List of miscellaneous languages

Below is a list of ISO 639-3 codes for miscellaneous languages.

List

Code	Language	Classification	Country	Distribution	Population	Status	Alternate names	Autonym	Dialects
epo	Esperanto	Constructed language	Poland	Scattered internationally. Most widely represented in Japan, China, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, United States, Brazil, Belgium, and United Kingdom (in order of number of members in the World Esperanto Association)	2,001,000, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (Corsetti et al 2004), increasing. L2 users: 2,000,000 (Wandel 2015)	3 (Wider communication). Esperanto was developed for intercommunication among L1 users of other languages. It is currently used by speakers in over 100 countries of the world		Esperanto, Lingvo Internacia
fly	Flaaitaal	Creole, Afrikaans based	South Africa	Major cities	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community (Makhudu 2002)	9 (Second language only)	Bika, Flaai Taal, Fly Taal, Himbul, Himli, Hova, Iscamtho, Isikhumsha, Lingam, Lingo, Sepantsula, Setsotsi, Shalambombo, Sjita, Taal, Tsotsitaal, Withi		None known. Not intelligible of Afrikaans [afr]. Used many Afrikaans, English [eng], and Bantu words, and others of unknown origin.
oor	Oorlams	Creole, Afrikaans based	South Africa	Mpumalanga province	32,000 (2006 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)
bbz	Arabic, Babalia Creole	Creole, Arabic based	Chad	Hadjer-Lamis region: N’Djamena department, 23 villages north of Djermaya and between Karal and Tourba	3,940 (1993 census)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Babalia, Babaliya, Bubalia		None known. A creole developed from Chadian Arabic [shu] (90% of the vocabulary) and Berakou [bxv] (Decobert 1977). Babalia shares structural similarities with Juba Arabic [pga]. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
pga	Arabic, Sudanese Creole	Creole, Arabic based	South Sudan	Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, and Western Equatoria states: widespread, into Northern Bahr al Ghazal, Western Bahr al Ghazal, and Upper Nile states	820,000, all users. L1 users: 20,000 (1987). With the rapidly changing demographic situation it is very difficult to know the number of L1 or L2 speakers and whether these numbers are increasing or decreasing. L2 users: 800,000 (2013 SIL)	3 (Wider communication). Used as L1 or L2 in Juba and other towns in Greater Equatoria region. As a creole and lingua franca, this language varies enormously in form from place to place, and from speaker to speaker (depending on subject matter and interlocuter), and is changing rapidly	Juba Arabic, Pidgin Arabic, Southern Sudan Arabic	Arabi Juba	Dialectal variations in different areas due to different local vernaculars. A member of macrolanguage Arabic [ara].
kcn	Nubi	Creole, Arabic based	Kenya	Nairobi	15,500 in Kenya (2009 census). 3,000–6,000 in Kibera	6a (Vigorous)	Ki-Nubi, Kinubi
kcn	Nubi	Creole, Arabic based	Uganda	Scattered. Arua, Bombo, Koboko, Kumi, Luwero, Ngora, and Yumbe districts: generally in larger population areas	28,800 in Uganda (2014 census), decreasing. Census based on tribal affiliation. Total users in all countries: 44,300	6b (Threatened)	Ki-Nubi, Kinubi		None known. Conflicting reports of intelligibility with Sudanese Creole Arabic [pga]. 90% of the lexicon comes from Arabic.
nag	Naga Pidgin	Creole, Assamese based	India	Nagaland state: Kohima district, Dimapur sub-district; Arunachal Pradesh state border area	30,000 (Holm 1989)	3 (Wider communication)	Bodo, Kachari Bengali, Naga Creole Assamese, Naga-Assamese, Nagamese	Nagamiz	None known. A variety least similar to Assamese [asm] is spoken by the Yimchenger Naga, and varieties most similar to Assamese by the Angami Naga, and around Dimapur and Kohima.
brc	Berbice Creole Dutch	Creole, Dutch based	Guyana	East Berbice-Corentyne and Upper Demerara-Berbice regions	No known L1 speakers (2011 SIL). Last speaker, Bertha Bell, died in 2010	10 (Extinct)			May not be inherently intelligible with Skepi Creole Dutch [skw] or the Rupununi dialect of Guyanese Creole English [gyn]. About one-third of the basic lexicon and most of the productive morphology is from Izon [ijc] in Nigeria; most of the rest of the lexicon is from Dutch [nld], 10% loans from Arawak [arw] and Guyanese Creole English.
jvd	Javindo	Creole, Dutch based	Indonesia	Java island, Central Java province: south	No known L1 speakers. May have been a few L2 speakers and even a very few L1 speakers at beginning of 20th century (Wurm 2007)	9 (Dormant)			None known. Derived from Dutch [nld] lexicon and Javanese [jav] grammar.
skw	Skepi Creole Dutch	Creole, Dutch based	Guyana	Essequibo Islands-West Demerara region	No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1990s (Holm 1989)	10 (Extinct)			Essequibo. Not inherently intelligible with Berbice Creole Dutch [brc] or the Rupununi dialect of Guyanese Creole English [gyn]. Lexical similarity: 52% with Berbice Creole Dutch [brc].
dcr	Negerhollands	Creole, Dutch based	U.S. Virgin Islands	Saint John, Saint Thomas, and Saint Croix islands	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Alice Stevens, died in 1987 (Van Rossem and van der Voort 1996)	10 (Extinct)	Dutch Creole
pey	Petjo	Creole, Dutch based	Indonesia	Jakarta Special Capital Region	There are some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Peco’, Pecok, Petjoh		None known. Influences from Dutch [nld], Javanese [jav], and Betawi [bew].
srm	Saramaccan	Creole, English based	Suriname	Brokopondo district: Brownsweg, Centrum, Klasskreek, and Kwakoegron, communes, small border area; Para district: Bigi Poika commune; Paramaribo district; Sipaliwini district: Boven Saramaccan and Boven Suriname communes	15,100 in Suriname (2016). Total users in all countries: 18,100	5 (Developing)	Saramaccaans	Saamáka	Matawari (Matawai, Matoewari, Matuari). Possibly Portuguese [por] based rather than English [eng] (Hancock 1988). Linguistic influences from Koongo [kng] (Hancock 1988). Lexical similarity: 20% with African component.
srm	Saramaccan	Creole, English based	French Guiana	Widespread	3,000 in French Guiana (1994), decreasing	5* (Developing)
tch	Turks and Caicos Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern	Turks and Caicos Islands	Widespread	27,200 (2015), decreasing	6b* (Threatened). De facto language of national identity
bah	Bahamas Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Northern	Bahamas	Widespread	309,000 (2014)	6a* (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity	Bahamian Creole English, Bahamian Dialect		None known. Good comprehension of and reportedly very similar to Sea Island Creole [gul] and Afro-Seminole [afs] in the United States (Hancock 1980b). Major differences with Sea Island are in phonology, a few words, regional expressions, grammatical differences (verbal markers). There is a spectrum of varieties from standard American English usage to creole (Todd and Hancock 1986).
afs	Afro-Seminole Creole	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Northern	Mexico	Coahuila de Zaragoza state: Nacimiento de los Negros	200 in Mexico (1990). Ethnic population: 500 (2007)	8a (Moribund)	Afro-Seminol Criollo, Afro-Seminole, Mascogos		Mexico Afro-Seminole. Reportedly similar to Bahamas Creole [bah]. Lexical similarity: 90% with Sea Island Creole [gul].
afs	Afro-Seminole Creole	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Northern	United States	Texas: Bracketville; Oklahoma: east of Norman		8a (Moribund)	Afro-Seminole, Black Seminole, Seminole		Texas Afro-Seminole, Mexico Afro-Seminole.
gul	Sea Island Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Northern	United States	Georgia: Sea Islands off coast; Michigan: Detroit; New York: New York City; North Carolina: Jacksonville coastal region; South Carolina: coastal lowlands to Jacksonville, Florida	390 (2015 census). Ethnic population: 250,000	6b* (Threatened)		Geechee, Gullah	None known. Intelligibility with other English-based creoles is undetermined. Reportedly similar to Bahamas Creole English [bah]. Lexical similarity: 90% with Afro-Seminole [afs].
gcl	Grenadian Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Grenada	Widespread	102,000 (2015)	6a (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity			Carriacou Creole English. Reportedly most similar to Trinidad [trf] and Barbados [bjs].
tgh	Tobagonian Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Trinidad and Tobago	Widespread	300,000 (2011 J. Ferreira)	6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in Tobago	Tobagonian Dialect		None known. Reportedly most similar to Guyanese Creole English [gyn] and Vincentian Creole English [svc].
aig	Anguillan Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Anguilla	Widespread	11,500 in Anguilla (2001 census)	6a (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity	Broken English, Creole, Dialect, Leeward Caribbean Creole English, Patwa
aig	Antigua and Barbuda Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Antigua and Barbuda	Throughout Antigua and Barbuda	67,000 in Antigua and Barbuda (2001), increasing. It is difficult to substantiate the number of Creole speakers and English speakers. Total users in all countries: 159,520	6a (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity	Broken English, Dialect, Leeward Caribbean Creole, Patwa	Creole	Antiguan Creole English, Barbuda Creole English. Slight comprehension of Jamaican and perhaps Bahamas creoles. May be similar to English Creoles of the Virgin Islands and Netherlands Antilles. One dialect is spoken mainly by older generations who live in Jennings and Bolans villages, near Johnson. People perceive the Southern variety, spoken along Fig Tree Drive Road from Swetes to Bolans, as being most different and difficult to understand. Barbudan is perceived as being more linguistically distant than the Creole English of Montserrat Point (2003 K. Decker).
bjs	Bajan	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Barbados	Widespread	256,000 (1999 World Bank)	6a* (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity	Barbadian Creole English		None known. Less than 20 lexical items traceable to African origin. Shares lexical features with Caribbean creoles.
gyn	Guyanese Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Guyana	Widespread. Possibly also in French Guiana	650,000 in Guyana. 250,000 Blacks and 400,000 Hindustanis. Total users in all countries: 683,000	5* (Developing). De facto language of national identity	Guyanese Creole	Creolese	Afro-Guyanese Creole, Rupununi, Indo-Guyanese Creole. Most similar to creoles of Saint Vincent and Tobago (Holbrook). Rupununi dialect may be a separate language. Rupununi claim they are not mutually inherently intelligible.
gyn	Guyanese Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Suriname	Nickerie district: Courantyne river mouth	33,000 in Suriname (2016)	8a (Moribund)	Creolese, Guyanese Creole
aig	Kokoy Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Dominica	Saint Andrew parish: Marigot, Wesley, and Woodford Hill in northeast Dominica; Saint John parish: Clifton (a suburb of Portsmouth) northwest	200 in Dominica (2004)	6a* (Vigorous)	Broken English, Creole, Dialect, Leeward Caribbean Creole English, Patwa
aig	Montserrat Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Montserrat	Widespread	3,820 in Montserrat (2011 J. Leclerc)	6a* (Vigorous)	Broken English, Creole, Dialect, Leeward Caribbean Creole English, Patwa
vic	Netherlands Antilles Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Caribbean Netherlands	Saba and Sint Eustatius	4,500 in Caribbean Netherlands (2011 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Virgin Islands Creole English		Saba Creole English, Statia Creole English.
aig	Saint Kitts Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Widespread	51,000 in Saint Kitts and Nevis (2015)	6a (Vigorous)	Broken English, Creole, Dialect, Kittitian Creole English, Leeward Caribbean Creole English, Patwa		Nevis Creole English.
aig	Simaatn Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Saint Martin	Widespread	14,000 in Saint Martin (2011 SIL)	3 (Wider communication)	Broken English, Creole, Dialect, Patwa, Sint Maarten Creole English
aig	Simaatn Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Sint Maarten	South Sint Martin: Philipsburg west	12,000 in Sint Maarten (2011 SIL)	3 (Wider communication)	Broken English, Creole, Dialect, Patwa, Sint Maarten Creole English
trf	Trinidadian Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad	1,000,000 (2011 J. Ferreira)	6a* (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity
svc	Vincentian Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Widespread in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	138,000 (Holm 1989)	6a (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity		Vincy Twang	None known. Most similar to Guyana and Tobago. Exists in a continuum with standard English [eng], with speech in the capital of Kingstown most similar to standard English (the acrolect) and Island Carib descendents who live north of the Dry River being least similar to standard English.
vic	Virgin Islands Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	British Virgin Islands	Widespread	19,700 in British Virgin Islands (2003)	6a* (Vigorous)
vic	Virgin Islands Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern	U.S. Virgin Islands	Widespread	59,400 in U.S. Virgin Islands (2013). Total users in all countries: 83,600	6a* (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity			Cruzan. St. Croix, St. Eustatius, St. John, and Saba are most similar. Post-creole English (Alleyne 1985).
kri	Krio	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Krio	Sierra Leone	Western Area: Freetown peninsula communities; south of Freetown, York and Banana islands	5,732,000 in Sierra Leone, all users. L1 users: 692,000 in Sierra Leone (2016). L2 users: 5,040,000 (2016). Total users in all countries: 5,758,640 (as L1: 718,640; as L2: 5,040,000)	3 (Wider communication)	Creole, Patois	Krio	Aku. Krio and Jamaican Creole [jam], and Krio and Sea Islands Creole [gul] may have some interintelligibility. Linguistic influence from Yoruba [yor] (Hancock 1987).
wes	Pidgin, Cameroon	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Krio	Cameroon	Primarily South West and North West regions; Centre and Littoral regions; Douala, Yaoundé, and other urban centers	12,000,000 (Ayafor and Green 2017), all users	3 (Wider communication). Since 1884 used by police, prisons, urban school children at play. Now the most widespread lingua franca in Cameroon, used by about half the population (Todd and Mühlhäusler 1978)	CPE, Cameroon Creole, Cameroon Creole English, Cameroonian Creole, Kamtok, Wes Cos, “Bush English” (pej.)	Pidgin	Reportedly similar to Krio [kri] of Sierra Leone and Pidgin English of various West African countries; probably an offshoot of 19th century Krio. Also similar to Sranan Tongo [srn] (Todd and Mühlhäusler 1978). Dialect variations.
fpe	Equatorial Guinean Pidgin	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Krio	Equatorial Guinea	Bioko Norte and Bioko Sur provinces: north central Bioko Island, Fernando Po, Malabo area; Balueri de Cristo Rey, Basupu, Fiston, Las Palmas, Musola, and Sampaca	76,000, all users. L1 users: 6,000 (2011 S. Smith), increasing. L2 users: 70,000 (2011 S. Smith). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,000	3 (Wider communication). Used as LWC across Bioko island, including the capital city of Malabo, in all domains except education and government	Criollo, Fernandino, Fernando Po Creole English, Fernando Po Krio, Pichinglis, Pidgin de Guinea Ecuatorial, Pidginglis	Pichi	Pidgin, Pichi. Offshoot of Krio [kri] of Sierra Leone; intelligible with Cameroon Pidgin [wes], Nigerian Pidgin [pcm], but it has 20% of its lexical inventory as loanwords from Spanish [spa].
pcm	Pidgin, Nigerian	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Krio	Nigeria	Widespread	30,000,000 (2005), all users	3 (Wider communication)	Anglo-Nigerian Pidgin, Broken English, Brokin, Brokun, Nigerian Creole English, Nigerian Pidgin English, Pidgin	Naijá	Lagos Pidgin, Delta Pidgin, Cross River Pidgin, Benin Pidgin. No unified standard. Dialects may be very different from each other. Partially intelligible with Krio [kri] of Sierra Leone and Cameroon Pidgin [wes].
gpe	Ghanaian Pidgin English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Krio	Ghana	Greater Accra region: scattered	5,002,000, all users. L1 users: 5,000,000 (2011 V. Velupillai). L2 users: 2,000 (1990 UBS)	3 (Wider communication). Used as a lingua franca in multilingual contexts as well as an in-group language among males in secondary schools and universities with the purpose of expressing group solidarity	Broken, Kroo Brofo, Kru English, Pidgin, Pidgin English		None known. Reportedly similar to Nigerian Pidgin [pcm], Cameroon Pidgin [wes], and Krio [kri].
