dii | Dimbong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bafia (A.52) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, northwest of Bafia. 2 villages | 140 (1992 SIL). Ethnic population: 50,000 | 8a (Moribund) | Bape, Bumbong, Kaalong, Kalong, Lakaalong, Lambong, Mbong, Palong | Ripey. Related to Bafia [ksf] and Lefa [lfa]. | |
| ksf | Bafia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bafia (A.53) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, Bafia, Kiiki, and Kon-Yambetta subdivisions, north of Sanaga river | 60,000 (1991 UBS) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bekpak, Kpa, Rikpa’ | Rikpa | Kpa, Bape. |
| ngy | Tibea | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bafia (A.54) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, extreme north Ngoro subdivision, northeast of Bafia, 3 villages | 1,400 (1992 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Djanti, Minjanti, Ngayaba, Njanti, Nyabea, Zangnte | ||
| bbi | Barombi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Basaa (A.41) | Cameroon | South West region: Meme division, Lake Barombi-Koto area north of Mount Cameroon, also west of Kumba town; Ndian division, northeast of Ekondo-Titi | 3,000 (2001 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Balombi, Barumbi, Lambi, Lombe, Lombi, Rambi, Rombi | None known. Lexical similarity: 86% with Bankon [abb]. | |
| abb | Bankon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Basaa (A.42) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Moungo division, north of Douala and west of Wouri river, and Dibombari | 12,000 (2001 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Abaw, Abo, Bo, Bon | None known. Lexical similarity: 86% with Barombi [bbi]. | |
| bkh | Bakoko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Basaa (A.43) | Cameroon | Littoral region: scattered communities; Moungo division, south of Dibombari; Nkam division, Nkondjok area; Sanaga-Maritime division, southwest of Edéa; Wouri division, south of Douala; South region: northwest Océan division; West region: Haut-Nkam division | 50,000 (1982 SIL), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Basoo | Adie (Basoo Ba Die, Basoo D’edea, Elog Mpoo), Bisoo (Adiangok, Basoo Ba Likol, Basso), Mbang (Dimbambang), Yabyang (Yabyang-Yapeke), Yakalak (Yakalag), Yapoma, Yassuku (Yasoukou, Yasug, Yasuku). | |
| bas | Basaa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Basaa (A.43) | Cameroon | Centre region: widespread in Nyong-and-Kéllé division; Littoral region: Nkam and Sanaga-Maritime divisions; South region: Océan division; West region: Menoua division | 300,000 (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Basaa people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm) | 5 (Developing) | Basa, Bassa, Bicek, Bikyek, Bisaa, Mbele, Mee, Mvele, Northern Mbene, Tupen | Basaa | Bakem, Bon, Bibeng, Diboum (Dibobom), Log, Mpo, Mbang, Ndokama, Basso, Ndokbele, Ndokpenda, Nyamtam. |
| tvu | Tunen | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Basaa (A.44) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, Makénéné and Ndikinimeki subdivisions; Littoral region: Nkam division, Yingui subdivision | 40,000 (1997 J. Mbongue). Ethnic population: 100,000 (1997 J. Mbongue) | 5 (Developing) | Banen, Banend, Nen, Penin, Penyin | Tunen | Toboany (Itundu), Tufombo (Logananga, Ndogbang, Ndokbiakat), Alinga (Eling, Tuling), Ndoktuna, Niguessen (Mese, Paningesen, Sese). Reportedly similar to Nyokon [nvo], Nomaande [lem], and Tuotomb [ttf]. |
| nvo | Nyokon | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Basaa (A.45) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, Makénéné subdivision, Nyokon | 3,900 (Guthrie and Tucker 1956) | 6a (Vigorous) | Fung, Hung, Ni Nyo’o, Nyo’on | None known. Reportedly similar to Tunen [tvu], Nomaande [lem], and Tuotomb [ttf]. | |
| lem | Nomaande | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Basaa (A.46) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, west and north Bokito subdivision; Littoral region: Sanaga-Maritime division, small area, eastern border | 6,000 (1982 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Lemande, Mande, Mandi, Nɔmaántɛ́, Noomaante, Numaand, Numand, Pimenc | Nɔmaándɛ́ | |
| ttf | Tuotomb | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Basaa (A.461) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, Bafia subdivision, Ndikinemeki area, Bonek village | 1,000 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | 6b (Threatened) | Bonek, Otomb, Ponek, Tuotom, Tuotomp | ||
| yat | Yambeta | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Basaa (A.462) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, north Kon-Yambeta subdivision northwest of Bafia town | 3,700 (1982 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Njambeta, Yambetta | Nedek (Begi-Nibum, Kibum), Nigii (Nigi). | |
| bvb | Bube | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bubi-Benga (A.31) | Equatorial Guinea | Bioko Norte and Bioko Sur provinces: Bioko Island, Fernando Po | 51,000 (2017 S. Smith), decreasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 61,000 (2017 S. Smith) | 6b (Threatened) | Adeeyah, Adija, Bobe, Boobe, Boombe, Bubi, Ediya, Fernandian | North Bobe, Southwest Bobe, Southeast Bobe. | |
| bbx | Bubia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bubi-Benga (A.31) | Cameroon | South West region: Fako division, Limbé subdivision, Wovea village | 600 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977) | 6b (Threatened) | Bobe, Bobea, Bota, Ewota, Wovea, Wuvia | None known. Closely related to Bube [bvb]. | |
| bnm | Batanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bubi-Benga (A.32) | Cameroon | South region: Océan division, Kribi area, Bight of Biafra coast | 5,750 in Cameroon (2015 SIL), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 11,500 (2015 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Batanga-Banda, Noho, Noku | Banoho (Banaka, Bano’o, Banoko, Banoo, Nohu, Noko), Bapuku (Bapoko, Bapuu, Naka, Poko, Puku), Batanga (Batanga-Banda). | |
| bnm | Batanga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bubi-Benga (A.32) | Equatorial Guinea | Litoral province: Bapuku along central coast, south of Mbini to Cabo San Juan | 8,000 in Equatorial Guinea (2017 SIL), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 9,000 (2017). Total users in all countries: 13,750 | 6b* (Threatened) | Bano’o, Banoho, Banoo, Bapuku, Noho, Nohu, Noku, Puku | Bapuku (Bapoko, Bapuu, Naka, Puku). The Puku are an Ndowe coastal people. | |
| yko | Yasa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bubi-Benga (A.33) | Cameroon | South region: Océan division, Campo and Kribi subdivisions, 15 villages on the coast near Equatorial Guinea | 2,200 in Cameroon (2015 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,400 (2015 SIL). Total users in all countries: 3,200 | 5 (Developing) | Bongwe, Lyaasa, Maasa, Yassa | Iyasa | Avandje, Iyassa. Yasa (primarily in Cameroon) is closely related to Kombe [nui] and its dialects. |
| nui | Kombe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bubi-Benga (A.33) | Equatorial Guinea | Litoral province: Rio Muni coast | 9,200 (2011 SIL). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 9,200 | 6a (Vigorous) | Combe, Ndowe, Ngumbi | One, Mari, Bweko. Closely related to Cameroonian Yasa [yko]. | |
| yko | Yasa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bubi-Benga (A.33) | Equatorial Guinea | Litoral province: Edjabe village | 1,000 in Equatorial Guinea (2017 S. Smith), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,100 (2017) | 6b (Threatened) | Bongwe, Lyassa, Maasa, Yassa | ||
| yko | Yasa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bubi-Benga (A.33) | Gabon | Woleu-Ntem province | 7 (Shifting) | Bongwe, Lyassa, Maasa, Yassa | Iyasa, Bweko, Vendo, Bodele, Marry, One, Asonga, Bomui, Mogana, Mooma, Mapanga. | ||
| bng | Benga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bubi-Benga (A.34) | Equatorial Guinea | Litoral province: Corisco Island, Rio Muni | 4,000 in Equatorial Guinea (2017 S. Smith), decreasing. 500 on Corisco Island. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,500 (2017 S. Smith). Total users in all countries: 5,500 | 6b (Threatened) | Boumba, Ndowe | None known. Related to Batanga [bnm]. | |
| bng | Benga | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Bubi-Benga (A.34) | Gabon | Estuaire province: Cape Estérias along the coast north of Libreville | 1,500 in Gabon (Idiata 2007) | 8a (Moribund) | |||
| bqm | Wumboko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Duala (A.21) | Cameroon | South West region: Fako division, Buéa subdivision; Meme division, Kumba subdivision | 4,000 (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | Bamboko, Bambuku, Bomboko, Bumboko, Mboko, Womboko | None known. Probably intelligible of Mokpwe [bri], but different enough from Duala [dua] to possibly need separate literature. | |
| bri | Mokpwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Duala (A.22) | Cameroon | South West region: Fako division, Buéa, Limbé, Muyuka, and Tiko, subdivisions | 20,000 (2014 M. Engeler). Ethnic population: 150,000 (2014 M. Engeler) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bakpwe, Bakueri, Bakwedi, Bakwele, Bakweri, Bakwiri, Bekwiri, Kpe, Kwedi, Kweli, Kwili, Kwiri, Mokpe, Ujuwa, Vakweli, Vambeng | ||
| szv | Isu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Duala (A.23) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Wouri division; South West region: Fako division, Tiko subdivision, Bimbia estuary area east of Limbé and west of Douala, at the foot of Mount Cameroon, 3 villages | 800 (1982 SIL). Few speakers (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007) | 6b (Threatened) | Bimbia, Isubu, Isuwu, Su, Subu | ||
| kme | Bakole | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Duala (A.231) | Cameroon | South West region: Ndian division, Bamusso area south of Meme estuary | 300 (1982 SIL) | 8b (Nearly extinct) | Bakolle, Bamusso, Kole | ||
| dua | Duala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Duala (A.24) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Moungo division, Dibombari area; Nkam division, toward Yabassi town along Wouri river; Wouri division, Cameroon estuary area; South West region: Fako division, both sides of Mungo river | 87,700 (1982 SIL) | 3 (Wider communication). Duala is the most widely spoken language in the largest city in Cameroon. It is used in all domains (church, market, business and media). There are a number of centers which teach Duala. It became a LWC due to its size and location. It has been used in the church for over a century | Diwala, Douala, Dualla, Dwala, Dwela, Sawa | Duala | Bodiman, Mungo (Mongo, Mungu, Muungo), Oli (Ewodi, Koli, Ouri, Uli, Wouri, Wuri), Pongo. Related to Malimba [mzd]. |