srn	Sranan Tongo	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Suriname	Suriname	Widespread	369,300 in Suriname, all users. L1 users: 69,300 in Suriname (2016). L2 users: 300,000. Total users in all countries: 715,700 (as L1: 415,700; as L2: 300,000)	3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language. Lingua franca of 80% of the country, including the Hindustanis, Javanese, Chinese, American Indians, and Bush Negroes	Sranan, Surinaams, Suriname Creole English, Surinamese, “Taki-Taki” (pej.)	Sranan Tongo	None known. Reportedly similar to Ndyuka [njt], but with cultural differences. Reportedly many similarities to Krio [kri] of Sierra Leone.
djk	Aukan	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Suriname, Ndyuka	Suriname	Brokopondo district: Sarakreek commune; Commewijne district: Bakkie, Meerzog, and Tamanredjo communes; Marowijne district: Moengo, Patamacca, and Wanhatti communes; Para district: Carolina commune; Sipaliwini district: Tapanahony commune; Aluku dialect: French Guiana border; Paramaccan dialect: Northeast	22,400 in Suriname (2016). 1,550 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 40,400	5* (Developing)	Aukaans, Businenge Tongo, Businengee Tongo, Eastern Maroon Creole, Ndjuká, Ndyuka, Ndyuka tongo, Nenge, Nenge Tongo, Nengee Tongo, Njuká, Okanisi, “Djoeka” (pej.), “Djuka” (pej.)	Okanisi tongo	Aluku (Aloekoe, Boni), Paramaccan (Pamaka). Ndyuka, Aluku and Paramaccan are highly mutually intelligible dialects; Kwinti [kww] is slightly less intelligible with them.
kww	Kwinti	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Suriname, Ndyuka	Suriname	Sipaliwini district: Coppename river area, upstream from Kaimanstan and Witagron	200 (2005 J. Leclerc), decreasing	6b (Threatened)			None known. Further removed from Ndyuka [njt] than Aluku and Paramaccan.
djk	Aukan	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Suriname, Ndyuka	French Guiana	Cayenne islands, Iracoubo, Kourou, Macuria, Mana, St. Laurent Sinnemarie. Suriname border	18,000 in French Guiana (2011 SIL), increasing. 6,000 monolinguals	5 (Developing)	Businenge Tongo, Businengee Tongo, Eastern Maroon Creole, Ndyuka, Nenge, Nenge Tongo, Nengee, Nengee Tongo, “Taki-Taki” (pej.)		Aluku, Pamaka.
bzj	Belize Kriol English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Western	Belize	Widespread, including communities on Ambergris and Caulker cayes	130,000 in Belize (2014 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 170,000	3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in much of the country	Miskito Coast Creole English, Western Caribbean Creole	Kriol	None known. Reportedly similar to Nicaragua Creole English [bzk] and Islander (San Andrés) [icr] creoles. Historically an extension of Nicaragua Creole English. There is a spectrum of varieties from standard American English usage to creole.
jam	Jamaican Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Western	Jamaica	Widespread	2,670,000 in Jamaica (2001). Total users in all countries: 3,037,100	5* (Developing). De facto language of national identity	Bongo Talk, Jamaican Patois, Jimiekn, Jimiekn Langwij, Jumieka Kruyol, Jumieka Languij, Jumieka Langwij, Jumieka Taak, Patois, Patwa, Patwah, Western Caribbean Creole, “Quashie Talk” (pej.)	Jamiekan, Jumiekan	None known. The basilect and standard English mutually inherently unintelligible (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977, LePage 1960, Adler 1977). May be partly intelligible to speakers of Cameroon Pidgin [wes] and Krio [kri] of Sierra Leone, spoken by descendants of Jamaicans repatriated between 1787 and 1860. Inherently intelligible to creole speakers in Panama and Costa Rica. Reportedly very similar to Belize Creole [bzj], similar to Grenada, Saint Vincent, different from Tobago, very different from Guyana, Barbados, Leeward and Windward islands.
icr	Islander Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Western	Colombia	San Andrés and Providencia Islands	12,000 (1981 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bende, San Andrés Creole		None known. Reportedly very similar to Belize Creole English [bzj].
jam	Limón Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Western	Costa Rica	Limón province: East of San José, principally railroad area between Limón and Siquirres, road south of Limón	55,100 in Costa Rica (Winkler 2013)	8a (Moribund)	Limonese Creole, Southwestern Caribbean Creole English
bzk	Nicaragua Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Western	Nicaragua	Scattered. North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region and South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region: Bluefields region, Corn islands, Pearl lagoon, Prinzapolka, Puerto Cabezas, Rama Cay island	18,400 (2009 UNSD). 630 Rama Cay Creole speakers (Holm 1989)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (1993, Official Language Use, Atlantic Autonomous Regions, Law No. 162, Article 4)	Mískito Coast Creole English	Creole	Rama Cay Creole English, Bluefields Creole English.
jam	Panamanian Creole English	Creole, English based, Atlantic, Western	Panama	Bocas del Toro province: Colón island; Colón province: Colón district; Panamá province: Rio Abajo in Panama City	268,000 in Panama (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)	Guari Guari, Patois, Southwestern Caribbean Creole English
pis	Pijin	Creole, English based, Pacific	Solomon Islands	Widespread	331,400, all users. L1 users: 24,400 (1999 SIL). L2 users: 307,000 (1999 SIL)	3 (Wider communication)	Neo-Solomonic, Solomons Pidgin	Pijin	None known. Basic vocabulary reportedly more similar to standard English [eng] than Tok Pisin [tpi] of Papua New Guinea is. Grammar shows Melanesian features. Historically related to Tok Pisin and Bislama [bis] of Vanuatu. Intelligibility of Bislama [bis] quite high.
bis	Bislama	Creole, English based, Pacific	Vanuatu	Widespread	10,000 in Vanuatu (2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 95% Melanesian	1 (National). Statutory national language (1980, Constitution, Article 3(1)). Most in the country understand and use it as lingua franca and as a symbol of national identity	Bichelamar	Bislama	None known. Partially intelligible with Pijin [pis] (Solomon Islands) and Tok Pisin [tpi] (Papua New Guinea), but, unlike them, Bislama has some French loanwords.
ngm	Ngatik Men’s Creole	Creole, English based, Pacific	Micronesia	Pohnpei state: Ngatik (Sapwuahfik) atoll, southwest of Pohnpei island	700. 500 on atoll (1983 L. Poyer), 200 on Ponape. No monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)	Ngatikese, Ngatikese Men’s Language		A creolized language from Sapuahfik Pohnapeian [pon] dialect and English [eng] whose genesis is the direct result of a massacre in 1837 of adult males on Ngatik by British traders.
rop	Kriol	Creole, English based, Pacific	Australia	Western Australia state; Northern Territory: Kimberley region, Roper river, Katherine areas, Ngukurr; Queensland state: Gulf country, Lower Cape York peninsula	17,160, all users. L1 users: 7,160 (2016 census). L2 users: 10,000 (1991 SIL)	3 (Wider communication)	Roper-Bamyili Creole	Kriol	Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole, Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Daly River Kriol. Both Kriol and Torres Strait Creole [tcs] are spreading and are nearly overlapping in Queensland.
tpi	Tok Pisin	Creole, English based, Pacific	Papua New Guinea	Widespread	4,122,000 in Papua New Guinea, all users. L1 users: 122,000 in Papua New Guinea (2004 SIL). L2 users: 4,000,000. 50,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 4,125,740 (as L1: 125,740; as L2: 4,000,000)	1 (National). De facto national language	Melanesian English, Neomelanesian, New Guinea Pidgin English, Pidgin, Pisin	Tok Pisin	Dialect differences between lowlands, highlands, and islands. Highlands lexicon has more English [eng] influence (Holm 1989).
bis	Bislama	Creole, English based, Pacific	New Caledonia	South province: mainly Nouméa	Ethnic population: 2,500 (2014)	6b* (Threatened)	Bichelamar
hwc	Hawai’i Pidgin	Creole, English based, Pacific	United States	Hawaii; Florida: Orlando; Nevada: Las Vegas; west coast	1,000,000, all users. L1 users: 600,000 (2012 J. Grimes). Another 100,000 on the United States mainland. L2 users: 400,000	5 (Developing)	HCE, Hawai’i Creole, Hawai’i Creole English, Hawaiian Creole, Hawaiian Creole English, ōlelo paʻi ʻai	Pidgin	None known. The basilect is barely intelligible with standard English (McKaughan and Forman 1981).
pih	Pitcairn-Norfolk	Creole, English based, Pacific	Australia	Scattered	1,040 in Australia (2016 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Pitcairn English
pih	Pitcairn-Norfolk	Creole, English based, Pacific	New Zealand	Scattered		6b* (Threatened)	Norf’k, Pitcairn English
pih	Pitcairn-Norfolk	Creole, English based, Pacific	Norfolk Island	Norfolk Island	430 in Norfolk Island (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,506	6a* (Vigorous). Statutory language of national identity (2004, Norfolk Island Language (Norf’k) Act No. 25, Section 4), restrictions in Sec. 5 of Act No. 25 of 2004 bar meaningful official use	Norfolkese, Pitcairn English		Norfolk English.
pih	Pitcairn-Norfolk	Creole, English based, Pacific	Pitcairn	Pitcairn Island	36 in Pitcairn (2002 G. Evans)	6b* (Threatened)	Norfolkese		Pitcairn English.
tcs	Torres Strait Creole	Creole, English based, Pacific	Australia	Queensland state: Torres Strait Islands, towns on upper Cape York, some on north Queensland east coast	6,170 (2016 census)	3 (Wider communication)	Ailan Tok, Ap-Ne-Ap, Big Thap, Blaik, Blaiman, Broken, Cape York Creole, Creole, Pizin, Tores Streit Yumplatok, Torres Strait Broken, Torres Strait Pidgin English, West Torres	Yumplatok	None known. Lexical similarity: 80% with English.
gcr	Guianese Creole French	Creole, French based	French Guiana	Widespread	50,000 (1977 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)	French Guianese Creole French, Guyanais, Guyane, Guyane Creole, Patois, Patwa		None known. All French creoles of the Caribbean are somewhat mutually inherently intelligible (Goodman 1964). Intelligibility of Saint Lucia Creole [acf] is 78%, of Karipuna Creole [kmv] (Brazil) is 77%.
gcf	Guadeloupean Creole French	Creole, French based	Guadeloupe	Marie Galante islands	430,000 in Guadeloupe (2001). Total users in all countries: 849,000	6a* (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity	Guadeloupean Creole, Kreyol, Patois, Patwa		Marie Galante Creole French, Saint Barth Creole French. All French creoles of the Caribbean are somewhat mutually inherently intelligible (Goodman 1964). Comprehension of Saint Lucia Creole [acf] is 89%.
hat	Haitian Creole	Creole, French based	Haiti	Widespread	6,960,000 in Haiti (2001). Total users in all countries: 7,613,800	1 (National). Statutory national language (1987, Constitution, Article 5 (1,2))	Ayisyen, Creole, Haitian, Kreyol, Kreyòl, Western Caribbean Creole, créole haïtien	Kreyòl Ayisyen	Fablas, Plateau Haitian Creole. Linguistic influences from Wolof [wol], Fon [fon], and Éwé [ewe] of West Africa.
lou	Louisiana Creole	Creole, French based	United States	California: Sacramento; Louisiana: Iberia, Lafayette, Lafourche, Natchitoches, Pointe-Coupée, St. Charles, St. James, St. John the Baptist, St. Landry, St. Martin, St. Mary, and St. Tammany parishes; Texas: east	10,000 (Neumann-Holzschuh and Klingler 2013). Ethnic population: 4,000,000 (1997 M. Melançon)	8a (Moribund)	Kréyol, Louisiana Creole French		Bayou Teche Creole (Kourí-viní), Pointe Coupée Creole (Gombó). Different from standard French [fra], Cajun French [frc] (also spoken in Louisiana), Haitian Creole [hat], and other creoles of the Caribbean.
crs	Seychelles Creole French	Creole, French based	Seychelles		80,200 (2014 World Factbook)	1 (National). Statutory national language (2003, Constitution, Article 4(1))	Creole, Ilois, Kreol, Kreol Seselwa, Seselwa Creole French, Seychellois Creole	Seselwa	Seychelles dialect reportedly used on Chagos Islands. Structural differences with Morisyen [mfe] are relatively minor. Low intelligibility of Réunion Creole [rcf].
acf	Dominican Creole French	Creole, French based	Dominica	Widespread	42,600 in Dominica (1998)	6b (Threatened). De facto language of national identity	Kwèyòl, Patois, Patwa
acf	Grenadian Creole French	Creole, French based	Grenada	Carriacou department: Carriacou island; Grenada island: northeast St. Andrew, St. Mark north of Victoria, and St. Patrick parishes. Scattered, mainly rural	3 in Grenada (Ferreira and Holbrook 2001), decreasing	8b (Nearly extinct)	Lesser Antillean Creole French, Patois, Patwa
hat	Haitian Creole	Creole, French based	Dominican Republic	Dajabón, Distrito Nacional, El Seibo, Elías Piña, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, Monte Cristi, Pedernales, and Valverde regions	159,000 in Dominican Republic (1987)	5* (Dispersed)	Creole, Haitian
kmv	Karipuna Creole French	Creole, French based	Brazil	Amapá state: on French Guiana border	2,400 (2008 SIL)	6b* (Threatened)	Crioulo		None known. Conflicting reports about difference from Guianese Creole French [gcr]. Different from Haitian Creole [hat].
gcf	Martiniquan Creole French	Creole, French based	Martinique	Widespread	418,000 in Martinique (2001)	6a* (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity	Martinican Creole, Patois, Patwa
mfe	Morisyen	Creole, French based	Mauritius	Widespread	1,090,000 in Mauritius (2012 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 1,339,200 (as L1: 1,139,200; as L2: 200,000)	3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity	Kreol, Kreol Mauricean, Kreol Morisyin, Kreole, Maurisyen, Mauritian, Mauritian Creole, Mauritius Creole French, Maurysen	Kreol Morisien	Rodrigues Creole. More similar to French creoles of the Caribbean than to Réunion Creole (Baker 1972).
rcf	Réunion Creole French	Creole, French based	Réunion	Widespread	455,000 in Réunion (2009)	6a* (Vigorous)
gcf	Saint Barthélemy Creole French	Creole, French based	Saint Barthélemy	Saint Barthelemy isaland: scattered throughout	1,000 in Saint Barthélemy (2011 SIL)	8a (Moribund)
acf	Saint Lucian Creole French	Creole, French based	Saint Lucia	Widespread	158,000 in Saint Lucia (2001). Total users in all countries: 357,153	5* (Developing). De facto language of national identity	Creole, Grenadian Creole French, Lesser Antillean Creole French, Patois, Patwa	Kwéyòl	Not intelligible with standard French [fra]. All French creoles of the Caribbean are somewhat mutually inherently intelligible (Goodman 1964). Dominica dialect is virtually the same as Saint Lucia (97%–99% intelligibility).
scf	San Miguel Creole French	Creole, French based	Panama	Veraguas province	No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers most likely survived into the late 2000s	10 (Extinct)
cks	Tayo	Creole, French based	New Caledonia	South province: south of greater Nouméa, Saint Louis; Mont-Dore and Ploum	900 (2009 census), decreasing	7 (Shifting)	Patois, Patois de St-Louis		None known. Not intelligible of French [fra].