| mzd | Malimba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Duala (A.27) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Sanaga-Maritime division, small pocket north of Edéa, and Sanaga river mouth area | 1,780 (2009 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Lemba, Limba, Mudima, Mulimba | ||
| mct | Mengisa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Ewondo-Fang (A.71) | Cameroon | Centre region: Lekié division, Sa’a subdivision, Sanaga river bend area between the river and Sa’a | 20,000 (1979 SIL), decreasing | 6b (Threatened) | Mangisa, Mengisa-Njowe, Mengisa-Njowi, Njowe, Njowi | High exposure to and 97% intelligibility of Ewondo [ewo]. But Ewondo speakers have only 46% with Mengisa. The Mangisa people speak 2 languages: the Mengisa (Njowi) [mct], spoken in the Lekie division, and Leti [leo], closely related to, and perhaps a dialect of, Tuki [bag]. Eton [eto], the A70 variety reportedly most similar to Mengisa (Njowi) is 90% cognate with Mengisa, but a lower comprehension level (91%) (1990 D. Hatfield and C. Regnier). Lexical similarity: 90%–91% with Eton [eto], 81%–97% with Ewondo [ewo] (Risnes 1989). | |
| eto | Eton | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Ewondo-Fang (A.71) | Cameroon | Centre region: most of Lekié division | 250,000 (2005 census). Based on census results for whole Lekie division. Delpech (1985: 161), cited in Van de Velde 2006, gives 250,000 in 1982 (2014 C. Hamm) | 6a (Vigorous) | Iton | Southern Eton (Iton Nke, Upper Eton), Northern Eton (Iton Ekwe, Lower Eton). Intelligible of Bulu [bum], Ewondo [ewo], and Fang [fan]. Reportedly most similar to Mengisa [mct]. | |
| ewo | Ewondo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Ewondo-Fang (A.72) | Cameroon | Centre region: all except east Méfou division; Mfoundi and Nyong-and-So’o divisions; southern Nyong-and-Mfoumou division; South region: north Océan division | 578,000 (1982 SIL) | 3 (Wider communication) | Ewundu, Jaunde, Yaounde, Yaunde | Ewondo | Badjia (Bakja, Bakjo), Bafeuk, Bamvele (Mvele, Yesoum, Yezum), Bane, Beti, Fong, Mbida-Bani, Mvete (Mvele), Mvog-Niengue, Omvang, Yabekolo (Yebekolo), Yabeka, Yabekanga, Enoah, Evouzok, Yangafek. It is intelligible of Bulu [bum], Eton [eto], and Fang [fan] as part of the Beti group. |
| beb | Bebele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Ewondo-Fang (A.73) | Cameroon | Centre region: Upper Sanaga division, Minta subdivision; East region: Lom-and-Djerem division, Diang subdivision | 24,000 (Welmers 1971a) | 6b (Threatened) | Bamvele | Eki, Manyok. Related to Bulu [bum], Eton [eto], Ewondo [ewo], Fang [fan], and Mengisa [mct]. | |
| bxp | Bebil | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Ewondo-Fang (A.73) | Cameroon | East region: Lom-and-Djerem division, Bélabo subdivision, Bélabo area | 6,000 (1991 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bobilis, Gbigbil | None known. Related to Bebele [beb]. | |
| bum | Bulu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Ewondo-Fang (A.74) | Cameroon | Centre region: southern Upper Sanaga division, northern Nyong-and-Mfoumou division; East region: western tip Upper Nyong division; South region: northern Mvila and Dja-and-Lobo divisions, into Océan division | 1,658,000, all users. L1 users: 858,000 (2007). L2 users: 800,000 (1991 UBS) | 3 (Wider communication). Used as a LWC throughout the South region and also (less so) in the East. Chosen as the church language of the American Presbyterian Mission in circa 1887. It is still the official church language. Another important factor in the spread of Bulu is the pattern of intermarriage: many if not most Bulu women marry outside the Bulu community | Boulou | Bulu | Yelinda, Yembana, Yengono, Bene. Intelligible with Eton [eto], Ewondo [ewo], and Fang [fan] in Beti group. |
| fan | Fang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Ewondo-Fang (A.75) | Equatorial Guinea | Widespread. Centro Sur, Kié-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas provinces | 624,000 in Equatorial Guinea, all users. L1 users: 589,000 in Equatorial Guinea (2013 S. Smith), increasing. L2 users: 35,000 (2013 S. Smith). Total users in all countries: 1,106,100 (as L1: 1,071,100; as L2: 35,000) | 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity. Used as LWC in continental Equatorial Guinea (the area previously known as Rio Muni). Used in church, market, business, media, and music. It became a LWC by virtue of its dominant status as mother tongue of 85% of the country’s population | Pahouin, Pamue, Pangwe | Fang | Ntumu, Okak. Intelligible with Bulu [bum] and Ewondo [ewo] in the Beti language subgroup. More similar to Bulu [bum] than Ewondo [ewo]. |
| fan | Fang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Ewondo-Fang (A.75) | Cameroon | South region: southern part of Mvila (south of Ebolowa and Mvangan), Dja-and-Lobo division, south of Djoum; Vallée-du-Ntem division; Océan division, isolated locations between Lolodorf and Kribi towns, and east of Campo | 111,000 in Cameroon (2000) | 5 (Dispersed) | Pahouin, Pamue | Fang (Okak), Mvae (Mvan, Mvang, Mvay, Mveny), Ntoumou (Ntumu). | |
| fan | Fang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Ewondo-Fang (A.75) | Congo | Sangha department | 8,100 in Congo (2007) | 5* (Dispersed) | Pahouin, Pamue | Make, Ntum (Ntumu), Ogowe. | |
| fan | Fang | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Ewondo-Fang (A.75) | Gabon | Mainly Estuaire and Woleu-Ntem provinces; Moyen-Ogooué province: Ogooué river and Ancien Founa areas; Ngounié province: most in Ancien Matica area; Ogooué-Ivindo province: Ivindo department | 350,000 in Gabon (Idiata 2007) | 5* (Dispersed) | Pahouin, Pamue, Pangwe | Meke (Make, Makina, Shiwa), Ntumu (Ntum), Mvai, Okak, Nzaman, Atsi. | |
| kwu | Kwakum | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Kaka (A.91) | Cameroon | East region: Lom-and-Djerem division, north of Bertoua, Bélabo subdivision; Upper Nyong division, Dimako and Doumé subdivisions | 10,000 (2002 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Abakoum, Abakum, Akpwakum, Bakum, Kpakum, Pakum | Kwakum, Beten (Bethen, Petem), Til, Baki (Mbaki). | |
| pmm | Pol | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Kaka (A.92) | Cameroon | East region: Lom-and-Djerem division, east of Bélabo; northeast of Banyo; Upper Nyong division, Dimako subdivision, east of Doumé | 38,700 in Cameroon (2000). Total users in all countries: 44,130 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Congo Pol, Pomo, Pori, Pul, Pólrì | Azom (Asom, Pori Asom), Bobili, Dondi, Mambaya, Pori Kinda (Kinda). | |
| pmm | Pomo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Kaka (A.92) | Congo | Sangha department: north of Ouesso, on Cameroon and Central African Republic borders | 5,430 in Congo (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Congo Pol, Pol, Pori, Pul | ||
| kkj | Kako | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Kaka (A.93) | Cameroon | East region: Kadey division, Batouri and Ndelele subdivisions | 100,000 in Cameroon (2003 SIL). Total users in all countries: 121,400 | 5 (Developing) | Kaka, Mkaka, Mkako | Kakɔ | Mbonjoku, Besembo, Bera, Ngbako. |
| kkj | Kako | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Kaka (A.93) | Central African Republic | Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Gamboula town, on Cameroon border | 10,400 in Central African Republic (1996) | 5* (Developing) | Kaka, Nkoxo, Yaka | ||
| kkj | Kako | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Kaka (A.93) | Congo | Likouala department: Ibenga and Motaba rivers, scattered | 11,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Kaka, Nkoxo, Yaka | ||
| bdu | Oroko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Lundu-Balong (A.11) | Cameroon | South West region: Meme division, all but east edge of Konye subdivision, southwest corner of Kumba subdivision, north two-thirds of Mbonge subdivision; Ndian division, Dikome Balue subdivision, most of Ekondo-Titi subdivision, most of Mundemba subdivision, except eastern edge | 106,000 (2000) | 5 (Developing) | Bakundu-Balue, Oroko-East, Oroko-West | Oroko | Lokundu (Bakundu, Bawo, Bekunde, Kundu, Lakundu, Nkundu), Lolue (Babue, Balue, Barue, Lue, Western Kundu), Mbonge, Ekombe (Bekombo, Ekumbe), Londo (Balondo Ba Diko, Balondo Ba Nanga, Lundu), Longolo (Ngolo), Bima, Lotanga (Batanga, Dotanga), Lokoko (Bakoko, Koko). |
| bwt | Bafaw-Balong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Lundu-Balong (A.13) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Moungo division; South West region: Meme division, Kumba area and north along Kumba-Mamfe road and southeast of Ekondo-Titi | 8,400 (1982 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ngoe | Bafo (Afo, “Bafaw” (pej.), Bafowu, Lefo’, Nho), Balong (Bai, Balon, Balung, Bayi, Nlong, Valongi). May be 2 languages. | |
| bvg | Bonkeng | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Lundu-Balong (A.14) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Moungo division, Loum subdivision | 3,000 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bongken, Bonkeng-Pendia, Bonkenge | ||
| mbo | Mbo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Lundu-Balong (A.15) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Moungo division, Melong and Nkongsamba subdivisions; South West region: Noun division, border area northwest of Nkongsamba, Mbo plain; West region: Menoua division, Santchou subdivision and Upper Nkam division, Kekem subdivision | 45,000 (Ewané Etamé 1995) | 6b* (Threatened) | Mboo, Sambo | Melong (Eho Mbo), Bareko (Ehow Mba, Minahe), Kekem (Nlembuu), Santchou (Nla Mboo). | |
| nkc | Nkongho | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Lundu-Balong (A.151) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Moungo division; South West region: Koupé-Manengouba division, Nguti subdivision | 2,230 (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | Kinkwa, Lekongo, Upper Mbo | ||
| bsi | Bassossi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Lundu-Balong (A.15B) | Cameroon | South West region: Koupé-Muanenguba division, central Nguti subdivision, Nguti town, and east and south | 5,000 (2004 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Asobse, Basosi, Basossi, Ngen, Nsose, Nswase, Nswose, Sosi, Swose | Mienge (Lower Mbo). Related to Mbo [mbo], Akoose [bss], and Bakaka [bqz]. | |
| bss | Akoose | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Lundu-Balong (A.15C) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Moungo division, Manjo subdivision; South West region: Koupé-Muanenguba division, Bangem, Nguti, and Tombel subdivisions | 100,000 (2001 SIL), increasing | 5 (Developing) | Akose, Akosi, Bafaramani, Bakosi, Bakossi, Bekoose, Koose, Kosi, Kosse, Kossi, Manenguba, Ngoe, Nkoosi, Nkosi | Akoose | Northern Bakossi, Western Bakossi, Southern Bakossi, Mwambong, Ninong, Elung (Along, Elong, Nlong), Mwamenam (Mouamenam). |
| bqz | Bakaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Lundu-Balong (A.15C) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Moungo division, west Loum, Manjo, south Nkongsamba, and Nlonako subdivisions | 30,000 (1998 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Central Mbo, Ehob Mkaa, Mkaa’ | Babong (Ihobe Mbog, Ihobe Mboong), Baneka (Mwaneka), Bakaka (Ehob Mkaa, Kaa, Kaka), Manehas (Mvae, Mwahed, Mwahet), Balondo (Ehobe Belon), Bafun (Mbwase Nghuy, Miamilo, Pendia). Related to Akoose [bss], Bassossi [bsi], and Mbo [mtk]. | |
| gyi | Gyele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.801) | Cameroon | Centre region: Nyong-et-Kéllé division; South region: Océan division, Bipindi, Campo, Kribi, and Lolodorf subdivisions, forested areas between Nyong and Ntem rivers, many near Campo-Maan Reserve | 4,250 in Cameroon (2012 SIL). Total users in all countries: 4,300 | 6b (Threatened) | Babinga, Bagiele, Bagyele, Bajele, Bajeli, Bako, Bakola, Bakuele, Bekoe, Bogyel, Bogyeli, Bondjiel, Giele, Gieli, Gyeli, Likoya | Bagyeli, Bakola, Likoya. Lexical similarity: high with Kwasio [nmg]. Much shared vocabulary in Bakola dialect with Basaa [bas]. Likoya is a contact variety; Gyele who live near Bulu [bum] speakers borrow from that language. | |
| gyi | Gyele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.801) | Equatorial Guinea | Centro Sur and Litoral provinces | 50 in Equatorial Guinea (2017 SIL). Possibly hundreds more in isolated camps | 6b (Threatened) | Babinga, Bagiele, Bagyele, Bajele, Bajeli, Bako, Bakola, Bakuele, Bekoe, Bogyel, Bogyeli, Bondjiel, Giele, Gieli, Gyeli, Likoya | ||
| ukh | Ukhwejo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.802) | Central African Republic | Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: south of Nola. Ngulo (Ukhwejo dialect); Nalimo, Salo, Bayanga, and Gbaso (Bikaka dialect); Koola, Ambasila (Piiga dialect); Bomanzoku, Linjombo, both sides of Sanga river (Kamsili dialect). 7 villages | 2,000 (1996 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Benkonjo, Ukwedjo | Ukhwejo, Bikaka, Piiga, Kamsili (Ngamsile). Reportedly similar to Koonzime [ozm], Mpiemo [mcx], Bomwali [bmw], and Makaa [mcp]. | |
| nmg | Kwasio | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.81) | Cameroon | South region: Océan division, Kribi and Lolodorf subdivisions, Kribi forests area; Kribi and Lolodorf areas | 9,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL), increasing. Total users in all countries: 22,000 | 5 (Developing) | Magbea, Mvumbo, Ngumba | Mvumbo (Mekuk, Ngoumba, Ngumba), Mabi. Dialects mutually intelligible. Lexical similarity: high with Makaa [mcp], Njyem [njy], and Koonzime [ozm] and grammatically similar. | |
| nmg | Kwasio | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.81) | Equatorial Guinea | Litoral province: coastal Rio Muni, Bisio | 13,000 in Equatorial Guinea (2011 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bujeba, Mabea, Mabi, Magbea, Mgoumba, Mvumbo, Ngoumba, Ngumba | Bisió. | |
| sox | Swo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.82) | Cameroon | Centre region: Nyong-and-Mfoumou division, Akonolinga subdivision, Emvane and Melan cantons; East region: Upper Nyong division | 9,000 (1992 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Fo, Shwo, Sso, Sô | Melan So, Emvane So. Dialects have vocabulary and pronunciation differences, but no reported problem with mutual intelligibility. The Melan Swo dialect has been influenced by Ewondo [ewo] and Bulu [bum]. | |
| mcp | Makaa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.83) | Cameroon | East region: north Upper Nyong division, Abong-Mbang, Doumé, and Nguelemendouka subdivisions | 80,000 (1987 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Maka, Mekaa, South Makaa, South Mekaa | Mǝkaá | Bebent (Bebend, Bebende, Bemina, Bewil, Biken), Mbwaanz, Shekunda (Sekunda, Shikunda), Besep. |
| mkk | Byep | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.831) | Cameroon | East region: Lom-and-Djerem division, east Diang subdivision, west of Bertoua town | 9,500 (1988 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Maka, Makya, Meka, Mekae, Mekay, Mekey, Mekye, Mika, Moka, North Makaa | Byep, Besep (Besha, Bindafum). Not intelligible with South Makaa [mcp]. Related to South Makaa and Kol [biw]. | |
| biw | Kol | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.832) | Cameroon | East region: Upper Nyong division, Messamena subdivision, on both sides of Nyong river | 12,000 (2007 B. Henson). 1,000 in Bikeng | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bekol, Bikele, Bikele-Bikay, Bikele-Bikeng, Bokol | Bòkól | Bikeng, Kol North, Kol South. Part of language chain together with Makaa [mcp] and Koonzime [ozm]. |
| njy | Njyem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.84) | Cameroon | East region: Upper Nyong division, Ngoila subdivision | 4,400 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivision where the Njyem people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm). 3,750 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 7,900 | 5* (Developing) | Djem, Dzem, Ndjem, Ndjeme, Ndzem, Ngyeme, Njeme, Njém, Nyem, Zimu | Njyem | |
| njy | Njyem | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.84) | Congo | Sangha department: Souanke district, north into Cameroon | 3,500 in Congo. 2,980 monolinguals | 5 (Developing) | Djem, Dzem, Ndjem, Ndjeme, Ndzem, Ngyeme, Njem, Nyem, Zimu | ||
| ozm | Koonzime | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.842) | Cameroon | East region: Upper Nyong division, Alouma, Lomie, Messok, Mindourou, and Somalomo villages north and northwest Dja river; South region: Dja-and-Lobo division | 40,000 (2011 SIL). 26,400 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 40,000 | 5 (Developing) | Djimu, Dzimou, Kɔɔzime, Konzime, Kooncimo, Koozhime, Koozime, Nzime | Kɔɔnzime | Nzime (Koonzime), Badwe’e (Badjoue, Bajue, Bajwe’e, Koozime). |
| bkw | Bekwel | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.85) | Cameroon | East region: Boumba-and-Ngoko division, Moloundou area along Ngoko river north side | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bakwele, Bakwil, Bekwil, Okpele | Esel (Essel). | ||
| bkw | Bekwel | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.85) | Congo | Sangha department: on Cameroon border, near Gabon border, almost to Ouesso | 12,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 16,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Bakwele, Bakwil, Bekwil | Zalagee, Ebaa, Mekwoob, Mebeeza, Koolo. Reportedly similar to Mpumpong [mgg]. Lexical similarity: 85% with Koonzime [ozm]. | |
| bkw | Bekwel | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.85) | Gabon | Ogooué-Ivindo province: northeast corner, Makokou on Ivindo river, and Imbong and Massombo villages northeast of Mékambo | 4,000 in Gabon (Idiata 2007) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bakwele, Bakwil, Bekwie, Bekwil | ||
| mcx | Mpiemo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.86) | Cameroon | East region: Boumba-and-Ngoko division, Gari-Gombo subdivision, along Gribi to Yokadouma road | 5,000 in Cameroon (1991 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bimu, Mbimou, Mbimu, Mpo, Mpyemo | Jasua (Jasoa), Bidjuki (Bidjouki). | |
| mcx | Mpiemo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.86) | Central African Republic | Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Gamboula subprefecture; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Nola subprefecture | 24,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 29,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bimu, Mbimou, Mbimu, Mbyemo, Mpo, Mpyemo | Jasoa (Jasua), Bidjuki (Bidjouki), Mpyemo. The Jasua dialect spoken by most people and well understood by others. | |
| mgg | Mpumpong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.86) | Cameroon | East region: Boumba-and-Ngoko division, south and west of Yokadouma; Kadey division, Mbang subdivision, south of Batouri (Bangantu and Menzime dialects) | 45,000 (1991 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bombo, Mbombo, Mpompo, Mpompon, Mpongmpong, Mpopo, Mpumpoo, Pongpong | Mbobyeng (Pobyeng), Menzime (Medjime, Medzime, Mendzime, Mezime), Bageto (Baagato, Bangantu, Northern Bangantu), Kunabembe (Konabem, Konabembe, Kunabeeb, Nkonabeeb, Nkumabem), Mpomam (Boman, Mboman). | |
| mcx | Mpyemo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.86) | Congo | Sangha department: on Cameroon border | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bimu, Mbimou, Mbimu, Mbyemo, Mpo | Jasoa (Jasua), Bidjuki (Bidjouki), Mpyemo. | ||
| bmw | Bomwali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.87) | Cameroon | East region: east of Moloundou, Malapa village | 6,100 in Cameroon (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bomali, Boumoali, Bumali, Lino, Sangasanga, Sanghasangha | ||
| bmw | Bomwali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.87) | Congo | Sangha department: Ouesso district | 42,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 48,100 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bomali, Boumoali, Bumali, Lino, Sangasanga, Sanghasangha | ||
| leo | Leti | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Sanaga (A.601) | Cameroon | Centre region: Lekié division, Sa’a subdivision, Nkolebassimbi and Nkolndzomo villages; Mbam-and-Inoubou division, north of Sanaga river | Some L1 speakers (2014 SIL) | 7 (Shifting) | Mengisa-Leti, Mengissa, Tiki, Tungidjo, Tungijo | Leti is closely related to and may be a dialect of Tuki [bag] (2014 SIL). Lexical similarity: 82%–84% with Tuki [bag], 23% with Ewondo [ewo], Eton [eto], and Mengisa [mct]. | |
| bag | Tuki | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Sanaga (A.601) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, on Sanaga river north of Saa; north of Sanaga river between Ombessa and Ntui; a few villages in Mbam-and-Kim division | 26,000 (1982 SIL), increasing | 6a (Vigorous) | Bacenga, Baki, Batchenga, Betsinga, Betzinga, Ki, Oki, Osa Nanga, Sanaga | Kombe (Bakombe, Tukombe, Wakombe), Tocenga (Bacenga, Cenga, Tiki), Tsinga (Batsingo, Chinga, Tsingo, Tutsingo), Bundum, Tonjo (Boudjou, Bunju), Ngoro (Aki, Tu Ngoro, Uki), Mbere (Bambele, Bamvele, Mbele, Mvele, Tumbele), Cangu (Tucangu). Lexical similarity: 82%–84% with Leti [leo]. | |
| mmu | Mmaala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Sanaga (A.62) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, Mmala canton, in and south of Bokito | 8,000 (2014 G. Boyd) | 6b (Threatened) | Central Yambassa, Mmala, Numala, Yambassa | Numaala | Nuenie (Benyi), Nukitia (Kedia). Lexical similarity: 81% with Elip [ekm], 74% with Yangben [yav], 58% with Nubaca [baf], 44% with Mbule [mlb] (2015 G. Boyd). |