acf	Trinidadian Creole French	Creole, French based	Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad: Diego Martin municipality, peninsular coastal settlements north of the capital	3,800 in Trinidad and Tobago (2004)	5 (Developing)	Lesser Antillean Creole French, Patois, Patwa
uln	Unserdeutsch	Creole, German based	Australia	East coast: scattered	100 in Australia (2016 P. Maitz)	8b (Nearly extinct)
uln	Unserdeutsch	Creole, German based	Papua New Guinea	Scattered	10 in Papua New Guinea (2016 P. Maitz). Total users in all countries: 110	8a (Moribund)	Rabaul Creole German
hca	Andaman Creole Hindi	Creole, Hindi based	India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Port Blair, 40 villages south of Port Blair	10,000 (Singh 1994a)	6a (Vigorous)	Andaman Hindi		None known. A creolization of Hindustani, Bengali [ben], and Malayalam [mal].
pap	Papiamentu	Creole, Iberian based	Curacao	Widespread	135,000 in Curacao, all users. L1 users: 115,000 in Curacao (2011 SIL). L2 users: 20,000. Total users in all countries: 341,300 (as L1: 321,300; as L2: 20,000)	1 (National). De facto national language	Curassese, Curaçoleño, Papiamen, Papiamento, Papiamentoe	Papiamentu	None known. Becoming more like Spanish [spa], which is prestigious. Papiamentu is genetically related to Kabuverdianu [kea] and Crioulo (Guinea-Bissau) [pov] (Jacobs 2009).
pap	Papiamento	Creole, Iberian based	Aruba		60,000 in Aruba (2009 UNSD)	1 (National). De facto national language, limited use in higher official domains	Papiam, Papiamentoe, Papiamentu
pap	Papiamentu	Creole, Iberian based	Caribbean Netherlands	Bonaire	8,100 in Caribbean Netherlands (2001 census). 8,060 on Bonaire	1 (National). Statutory national language (2010, Provisional Official Languages Law, BWBR0028827, Article 2)	Papiamen, Papiamento, Papiamentoe
pap	Papiamentu	Creole, Iberian based	Sint Maarten	Scattered	7,000 in Sint Maarten (2011 SIL)	4 (Educational). De facto language of national identity	Papiamen, Papiamento, Papiamentoe
mkw	Kituba	Creole, Kongo based	Congo	Mainly between Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire	1,490,000 (2014 J. Leclerc)	3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of national identity (2002, Constitution, Article 6), recognized as lingua franca. Kituba is used throughout the south in churches, the market and the media (2014 SIL)	Kikongo-Kituba, Kikoongo, Monokutuba, Munukutuba	Kituba	None known. Reportedly similar to Kituba [ktu] of Democratic Republic of the Congo.
ktu	Kituba	Creole, Kongo based	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Kinshasa and Kwango provinces	5,000,000, all users. L1 users: 4,200,000 (1990 UBS). L2 users: 800,000	2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Bas-Congo, Bandundu regions (2006, Constitution, Article 1(8))	Kibulamatadi, Kikongo, Kikongo Commercial, Kikongo Simplifié, Kikongo-Kituba, Kikongo-Kutuba, Kileta	Kikongo ya leta, Kituba	Ikeleve, Western Kituba, Eastern Kituba. A creole based on the Kikongo dialect spoken in Manianga area (Bas-Congo), but unintelligible to Kikongo speakers of any of the other Kikongo dialects. Influenced by Lingala [lin], French [fra], restructured Swahili [swh], Portuguese [por], and other local dialects. Similar to Kituba [mkw] (Munukutuba) of Congo.
bew	Betawi	Creole, Malay based	Indonesia	Banten province: Tangerang recency and city; dominant in Jakarta Special Capital Region; West Java province: Bekasi, Bogar, and Karawang regencies, also Bekasi and Depok cities	5,000,000 (2000 census). Population count imprecise due to vague ethnic and linguistic definition of ‘Betawi’. Ethnic population: 6,800,000 (2011 census)	6b* (Threatened)	Anak Betawi, Batavi, Batavian, Batawi, Betawi Malay, Jakarta Malay, Melayu Betawi, Melayu Jakarte, Orang Betawi	Betawi	None known. A Malay-based creole distinct from both Indonesian [ind] and other Malay-based pidgins and creoles. It evolved mid-19th century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. Influences from Peranakan Indonesian [pea] and Bali [ban]. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it (1989 R. Allen).
pea	Indonesian, Peranakan	Creole, Malay based	Indonesia	Central Java, East Java, West Java, and Yogyakarta provinces scattered on north coast	20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981)	7 (Shifting)	Baba Indonesian, Chinese Indonesian, Peranakan		None known. Based on Indonesian [ind] and Javanese [jav], with Mandarin [cmn] elements in contrast to Baba Malay [mbf], which has Hokkien (Chinese, Min Nan [nan]) elements.
mbf	Malay, Baba	Creole, Malay based	Singapore	Mainly Kallang district, near city center; Geylang and Jao Chiat districts	10,000 in Singapore (Pakir 1986). Ethnic population: 250,000 (1986). Total users in all countries: 12,000	8a (Moribund)	Baba, Chinese Malay, Low Malay, Peranakan, Straits Malay		None known. It developed after 15th century from Low Malay with many Min Nan Chinese [nan] borrowings. Regional variants between Malacca and Singapore. Partially intelligible with Standard Malay [zsm]. It is generally believed that Baba of Malaysia is more refined, and that of Singapore more rough. Most learn Standard Malay and English in school. Distinct from Peranakan Indonesian [pea]. Baba in Melaka, Malaysia speak a Hokkien-influenced Malay creole; those in Penang, Malaysia speak a localized version of Hokkien [nan] (2006 Tan Chee Beng).
sci	Sri Lankan Creole Malay	Creole, Malay based	Sri Lanka	Ampara, Baddulla, Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Hambantota, Jaffna, Kalutara, Kandy, Matara, Matale, Moneragala, and Nuwara Eliya districts, especially Badulla, Colombo, Hambantota, Kandy, and Kirinda urban areas	46,000 (Ansaldo and Lim 2006), decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Java Jati, Melayu Bahasa, Sri Lankan Malay		None known. Not intelligible of Standard Malay [zsm] due to phonological and syntactic differences, and strong influence from Tamil [tam]. May be similar to Malaccan Creole Malay [ccm] (Lim 1981).
abs	Malay, Ambonese	Creole, Malay based	Indonesia	Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Aru island group, Wamar island; Seram Bagian Barat regency, Ambon city, Kamarian to Seriholu on Hoamoa peninsula; Maluku Tengah regency, Nusa Laut island, upper Elpaputih bay east to Sepa; Ceram sea coast from Karlutu east to Sawai	1,600,000 in Indonesia, all users. L1 users: 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). L2 users: 1,400,000 (2013 M. Connor). Total users in all countries: 1,650,000 (as L1: 250,000; as L2: 1,400,000)	3 (Wider communication). Became an LWC through trade, and is used in inter-cultural communication, market, and some media	Ambon Malay, Ambonese, Ambong, Bahasa Ambon, Bahasa Melaju Ambon, Bahasa Melayu Ambon, Malayu Ambon, Moluccan (Maluku) Malay	Malayu Ambong	Dobo Malay. Marginal intelligibility with Indonesian [ind]. Difficult intelligibility with North Moluccan Malay [max]; speakers switch to Indonesian. Lexical similarity: 81% with Indonesian [ind]. Banda Malay [bpq] may best be considered a dialect of Moluccan Malay [max].
pmy	Malay, Papuan	Creole, Malay based	Indonesia	Papua province: Widespread	1,100,000 (Kluge 2014), all users. L1 users: 500,000 (Clouse 2000), increasing	3 (Wider communication). LWC in the coastal areas of West Papua. Became an LWC mostly as a result of Dutch colonial language policies in the early 20th century, and before that, to a rather limited extent, through trade (Kluge 2014:11–15)	Bahasa Tanah, Logat Papua	Melayu Papua	North Papua Malay, Serui Malay, Bird’s Head Malay, South Coast Malay. Reportedly similar to both Ambonese Malay [abs] and Manado Malay [xmm]. Regional variations are minor and support at most a possible dialectal East-West divide (Scott et al 2008:22–100).
ccm	Malaccan Creole Malay	Creole, Malay based	Malaysia	Melaka: Gajah Berang and Kampung Tujung on Malacca straits	Ethnic population: 300	8a (Moribund)	Chitties Creole Malay		None known. May be historically related to Sri Lankan Creole Malay [sci].
mbf	Malay, Baba	Creole, Malay based	Malaysia	Melaka: Melaka city area and nearby coast; Pulau Pinang: Malacca Straits, Pinang island	2,000 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006)	8a (Moribund)	Chinese Malay, Straits Malay
mhp	Malay, Balinese	Creole, Malay based	Indonesia	Bali province: widespread on Bali and Nusa islands	25,000 (2000 census)	6b* (Threatened)
bpq	Malay, Banda	Creole, Malay based	Indonesia	Maluku province: south Banda islands	3,690 (2000)	6a* (Vigorous)			May better be considered a dialect of Moluccan (Ambonese) Malay [abs].
coa	Malay, Cocos Islands	Creole, Malay based	Christmas Island	Scattered	560 in Christmas Island (1987)	6a* (Vigorous)
coa	Malay, Cocos Islands	Creole, Malay based	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Home island	500 in Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2012 World Factbook). Total users in all countries: 1,060	6a* (Vigorous)	Cocos, Kokos, Kukus		A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa].
coa	Malay, Cocos Islands	Creole, Malay based	Malaysia	Sabah: Beluran, Lahad Datu and Tawau districts	500 monolinguals (2015 A. Serasa Tosel). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2000 SIL)	7 (Shifting)	Cocos, Cocos Islands, Melayu Cocos, Ong Pulu
mkn	Malay, Kupang	Creole, Malay based	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Kupang regency, Kupang city and Semau island; all on west Timor island	350,000, all users. L1 users: 200,000 (2015 C. Grimes). L2 users: 150,000 (2015 C. Grimes)	3 (Wider communication). Regional L2	Basa Kupang	Kupang	Air Mata, Kupang.
lrt	Malay, Larantuka	Creole, Malay based	Indonesia	East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores Timur regency, Larantuka city area, and southwest Flores Strait towards Lewotobi town	20,000 (2007)	6b* (Threatened)	Bahasa Nagi, Ende Malay, Melayu Larantuka, Nagi
xmm	Malay, Manado	Creole, Malay based	Indonesia	Gorontalo province; North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency, widespread	2,350,000, all users. L1 users: 850,000 (2001). L2 users: 1,500,000	3 (Wider communication). An important, growing lingua franca in many parts of Sulawesi	Manadonese, Manadonese Malay, Minahasan Malay	Bahasa Manado	None known. Reportedly most similar to North Moluccan Malay [max]. Also similar to Sri Lankan Malay [sci]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa].
max	Malay, North Moluccan	Creole, Malay based	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Halmahera Selatan regency, Damar, northwest Jaronga, and south Halmahera islands	1,000,000, all users. L1 users: 700,000 (2001 SIL). L2 users: 300,000 (2001 R. Whisler). 100,000 monolinguals	3 (Wider communication). Became LWC through trade, also used in daily life, inter-ethnic contact	Ternate Malay	Bahasa Pasar	None known. Different meaning of particles from Manado Malay [xmm]. Reportedly more similar to Manado Malay than to Ambonese Malay [abs]. A member of macrolanguage Malay [msa].
sag	Sango	Creole, Ngbandi based	Central African Republic	Widespread	5,100,000 in Central African Republic, all users. L1 users: 500,000 in Central African Republic (2017 SIL). L2 users: 4,600,000. Total users in all countries: 5,199,000 (as L1: 599,000; as L2: 4,600,000)	1 (National). Statutory national language (2004, Constitution, Article 18)	Sangho	Sango	None known. A rapidly spreading creole derived from Ngbandi [ngb]. Lexical similarity: 51% with French [fra], 49% with African languages. Many French loanwords used in everyday speech (2017 C. Mueller).
sag	Sango	Creole, Ngbandi based	Chad	Widespread in southern Chad		3 (Wider communication)	Sangho
sag	Sango	Creole, Ngbandi based	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Nord-Ubangi province: extreme north border on Oubangui river	Few in Democratic Republic of the Congo	3 (Wider communication)	Sangho
snj	Sango, Riverain	Creole, Ngbandi based	Central African Republic	Basse-Kotto prefecture: Mobaye subprefecture, along Ubangi river	34,500 (1996)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. High intelligibility of Sango [sag].
aoa	Angolar	Creole, Portuguese based	São Tomé e Príncipe	São Tomé province: São Tomé island south tip, São João dos Angolares area; some south of Caué area	13,200 (2016 World Factbook)	6a* (Vigorous)	Ngola		None known. Substratum largely Kwa [kwb] and Western Bantu; quite distinct from creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. The 33% of the Angolar lexicon not shared with Sãotomense [cri] is largely of Bantu origin, apparently Kimbundu [kmb] of Angola, with some from Koongo [kng] and Bini [bin]. Lexical similarity: 70% with São Tomense [cri], 67% with Principense [pre], 53% with Fa d’Ambu [fab].
fab	Fa d’Ambu	Creole, Portuguese based	Equatorial Guinea	Annobón province: Annobón Island, isolated from mainland by 360 km of ocean (2,000); Bioko Island, Malabo (500), a few on continental Equatorial Guinea	6,000 in Equatorial Guinea (2017 S. Smith). No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 6,600	6a (Vigorous)	Annobonense, Annobonese, Annobonés, Fa d’Ambô	Fa d’Ambu	Different from Equatorial Guinean Pidgin [fpe] and Crioulo [pov] of Guinea-Bissau and Kabuverdianu. Little variation between Annobonese in Annobón and Malabo. Lexical similarity: 63% with Sãotomense [cri]. 10% of the lexicon comes from Spanish [spa].
cri	Sãotomense	Creole, Portuguese based	São Tomé e Príncipe	Sao Tome province: São Tomé island generally north of Santa Cruz	72,400 in São Tomé e Príncipe (2016 World Factbook). Total users in all countries: 83,000	6b* (Threatened). De facto language of provincial identity in São Tomé Island except south tip	Forro, Santomense, Santomé, São Tomense, “O dialecto” (pej.)		None known. Substratum largely Kwa [kwb] and Western Bantu languages; quite distinct from the creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. Lexical similarity: 77% with Principense [pre], 62% with Fa d’Ambu [fab] (Annobonese), 70% with Angolar [aoa].
vkp	Korlai Creole Portuguese	Creole, Portuguese based	India	Maharashtra state: Korlai, 200 km south of Mumbai on west coast	800 (Clements 2015)	6a* (Vigorous)	Creole Portuguese		None known. A blend of Portuguese [por] and Marathi [mar].
pre	Principense	Creole, Portuguese based	São Tomé e Príncipe	Príncipe province	200 (2016 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2016 World Factbook)	8a (Moribund)	Lun’gwiye, “Moncó” (pej.), “O dialecto” (pej.)		None known. Substratum largely Kwa [kwb] and Western Bantu; quite distinct from creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. Lexical similarity: 77% with Sãotomense [cri], 67% with Angolar [aoa], 62% with Fa d’Ambu [fab].
tmg	Ternateño	Creole, Portuguese based	Indonesia	North Maluku province: Kota Ternate city on Ternate island	No known L1 speakers	10 (Extinct)	Portugis, Ternatenyo		Spanish [spa] relexification. Historical relationship with Chavacano and dialects, still spoken in the Philippines.
ccd	Cafundo Creole	Creole, Portuguese based	Brazil	Rio de Janeiro state: Cafundo, 240 km from São Paulo	40 (1978 M. Gnerre)	8b (Nearly extinct)
pov	Crioulo, Upper Guinea	Creole, Portuguese based	Guinea-Bissau	Widespread	1,239,000 in Guinea-Bissau, all users. L1 users: 239,000 in Guinea-Bissau (2016), increasing. L2 users: 1,000,000 (2015 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 1,305,800 (as L1: 285,800; as L2: 1,020,000)	5 (Developing). De facto language of national identity	Guinea-Bissau Creole, Guinea-Bissau Kriyol, Kriulo, Portuguese Creole	Kriyol	Bissau-Bolama Creole, Bafatá Creole, Cacheu-Ziguinchor Creole. Lexical similarity: with Kabuverdianu [kea].