| yav | Yangben | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Sanaga (A.62) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, Bokito subdivision, Yangben canton south of Bokito town | 2,300 (1994 SIL) | 6b (Threatened) | Central Yambassa, Kalong, Nukalonge, Yambassa | Nuasue | Nukalonge, Nutanga, Numende. Reportedly similar to Elip [ekm] and Mmaala [mmu]. Lexical similarity: 77% with Nubaca [baf], 51% with Mbule [mlb]. |
| ekm | Elip | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Sanaga (A.62) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, southeast of Bokito town, Yambasa village in watershed of Mbam and Sanaga rivers | 6,400 (1982 SIL) | 5* (Developing) | Belibi, Belip, Central Yambassa, Libie, Nulibie | Nulibié | Nuyambassa, Nulamba, Nukanya. Lexical similarity: 72% with Nubaca [baf], 43% with Mbule [mlb]. |
| baf | Nubaca | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Sanaga (A.621) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, Bokito subdivision, Yangben canton, Bongo village, 8 quartiers south of Yangben: Buaya, Bupili, Buyatolo, Gafogo, Galala, Ganok, Nikoss, and Puéméné | 4,500 (2007 SIL). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000 | 6b (Threatened) | Baca, Bongo, Nu Baca, Southern Yambassa, Yambassa | Center Nubaca, Kélendé, Nibiég. No significant dialect differences. Not intelligible with other Yambassa language varieties. Lexical similarity: 59% with Mbule [mlb], 66% with Yangben [yav], 55% with Elip [ekm], and 58% with Mmaala [mmu] (2015 G. Boyd). | |
| yas | Nugunu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Sanaga (A.622) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division, Bokito and Ombessa subdivisions, Ombessa area southwest | 35,000 (1987 SIL) | 5 (Developing) | Behie, Beke, Gounou, Gunu, Nu Gunu, Ombessa, Yambasa, Yambassa | Nugunu | Northern Gunu, Southern Gunu. |
| mlb | Mbule | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Sanaga (A.623) | Cameroon | Littoral region: Sanaga-Maritime division, Mbola village | 110 (2009 SIL). No monolinguals | 6b (Threatened) | Dumbule, Mbola, Mbure | None known. Not intelligible with other Yambasa languages. Lexical similarity: 59% with Nubaca [baf], 51% with Yangben [yav], 43% with Elip [ekm], 44% with Mmaala [mmu] (2015 G. Boyd). | |
| btc | Bati | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Sanaga (A.65) | Cameroon | Centre region: Mbam-and-Inoubou division; Littoral region: Sanaga-Maritime division, Ndom subdivision, Bati canton, 4 villages | 800 (1975 census) | 6a (Vigorous) | Bati Ba Ngong, Bati de Brousse | None known. Considered closely related to the Yambassa languages of the Mbam, in particular Nubaca [baf]. | |
| nda | Ndasa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.201) | Congo | Lékoumou department: west of Zanaga | 4,530 in Congo (2000). Total users in all countries: 5,530 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Andasa | ||
| nda | Ndasa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.201) | Gabon | Haut-Ogooué province: south of Franceville | 1,000 in Gabon (Idiata 2007) | 6b* (Threatened) | Andasa, Ndash, Ndasha, Ndassa | ||
| sxe | Sighu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.202) | Gabon | Ogooué-Lolo province: Koulamoutou-Lastourville area, Boulemba, Bounji, Liyodia, and Ndambo villages | 1,000 (1990 CMA) | 8a (Moribund) | Lesighu, Lisighu, Lisigu, Mississiou, Sigu | ||
| syx | Samay | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.203) | Gabon | Ogooué-Lolo province: Lastourville area; Haut-Ogooué,and Ogooué-Ivindo provinces: along main road between Makokou and Okondja | 1,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6b* (Threatened) | Osamayi, Sama, Samaye, Shamay, Shamayi | ||
| nxo | Ndambomo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.204) | Gabon | Ogooué-Ivindo province: Booué, Makokou | 1,000 (2016). P. Medjo-Mvé | 7 (Shifting) | |||
| syi | Seki | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.21) | Equatorial Guinea | Litoral province | 11,000 in Equatorial Guinea (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001) | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| syi | Seki | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.21) | Gabon | Estuaire province: Corisco Bay and Rio Muni, Cocobeach area on northwest coast | 1,000 in Gabon (Idiata 2007). Total users in all countries: 12,000 | 6b* (Threatened) | Bulu, Seke, Sekiana, Sekiani, Sekiyani, Sekyani, Seseki, Sheke, Shekiyana | None known. One of 3 groups known as semi-playeros who function well on the coast and in the jungle. | |
| bxc | Molengue | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.211) | Equatorial Guinea | Litoral province: South tip and Rio Benito, inland | 900 (2017 S. Smith), decreasing. L2 users: 0 (2017). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,000 (2017 S. Smith) | 6b (Threatened) | Balengue, Molendji | ||
| keb | Kélé | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.22) | Gabon | Moyen-Ogooué province: Lambaréné; Ngounié province: Baposso, Bougonga, Dienga, Fougamou, Mbeboudye, Mimongo, Mouila, and Sindara villages; Ogooué-Lolo province: Koula-Moutou | 1,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6b* (Threatened) | Akele, Dikele, Kili, Western Kele | Bubi, Western Kele, Metombolo. Reportedly similar to Ngom [nra]. | |
| nra | Ngom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.22) | Congo | Cuvette-Ouest department: northwest of Mbomo | 4,530 in Congo (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Angom, Bangom, Bangomo, Ongom, Ungom, Ungomo | ||
| nra | Ngom | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.22) | Gabon | Ogooué-Ivindo province: Mékambo area; Ogooué-Lolo province: Koulamoutou area. Extreme northeast | 8,240 in Gabon (2000). Total users in all countries: 12,770 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Angom, Bangom, Bangomo, Ngomo, Ongom, Ungom, Ungomo | Bakoya (Koya). Reportedly similar to Kele [keb]. | |
| zmn | Mbangwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.23) | Congo | Lékoumou department: Bambama district | 1,510 in Congo (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | M’bahouin | ||
| zmn | Mbangwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.23) | Gabon | Haut-Ogooué province: south and southwest of Franceville | 2,000 in Gabon (Idiata 2007). Total users in all countries: 3,510 | 6b* (Threatened) | M’bahouin, Mbaouin | ||
| wum | Wumbvu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.24) | Congo | Niari department: north to Gabon border | 9,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Aka, Baaka, Babinga, Bambendjele, Bambenga, Beka, Biaka, Pygmy, Wumvu | ||
| wum | Wumbvu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.24) | Gabon | Ngounié province: east of Lébamba to Malinga (Congo), Lekindou and Rebe villages | 18,300 in Gabon (2000). Total users in all countries: 27,300 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Wumbu, Wumvu | ||
| koq | Kota | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.25) | Congo | Cuvette-Ouest department: west of Mbomo; Sangha department: Liouesso district | 14,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ikota, Ikuta | ||
| koq | Kota | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.25) | Gabon | Ogooué-Ivindo province: Ivindo river basin, headwaters area east from Makokou to Mindemba; Ogooué-Lolo and Haut-Ogooué provinces: north | 25,000 in Gabon (Idiata 2007). Total users in all countries: 39,000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ikota, Ikuta, Kotu | Many dialects. | |
| sak | Sake | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.251) | Gabon | Ogooué-Ivindo province: central, northwest, Booué area; border areas, northeast Moyen-Ogooué and south Woleu-Ntem provinces | 8,000 (Idiata 2007) | 8a (Moribund) | Asake, Shake | ||
| mhb | Mahongwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Kele (B.252) | Gabon | Ogooué-Ivindo province: south of Mékambo along Congo border; northeast of Makokou, east of Ivindo river | 8,000 (Idiata 2007) | 8a (Moribund) | |||
| kzo | Kaningi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Mbete (B.602) | Gabon | Haut-Ogooué province: Boumango, Lékoussaga, Moanda, Moukaba, and Okoloville villages north and south of Franceville | 1,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bakanike, Bakaningi, Lekaningi, Likaningi | ||
| mdt | Mbere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Mbete (B.61) | Congo | Cuvette-Ouest department: north Ewo and Kelle districts | 90,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 135,500 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Limbede, Mbédé, Mbété | Ngwii. Lexical similarity: 77% with Mbamba [mbm], 76% with Ngungwel [ngz], 74% with Teke-Tege [teg], 70% with Teke-Tsaayi [tyi]. | |
| mdt | Mbere | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Mbete (B.61) | Gabon | Haut-Ogooué province: Okondja area | 45,500 in Gabon (2000). All Mbere languages in Gabon: 110,000 (Johnstone 1993) | 6a (Vigorous) | Ambede, Lembaamba, Limbede, Limbere, Mbaama, Mbédé, Mbété, Obamba | Ngwii. | |
| mbm | Ombamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Mbete (B.62) | Congo | Lékoumou department: Bambama district | 20,000 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lembaamba, Mbaama, Mbama, Mbamba | None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Teghe [teg], 77% with Mbere [mdt], 66% with Tsaayi [tyi]. | |
| nmd | Ndumu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Mbete (B.63) | Gabon | Haut-Ogooué province: west of Franceville | 3,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bandoumou, Doumbou, Dumbu, Lendumu, Lindumu, Mindoumou, Mindumbu, Minduumo, Ndumbo, Ndumbu, Nduumo, Ondoumbo, Ondumbo | Epigi, Kanandjoho (Kajandzo go), Kuya, Nyani (Nyangi). Kuya and Kanandjoho dialects are more similar to Kaningi [kzo] and Teke-Tege [teg], while Epigi and Nyani dialects are more similar to Duma [dma] and Njebi [nzb] (Idiata 2007). | |
| mye | Myene | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Myene (B.11) | Gabon | Estuaire province: Libreville and Gabon estuary; Moyen-Ogooué and Ogooué-Maritime provinces: Lambaréné area to coast; Ngounié province: south of Lambaréné. North of Lambaréné (Ajumba dialect); northeast of Lambaréné (Enenga dialect); Lambaréné area and west (Galwa dialect); both sides of Gabon estuary, south of Libreville, Port-Gentil area (Mpongwe dialect); coast southeast of Port-Gentil (Nkomi dialect); Port-Gentil (Orungu dialect) | 45,000 (Idiata 2007). 1,000–2,000 Dyumba, 1,000–5,000 Enenga, 2,000–11,000 Galwa, 1,000–4,000 Mpongwe, 10,000 Orungu, 20,000 Nkomi | 6a* (Vigorous) | Omyene | Ajumba (Adjumba, Adyumba, Dyumba), Enenga, Galwa (Galloa, Galoa, Galua, Omyene), Mpongwe (Mpongoué, Mpungwe, Npongué, Npongwe, Pongoué), Nkomi (N’komi), Orungu (Rongo, Rungu). A dialect subgroup. | |
| wdd | Wandji | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Nzebi (B.501) | Gabon | Ogooué-Lolo province: between Boucama and Mitoungou; Haut-Ogooué province: Moulounou department | 10,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bawandji, Liwanzi, Wanzi | None known. Mutually intelligible with Duma [dma] (Idiata 2007). | |
| dma | Duma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Nzebi (B.51) | Gabon | Ogooué-Lolo province: Franceville area near Lastourville | 9,840 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Adouma, Aduma, Badouma, Douma, Liduma | None known. Mutually intelligible with Wandji [wdd] (Idiata 2007). | |
| nzb | Njebi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Nzebi (B.52) | Congo | Niari department: Mayoko district | 20,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Binzabi, Injebi, Ndjabi, Njabi, Njevi, Nzebi, Yinjebi, Yinzebi | ||
| nzb | Njebi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Nzebi (B.52) | Gabon | Ngounié and Ogooué-Lolo provinces: west of Franceville, to Lebamba area; northeastward into Haut-Ogooué province as far as Okondja | 120,000 in Gabon (2007 R. Radke). Total users in all countries: 140,000 | 5* (Developing) | Bandzabi, I-Nzèbi, Injebi, Inzabi, Inzebi, Ndjabi, Ndjevi, Njabi, Nzɛbi, Nzebi, Nzèbi, Yinjebi, Yinzebi, Yinzébi | ||
| tsa | Tsaangi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Nzebi (B.53) | Congo | Lékoumou department; Niari department: north and northwest of Mossendjo | 20,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 28,610 | 6a (Vigorous) | Icaangi, Itsangi, Tcengui, Tchangui, Tsangi, Tsengi | ||
| tsa | Tsaangi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Nzebi (B.53) | Gabon | Haut-Ogooué province: Lekoko department, west and southwest of Franceville; Ogooué-Lolo province: Lombo-Bouenguidi department | 8,610 in Gabon (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Batsangui, Icaangui, Itsaangi, Itsangi, Itsengi, Tcengui, Tchangui, Tsangi, Tsengi | ||
| bwz | Bwisi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Shira-Punu (B.401) | Congo | Niari department: Kibangou district, Banda area on Gabon border | 3,020 in Congo (2000). Total users in all countries: 4,250 | 6b* (Threatened) | Ibwisi, Mbwisi | ||
| bwz | Bwisi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Shira-Punu (B.401) | Gabon | Nyanga province: far south, Ndendé area on Congo border | 1,230 in Gabon (2000) | 7 (Shifting) | Ibwisi, Mbwisi | ||
| bbg | Barama | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Shira-Punu (B.402) | Gabon | Ngounié province: Douya-Onoy department; Nyanga province: west of Moabi; Ogooué-Maritime province: east of Omboué | 1,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bavarama, Ghibarama, Gibarama, Givarama, Varama, Yibarambu | ||
| vum | Vumbu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Shira-Punu (B.403) | Gabon | Ngounié province: Moukalaba department, Yetsou area, west of Mouila | 5,000 (Idiata 2007) | 7 (Shifting) | Givoungou, Givungu, Vungu, Yivoumbou | None known. Very high intelligibility of Barama [bbg], may be the same language (Idiata 2007). | |
| swj | Sira | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Shira-Punu (B.41) | Gabon | Ngounié province: west of Mouila, southwest of Fougamou and Mandji; small border areas in eastern Ogooué-Maritime and northwest Nyanga provinces | 39,400 (2000). 30,000–40,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Eshira, Gisir, Gisira, Ichira, Ishira, Isira, Shira, Shire, Yichira | Kamba, Ngosi. | |
| snq | Sangu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Shira-Punu (B.42) | Gabon | Ngounié province: Iboundji and Mimongo area; Ogooué-Lolo province: Idimba and Massoukou area | 30,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Chango, Isangu, Shango, Yisangou, Yisangu | ||
| puu | Punu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Shira-Punu (B.43) | Congo | Niari department: toward Gabon border | 14,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Ipounou, Ipunu, Pouno, Puno, Yipunu | ||
| puu | Punu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Shira-Punu (B.43) | Gabon | Ngounié and Nyanga provinces: Ndendé and Tchibanga areas | 152,000 in Gabon (Idiata 2007). Total users in all countries: 166,000 | 5* (Developing) | Ipunu, Pouno, Pounou, Puno, Yipounou, Yipunu, yi-punu | yiPunu | |
| lup | Lumbu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Shira-Punu (B.44) | Congo | Bouenza and Kouilou departments; Niari department: Kibangou district, between Kibangou and Gabon border | 3,020 in Congo (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Ilumbu | ||
| lup | Lumbu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Shira-Punu (B.44) | Gabon | Nyanga province: southwest coast, Mayumba, between Bangua and Nyanga rivers; Ogooué-Maritime province: coastal Ndougou department, Gamba, Mayonani, Panga, and Setté Cama villages | 19,700 in Gabon (2000). Total users in all countries: 22,720 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Baloumbou, Ilumbu, Yilumbu | ||
| tck | Tchitchege | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.701) | Gabon | Haut-Ogooué province: Mboua village, south from Franceville to Boumango | 2,000 (2003) | 7 (Shifting) | Latsitsege, Lintsitsege | ||
| teg | Teke-Tege | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.71) | Gabon | Haut-Ogooué province: east and northeast of Franceville | 90,000 in Gabon (2011 SIL). 22,500 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 139,300 | 6a (Vigorous) | Iteghe, Katege, Keteghe, Ketego, Latege, Northern Teke, Tege-Kali, Teghe, Teke | None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Ombamba [mbm], 79% with Kukuya [kkw], 77% with Ngungwel [ngz], 76% with Eboo [ebo], 75% with Tyee [tyx], 74% with Mbere [mdt], 73% with Laali [lli] and Tsaayi [tyi]. | |
| teg | Teke-Tege | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.71) | Congo | Cuvette-Ouest department: Ewo and Okoyo districts; Plateaux department: Abala district, west of Mpama river | 49,300 in Congo (2000). 740,000 all Teke languages in Congo (2012 World Factbook) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Iteghe, Keteghe, Northern Teke, Teghe, Teke Alima, Teke Kali | Kateghe (Nzikini), Keteghe. | |
| ngz | Ngungwel | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.72) | Congo | Plateaux department: Gamboma district | 45,000 (1988 SIL) | 6a (Vigorous) | Engungwel, Ngangoulou, Ngangulu, Ngungulu, Northeastern Teke | Mpu (Mpumpu, Mpumpum). Seen as separate from Teke, although part of the Teke family. Lexical similarity: 89% with Boo [ebo], 81% with Kukua [kkw], 77% with Teghe [teg], 76% with Tsaayi [tyi] and Mbere [mdt], 75% with Tyee [tyx], 68% with Laali [lli], 61% with Yaa [iyx]. | |
| tyx | Teke-Tyee | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.73) | Congo | Bouenza, Lékoumou, and Pool departments: between Kitembe and Makaka | 14,400. 740,000 all Teke languages in Congo (2012 World Factbook) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kwe, Tee, Tyee, West Teke | None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Kukuya [kkw] and Eboo [ebo]. | |
| lli | Teke-Laali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.73) | Congo | Lékoumou department: south of Komono | 2,100 (2006). 740,000 all Teke languages in Congo (2012 World Factbook) | 6b (Threatened) | Ilaali, Laali, West Teke | None known. Lexical similarity: 81% with Tsaayi [tyi], 78% with Tyee [tyx]. | |
| tyi | Teke-Tsaayi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.73) | Congo | Lékoumou department: east of Mossendjo; Pool department: Kindema district | 95,900 (2000). 740,000 all Teke languages in Congo (2012 World Factbook) | 6b* (Threatened) | Getsaayi, Tsaayi, Tsaya, Tsaye, Tsayi, West Teke | None known. Lexical similarity: 76% with Tyee [tyx], 80% with Kukuya [kkw]. | |
| iyx | Yaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.73) | Congo | Lékoumou department: Sibiti district | 31,000 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Iyaka, West Teke, Yaa | None known. Lexical similarity: 91% with Laali [lli], 74% with Tsaayi [tyi], 69% with Tyee [tyx]. | |
| ebo | Teke-Eboo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.74) | Congo | Plateaux department: Lefini river east to Congo river, north to Engankou and west to Allion | 20,400 in Congo (2000). 740,000 all Teke languages in Congo (2012 World Factbook) | 6b (Threatened) | Aboo, Bamboma, Boma, Boo, Boõ, Central Teke, Eboo Teke, Eboom, Iboo, Teke-Boma | Teke-Nzikou. Eboo is the language of the ancient Teke kings. Teke-Eboo [ebo], Teke-Nzikou [nzu], and Teke-Fuumu [ifm] are reportedly similar enough to easily share the same literature. Lexical similarity: 63% with Iyaa, 69% with Laali [lli], 75% with Tsaayi [tyi], 85% with Tyee [tyx], 86% with Kukuya [kkw], 89% with Ngungwel [ngz], 79% with Teke-Tege [teg]. | |
| ebo | Teke, Eboo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.74) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Mai-Ndombe province: Mushie territory | 6a* (Vigorous) | Aboo | |||
| nzu | Teke-Nzikou | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.74) | Congo | Plateaux department: Djambala area; Pool department | 6b (Threatened) | Central Teke, Ndzindziu, Njiunjiu, Njyunjyu | Teke-Eboo. A hybrid of the dialects is emerging among young people. | ||
| tek | Teke, Ibali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.75) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kinshasa and Mai-Ndombe provinces | 167,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000). Total users in all countries: 203,200 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bali, Eastern Teke, Ibali, Kiteke, Teke-Ibali | Mosieno, Ngee (Esingee), Bali (Ambali, Teo, Tio, Tyo). Ngee dialect may be a distinct language. | |
| tek | Teke-Ibali | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.75) | Congo | Pool department: Brazzaville area, on Congo river | 36,200 in Congo (2000). 740,000 all Teke languages in Congo (2012 World Factbook) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bali, Eastern Teke, Ibali, Kiteke | ||
| ifm | Teke-Fuumu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.77) | Congo | Plateaux department: south and west of Lefini river (Wuumu dialect); Pool department: north of Brazzaville (Fuumu dialect) | 8,150 (2000). 740,000 all Teke languages in Congo (2012 World Factbook) | 6b* (Threatened) | Fumu, Fuumu, Kiteke, South Central Teke, Teke du Pool | Fuumu (Fumu, Ifuumu, Mfumu), Wuumu (Iwuumu, Wumbu). Teke-Eboo [ebo],Teke-Nzikou [nzu], and Teke-Fuumu [ifm] are reportedly similar enough to easily share the same literature. | |
| kkw | Teke-Kukuya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.77) | Congo | Plateaux department: Lekana district, east of Leketi river | 38,800 (2000). 740,000 all Teke languages in Congo (2012 World Factbook) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Chikuya, Cikuya, Kikuwa, Kikuya, Koukouya, Kukua, Kukuya, Kukwa, Southern Teke | None known. Lexical similarity: 86% with Eboo [ebo], 85% with Tyee [tyx], 81% with Ngungwel [ngz], 80% with Tsaayi [tyi], 79% with Teke-Tege [teg], 75% with Laali [lli], 70% with Yaka [iyx]. | |