pov	Crioulo, Upper Guinea	Creole, Portuguese based	Senegal	Ziguinchor region: Bignona; Kolda region	30,000 in Senegal, all users. L1 users: 10,000 in Senegal (Biagui and Quint 2013). L2 users: 20,000 (Biagui and Quint 2013)	3 (Wider communication). Used as an LWC from the Lower Casamance of Senegal to the north of Guinea-Bissau. People who traveled from Guinea-Bissau as a Portuguese-based country to the Casamance of southern Senegal led to the development as an LWC. It is used in churches (interpretation and singing) and in the market, business and radio	Casamançais, Créole afro-portugais de Casamance, Créole casamançais, Kriulo, Kriyol, Portuguese Creole		Cacheu-Ziguinchor Creole.
idb	Indo-Portuguese	Creole, Portuguese based	India	Kerala state: Kannur; Maharashtra state: Korlai near Mumbai; Daman and Diu Union Territory	4,940 in India (Cardoso 2006). Relatively few monolinguals, even in Korlai (Cardoso 2006). Total users in all countries: 7,160	6b (Threatened)			Cochin (Kochi), Diu, Cannanore.
idb	Indo-Portuguese	Creole, Portuguese based	Sri Lanka	Batticaloa, Colombo, Galle, Kandy, and Tincomalee districts	2,220 in Sri Lanka (2011 J. Leclerc). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,410	6b* (Threatened)
kea	Kabuverdianu	Creole, Portuguese based	Cape Verde Islands	Widespread	492,000 in Cape Verde Islands, all users. L1 users: 478,000 in Cape Verde Islands (2010 census), increasing. L2 users: 14,000 (2010 census). 74,000 monolinguals (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,000,000 (2010 Gabinete de Migração Cabo-verdiana). Total users in all countries: 1,191,000 (as L1: 1,177,000; as L2: 14,000)	1 (National). Statutory national language (2010, Constitution, Article 9(2-3))	Caboverdiano, Cape Verdean Creole, Criol, Crioulo, Krioulu	Kabuverdianu, Kriol	Kabuverdianu di Santiagu (“Badiu” (pej.), Caboverdiano de Santiago, Kriol di Santiagu), Kabuverdianu di Brava (Caboverdiano de Brava, Kriol di Brava), Kabuverdianu di Fogu (Caboverdiano de Fogo, Kriol di Fogu), Kabuverdianu di Sonsente (Caboverdiano de São Vicente, Kriol di Sonsente, “Sanpadjudu” (pej.)), Kabuverdianu di Maiu (Caboverdiano de Maio, Kriol di Maiu), Kabuverdianu di Sintanton (Caboverdiano de Santo Antão, Kriol di Sintanton), Kabuverdianu di Son Nikulau (Caboverdiano de São Nicolau, Kriol di Son Nikulau), Kabuverdianu di Sal (Caboverdiano de Sal, Kriol di Sal), Kabuverdianu di Buvista (Caboverdiano de Boa Vista, Kriol di Buvista).
kea	Kabuverdianu	Creole, Portuguese based	Portugal	Primarily in the neighborhoods on the outskirts of Lisbon	63,900 in Portugal (2007 J. Leclerc), increasing	5 (Dispersed)
kea	Kabuverdianu	Creole, Portuguese based	São Tomé e Príncipe	Both islands, but primarily on the Island of Príncipe	14,700 in São Tomé e Príncipe (2012 census)	5 (Dispersed)
kea	Kabuverdianu	Creole, Portuguese based	United States	Massachusetts, Rhode Island	425,000 in United States (2010 Instituto de Apoio ao Emigrante)	5 (Dispersed)			Kabuverdianu Sotavento.
mzs	Macanese	Creole, Portuguese based	Hong Kong	Scattered		8b (Nearly extinct)
mzs	Macanese	Creole, Portuguese based	Macao	Scattered	50 in China–Macao (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007b)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Macaense, Macao Creole Portuguese, Makista, Patuá
mcm	Malaccan Creole Portuguese	Creole, Portuguese based	Malaysia	Melaka: Hilir and Trankera on Malacca Straits; Kuala Lumpur and Singapore	2,150 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b)	6b (Threatened)	Bahasa Geragau, Bahasa Serani, Luso-Malay, Malacca Creole, Malaccan, Malaqueiro, Malaquenho, Malaquense, Malaquês, Malayo-Portuguese, Malaysian Creole Portuguese, Papia Cristao, Papia Kristang, Portuguese Patois, Português de Malaca, Serani	Kristang
tvy	Pidgin, Timor	Creole, Portuguese based	East Timor	Aileu district: on Timor island	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1960s (1999 G. Hull)	10 (Extinct)	Bidau Creole Portuguese, Portuguese Timor, Português de Bidau, Timor Creole Portuguese, Timor pidgin
pln	Palenquero	Creole, Spanish based	Colombia	Atlántico department: border area and 2 neighborhoods in Barranquilla; Bolivar department: San Basilio de Palenque village southeast of Cartagena	500 (Holm 1989). Ethnic population: 3,500	6b (Threatened)	Lengua, Palenque		None known. Linguistic influences from Koongo [kng] in Democratic Republic of the Congo (Hancock 1987).
cbk	Chavacano	Creole, Spanish based	Philippines	Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindinao: Basilan province; Zamboanga Peninsula region: Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, and Zamboanga Sibugay provinces; scattered in Alicia, Buug, Cotabato city, Ipil, Isabela, Kabasalan, Lamitan, Lapuyan, Malamawi, Malangas, Maluso, Margosatubig, Siay, and Tungawan; Cavite, Ermita, and Ternate near Manila	431,000 (2005 UNSD). 37,553 Caviteño Chavacano, 22,221 Cotabato Chavacano, 55,400 Davao Chavacano, 4,698 Ternateño Chavacano, 311,066 Zamboangeño Chavacano (2005 UNSD)	4 (Educational)	Chabacano, Chabakano	Chavacano	Caviteño (Cavite Chabacano), Ternateño (Bahra, Ternate Chabacano, Ternateño Chavacano), Ermitaño (Ermiteño), Davaweño Zamboangueño (Abakay Spanish, Davao Chavacano, Davaoeño, Davaweño), Cotabato Chavacano (Cotabateño), Zamboangueño (Chabacano de Zamboanga, Español quebrao, Southern Mindinao Creole, Zamboanga Chabacano).
ccl	Cutchi-Swahili	Creole, Swahili based	Tanzania	Arusha, Dodoma, Manyara, and Pwani regions, scattered	45,000 (Maho and Sands 2002)	6a (Vigorous)	Asian Swahili		None known. May be intelligible with standard Kiswahili [swh]. Cutchi-Swahili and Asian Swahili may not be the same.
tdt	Tetun Dili	Creole, Tetun based	East Timor	L1 in Dili district: East Timor north coast; L2 scattered in western part of East Timor	385,000 (2009)	1 (National). Statutory national language (2002, Constitution, Article 13)	Dili Tetum, Lia-Tetun, Tetum, Tetum Dili, Tetum Prasa, Tetum Praça, Tetun, Tetun Prasa	Tetun Dili	None known. Heavy Portuguese [por] and Mambae [mgm] influence; some Indonesian [ind] or Malay influence.
esy	Eskayan	Mixed language, Cebuano-Spanish-English	Philippines	Central Visayas region: Bohol province, Biabas, Cadapdapan, Canta-ub, Lundag, and Taytay villages	500, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers. L2 users: 500 (2013 P. Kelly). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2013 P. Kelly)	9 (Dormant)	Bisayan Declarado, Bisayan Diklaradu, Bisayan-Eskaya, Eskaya’, Ineskaya, Iniskaya, Iskaya’		A constructed language created through a relexification of Boholano, a dialect of Cebuano [ceb], but with changes to affixation rules. Some lexical input from Cebuano, Spanish [spa], and English [eng] (Kelly 2012).
crg	Michif	Mixed language, French-Cree	Canada	Manitoba province: scattered, a short distance from the United States border	470 in Canada (2016 census). L2 users: 0	8b (Nearly extinct)	French Cree, Métis
crg	Michif	Mixed language, French-Cree	United States	North Dakota: Turtle Mountain Reservation	75 in United States (2010 census), decreasing. L2 users: 0. Total users in all countries: 545	8b (Nearly extinct). Language of registered tribe: Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota	French Cree, Mitchif		None known. Reportedly most similar to Plains Cree [crk]. Several varieties in Canada.
mud	Aleut, Mednyj	Mixed language, Russian-Aleut	Russian Federation	Kamchatka krai: Komandor Islands, Copper island	350 (2010 census). Census includes Aleut [ale]	8b (Nearly extinct)	Attuan, Copper, Copper Island Aleut, Copper Island Attuan, Creolized Attuan, Medny
mue	Media Lengua	Mixed language, Spanish-Quichua	Ecuador	Cotopaxi province: Latacunga canton; Tungurahua province: Santiago de Pillaro canton, border area	2,600 (Gómez-Rendón 2008). No monolinguals	6b (Threatened)	Chapu-shimi, Chaupi-lengua, Chaupi-shimi, Quichuañol, Uchilla-shimi, “Llanga-shimi” (pej.)		Imbabura Media Lengua, Cotopaxi Media Lengua. Dialectal variations are most noticeable in the pronunciation of the Quichua elements which are based on the surrounding Quichua dialects, in this case northern and central varieties.
njt	Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin	Pidgin	Suriname	Sipaliwini district: upper Tapanahonij river	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)
chn	Chinook Wawa	Pidgin, Amerindian	Canada	British Columbia	No known L1 speakers in Canada. A total of 1,000 L2 speakers in both Canada and the United States (Grant 2013)	9 (Dormant)	Chinook Jargon, Chinook Pidgin, Chinuk Wawa, Jargon
chn	Chinook Wawa	Pidgin, Amerindian	United States	Oregon: Polk and Yamhill counties, Grand Ronde reservation	No known L1 speakers in United States. A total of 1,000 L2 speakers in both Canada and the United States (Grant 2013). Total users in all countries: none known	9 (Dormant). Language of registered tribe: Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon	Chinook Jargon, Chinook Pidgin, Jargon, Tsinuk Wawa	Chinuk Wawa	None known. Many words from Chinook, large admixture of words from Nuu-chah-nulth [nuk], Canadian French [fra], and English [eng].
dep	Delaware, Pidgin	Pidgin, Amerindian	United States	Connecticut; Delaware; New Jersey; New York: Manhattan	No known L1 speakers	10 (Extinct)
nef	Nefamese	Pidgin, Assamese based	India	Arunachal Pradesh state	Population unknown. May be replaced by Hindi [hin] (2006 Y. Modi)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Arunamese
lir	Liberian English	Pidgin, English based, Atlantic	Liberia	Bomi, Margibi, and Montserrado counties; Monrovia	1,613,000, all users. L1 users: 113,000 (2015). L2 users: 1,500,000 (1984 census)	3 (Wider communication)	Kreyol, Liberian Pidgin English		Kru Pidgin English. Regional dialects.
cpi	Chinese Pidgin English	Pidgin, English based, Pacific	Nauru	Scattered	Several thousand speakers, spoken by most in Nauru (Wurm 2007)	6b* (Threatened)	China Coast Pidgin, Melanesian-Chinese Mixed Pidgin English
tas	Tay Boi	Pidgin, French based	Viet Nam	Scattered, probably mostly urban	No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1954	10 (Extinct)	Annamite French, Tay Boy, Vietnamese Pidgin French		None known. Influences from Vietnamese [vie], French [fra], English [eng], Javanese [jav], and Portuguese [por].
bxo	Barikanchi	Pidgin, Hausa based	Nigeria	Kano state; found in military barracks	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)
gib	Gibanawa	Pidgin, Hausa based	Nigeria	Kebbi state: Jega LGA	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Gembanawa, Gimbanawa, Jega
ihb	Iha Based Pidgin	Pidgin, Iha based	Indonesia	West Papua province: Fak Fak regency, Fak Fak Selantan area on Bomberai peninsula south coast	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)
bpl	Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin	Pidgin, Malay based	Australia	Western Australia state: Beagle Bay, Broome, Derby, La Grange, Lombardinie, One Arm Point	40, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers. Probably never used as L1, although some locals of Broome have retained some of it as part of their jargon. Most active use happened between 1900 and 1930 (Wurm et al 1996). L2 users: 40. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only). Lingua franca on pearling boats between Malays, Japanese, Chinese, and Aborigines	Broom Creole, Japanese Pidgin English, Koepang Talk, Malay Talk
hmo	Motu, Hiri	Pidgin, Motu based	Papua New Guinea	Central and Gulf provinces: concentrated in Port Moresby area; widely scattered elsewhere: Oro, Milne Bay and Western provinces	120,000, all users. L1 users: Very few L1 speakers (1992 T. Dutton). L2 users: 120,000 (1989 J. Holm)	3 (Wider communication). Recognized language (1975, Constitution, Articles 67 and 68). Used long before European contact by participants in the Hiri trade cycle between the Motu people and their neighbors on the south east coast of the island of New Guinea. Since about 1970 the use of Hiri Motu as a lingua franca has been declining in favor of English [eng] and Tok Pisin [tpi]; speakers are mostly older adults and concentrated in Central Province and Gulf Province	Hiri, Pidgin Motu, Police Motu	Hiri Motu	Austronesian Hiri Motu, Papuan Hiri Motu. Linguistically a pidginization of Motu [meu]. Influenced by English [eng], Tok Pisin [tpi], and Polynesian languages. Speakers cannot understand Motu due to phonological and grammatical differences. Lexical similarity: 90% with Motu [meu].
onx	Onin Based Pidgin	Pidgin, Onin based	Indonesia	Papua Barat province: Fak Fak regency, Maruntiri area on Onin peninsula and inland highlands	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)
pml	Lingua Franca	Pidgin, Romance based	Tunisia	Tunis governorate; other major Mediterranean ports	No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably survived into the 1850s (Holm 1989)	10 (Extinct)	’Ajnabi, Aljamia, Ferenghi, Petit Mauresque, Sabir		None known. Lexicon from Italian [ita] and Occitan [oci]. Reportedly a present-day variety on Aegean Islands, used as pidgin in southeast Mediterranean region, has mainly Arabic syntax and vocabulary which is 65%–70% Italian [ita], 10% Spanish [spa], and other Catalan [cat], French [fra], Ladino [lad], and Turkish [tur] words.
sta	Settla	Pidgin, Swahili based	Zambia	Central province: north of Lusaka city	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Kisetla, Kisettla
fng	Pidgin Bantu	Pidgin, Zulu based	South Africa	Gauteng province: suburban Johannesburg and mining areas	No known L1 speakers in South Africa. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: 5,100 (as L1: 0; as L2: 5,100)	9 (Second language only)	Basic Zulu, Fanagoloi, Isilololo, Isipiki, Lololo, Piki, Silunguboi, “Fanagalo” (pej.), “Fanakalo” (pej.), “Fanekolo” (pej.), “Isikula” (pej.)		Zambia dialect is called Cikabanga; in Zimbabwe, it is called, Chilapalapa. Influenced by Shona [sna] in Zimbabwe. About 70% of the vocabulary in Zimbabwe comes from Zulu [zul], 24% from English [eng], 6% from Afrikaans [afr]. Influenced by Bemba [bem] in Zambia. Lexical similarity: 70% with Zulu [zul], 24% with English [eng], 6% with Afrikaans [afr].
fng	Pidgin Bantu	Pidgin, Zulu based	Zambia	Widely dispersed, towns and mining areas	5,100 in Zambia, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers in Zambia. L2 users: 5,100 (2006). Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Basic Zulu, Chikabanga, Isilololo, Isipiki, Lololo, Piki, “Fanagalo” (pej.), “Fanakalo” (pej.), “Fanekolo” (pej.), “Isikula” (pej.)		Cikabanga.
fng	Pidgin Bantu	Pidgin, Zulu based	Zimbabwe	Mashonaland Central province; widespread in Shona speaking areas, mining camps, and urban centers	No known L1 speakers in Zimbabwe. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Isilololo, Isipiki, Lololo, Piki, “Fanagalo” (pej.), “Fanakalo” (pej.), “Fanekolo” (pej.), “Isikula” (pej.)		Chilapalapa.
ugn	Ugandan Sign Language	Sign language	Uganda	Scattered, mainly in urban areas	160,000 (2008 WFD). Estimates vary, ranging from approximately 1% of the general population of approximately 37,000,000: 160,000–840,000 deaf (2008 WFD). 528,000–800,000 deaf (Lule and Wallin 2010). Over 700,000 deaf adults (2010 B. Oluoch)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (1995, Constitution, Article XXIV(d))	USL		None known. Historical influence from British Sign Language [bfi], American Sign Language [ase] and Kenyan Sign Language [xki], but clearly distinct from all three. Influence from English [eng] in grammar, mouthing, initialization, fingerspelling (both one-handed and two-handed systems), especially among young, urban Deaf. Some mouthing from Luganda [lug] and Swahili [swa] (Lule and Wallin 2010).
haf	Haiphong Sign Language	Sign language	Viet Nam	Haiphong	1,800 (Woodward 2015). Estimated 1,800 prelingually-deaf people in the Haiphong area, based on less than 1% of the total population (Woodward 2015)	6a (Vigorous)	Hai Phong Sign Language		None known. 54% cognate to Hanoi Sign Language [hab] and Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language [hos] on a 100-word list; 40–50% cognate to Thai Sign Language [tsq] and its predecessors (Woodward 2000).
hab	Hanoi Sign Language	Sign language	Viet Nam	Scattered. Ha Noi	39,000 (Woodward et al 2015). Estimated 39,000 prelingually deaf, based on less than 1% of total population (Woodward et al 2015)	6a (Vigorous)	Ha Noi Sign Language		None known. About 55% cognate to Haiphong Sign Language [haf] and Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language [hos] on a 100-word list; 45% cognate to Thai Sign Language [tsq] (Woodward 2000).
hos	Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language	Sign language	Viet Nam	Ho Chi Minh City		6a (Vigorous)			None known. About 55% cognate to Haiphong Sign Language [haf] and Hanoi Sign Language [hab] on a 100-word list; 39% cognate to Thai Sign Language [tsq] (Woodward 2000).
xms	Moroccan Sign Language	Sign language	Morocco	Scattered in urban areas	63,400. 63,400 sign language users, 155,000 total deaf (2008 WFD). 165,000 (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing)	LSM, Langue des signes du Maroc, Langue des signes marocaine, MSL		None known. Signing varies between different cities, due to differences in the deaf schools, but is beginning to unify as younger Deaf people from different cities are in contact with each other. Signed exact version of the spoken language (Arabic [arb] or French [fra]) is often used by teachers, and they may introduce signs from ASL [ase], LSF [fsl] or other foreign sign languages; students learn the local variety of sign language from their peers. Reported Algerian Sign Language [asp] influence in Oujda. Young Deaf adults, ages 15–40 (as of 2014), are in contact with deaf from other cities and countries via the internet and are borrowing some signs.
sqk	Albanian Sign Language	Sign language	Albania	Scattered	3,000 (Hoyer 2007). 15,000 deaf in Albania, 24,100 worldwide (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing)	AlbSL, Gjuha Shenjave e Shqip, Gjuha Shqiq e Shenjave, Gjuha e Shenjave Shqipe		None known. Historically strong influence from spoken Albanian [sqi] with initialized signs and heavy use of fingerspelling, as well as gestures borrowed from hearing people. Has developed rapidly since the end of Communist control in 1990, with lexical borrowing from International Sign [ils] and other sign languages (Hoyer 2007; 2008 K. Hoyer). Not similar to any other sign languages in the Balkan area. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
syy	Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language	Sign language	Israel	HaDarom (Negev) district: Al-Sayyid village	140 (Sandler et al 2005). About 140 deaf and an unknown number of hearing	6a (Vigorous)	ABSL, Bedouin Sign Language		None known. Distinct from national sign languages in the area. Israeli Sign Language (ISL) [isr] users from outside the village do not understand ABSL; ABSL signers do not understand ISL except for younger deaf who learn ISL in school. ABSL signers do not understand Jordanian Sign Language [jos] used on Jordanian television programs received in the area.
asf	Auslan	Sign language	Australia	Scattered	10,100 (2016 census)	5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in New South Wales	Australian Sign Language		None known. Related to British Sign Language [bfi], with influences also from Irish Sign Language [isg] and American Sign Language [ase]. Many structural and lexical similarities between British Sign Language (BSL) [bfi], Australian Sign Language (Auslan) [asf], and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) [nzs] and a high degree of mutual intelligibility (2003 T. Johnston, McKee and Kennedy 2000). Linguists sometimes use the name BANZSL to refer to them as a group, while still recognizing them as separate related languages.
bvl	Bolivian Sign Language	Sign language	Bolivia	Cochabamba, La Paz, and Santa Cruz departments; El Beni Department, Riberalta municipality	350 (1988 E. Powlison)	6a (Vigorous)			Based on American Sign Language [ase] with necessary changes for borrowed Spanish lexical items. Some groups in La Paz and Santa Cruz use the same signs with some dialect signs from their own areas. There is evidence that Bolivian Sign Language is no more divergent from ASL [ase] than some dialects of ASL (Morgan 2004).
csr	Costa Rican Sign Language	Sign language	Costa Rica	Scattered	70,700 people with hearing loss (2011 census), number of LESCO users not available	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2012, Ley 9049, Official Recognition of Costa Rican Sign Language)	LESCO, Lengua de Señas Costarricense, Lenguaje de Señas Costarricense		New Costa Rican Sign Language (Modern Costa Rican Sign Language, NCRSL), Original Costa Rican Sign Language (OCRSL). Older and younger dialects differ due to influence from American Sign Language (ASL) [ase] starting in the 1970s (2008 C. Ramirez); younger signers not familiar with the older variety cannot understand it well (2013 A. Olviedo). Younger variety has 63% probable cognates with ASL [ase] on a 100-word modified Swadesh word list; older variety only 27% (Woodward 2011).
dsl	Danish Sign Language	Sign language	Denmark	Scattered	4,000 in Denmark (2019 EUD). 24,500 (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2015, Law 61, amendment to Danish Language Council)	DTS, Dansk tegnsprog		None known. Faroe Islands, Greenland (2014 J. Zachariassen, Aldersson and McEntee-Atalianis 2007). Some signs are related to French Sign Language [fsl]. Intelligible with Swedish [swl] and Norwegian [nsl] sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language [fse]. Signed Danish is distinct, but used in communication with some hearing people.
ecs	Ecuadorian Sign Language	Sign language	Ecuador	Scattered	231,000 (2011 CONADIS)	5 (Developing)	LSEC, Lengua de Señas de Ecuador		Regional variation between coastal dialect (centered in Guayaquil) and sierra dialect (centered in Quito). Ecuadorian deaf community reports variation based on age. Variant used by young signers shows borrowing from American Sign Language [ase] (30% of signs) and Spanish Sign Language [ssp] (20% of signs) (Eberle et al 2012).
gse	Ghanaian Sign Language	Sign language	Ghana	Scattered	6,000 (2008 WFD). Over 6,000 deaf signers (2008 WFD)	5 (Developing)	GSL		None known. 50% intelligibility of ASL [ase] on a test in which ASL understood 80% (Hopkins 2013). Related to American Sign Language [ase] and Nigerian Sign Language [nsi]. Ghanaian Sign Language now differs from American Sign Language with new and local signs. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
icl	Icelandic Sign Language	Sign language	Iceland	Reykjavik region: mainly in the capital city; otherwise scattered	300 (2010 The Ministry of Education, Science and Culture). 250 (2014 EUD). 1,400 (2014 IMB)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2011, Act. No. 61)	ITM, Íslenskt Táknmál		None known. Significant mutual intelligibility between Icelandic Sign Language and Danish Sign Language [dsl] (2014 R. Sverrisdóttir). Based on Danish Sign Language [dsl]. Until 1910, deaf children were sent to school in Denmark; but the languages have diverged since then (Aldersson and McEntee-Atalianis 2007). Lexical similarity: 66% with Danish Sign Language [dsl] (Aldersson and McEntee-Atalianis 2007). Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
isg	Irish Sign Language	Sign language	Ireland	Scattered	21,000 in Ireland (2014 IMB). 5,000 Deaf and estimated 45,000 hearing L1 and L2 users (2014 DeafVillageIreland). Total users in all countries: 22,550	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2017, Irish Sign Language Act 2017), authorized for use and interpretation in courts, schools, and other public bodies	Teanga Chomharthaíochta na hÉireann		Separate schools for boys and girls resulted in strong gender-based dialectal differences, but these have diminished with time. British Sign Language (BSL) [bfi] was formally introduced to Ireland in 1816, but references to signing go back much further in Irish history. In 1846, the Catholic nuns who established St. Mary’s School for Deaf Girls went to France, so contemporary Irish Sign Language includes aspects of nineteenth-century French Sign Language [fsl] as well as BSL, with influence from signed French, signed English, and gestural systems like cued speech. (Leeson and Sneed 2012).
jsl	Japanese Sign Language	Sign language	Japan	Scattered	317,000 (Van Cleve 1986)	5 (Developing)	JSL, NS, Nihon Shuwa, Shuwa, Temane		None known. Related to Taiwanese [tss] and Korean [kvk] sign languages.
jos	Jordanian Sign Language	Sign language	Jordan	Scattered		5 (Developing)	LIU, Lughat il-Ishaarah il-Urduniyyah		None known. LIU signers understand Egyptian Sign Language (LIM) [esl] to some extent, despite lexical differences. Not the same as Unified Arabic Sign Language, an artificial system promoted by representatives of 18 Arabic-speaking countries (Rashdan 2016). Relatively low lexical similarity with Egyptian Sign Language (LIM) [esl] (Hendriks 2008).
kvk	Korean Sign Language	Sign language	Korea, South	Scattered		4 (Educational)			None known. Related to Japanese [jsl] and Taiwanese [tss] sign languages.
lls	Lithuanian Sign Language	Sign language	Lithuania	Scattered	8,000 (2014 EUD). 14,500 (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Law on Education, No. XI-1281, Article 30(6), as amended)	LGK, Lietuvių gestų kalba, LtSL		Some lexical variation, with attempts at standardization (Kupcinskas 1999). Influence from Russian Sign Language [rsl] from 1945 until 1990. Some degree of mutual intelligibility with sign languages in other former Soviet countries, with ongoing tendency to diverge from Russian Sign Language [rsl] (2016 S. Parkhurst).
mfs	Mexican Sign Language	Sign language	Mexico	Scattered, except in Yucatan Peninsula (see Yucatec Mayan Sign Language [msd]) and other rural areas	130,000 (2010 SIL). Population based on 87,000–100,000 mainly monolingual users from 1986 (T. Smith-Stark), adjusted for population growth since 1986 (2011 S. Dufoe)	5 (Developing)	LSM, Lengua de Señas Mexicana, Lenguaje Manual Mexicana, Lenguaje de Señas Mexicano, Lenguaje de Señas de México, Lenguaje de Signos Mexicano, Lenguaje de las Manos		Influence from Old French Sign Language [fsl] starting in 1867. Monterrey and Torreón both use a subdialect of LSM with a lot of different and newly invented signs. Mazatlan reportedly has more ASL [ase] influence. Both ASL and LSM are used in parts of Baja California Norte, especially in Tijuana and Ensenada. Users of ASL have 14% intelligibility of LSM. Lexical similarity 85%–100% among regional dialects, nearly all above 90% (Bickford 1991).
vsi	Moldova Sign Language	Sign language	Moldova	Scattered	17,500 total signing deaf in Moldova in all sign languages (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2012, Article 25(1), Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities, No. 60)			None known. Relatively high lexical similarity to sign languages in Russia [rsl] and Ukraine [ukl] (Bickford 2005).
nsl	Norwegian Sign Language	Sign language	Norway	Scattered	2,500 (2014 EUD). 4,000 (Van Cleve 1986). 5,000 (2010 Norwegian Association of the Deaf). 2,500 sign language users (2014 EUD). 22,000 deaf (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing)	NTS, Norsk Tegnspråk		Holmestrand, Oslo, Trondheim. Dialects associated with 3 schools: Holmestrand, Oslo, Trondheim. Intelligible with Danish [dsl] and Swedish [swl] sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language [fse].
rsl	Russian Sign Language	Sign language	Russian Federation	Scattered. Moscow and Saint Petersburg are major centers	121,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). 715,000 (2014 IMB). Total users in all countries: 122,000	5 (Developing)			Reported historical connections to sign languages in Austria and France, but not obvious from extensive wordlist comparison (Bickford 2005). Relatively high lexical similarity to sign languages in Ukraine [ukl] and Moldova [vsi] (Bickford 2005). Significant dialect variation.
ukl	Ukrainian Sign Language	Sign language	Ukraine	Scattered	54,000 (2008 WFD). Other population figures refer to audiological deafness: 43,000 registered Ukrainian nationals with hearing impairments (2015 Ukrainian Society of the Deaf); 223,000 (2016 IMB)	6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (2005, Law No. 2961–IV (06.10.2005)), for use in education (2008 WFD)	USL, Ukrayinska Mova Zhestiv, Ukrayinska Zhestova Mova		None known. Relatively high lexical similarity to sign languages in Moldova [vsi] and Russia [rsl] (Bickford 2005).
afg	Afghan Sign Language	Sign language	Afghanistan	Balkh province: Mazar-e Sharif; Bamyan province: Bamiyan city; Herat province: Herat city; Kabul province: Kabul city; Kandahar province: Kandahar city; Laghman province; Nangarhar province: Jalalabad city and many surrounding districts; Parwan province; Takhar province: Faizabad. Most live in Kabul and Jalalabad	1,000 (2012)	5 (Developing)	AFSL, Afghan Sign		None known. Influenced by American Sign Language [ase] used by foreign workers in some of the deaf schools in Afghanistan.