| tii | Tiene | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tiene-Yanzi (B.81) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Mai-Ndombe province: Bolobo area on Congo river, inland savannah and forest | 24,500 (1977 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kitiene, Kitiini, Tende | ||
| boh | Boma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tiene-Yanzi (B.82) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: Bagata territory | 20,500 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Boma Kasai, Buma, Kiboma | ||
| zmf | Mfinu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tiene-Yanzi (B.83) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kinshasa province | 8,400 (2002) | 7 (Shifting) | Emfinu, Funika, Mfununga | Ntsiam, Ntswar. | |
| zmp | Mpuono | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tiene-Yanzi (B.84) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: Idiofa territory | 165,000 (Nida 1972) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Mpuono, Mpuun (Ambuun, Gimbunda, Kibunda, Kimbuun, Mbunda, Mbuun). Reportedly similar to Yansi [yns]. | ||
| soo | Songo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tiene-Yanzi (B.85) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: Bulungu-Kikwit territory | 13,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Itsong, Kisongo, Nsong, Ntsuo, Tsong | ||
| yns | Yansi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tiene-Yanzi (B.85) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: Bulungu-Kikwit territory, Loange river area | 100,000 (1997 S. Mufwene) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Eyansi, Eyanzi, Kiyanzi, Yans, Yanzi | Yeei (Yey), Mbiem (West Yansi), East Yansi. | |
| diz | Ding | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tiene-Yanzi (B.86) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: Idiofa territory, on Kasaï river | 155,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Di, Din, Dinga, Dzing, Kindinga | None known. Reportedly similar to Yansi [yns]. | |
| nlo | Ngul | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tiene-Yanzi (B.861) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: Kasaï river area north of Idiofa | 8,400 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ingul, Ngoli, Nguli, Ngulu | ||
| nzd | Nzadi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tiene-Yanzi (B.865) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kwilu province: Kapia and Sedzo; Kasai province: Ilebo territory, Mapangu | Several thousand speakers (2017 I. Maddieson) | 6a* (Vigorous) | indzéé | Ngiemba, Lensibun, Ndzé Ntaa. Related to Ding [diz]. | |
| gev | Eviya | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tsogo (B.301) | Gabon | Ngounie province: Fougamou on right bank of Ngounié river; some in Libreville | 50 (2013 D. Cavar). Ethnic population: 400 (2013 D. Cavar) | 7 (Shifting) | Evia, Gevia, Geviya, Ivéa | ||
| sbw | Simba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tsogo (B.302) | Gabon | Ngounié province | 100 (Idiata 2007) | 8a (Moribund) | Gehimba, Ghehimba, Ghehimbaka, Himba, Himbaka, Nsindak | ||
| pic | Pinji | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tsogo (B.304) | Gabon | Ngounié province: east of Mouila, between Eléké and Fougamou | 1,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6b (Threatened) | Apindje, Apindji, Apindzi, Apinji, Gapinji, Ghepinzi, Pinzi | None known. Very similar to Tsogo [tsv] (Idiata 2007). | |
| buw | Bubi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tsogo (B.305) | Gabon | Ogooué-Lolo province: Lolo-Bouénguidi department, Baniati and Mouila-Pouvi | 4,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6b (Threatened) | Bhubhi, Eviia, Gevove, Ghevove, Ibhubhi, Ibubi, Pove, Vove | ||
| tsv | Tsogo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tsogo (B.31) | Gabon | Ngounié province: north and east of Mouila | 9,000 (Idiata 2007) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Getsogo, Ghetsogo, Mitsogo | ||
| kbs | Kande | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Tsogo (B.32) | Gabon | Ogooué-Ivindo province: Aschouka and Boléko villages west of Booué | 100 (Grollemund 2005) | 8a (Moribund) | Kanda, Okande | ||
| lin | Lingala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.30) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Widespread in Bas-Uele, Equateur, Haut-Uele, Kinshasa, Mai-Ndombe, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, Orientale, Sud-Ubangi, and Tshopo provinces | 2,040,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000). Total users in all countries: 2,260,520 | 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in northwestern regions (2006, Constitution, Article 1(8)). Developed as a trade language around 1900 about halfway between Kinshasa and Kisangani. It then spread along the river, ultimately becoming entrenched in Kinshasa, where it has become the L1 of most people | Ngala | Lingala | None known. Reportedly similar to Lusengo [lse] and Bangala [bxg]. Lexical similarity: 33% with Bobangi [bni]. |
| bxg | Bangala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.30) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bas-Uele, Haut-Uele, Ituri, and Tshopo provinces | 3,500,000, all users. L1 users: Few L1 speakers. L2 users: 3,500,000 (1991 UBS) | 3 (Wider communication). Used as an LWC in Aru, Dungu, Faradje, and Watsa territories by all ethnic groups as a preferred market language | Ngala | Bangala | None known. Reportedly becoming more like Lingala [lin]. |
| lin | Lingala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.30) | Congo | Mainly Brazzaville and surrounding areas in Pool department | 181,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc) | 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of national identity (2002, Constitution, Article 6), generally northern. Lingala is used throughout the area north of Brazzaville in the churches, the market and the media (2014 SIL) | Ngala | ||
| bzm | Bolondo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.302) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Budjala territory on Saw river south of Budjala, Bamba village area | 3,000 (1983 census) | 6b* (Threatened) | None known. Reportedly most similar to Tembo [tmv]. | ||
| biz | Baloi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.31) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: south, west, and east of Bomongo | 20,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Baato Baloi, Boloi, Loi, Loi-Likila, Rebu | Loi, Dzamba (Jamba), Makutu, Mampoko. Reportedly similar to Likila [lie] and Ndobo [ndw]. | |
| lie | Likila | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.31) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: Makanza town area, Congo river north bank | 8,400 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Balobo, Bangela | Dialect or closely related language to Libinza [liz] or Baloi [biz]. | |
| mmz | Mabaale | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.311) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: Ngiri river area | 42,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lomabaale, Mabale, Mbali | Bembe, Lipanja, Banza, Mbinga, Lobo (Balobo). | |
| ndw | Ndobo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.312) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: between Bomongo and Congo rivers | 10,200 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ndoobo | Possibly a dialect of Baloi [biz] or Libinza [liz]. | |
| bni | Bangi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.32) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: from Bolobo to Mbandaka | 50,900 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000). Total users in all countries: 148,340 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bobangi, Bubangi, Dzamba, Lobobangi, Rebu, Zamba | ||
| bni | Bobangi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.32) | Congo | Cuvette department: Mossaka district, on Congo river; Likouala department: Epena district | 90,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Bangi, Bubangi, Bungi, Dzamba, Lobobangi, Rebu, Zamba | ||
| mow | Moi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.32) | Congo | Cuvette and Plateaux regions: Oubangui river west bank, Alima river mouth, south of Mossaka | 3,020 (2000) | 6b (Threatened) | Lemoi, Mahican, Rebu | None known. Reportedly related to Lingala [lin]. | |
| liz | Libinza | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.321) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: north Bomongo territory, Boniange and Monia villages on Mwanda and Ngiri rivers; on islands as far as Bomongo; Sud-Ubangi province: Kungu territory | 10,000 (1986 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Binza, Libindja, Libinja | Monia, Boniange, Kutu. Dialects or closely related languages: Balobo (Likila) [lie] and Ndobo [ndw]. | |
| szg | Sengele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.33) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Mai-Ndombe province: west of Lake Mai-Ndombe | 17,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kesengele, Sengere | ||
| skt | Sakata | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.34) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Mai-Ndombe province: Inongo, Kutu, and Mushie territories, Lukenie river, and Semendua area | 75,000 (1982 UBS) | 6a (Vigorous) | Kisakata, Lesa, Odual, Saka | Sakata, Djia (Dia, Dja, Kidjia, Wadia), Bai (Kibai, Kibay), Tuku (Batow, Ketu). Descendants of the ancient Mongo empire. | |
| nto | Ntomba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.35) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: near Lake Tumba; Mai-Ndombe province: Lake Mai-Ndombe area | 100,000 (1980 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lontomba, Luntumba, Ntomba-Bolia, Ntumba | Imona, Mpongo, Nkole, Ntomba, Sakanyi (Lotsakani), Soko, Saw. Reportedly similar to Bolia [bli] (Bokoki). | |
| bli | Bolia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.35) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: southeast of Lake Tumba; Mai-Ndombe province: north of Lake Mai-Ndombe | 100,000 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bokoki, Bulia | Reportedly similar to, or possibly a dialect of, Ntomba [nto]. | |
| bkt | Boloki | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.36) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: Congo river, upstream from Mbandaka | 4200 | 6b (Threatened) | Baloki, Boleki, Buluki, River Ruki | ||