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	United States	Scattered, especially in urban centers and near (present or former) residential deaf schools	250,000 in United States (Mitchell et al 2006). Total users in all countries: 271,700	5 (Developing)	ASL, Ameslan, SIGN AMERICA		Black American Sign Language (Black ASL), Tactile American Sign Language (TASL, Tactile ASL). Some lexical variation across the United States and much of Canada, but intelligibility is high among all varieties called ASL. Black American Sign Language, developed in schools for African-American children due to segregation in the southern United States, contains some distinctive vocabulary and grammatical structure. Tactile ASL (TASL) is used throughout the United States by and with deaf-blind people, especially those with Usher’s Syndrome, concentrations of whom are found in Louisiana and Seattle. TASL uses ASL vocabulary and grammar, except (1) signs are perceived by touching the signer’s hands or other parts of their body, and (2) there are modifications to compensate for lack of access to the signer’s facial expressions and other parts of the body that are not being touched. In Seattle, more substantial structural changes have occurred since 2007 as a result of the ‘pro-tactile’ movement, which has deliberately worked to adapt the language for efficient tactile use (Edwards 2014). This has resulted in a variety that is not mutually-intelligible with (visual) ASL and is spreading to other parts of the country (2019 T Edwards); it should probably be recognized as a distinct language from visual ASL. Some deaf-blind people learn Braille for reading English. Varieties or closely-related languages derived from ASL are used in many other countries. Lexical similarity: 58% between modern ASL and French Sign Language (LSF) [fsl] on a comparison of 872 signs (Woodward 1978b). Although the 2 are historically related, ASL has undergone substantial creolization (Woodward 1975, Woodward 1976).
asq	Austrian Sign Language	Sign language	Austria	Scattered	8,000 (2014 EUD). EUD estimates 8,000–10,000 Deaf sign language users. 39,500 deaf (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2000, Constitution, Section 8(3) as amended)	Carinthian Sign Language, KGS, OEGS, ÖGS, Österreichische Gebärdensprache		Substantial regional variation: Vienna, Carinthia, Styria, others. Partially intelligible with French Sign Language [fsl]. Russian Sign Language [rsl] is historically connected to it. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
bfk	Ban Khor Sign Language	Sign language	Thailand	Lampang province: Ban Khor village	400 (Nonaka 2009), all users. Conservative estimate: 15%–25% of the village signs to some extent. L1 users: 16 deaf users, plus an unknown number of hearing L1 users	6a (Vigorous)	BKSL, Pasa Kidd		None known. Not related to Thai Sign Language [tsq] or original sign languages of Thailand such as Chiangmai Sign Language [csd]. Other villages with high incidence of deafness are also reported in rural Thailand: Huay Hai, Plaa Pag, and Na Sai (Nonaka 2004).
ins	Bangla Sign Language	Sign language	Bangladesh	Scattered	2,600,000 in Bangladesh (2014 Disabled Peoples’ International Pacific-Asia Region)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bangla Ishara Vasha, Bangladesh Sign Language, Bangladeshi Sign Language, Bengali Sign Language, Indian Sign Language		None known. Related to other sign languages in south Asia, esp. West Bengal Sign Language [wbs], which it resembles more closely than the Delhi variety of Indian Sign Language (Johnson and Johnson 2016); see further comments on Indian Sign Language [ins] in India.
bfi	British Sign Language	Sign language	United Kingdom	Scattered	327,000, all users. L1 users: 77,000 (2014 EUD). L2 users: 250,000 (2013 K. Crombie Smith)	5 (Developing)	BSL		Scottish Sign Language, Welsh Sign Language, Northern Ireland Sign Language (BSL-NI, NISL). Deaf community is cohesive so communication is good despite variation in different parts of the United Kingdom (e.g. Scotland, Wales, with more divergence in Northern Ireland, especially among older signers (Parks and Parks 2012)). Signing varies along a continuum from something usually called Signed English (which draws on BSL vocabulary but uses grammatical structure like spoken English) to natural BSL. Different styles of signing used in different situations, and signers vary in terms of how much of the range of signing styles they control. Not inherently intelligible to users of American Sign Language (ASL) [ase], although Northern Ireland variety shows significant influence from ASL. Many structural and lexical similarities between British Sign Language (BSL), Australian Sign Language (Auslan) [asf], and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) [nzs] and a high degree of mutual intelligibility. Linguists sometimes use the name BANZSL to refer to them as a group, while still recognizing them as having separate sociolinguistic identities (2003 T. Johnston).
csc	Catalan Sign Language	Sign language	Spain	Scattered in Catalonia	9,000 (2014). Deaf sign language users, total for all three sign languages in Spain: 60,000–80,000 (2000 Instituto Nacional de Estadística), 100,000 (2014 EUD). Based on these numbers and proportions of total population in various regions in Spain, estimated 9,000–15,000 for LSC	6b (Threatened). Provincially recognized language in Catalonia Autonomous Community (2006, Basic Law No. 6 of 19 July). Provincially recognized language in Balearic Islands Autonomous Community (1985, Autonomy Act, No. 2, 1985, Article 3(2))	Catalonian Sign Language, LSC, Lengua de Señas Catalana, Lengua de Signos Catalana, Llengua de Signes Catalana		None known. Similar to Spanish Sign Language [ssp] and Valencian Sign Language [vsv]. About 70%–80% intelligibility by users of Spanish Sign Language (2014 S. Parkhurst).
csd	Chiangmai Sign Language	Sign language	Thailand	Chiang Mai province: Scattered	19 (Woodward and Wongchai 2015), decreasing. 19 is an estimated maximum	8a (Moribund)	Chiengmai Sign Language, OCMSL, Old Chiang Mai Sign Language, Old Chiangmai Sign Language, Original Chiang Mai Sign Language, Original Chiangmai Sign Language		None known. Based on lexical comparisons, is related to Original Bangkok Sign Language (no ISO code) and to Haiphong Sign Language [haf] in Viet Nam (Woodward 2000). Distinct from Thai Sign Language [tsq], but contributed some vocabulary to it (Woodward 1997).
csl	Chinese Sign Language	Sign language	China	Scattered		5 (Developing)	Zhongguo Shouyu		Southern Chinese Sign Language (Shanghai Sign Language). Few signs of foreign origin; rather, signs are often modeled on written Chinese characters. CSL syntax closely follows Mandarin Chinese [cmn]. Survey needed, as there are reports of several distinct sign varieties in different parts of the country, used in informal situations. As of 2019, ISO 639-3 provides only the code [csl] for all these varieties, although some may be different enough to be eligible for their own code.
csq	Croatia Sign Language	Sign language	Croatia	Scattered	12,000 (2010 Croatian Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing). Croatian Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing estimates 12,000 signers out of 20,000 deaf. 13,000 (2014 Union of Deaf of Zagreb). 17,500 (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing)	CSL, HZJ, Hrvatski znakovni jezik		Origin from deaf schools in Austria and Hungary. In the past, regarded as a dialect of Yugoslavian Sign Language [ysl] (Bickford 2005); further research needed. One-handed fingerspelling system is similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
eso	Estonian Sign Language	Sign language	Estonia	Scattered, mostly in Pärnu county and Tallinn	1,500 (Paales 2011). 4,500 users out of 1,600 deaf and 20,000 hearing impaired. 2,000 persons need regular help from interpreters (1998 U. Sutrop). 1,500 signers (2014 Estonian Deaf Association). 6,300 (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, No. RT1, Language Act, Article 3(2))	EVK, Eesti viipekeel, Viipekeel		Some local dialects. The dialect in Pärnu is most archaic. Influences from Finnish [fse] and Russian Sign Languages [rsl].
eth	Ethiopian Sign Language	Sign language	Ethiopia	Scattered	250,000 (2008 WFD). WFD figure represents Deaf sign language users. 1,000,000 (2005 Ethiopian National Association of the Deaf). Unknown number of isolated deaf in rural areas	5 (Developing)	EthSL		None known. Hosanna School for the Deaf uses more indigenous signs than Addis Ababa, which has more influence from Amharic [amh]. Influence from Amharic [amh] in grammar and lexicon. Possible lexical influence from European sign languages, due to presence of foreign advisors.
fsl	French Sign Language	Sign language	France	Scattered	100,000 in France (2019 Fédération Nationale des Sourds de France). Other estimates: 300,000 (2019 EUD), 169,000 (2014 IMB). Of these, approximately 1,000 use Marseille Sign Language (Sallagoity 1975)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Code de l’éducation, Partie législative, Deuxième partie, Livre III, Titre 1er, Chapitre II, Article L312-9-1, Section 3 bis), Recognized as a complete language for use in education	LSF, Langue des signes française		Marseille Sign Language (Southern French Sign Language). Marseille Sign Language (Southern French Sign Language), is used in Marseille, Toulon, La Ciotat and Salon de Provence. Many sign languages have been derived from or influenced by LSF, but are not necessarily intelligible with it. When Deaf and hearing people interact in sign, they use a mixture of elements drawn from LSF and French, and Deaf people themselves vary in how much their signing is influenced by French. Lexical similarity: 58% with American Sign Language [ase] in an 872-word list (Woodward 1978a).
gsg	German Sign Language	Sign language	Germany	Scattered	80,000 (2014 German Deaf Association). 80,000 signers (2014 German Deaf Association). 200,000 Deaf signers (2014 EUD). 395,000 (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2002, Disability Equality Act, Section 6, paragraph 1)	DGS, Deutsche Gebärdensprache		Many regional lexical variations. Dialects in eastern and western Germany are similar, with differences comparable to those between northern and southern regions (Hessmann 1992). Some similarity to French [fsl] and other European sign languages. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
gsm	Guatemalan Sign Language	Sign language	Guatemala	Scattered	28,000 (Parks and Parks 2008). Estimates vary widely: 28,000–256,000 signing Deaf (Parks and Parks 2008)	5 (Developing)	GSM, LENSEGUA, Lensegua		Two clusters of dialects based on intelligibility: 1) Quetzaltenango, Huehuetenango, Mazatenango, and San Marcos; 2) Guatemala City, Escuintla, Zacapa and Cobán (Parks and Parks 2008). Considerable lexical variation, especially outside the two major cities Guatemala City and Quetzaltenango, and among older signers (over age 25 in 2008). Relatively little lexical similarity with ASL [ase], but some lexical borrowing, with subsequent initialization from Spanish [spa] (Parks and Parks 2008).
hps	Hawaii Sign Language	Sign language	United States	Hawaii		8b (Nearly extinct)	HPS, HSL, Hawai’i Pidgin Sign Language, Hawaiian Sign Language		Creole Hawai‘i Sign Language (CHSL). Not related to American Sign Language (ASL) [ase] or any other known sign language, less than 20% probable cognates with ASL (2013 J. Woodward). Most elderly Deaf use a mixture of HSL with ASL, a variety termed Creole Hawai‘i Sign Language (Clark et al 2016).
ins	Indian Sign Language	Sign language	India	Scattered	1,500,000 in India (2008 S. Panda). Estimates vary: 5.9 million profoundly deaf in India (2014 IMB); 8 million deaf signers (2017 Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre). Total users in all countries: 4,100,000	6a (Vigorous)	IPSL, ISL, Indo-Pakistani Sign Language, Urban Indian Sign Language		Bangalore-Chennai-Hyderabad Sign Language, Mumbai-Delhi Sign Language. Most sign language varieties in south Asia appear to be related, but there is considerable variation, which has only been partially assessed. Some scholars regard most varieties in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and possibly Nepal as dialects of one language called Indo-Pakistani Sign Language (IPSL), while others feel at least some varieties should be recognized as separate languages. The ISO standard currently (as of 2017) distinguishes ISL from Pakistan Sign Language [pks], West Bengal Sign Language (Kolkata Sign Language) [wbs], and Nepalese Sign Language [nsp]. Some villages, such as Alipur, Karnataka have an indigenous sign language unrelated to ISL (Panda 2012). Some influence from British Sign Language [bfi] in the fingerspelling system and a few other signs developed indigenously in India.
isr	Israeli Sign Language	Sign language	Israel	Scattered	10,000 (Meir et al 2010)	5 (Developing)	ISL		Some regional lexical variation (Tel-Aviv, Haifa, Be’er-Sheva, Jerusalem) (Lanesman and Meir 2012). Early influence from German Sign Language [gsg] but incorporating signs from many other sources due to immigration of Jewish Deaf. Existence of a sign language in Palestine in the late 19th century is documented, but the extent of its influence on ISL is unknown (Meir and Sandler 2008).
jls	Jamaican Sign Language	Sign language	Jamaica	Scattered	7,500 (2011 E. Parks)	5 (Developing)	JSL		Could be considered a dialect of American Sign Language (ASL) [ase] but is gradually diverging, with significant lexical and syntactic differences (Cumberbatch 2012a).
mdl	Maltese Sign Language	Sign language	Malta	Scattered	200 (2014 Malta Deaf People Association). 200 signers out of 1,000 deaf and hard-of-hearing (2014 Malta Deaf People Association). 2,000 (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing)	LSM, Lingwa tas-Sinjali Maltija, Lingwi tas-Sinjali Maltin		None known. Language isolate, but influence from British Sign Language [bfi] (Azzopardi-Alexander 2009). Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
mzy	Mozambican Sign Language	Sign language	Mozambique	Scattered. In at least 3 large cities: Beira, Maputo, and Nampula		5* (Developing)			Some dialectal variation. Standardization efforts are in progress (1999). Not related to or based on Portuguese [por] nor Portuguese Sign Language [psr].
nsp	Nepalese Sign Language	Sign language	Nepal	Scattered	20,035, all users. L1 users: 20,000 (2014 NDFN). Approximately 20,000 deaf signers out of 300,000 total deaf (2014 NDFN). L2 users: 35 (2011 census)	5 (Developing)	Nepali Sign Language		Kathmandu, Pokhara. Developed from local and introduced signs. Related to other sign languages in south Asia; see comments on Indian Sign Language [ins] in India.
nzs	New Zealand Sign Language	Sign language	New Zealand	Scattered	20,200 (McKee and Manning 2015), decreasing. Active Deaf community estimated 3,000–4,000 (2016 R. McKee). Marked decline across all age groups since 2001 (McKee and Manning 2015, McKee and McKee 2016)	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2006, New Zealand Sign Language Act, No. 18, Article 6)	NZSL		None known. Many structural and lexical similarities between British Sign Language (BSL) [bfi], Australian Sign Language (Auslan) [asf], and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) [nzs] and a high degree of mutual intelligibility (2003 T. Johnston, McKee and Kennedy 2000). Linguists sometimes use the name BANZSL to refer to them as a group, while still recognizing them as separate related languages.
nsi	Nigerian Sign Language	Sign language	Nigeria	Scattered		5 (Developing)	NSL		Western NSL (Lagos), Southern/southeastern NSL (Imo state). Related to American Sign Language (ASL) [ase] and Ghanaian Sign Language [gse]. Influence from spoken English [eng]. Incorporates many local and regional signs, enough that Nigerian Sign Language is now distinct from ASL (2015 E. Asonye). Incorporation of regional signs results in significant dialect differences between western Nigeria (Lagos and vicinity) vs. southern/southeastern regions, such as three deaf schools in Imo state (2015 E. Asonye).
pks	Pakistan Sign Language	Sign language	Pakistan	Scattered		5* (Developing)	IPSL, Indo-Pakistani Sign Language, Isharon Ki Zubann, PSL		Some regional variation in vocabulary. Related to other sign languages in south Asia; see comments on Indian Sign Language [ins] in India.
pgz	Papua New Guinean Sign Language	Sign language	Papua New Guinea	Scattered	30,000 (2015 N. Simonsson Juhonewe)	6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (2015, Decision No. 100/2015, Directive No. 8), National Executive Council (NEC) endorsement of the National Policy on disability 2015 - 2016 (7 May 2015)	Melanesian Sign Language, PNGSL		There is a considerable regional variation, but different varieties are mutually understood by Deaf people throughout the country. Influence from Auslan [asf] but not mutually intelligible with it. Influence from Tok Pisin [tpi].
prl	Peruvian Sign Language	Sign language	Peru	Scattered		5 (Developing)	LSP, Lengua de Signos Peruana, Lenguaje de señas peruana, Lenguaje de señas peruano		Variation in different geographical regions, between generations, and in different religious groups. Variety used in Lima is most prestigious. Signing associated with the Efata school mixes LSP with American Sign Language [ase] (Parks and Parks 2010).
psd	Plains Indian Sign Language	Sign language	United States	Scattered. Great Plains and neighboring regions, particularly on reservations of Apache, Assiniboine, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Chippewa, Crow, Hidatsa/Mandan, Kalispel, Kiowa, Kutenai, Lakota, Mandan, Navajo, Pawnee and Southern Tiwa tribes	75 in United States (2015 M. McKay-Cody), all users. Total users in all countries: 75	8b (Nearly extinct). Formerly used as a lingua franca for inter-tribal contact among at least 40 different language groups by hearing and deaf people. In 1890, a private census reported 100,000 users (McKay-Cody 1996). Wide range of genres including story-telling, prayers, inter-tribal negotiation, and bartering (Davis 2010)	Hand Talk, Indian Language of Signs, Indian Sign Language, NAISL, North American Indian Sign Language, PISL, PST, Plains Sign Language, Plains Sign Talk, Sign Talk		Plains Standard Indian Sign Language. Some variation by ethnic group and region, but dialect differences generally do not impede communication among different tribes. Many signs are associated with specific tribes (2016 M. McKay-Cody), but the degree to which the different tribal varieties represent separate languages has not been systematically assessed. Lexical similarity between available historical sources on PISL ranges from 80% to 92%. Comparison of these sources with American Sign Language [ase] shows 50% similarity (Davis 2010).
sls	Singapore Sign Language	Sign language	Singapore	Scattered	3,000 (2007 SIL). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2007 SIL)	5 (Developing)	SGSL, SgSL		None known. Strong influence from sign language in Shanghai, American Sign Language (ASL) [ase] and systems of signed English, with some locally-developed signs.
svk	Slovakian Sign Language	Sign language	Slovakia	Scattered	15,000 (2014 EUD). 27,000 (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing)	Slovak Republic Sign Language, Slovak Sign Language, Slovník Posunkovej Reči		None known. Lexical similarity: approximately 50% with Czech Sign Language [cse] (Bickford 2005).
szs	Solomon Islands Sign Language	Sign language	Solomon Islands	Guadalcanal: Honiara and Aruligo (deaf village in San Isidro); scattered		6a (Vigorous)	SISL		None known. Influence from surrounding spoken languages, such as Pijin [pis] on Guadalcanal island, and from Signed English and Auslan [asf], e.g., in mouth gestures and lexical items (2016 D. Adone).
sfs	South African Sign Language	Sign language	South Africa	Scattered	235,000 (2011 census). Approx. 500,000 (2008 WFD)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(5a))	SASL		Several dialects are used unofficially in different regions and schools. Deaf Federation of South Africa promotes a standardized variety. The North British sign system was used for the deaf in white English-speaking families. In 1881 a school for Afrikaans [afr]-speaking families began using British Sign Language [bfi]. There is a Signed Afrikaans as well. 60% related to British Sign Language [bfi] and Auslan [asf], few to American Sign Language [ase].
ssp	Spanish Sign Language	Sign language	Spain	Scattered, except in Catalonia and Valencia autonomous communities	45,000 (1994). Deaf sign language users, total for all three sign languages in Spain: 60,000–80,000 (2000 Instituto Nacional de Estadística), 100,000 (2014 EUD). Based on these numbers and proportions of total population in various regions in Spain, estimated 45,000–75,000 for LSE	6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2007, Law 27, Official language of deaf community)	LSE, Lengua de Señas Española, Lengua de Signos Española, Mímica		Significant regional variation but with only minor difficulties in intercommunication. About 70–80% intelligibility by users of Catalan Sign Language [csc] and 80% intelligibility by users of Valencian Sign Language [vsv]. There may have been some early influence from French Sign Language [fsl]. (2014 S. Parkhurst). Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
swl	Swedish Sign Language	Sign language	Sweden	Scattered	8,000 (2019 EUD). EUD figure represents Deaf sign language users. 40,000 Deaf (2014 IMB)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2009, Languages Act, Article 9)	STS, Svenskt teckenspråk, SwedSL		None known. Partly intelligible with Norwegian [nsl], Danish [dsl], and Finnish [fse] sign languages.
ssr	Swiss-French Sign Language	Sign language	Switzerland	Scattered. Fribourg canton: Delémont, Morges, Oron, and Zion; Geneva and Vaud cantons; Neuchâtel canton: La Chaux-de-Fonds	1,700 (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010). 10,000 deaf signers in all of Switzerland (2014 EUD)	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2002, Federal Parliament, Law on Equality for Disabled People)	LSF, LSF-SR, Langage Gestuelle, Langue des signes française, Langue des signes suisse romande		Regional lexical variation tied to specific schools: Geneva, Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Fribourg and Sion (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010). Similar to French Sign Language [fsl] (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010). Local Swiss signs and imported French signs. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language.
tsq	Thai Sign Language	Sign language	Thailand	Scattered. Major regional centers and Bangkok	51,000 profoundly, prelingually deaf people in Thailand (1997 C. Reilly). 20% of deaf children go to school to learn it	5 (Developing)	MSTSL, Modern Standard Thai Sign Language, ThSL		None known. Signs used at the deaf school at Tak are reportedly very different. 52% cognate with American Sign Language (ASL) [ase] on a 100-word list; 29% with Original Chiangmai SL [csd]; 26% with Original Bangkok Sign Language (no ISO code) (Woodward 1997).
lsn	Tibetan Sign Language	Sign language	China	Tibet Autonomous Republic: scattered	500 (2018 T. Hofer)	7 (Shifting)	TSL, TibSL, bod kyi lag brda, bökyi lagda		None known. Most significant influences come from spoken and written Tibetan. There are few instances of influences of individual lexical items from Chinese Sign Language [csl] on TSL lexicon, but not grammar (2018 T. Hofer).
tse	Tunisian Sign Language	Sign language	Tunisia	Scattered, especially Tunis and Sfax	21,200 (2008 WFD). 53,000 deaf (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing)			None known. Not the same as Unified Arabic Sign Language, an artificial system promoted by representatives of 18 Arabic-speaking countries (Rashdan 2016). Loans from French Sign Language [fsl] and Italian Sign Language [ise].
vsv	Valencian Sign Language	Sign language	Spain	Scattered in Valencia	6,000 (2014). Deaf sign language users, total for all three sign languages in Spain: 60,000–80,000 (2000 Instituto Nacional de Estadística), 100,000 (2014 EUD). Based on these numbers and proportions of total population in various regions in Spain, estimated 6,000–10,000 for LSV	6b (Threatened). Provincially recognized language in Valencia (2006, Law 1-2006, Autonomy Statute of Valencia, Article 13(4))	LSCV, LSV, Lengua de Signos Valenciana, Llengua de Signes Valenciana, Llengua de Signes en la Comunitat Valenciana		None known. Similar to Catalan Sign Language [csc] and Spanish Sign Language [ssp]. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
wbs	West Bengal Sign Language	Sign language	India	West Bengal state: scattered	37,000 (2016 R. Johnson)	6a (Vigorous)	Kolkata Sign Language, W.B. Sign Language, WBSL		None known. Most similar to Indian Sign Language [ins], and especially close to the ISL variety called Bangla Sign Language in Bangladesh, which on some criteria might be considered the same language as WBSL (Johnson and Johnson 2016). Related to other sign languages in south Asia; see comments on Indian Sign Language [ins] in India.
msd	Yucatec Maya Sign Language	Sign language	Mexico	Quintana Roo and Yucatán states: Carillo Puerto, Chican, Oxkutzcab, Tixméhuac, Xyatil. (1999 H. Smith, Zeshan et al 2013)	400 (Escobedo Delgado 2012). 17 deaf and up to 400 hearing in Chican, the only location for which information is available (1999 H. Smith, Escobedo Delgado 2012, Zeshan et al 2013). Number of users elsewhere unknown. 17 monolinguals (Escobedo Delgado 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	Chican Sign Language, LSChicana, Lengua de Señas Chicana, Lenguaje Manual Maya, MSL, Maya Sign Language, Mayan Sign Language, Nohya Sign Language, “Lengua Mímica Maya” (pej.)		Dialect variation in the Yucatán outside of Chican has not been assessed. Part of a larger complex of dialects or related languages (called Meemul Tziij), used among indigenous populations in Guatemala and other parts of Mexico, which may have originated in precolonial times (Fox Tree 2009). Distinct from Mexican Sign Language [mfs] (1998 R. Johnson, Fox Tree 2009, Zeshan et al 2013). 68% potential cognates with Meemul Tziij of Nahualá, Sololá, Guatemala (Fox Tree 2009).
zsl	Zambian Sign Language	Sign language	Zambia	Scattered	14,400 (2008 WFD). 14,400 deaf signers out of 16,000 total deaf (2008 WFD)	5 (Developing)	ZAMSL		None known. Indigenous signing developed in an oralist deaf school starting in 1955, with later influence from American Sign Language [ase] due to its use in education (1997 V. Chanda). Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
ads	Adamorobe Sign Language	Sign language	Ghana	Eastern region: Akuapim South municipal district, Adamorobe village	41 (Kusters 2012). Many of the approximately 3,500 hearing people in Adamorobe village also use Adamorobe Sign Language, to varying degrees of proficiency (Nyst 2007, Kusters 2012)	6a (Vigorous)	AdaSL
asp	Algerian Sign Language	Sign language	Algeria	Scattered	220,000 (2014 WFD). Federation National Des Sourds d’Algerie reports 240,000 deaf members (2008 WFD)	6a* (Vigorous)	LSA, Langue des signes algérienne, Lghh alesharh aljza’er		None known. It influenced the deaf community in Oujda in northern Morocco. Not the same as Unified Arabic Sign Language, an artificial system promoted by representatives of 18 Arabic-speaking countries (Rashdan 2016).
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Bahamas	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)	ASL
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Barbados	Scattered	290 in Barbados (2011 J. Parks and L. Parks)	5* (Developing)	ASL
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Benin	Scattered	12,500 in Benin (2008 WFD)	6a* (Vigorous)	ASL, Benin Sign Language, LSAF, Langue des signes de l’Afrique francophone
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Bermuda	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)	ASL
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Burkina Faso	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)	ASL, LSAF, Langue des signes de l’Afrique francophone
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Canada	Scattered. English-speaking areas of Canada	3,660 in Canada (2011 census)	5 (Developing)	ASL, Ameslan
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Central African Republic	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)	ASL
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Congo	Scattered		5* (Developing)	ASL, Langue des signes américaine, Langue des signes congolaise, Langue des signes du Congo
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Côte d’Ivoire	Scattered		5* (Developing)	LSAF, LSAF Ivoirienne, LSCI, Langue des signes d’Afrique francophone, Langue des signes de Côte d’Ivoire, Langue des signes de l’Afrique francophone
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	El Salvador	Used in some educational institutions in western El Salvador and by their graduates (Ciupek-Reed 2012), although there is also growing interest in using LESSA instead (2017 B. van Zyl)		5* (Developing)	ASL		None known. ASL users in El Salvador have considerable difficulty understanding ASL from the United States (Ciupek-Reed 2012). Salvadoran ASL includes signs from Salvadoran Sign Language (LESSA) [esn], and reflect Spanish influence in initialized signs and grammar. It is perhaps better described as Signed Spanish based on ASL vocabulary (Ciupek-Reed 2012).
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Gabon	Scattered	2,000 in Gabon (2008 WFD)	6a* (Vigorous)	ASL, Francophone ASL, Gabonese Sign Language
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Grenada	Scattered		5* (Developing)	ASL
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Guyana	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)	ASL
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Haiti	Scattered		6a (Vigorous)	ASL, Haitian Sign Language, LSH, Langue des signes haïtienne
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Philippines	Scattered		5* (Developing)	ASL
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Scattered	40 in Saint Kitts and Nevis (Parks and Williams 2011). Estimated 40–100 in 2011, based in part on estimates dating back to 2004	5 (Developing)	ASL
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Saint Lucia	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)	ASL
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Scattered	100 in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2008 J. Parks)	5* (Developing)	ASL
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	Togo	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)	LSAF, Langue des signes de l’Afrique francophone, Togo Sign Language
ase	American Sign Language	Sign language	U.S. Virgin Islands	Scattered	110 in U.S. Virgin Islands (Parks and Williams 2011)	5 (Developing)	ASL		None known. Signed English in St. Thomas; ASL in St. Croix (Parks and Williams 2011).
aed	Argentine Sign Language	Sign language	Argentina	Scattered. More than 50% in large cities (Massone 1995)	60,000 (Caceres 2017)	5 (Developing)	LSA, Lengua de Señas Argentina		Córdoba Sign Language, LSA puro, LSA. Some regional variation (e.g. between Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza), but most deaf people minimize the differences and strongly identify with one national sign language (2013 R. Caceres). Also variation by generation: an older variety called LSA Puro, which prefers OSV as its neutral word order, and a younger variety, called simply LSA, which is influenced by Spanish and prefers SVO (Caceres 2017). LSA Puro tends to be used primarily by people born before about 1955, although choice of dialect is also influenced by location, educational background, and language contact (2017 R. Caceres).
aen	Armenian Sign Language	Sign language	Armenia	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
asw	Australian Aborigines Sign Language	Sign language	Australia	Scattered		6b* (Threatened)			None known. A collection of separate languages used by different aboriginal groups (e.g. Aranda, Warlpiri, Warumuŋu, Yolŋu), rather than just one language; only a few of these have been recognized separately in ISO 639-3, e.g. Miriwoong Sign Language [rsm], Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language [yhs], and Yolŋu Sign Language [ygs]. Not related to Auslan [asf].
isg	Australian Irish Sign Language	Sign language	Australia	Scattered	50 in Australia (2016 R. Adam), decreasing. Estimated 50–100 users left, no monolinguals	8a (Moribund)	AISL
bzs	Brazilian Sign Language	Sign language	Brazil	Scattered	200,000 (2010). Estimated 200,000–1,000,000 Deaf sign language users, based on 0.1-0.5% of the general population reported in the 2010 census. Ethnic population: 9,700,000 (2010). Ethnic population represents people with significant hearing loss (2010 census)	5 (Developing). Statutory language of national identity (2005, Parliamentary decree No. 5626)	LIBRAS, LSB, Língua Brasileira de Sinais, Língua de Sinais Brasileira, Língua de Sinais dos Centros Urbanos Brasileiros, SPSL, São Paulo Sign Language
bqn	Bulgarian Sign Language	Sign language	Bulgaria	Scattered	37,000 (2014 IMB). 50,000 sign language users (2014 EUD)	5* (Developing)	Balgarski žestomimičen ezik, BŽE		None known. Different sign languages are used in school and by adults outside.
cds	Chadian Sign Language	Sign language	Chad	Scattered. Moundou, N’Djamena, and Sarh	2,800 (2008 WFD). 2,800 deaf signers out of 7,000 total deaf (2008 WFD)	5* (Developing)			None known. Reportedly similar to Nigerian Sign Language. Influences from American Sign Language [ase]. Some signs are traditional.
csg	Chilean Sign Language	Sign language	Chile	Scattered	21,000 (Parks et al 2011a). 292,700 people with some level of auditory deficiency (2005 Fondo Nacional de la Discapacidad); 66,500 people with total deafness (23,900 less than 60 years old) (2002 census); others give estimates as high as 500,000 users (2018 J. Atala)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2010, Article 26 of Law No. 20.422)	LENSE, LSCh, Lengua de Señas Chilena, Lenguaje Chileno de Signos, Lenguaje de Señas		Variation based on region (northern, central, and southern), age, and educational background. Regional varieties are influenced by bordering countries. (Parks et al 2011a).
csn	Colombian Sign Language	Sign language	Colombia	Scattered		5 (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Presidential Law 982)	LSC, Lengua de señas colombiana, Lengua manual colombiana		Southwest (Cali), Central (Bogotá-Eje cafetero), North (Caribe). Some signs reportedly similar to those in sign languages of El Salvador, Spain, and the United States.
csr	Costa Rican Sign Language	Sign language	El Salvador	Eastern region, particularly San Miguel (Ciupek-Reed 2012)		6b* (Threatened)	LESCO, Lengua de Señas Costaricenses
csf	Cuba Sign Language	Sign language	Cuba	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
cse	Czech Sign Language	Sign language	Czech Republic	Scattered	10,000 (2014 EUD). EUD figure represents Deaf sign language users. 12,000 (2011 census). 51,500 (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing)	CZJ, Český Znakový Jazyk		None known. Possibly a distinct variety in Moravia. Partially intelligible with French Sign Language [fsl].
dsl	Danish Sign Language	Sign language	Greenland	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
doq	Dominican Sign Language	Sign language	Dominican Republic	Scattered		5* (Developing)			None known. Lexical similarity: 85%–90% with ASL [ase].
esl	Egyptian Sign Language	Sign language	Egypt	Scattered	474,000 (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing)	ESL, Egypt Sign Language, LIM, Lughat al-Ishaara al-Masriya, Lughat al-‘Ishāra al-Maṣriyya		None known. Survey needed. Not the same as Unified Arabic Sign Language, an artificial system promoted by representatives of 18 Arabic-speaking countries (Rashdan 2016). Relatively low lexical similarity with Jordanian Sign Language (LIU) [jos].