| lse | Lusengo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.36) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: Makanza territory; Mongala province: Bumba and Lisala territories, Congo river area | 42,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Losengo | Kangana, Iliku (Eleko, Eleku, Leko, Leku, Loleko), Limpesa (Mpesa), Lipoto (Ingundji, Kele, Pfoto, Poto, Upoto), Bumwangi, Busu Djanga, Empesa Poko, Esumbu, Kunda, Kumba, Lusengo Poto, Mongala Poto, Ngundi, Mongo. | |
| ndl | Ndolo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.36) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Budjala territory, Ndolo-Liboko collectivité; Moeko river, south of Budjala between Ndama and Bokala villages, and Lisombo and Tando villages | 8,000 (1983 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Mosange, Ndoolo, Tando | ||
| ymg | Yamongeri | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.36) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: south of Congo river | 13,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Yamongiri | ||
| bja | Budza | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.37) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Mongala province: Bumba territory and parts of Bongandanga territory; northwest Tshopo province | 226,000 (1985 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Budja, Buja, Ebuja, Embudja, Limbudza, Mbudja | Mbila, Monzamboli, Bosambi, Yaliambi. Lexical similarity: 89% with Babango [bbm], 59% with Ngombe [ngc], 48% with Lingala [lin], 35%–40% with Pagibete [pae] and Bwa [bww]. | |
| tmv | Tembo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.371) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: Bomongo territory, 1 or 2 villages on Mongala river southwest of Akula; Sud-Ubangi province: Budjala territory, Bokele, Bosanga, and Libanza villages on Banga-Melo river; Sumba island | 5,000 (1986 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Litembo, Motembo | Wide dialect variation may exist. | |
| dez | Dengese | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bushoong (C.81) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai province: Dekese territory | 8,600 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ileo, Lengese, Ndengese, Nkutu | ||
| soe | Songomeno | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bushoong (C.82) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai province: Dekese territory | 50,000 (Barrett 1982) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Hendo, Lohendo | ||
| buf | Bushoong | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bushoong (C.83) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai province: north Ilebo and Mweka territories | 155,000 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bamongo, Bukuba, Bushona, Bushong, Bushonga, Bushongo, Busoong, Ganga, Kuba, Mbale, Mongo, Shongo | Djembe, Ngende (Ngeende, Ngendi), Ngombe (Ngombia), Ngongo, Pianga (Panga, Piong, Pyaang, Tsobwa), Shuwa (Loshoobo, Shoba, Shobwa). | |
| lel | Lele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bushoong (C.84) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai province: west edge Ilebo and Tshikapa territories; extreme east Kwilu province | 26,000 (Welmers 1971a) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bashilele, Usilele | None known. Comprehension of Wongo [won]. | |
| won | Wongo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bushoong (C.85) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai province: Ilebo and Tshikapa territories; Kwilu province: Idiofa territory | 12,700 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bakong, Gongo, Kiwongo, Ndjembe, Tukkongo, Tukongo, Tukungo | None known. Intelligible of Lele [lel]. | |
| mdu | Mboko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mboshi (C.21) | Congo | Cuvette department: west Makoua district; Sangha department | 40,000 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Mboxo, Mbuku | Ngare. | |
| akw | Akwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mboshi (C.22) | Congo | Cuvette department: Makoua district; Cuvette-Ouest department: east | 36,000 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6b* (Threatened) | |||
| koh | Koyo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mboshi (C.24) | Congo | Cuvette department: Owando district; Cuvette-Ouest department: Ewo district | 1000 | 6b (Threatened) | Ekoyo, Kouyou | ||
| mdw | Mbosi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mboshi (C.25) | Congo | Cuvette department: Boundiji, Mossaka, and Owando districts; Cuvette-Ouest department: Ewo district; Plateaux department: Abala district | 161,000 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6b (Threatened) | Embosi, Mbochi, Mboshe, Mboshi | Embɔ́sí | Bunji (Mbonzi), Olee, Ondinga, Ngolo, Eboi. |
| kwc | Likwala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mboshi (C.26) | Congo | Cuvette department: lower reaches of Likouala-aux-Herbes, Likouala-Mossaka, and Sangha rivers | 67,000 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ekwala, Kwala, Likouala | None known. Mutually intelligible with Likuba [kxx]. | |
| kxx | Likuba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mboshi (C.27) | Congo | Cuvette department: on Congo river above Sangha river mouth; Plateaux department: Alima river south bank | 45,000 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Kuba | None known. Mutually intelligible with Likwala [kwc]. | |
| lol | Mongo-Nkundu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mongo-Nkundo (C.61) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: south half; Mai-Ndombe province: northeast; Tshuapa province: west half | 400,000 (1995) | 5* (Developing) | Lomongo, Mongo | Lɔmɔngɔ | Mpama, Wangata, Panga (Acitu, Buli, Ipanga, South Nkundo, Titu), Bukala (Kala), Yalima (Yailima, Yajima), Kutu (Bakutu), Ekonda Mongo (Lomongo), Longo (Belo, Bolongo), Nkundo (Lolo, Lonkundo, Lonkundu, Nkundu), Ntomba-Inongo, Ntomba-Bikoro, Konda (Bosanga-Ekonda, Ekonda, Lokonda, Lokwala), Longombe (Ngombe-Lomela, Ngome à Múná), Bokote, Booli, Bosaka, Ekota, Emoma, Ikongo (Lokalo-Lomela), Iyembe, Lionje (Nsongo, Ntomba), Yamongo, Mbole (Bosanga-Mbole, Lwankamba, Mangilongo, Nkengo, Yenge, Yongo), Nkole. Dialect or language subgroup: Lalia [lal], Mongo-Nkundu, Ngando, and Ombo [oml]. Longombe dialect, spoken along Boende-to-Wema road, is reportedly most similar to the Bakutu dialect. Ntomba-Inongo, Ntomba-Bikoro, and Konda dialects may be separate languages. Konda is in southern Equateur province and in Mai-Ndombe province, Kiri territory. In Mbandaka, they call their dialect, Lonkundo. |
| lal | Lalia | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mongo-Nkundo (C.62) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshuapa province: Ikela territory, Loile, Lofume, Lokina, Tshwapa, and Tumbenga collectivités, Yalosaka is center. Some in Tshopo province | 55,000 (1993) | 6a (Vigorous) | |||
| nxd | Ngando | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mongo-Nkundo (C.63) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province; Tshuapa province: Maringa river area, north of Ikela | 220,000 (1995) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bongando, Longandu, Ngandu | ||
| pae | Pagibete | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.401) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Mongala province: Bumba territory; Nord-Ubangi province: Businga and Yakoma territories. Nord-Ubangi province: along road south of Businga (Mongbapele dialect); Nord-Ubangi province: Yakoma territory, Butu, around Ngakpo on Dua river north side, across from Gumba (Momveda dialect); Mongala province: north Bumba territory, south of Butu and at Ndundu-Sana (Ndundusana dialect) | 28,000 (2000 SIL). 6,000 Momveda, 4,500 Mongbapele | 6a* (Vigorous) | Apagibete, Apagibeti, Apakabeti, Apakibeti, Pagabete | Momveda, Mongbapele, Ndundusana (Egejo, Egezo, Egezon, Gezon). Lexical similarity: Ndundusana dialect 90% with Momveda and Mongbapele dialects; Momveda and Mongbapele has 80%, and Ndundusana dialect has 85% with Bwa [bww]. Dialects have 60%–75% with Kango [kzy], 60%–65% with Ngelima [agh], 55%–60% with Lika [lik], 46% with Komo [kmw], 40%–45% with Bali [bcp], 35%–40% with Ngombe [ngc] and Budza [bja], 30% with Lingala [lin]. | |
| kty | Kango | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.403) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bas-Uele province: Uélé river banks and tributaries | 5,900 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Likango | Bomokandi, Uélé. Lexical similarity: 70%–75% with Pagibete [pae], 66% with Ngelima [agh], 75%–80% with Bwa [bww], 60% with Lika [lik]. The Bomokandi dialect has 60%–65% with Bwa [bww] and Pagibete [pae], 68% with Lika [lik], 58% with Ngelima [agh]. Both dialects have 50% with Bali [bcp] and Komo [kmw]. | |
| ngc | Ngombe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.41) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Mongala province and adjacent parts of Sud-Ubangi and Equateur provinces. Widespread along both sides of the Congo River, possibly some in Tshopo province | 150,000 (Welmers 1971a) | 6a (Vigorous) | Lingombe | Libale (Bale, Wiindza-Baali), Doko. Reportedly similar to Bwela [bwl] (Lingi). Lexical similarity: 78% with the Benza (Binja) dialect of Ligenza [lgz]; 40% with Lingala [lin], Pagibete [pae], and Ngelima [agh]; 37% with Bwa [bww]. | |
| bws | Bomboma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.411) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Kungu territory, Bomboma collectivité between Bomboma and Bokonzi villages: Lingonda, Ebuku, Makengo, Ndzubele, Motuba villages. 7 villages | 23,000 (1983 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Boba | Likaw, Lingonda, Ebuku, Bokonzi. The Likaw in Budjala Territory, southwest of Budjala, are reportedly ethnically identical with Bomboma and have good intercomprehension. Lexical similarity: 93% with the Ebuku and Lingonda dialects. | |
| bmg | Bamwe | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.412) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Kungu territory, Mwanda collectivité, Ngiri river upper reaches Bomole, Botunia, Libobi, Lifunga, Likata, Lokutu, Mondongo, and Moniongo villages between Limpoko and Sombe villages | 20,000 (1983 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lifonga, Likata, Libobi. All village dialects are mutually intelligible. Reportedly similar to Dzando [dzn] and Ndolo [ndl]. | ||
| dzn | Dzando | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.413) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Kungu territory, Mwanda collectivité, Lokay, Maboko, Moliba, and Molunga villages between Ngiri and Mwanda rivers | 6,000 (1983 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Lokay, Molunga, Maboko, Moliba. Comprehension of Lifunga dialect of Bamwe [bmg] very high. Lexical similarity: 6% with Lifunga dialect of Bamwe [bmg]. | ||
| lgz | Ligenza | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.414) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bas-Uele province: Aketi territory (Benza dialect); Mongala province: small areas in Bumba territory | 43,000 (1986 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Digenja, Gendja, Gendza-Bali, Ligendza | Bokoy, Elowa, Benza (Binja, Binza, Libenza, Libindja, Libinja), Bolupi. | |
| bwl | Bwela | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.42) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province | 8,400 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Buela, Lingi | ||
| bww | Bwa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.44) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bas-Uele province: Aketi, Bambesa, Bondo, and Buta territories; Tshopo province: Banalia territory; Nord-Ubangi province: northeastern, on Ubangi river, Buta is center; Bas-Uele province: Aketi and Bondo territories (Benge and Bati dialects), Tshopo province: Banalia territory (Kiba dialect) | 200,000 (1994 SIL) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Boa, Boua, Bua, Kibua, Kibwa, Libenge, Libua, Libwali | Leboa-Le, Yewu, Kiba, Benge, Bati (Baati). Lexical similarity: 90% with Benge and Bati dialects, 80%–85% with Pagibete [pae], 60%–80% with Kango [kty], 60%–65% with Ngelima [agh], 55%–60% with Lika [lik], 48% with Komo [kmw], 43% with Bali [bcp], 37% with Ngombe [ngc], 35% with Budza [bja], 30% with Lingala [lin]. | |
| bbm | Babango | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.441) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Basoko territory; some in Mongala province | 2,550 (2000) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bango, Mobango, Southwest Bwa | Possibly a dialect of Budza [bja], which is immediately downriver. Lexical similarity: 89% with Budza. | |
| agh | Ngelima | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.45) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Banalia and Basoko territories | 13,600 (2000) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Angba, Bangalema, Bangelima, Leangba | Beo (Lebeo), Buru (Boro, Leboro), Tungu, Hanga. May be more than one language. Lexical similarity: 60%–65% with Bwa [bww], Kango [kty], and Pagibete [pae]; 50% with Lika [lik] and Komo [kmw]; 40% with Ngombe [ngc], the Benza dialect of Ligenza [lgz], and Budza [bja]. | |
| bvx | Dibole | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.101) | Congo | Cuvette department; Likouala department: south Epena district; 16 villages | 4,000 (Leitch 2004). 800 monolinguals (Leitch 2004). Ethnic population: 4,000 | 6a (Vigorous) | Babole, Southern Bomitaba | Northern Dibole (Dzeke), Central Dibole (Kinami), Southern Dibole (Bouanila). | |
| ngd | Ngando | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.102) | Central African Republic | Lobaye prefecture: Mbaiki subprefecture | 5,000 (1996) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bagandou, Bangandou, Bodzanga, Dingando, Ngando-Kota | Dikuta, Dikota (Kota). Reportedly similar to Yaka [axk]. Kota dialect may be a separate language. | |
| axk | Aka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.104) | Congo | Cuvette, Likouala, and Sangha departments | 15,000 in Congo (Cavalli-Sforza 1986) | 5* (Developing) | Babinga, Beka, Binga, Mòáka, Yaka | Basese (Eastern Aka), Bambenzele (Western Aka). | |
| axk | Yaka | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.104) | Central African Republic | Lobaye prefecture: Mbaïki and Mongoumba subprefectures, forest along Congo border; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Bambio and Nola subprefectures | 15,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 30,000 | 5* (Developing) | Beká, Nyoyaka, Pygmée de Mongoumba, Pygmée de la Lobaye, Pygmées de la Sanghas, “Babinga” (pej.), “Bambenga” (pej.) | Aka | Beka (Bayaka, Gbayaka, Moyaka), Nzari. |
| ndn | Ngundi | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.11) | Congo | Sangha department: east of Ouesso | 3,000 in Congo (2004) | 6b (Threatened) | Ingundi, Ngondi | ||
| bkj | Pande | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.12) | Central African Republic | Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Berbérati subprefecture; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Nola subprefecture, small area near Banga town | 8,870 (2010 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ipande | Pande (Linyeli, Linzeli, Ndjeli, Ngili, Njeli), Bogongo (Bugongo, Bukongo, Gongo). | |
| mdn | Mbati | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.13) | Central African Republic | Lobaye prefecture: Mbaiki subprefecture | 60,000 (2010 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Isongo, Issongo, Lisongo, Lissongo, Songo | Bolemba, Mbati of Mbaïki, Bwaka, Bonzio. | |
| zmx | Bomitaba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.14) | Congo | Likouala department: Epena district, along Likouala-aux-Herbes river | 14,000 in Congo (2014 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 14,220 | 6b* (Threatened) | Bamitaba, Leke, Mbomitaba, Mbomotaba | Northern Bomitaba (Matoki), Central Bomitaba (Epena). Related to Bongili [bui]. | |
| bok | Bonjo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.143) | Congo | Likouala department: Dongou and Impfondo districts, Ibenga, Oubangui, and Motaba river areas | 3000 | 7 (Shifting) | Impfondo, Mbonzo | ||
| bui | Bongili | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.15) | Congo | Cuvette and Likouala departments; Sangha department: Sangha river area, southeast of Ouesso, to Pikounda area; Liouesso district | 9,800 (2014 J. Leclerc) | 5* (Developing) | Bokiba, Bongiri, Bungili, Bungiri | ||
| bkp | Boko | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.16) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: Congo river upstream from Mbandaka | 21000 | 6a* (Vigorous) | Iboko | Busa. | |
| loq | Lobala | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.16) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Equateur province: Bomongo territory, Dongo northeast road to Mokusi village; Dongo road south following Ubangi river, and forest south and west; Sud-Ubangi province: Kungu territory | 60,000 (2000 D. Morgan). Very few monolinguals | 6a* (Vigorous) | Poko (Iboko), South Lobala, Tanda, Likoka. Reportedly most similar to Bomboma [bws]. Lexical similarity: 65% with Lingala [lin]. | ||
| bml | Bomboli | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.161) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Kungu territory, Dongo collectivité, north of Bomongo on a canal flowing into Ngiri river, between Bokondo and Bodjinga villages | 2,500 (1986 SIL) | 6b* (Threatened) | Bombongo | 3 dialects. Reportedly most similar to Bozaba [bzo] and Lobala [loq]. | |
| bzo | Bozaba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.162) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sud-Ubangi province: Kungu territory, Mwanda collectivité, northwest of Ngiri and Mwanda rivers confluence | 5,500 (1983 census) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Budzaba, Buzaba | None known. Most closely related to Bomboli [bml], then Bomboma [bws] and Lobala [loq]. | |
| zms | Mbesa | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Soko-Kele (C.51) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: north Yahuma territory, south of Congo river | 8,400 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Mobesa, Mombesa | ||
| soc | So | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Soko-Kele (C.52) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: north of Basoko | 6,000 (Welmers 1971a) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Eso, Gesogo, Heso, Soa, Soko | ||
| pof | Poke | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Soko-Kele (C.53) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Isangi territory, south of Congo river downstream from Kisangani | 46,000 (Welmers 1971a) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Pfoke, Puki, Tofoke, Topoke, Tovoke | Baluombila, Likolo, Liutwa, Lombooki. May be able to use Lokele [khy] literature. | |
| loo | Lombo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Soko-Kele (C.54) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Isangi area, both sides of Congo river | 10,000 (Welmers 1971a) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Olombo, Turumbu, Ulumbu | ||
| khy | Kele | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Soko-Kele (C.55) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Isangi territory, on Lomami and Congo rivers | 160,000 (1980 UBS) | 5* (Developing) | Ekele, Kili, Likelo, Lokele, Yakusu | ||
| fom | Foma | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Soko-Kele (C.56) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshopo province: Congo river north side, upstream from Basoko | 13,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Fuma, Lifoma, Pseudo-Bambole | ||
| hba | Hamba | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.71) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema province; Sankuru province: Lodja territory | 13,000 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | |||
| tll | Tetela | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.71) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sankuru province; border areas of Haut-Lomami, Tshopo, and Tshuapa provinces | 750,000 (1991 UBS) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Otetela, Sungu | ||
| ksv | Kusu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.72) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Lomami province: west; Maniema province: southwest corner, Kibombo territory | 100,000 (Tshonda 2011) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Fuluka, Kikusu, Kongola, Kutsu, Lokutsu | ||
| nkw | Nkutu | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.73) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sankuru province | 40,000 (Nida 1972) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Bankutu, Nkuchu, Nkucu, Nkutshu | Elembe, Hamba, Lokalo (Kalo), Kongola-Meno, Ngongo, Saka (Losaka). | |
| yel | Yela | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.74) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sankuru province; Tshuapa province: mainly Bokungu territory | 33,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Boyela, Kutu | ||
| kel | Kela | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.75) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Sankuru province: Lomela territory | 180,000 (1972 D. Barrett et al.) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Ikela, Lemba, Okela | ||
| oml | Ombo | Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.76) | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Maniema province: northwest of Kindu; some in Tshopo province | 8,400 (2002) | 6a* (Vigorous) | Hombo, Loombo, Songola | Mbuli (Mbole). |
References[edit]
- Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