psp	Filipino Sign Language	Sign language	Philippines	Scattered	100,000 deaf persons (Van Cleve 1986)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2018, Republic Act, No. 11106), Recognized as the national sign language of the deaf and with a mandate for use in schools, broadcast media, and workplaces	FSL, Local Sign Language, Philippine Sign Language
fss	Finland-Swedish Sign Language	Sign language	Aland Islands	Scattered	2 in Aland Islands (2017 M. Andersson and M. Kintopf)	8a (Moribund)	FinSSL, Finlandssvenskt Teckenspråk, SRVK, Suomenruotsalainen Viittomakieli
fss	Finland-Swedish Sign Language	Sign language	Finland	Scattered; south and west coast areas	150 in Finland (2014 EUD). EUD estimates 150 deaf signers out of 300 total signers. Total users in all countries: 152	8a (Moribund)	FinSSL, Finlandssvenskt Teckenspråk, SRVK, Suomenruotsalainen Viittomakieli		Developed originally out of Swedish Sign Language (SSL) [swl], but now distinct. Closely-related to Finnish Sign Language (FinSL) [fse], differing in some lexical items, and sometimes considered a dialect of FinSL that is more like SSL, especially in the west bordering Sweden. FinSSL signers generally understand FinSL due to familiarity with it as the dominant sign language of Finland. Borrowing from FinSL, SSL, and Swedish [swe]. (Hoyer 2004).
fse	Finnish Sign Language	Sign language	Finland	Scattered	5,000 (2006 Institute for the Languages of Finland). Institute for the Languages of Finland estimates 5,000 deaf and 10,000 hearing signers. 5,000 deaf signers (2014 EUD). 26,500 (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, No. 61, Institute for sign language status)	FinSL, SVK, Suomalainen viittomakieli, Viittomakieli		2 major dialects from the Finnish (17 schools) and Swedish (1 school) communities. Signed Finnish, used by some teachers of the deaf, is distinct. Developed originally out of Swedish Sign Language [swl], but now distinct. Closely-related to Finland-Swedish Sign Language (FinSSL) [fss], but FinSL users generally have difficulty understanding FinSSL unless FinSSL users adapt towards FinSL. Some borrowing from Finnish [fin]. (Hoyer 2004) Not intelligible with Danish Sign Language [dsl].
vgt	Flemish Sign Language	Sign language	Belgium	Scattered in the north	6,500 (2019 EUD). 6,000 (2005 M. Vermeerbergen)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2006, Parliamentary decree, 15 February)	VGT, Vlaamse Gebarentaal		West-Vlaanderen (West Flanders), Oost-Vlaanderen (East Flanders), Antwerpen (Antwerp), Vlaams-Brabant (Flemish Brabant), Limburg. These regional dialects developed in different deaf schools. Also intra-regional variation, some related to gender and age. Most similar to French Belgian Sign Language [sfb]. Influence from spoken Dutch [nld], particularly in mouthing. Limited influence from Signed Dutch (used for some communication with hearing people). Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
sfb	French Belgian Sign Language	Sign language	Belgium	Scattered in the south	4,000 (2014 EUD). 4,000 sign language users (2014 EUD). 26,500 (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2003, Decree No. 4501 of 22 October, Article 1)	LSBF, LSFB, Langue des signes belge francophone, Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone		Regional dialects developed in different deaf schools. Most similar to Flemish Sign Language [vgt]. Major difference is in the mouthings which, for LSFB, are drawn from spoken French [fra]; sometimes people can understand the other language moderately well, but others have difficulty, especially (as in television) where there is no adjustment to the language of the addressee. Limited influence from Belgium Signed French (used for some communication with hearing people). Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
fsl	French Sign Language	Sign language	French Guiana	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
fsl	French Sign Language	Sign language	Guadeloupe	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
fsl	French Sign Language	Sign language	Martinique	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
gds	Ghandruk Sign Language	Sign language	Nepal	Gandaki zone: Kaski district, Ghandruk, scattered	20 (2011 SIL)	8b (Nearly extinct)			Similar to Kathmandu and Pokhara dialects of Nepalese Sign Language [nsp].
gss	Greek Sign Language	Sign language	Greece	Scattered	5,000 (2014 EUD). 42,600 (Van Cleve 1986). 62,500 (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2000, Law 2817, Official language of deaf community)	Elleniké Noematiké Glossa, GSL		None known. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
gus	Guinean Sign Language	Sign language	Guinea	Conakry region	530 (2008 WFD). 528 deaf signers (2008 WFD). 27,000 total deaf in Guinea (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing)
hsl	Hausa Sign Language	Sign language	Nigeria	Scattered in northern Nigeria		6a (Vigorous)	Harshen bebaye na kasar Hausa, Maganar Hannu
hds	Honduras Sign Language	Sign language	Honduras	Scattered		5 (Developing)	Honduran Sign Language, LESHO, Lengua de Señas Hondureñas		Regional variations: deaf people along the north coast have some distinct signs from deaf people in the southern part of the country.
hks	Hong Kong Sign Language	Sign language	Hong Kong	Scattered	20,000 in China–Hong Kong (2007). Total users in all countries: 20,200	6a (Vigorous)	HKSL, Heung Kong Sau Yue		None known. 40% similarity with Chinese Sign Language [csl], 42%–52% similarity with Taiwan Sign Language [tss].
hsh	Hungarian Sign Language	Sign language	Hungary	Scattered	9,000 in Hungary (2014 EUD). 49,000 Deaf (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing)	Magyar Jelnyelv, Magyarországi jelnyelv		Budapest, Sopron, Debrecen, Szeged, Eger, Kaposvár, Vác. Budapest dialect is viewed as the standard. Other dialects show significant lexical variation, some in grammar, with some reports of difficulty communicating between some dialects but no systematic assessment. Related to Austrian Sign Language [asq].
hsh	Hungarian Sign Language	Sign language	Romania	Scattered. Transylvania region, especially in counties where a high percentage of the population is Hungarian		5 (Developing)
inl	Indonesian Sign Language	Sign language	Indonesia	Scattered: Java and Bali, especially Jakarta	8,000 (2000)	6a (Vigorous)	ISL
ils	International Sign	Sign language	Italy	Scattered in many countries	No known L1 users (2015 A. Bickford). No native signers; learned by adults at international gatherings. Ethnic population: No ethnic community (2015 A. Bickford)	9 (Second language only)	Gestuno, IS, International Sign Language		Not a full language, but rather a limited pidgin used for cross-linguistic communication, especially at international meetings such as those of the WFD and the Deaflympics. Distinct lexically from all specific sign languages, as it incorporates elements from a variety of different (mostly European) sign languages, and shows considerable variation depending on the location where it is being used and the L1 of the interlocutors. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
iks	Inuit Sign Language	Sign language	Canada	Nunavut territory: Scattered, especially Baker Lake areas, Rankin Inlet, and Taloyoak	20 (Schuit 2012), decreasing. Possibly as many as 50 deaf in 2000 (MacDougall 2000). At least 20 deaf in 2012, with an unknown number of hearing with varying proficiency, but estimated to be at least twice the number of deaf (Schuit 2012). In some communities, as many as 75% of the hearing population may have known the sign language (MacDougall 2000). Ethnic population: 150 (MacDougall 2000)	8a (Moribund)	ISL, IUR, Inuit Uukturausingit, Inuk Sign Language
isg	Irish Sign Language	Sign language	United Kingdom	Scattered in Northern Ireland, particularly Londonderry and other areas with stronger Catholic ties	1,500 in United Kingdom (Parks and Parks 2012). 4,500 Deaf signers (2019 EUD)	6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Some differences with Irish Sign Language as used in Dublin (Parks and Parks 2012).
ise	Italian Sign Language	Sign language	Italy	Scattered, including Sardinia and Sicily	40,000 (2014 EUD). 40,000 deaf sign language users (2014 EUD). 70,000 profoundly deaf people, including 9,000 school age. (Van Cleve 1986)	5 (Developing)	LIS, Lingua Italiana Dei Segni		Some variation between northern, central, and southern regions, possibly enough to be considered separate languages. Deaf Italians report that communication between signers from different regions requires negotiation. Opinions differ as to whether the variation is desirable or should be standardized (2013 D. Eberle and S. Eberle). Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
jhs	Jhankot Sign Language	Sign language	Nepal	Karnali zone: Dolpa district, Jhankot village		6a* (Vigorous)
jus	Jumla Sign Language	Sign language	Nepal	Karnali zone: Jumla district, Jumla town	8 (2005 INF). 8 monolinguals	6b* (Threatened)			None known. Lexical similarity: 45%–49% with Nepalese Sign Language [nsp].
uks	Kaapor Sign Language	Sign language	Brazil	Maranhão and Pará states: several villages, near the Gurupi river	No known L1 users. Ferreira Brito 1984 reported 5 deaf and less than 500 hearing, but unconfirmed reports in 1987 say no users remain. Deaf users were monolingual	10 (Extinct)	Ka’apor Sign Language, “UKSL” (pej.), “Urubu-Kaapor Sign Language” (pej.), “Urubú Sign Language” (pej.)
bqy	Kata Kolok	Sign language	Indonesia	Java and Bali provinces: Bali island, Buleleng regency, Bengkala village (Desa Kolok deaf village)	1,125, all users. L1 users: 125 (Marsaja 2008). 47 deaf and 78 hearing. L2 users: 1,000 (Marsaja 2008)	6a (Vigorous)	Bengkala Sign Language, Benkala Sign Language
xki	Kenyan Sign Language	Sign language	Kenya	Scattered	340,000 (2007 DOOR), increasing. Another estimate: 600,000 (over 1% of general population, Wilson and Kakiri 2011)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2010, Constitution, Official Languages of Parliament, Article 120(2))	KSL		Nairobi (central), Kisumu (western), Mombasa (eastern). Standardized with minor variations between dialects since 1961, when primary schools for deaf children began. Mainly unrelated to other sign languages, although appears to have influenced Uganda Sign Language [ugn]. There appears to be less lexical borrowing (fingerspelling, initialization) from spoken languages than in many other sign languages. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
jcs	Konchri Sain	Sign language	Jamaica	Primarily in St. Elizabeth Parish, near Top Hill	40 (Parks et al 2011b), decreasing. Approximately 40 deaf L1 users, number of hearing L1 users is unknown. 4 monolinguals (2016 B. Gayle)	8a (Moribund)	Country Sign, Jamaican Country Sign Language, KS		None known. Most of the Jamaican deaf community does not understand Konchri Sain.
ase	Langue des signes de l’Afrique francophone	Sign language	Mali	Scattered		5* (Developing)	ASL, American Sign Language, LSAF, LSFA, Langue des signes franco-africaine
lso	Laos Sign Language	Sign language	Laos	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
lsl	Latvian Sign Language	Sign language	Latvia	Scattered	2,000 (2014 EUD). 9,900 (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing)	LZV, Latviešu Zīmju Valoda
lbs	Libyan Sign Language	Sign language	Libya	Scattered	38,000 (2014 IMB)	5* (Developing)			None known. Unclear how similar it is to other sign languages in the region. Not the same as Unified Arabic Sign Language, an artificial system promoted by representatives of 18 Arabic-speaking countries (Rashdan 2016).
hks	Macao Sign Language	Sign language	Macao	Widespread	200 in China–Macao (Sze et al 2016), decreasing. At least 200 users out of approximately 1200 Deaf and hard of hearing (Sze et al 2016)	7 (Shifting)	Macau Sign Language, MacauSL		None known. Closely related to Hong Kong Sign Language according to preliminary lexical comparison (Sze et al 2016).
mzc	Madagascar Sign Language	Sign language	Madagascar	Scattered	110,000 (2014 IMB). Estimated 170,000, based on 1% of general population (2014 Rajaonary Theodoric, World Association of Sign Language Interpreters)	5 (Developing)	Malagasy Sign Language		None known. Reportedly similar to Norwegian Sign Language [nsl], but this needs verification.
lws	Malawian Sign Language	Sign language	Malawi	Scattered		5 (Developing)	Malawi Sign		None known. Noted influence from American Sign Language, especially visible in alphabet system (2016 M. Sorola).
xml	Malaysian Sign Language	Sign language	Malaysia	Scattered	58,700 (2013 census)	5 (Developing)	BIM, Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia		Variations found in every state, but are mutually intelligible with the possible exception of some places in Terengganu state (2015 S. Lim).
bog	Malian Sign Language	Sign language	Mali	Bamako capital district, other urban areas such as Kita, Mahina, Mopti, and Douentza, and some rural areas	Estimated 40,000–65,000 people with profound hearing loss in Mali (Nyst 2015)	6a* (Vigorous)	Bamako Sign Language, LSM, LaSiMa, Langue des signes bambara, Langue des signes malienne		Bamako Sign Language. Variation within Bamako and between Bamako and other parts of Mali has only been assessed preliminarily (Nyst 2015).
nsr	Maritime Sign Language	Sign language	Canada	Scattered in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island		8a (Moribund)	Nova Scotian Sign Language
lsy	Mauritian Sign Language	Sign language	Mauritius	Scattered		5* (Developing)	MSL
rsm	Miriwoong Sign Language	Sign language	Australia	Western Australia, Kununurra	3 monolinguals (2014 D. Adone). Mostly used by hearing people. 3 deaf people identified by the Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring Language and Culture Centre. Ethnic population: A few hundred Miriwoong people; unclear how many use the sign language (2014 D. Adone)	8b (Nearly extinct)	Fingertalk, MwSL
msr	Mongolian Sign Language	Sign language	Mongolia	Scattered	Unknown number of users out of 10,000–147,330 deaf (1998)	6a* (Vigorous)
nbs	Namibian Sign Language	Sign language	Namibia	Scattered	8,310 (2008 WFD). Estimated 18,000 ‘deaf or hearing impaired’ (2010 Centre for Communication and Deaf Studies)	5 (Developing). Recognized language (2009, National Curriculum, Basic Education, Sections 4.1.5.1 and 5.5)
ncs	Nicaraguan Sign Language	Sign language	Nicaragua	Scattered, especially Managua	3,000 (1997 ANSNIC)	5 (Developing)	Idioma de Señas de Nicaragua, Lengua de Signos Nicaragüense, Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragüense		None known. Isolate, unrelated to other sign languages.
lsp	Panamanian Sign Language	Sign language	Panama	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)	Lengua de señas panameñas
pys	Paraguayan Sign Language	Sign language	Paraguay	Scattered	15,000 (2009 L. Parks), increasing	6a (Vigorous)	LSPY, Lengua de Señas del Paraguay, Lengua de señas paraguaya
psg	Penang Sign Language	Sign language	Malaysia	Pulau Pinang: scattered	1,000, decreasing. 150 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000	8a (Moribund)
psc	Persian Sign Language	Sign language	Iran	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
psd	Plains Indian Sign Language	Sign language	Canada	Scattered. Great Plains and neighboring regions, particularly on reserves of Assiniboine, Blackfeet, and Kutenai First Nations	Small rapidly diminishing population	8b (Nearly extinct). Provincially recognized language in Ontario (2007, 38:2 Bill 213, Recognition of Sign Language as an Official Language Act)	First Nation Sign Language, NAISL, North American Indian Sign Language, PISL, Plains Sign Language, Plains Sign Talk		Far Northern Plains Indian Sign Language.
pso	Polish Sign Language	Sign language	Poland	Scattered	38,000 (2014 IMB). 50,000 signers (2014 EUD)	5 (Developing)	PJM, Polski Język Migowy		Various regional dialects.
psr	Portuguese Sign Language	Sign language	Portugal	Scattered, including Azores and Madeira islands	52,000 in Portugal (2014 IMB). 60,000 sign language users (2014 EUD). 150,000 deaf (2010 Federação Portuguesa das Associações de Surdos)	5 (Developing)	LGP, Língua Gestual Portuguesa		Lisbon, Oporto. Historical influence from Swedish Sign Language [swl]. Older signers attended separate schools for boys and girls in Lisbon and Oporto, resulting in some variation by gender and region. (Van Cleve 1986) These differences have largely disappeared in younger signers. No apparent relationship to Spanish sign language, based on a lexical comparison of non-iconic signs. (Eberle and Eberle 2012).
prz	Providencia Sign Language	Sign language	Colombia	San Andrés y Providencia: Providencia island	19 (Washabaugh 1986). Known by most people on Providencia, including 19 born deaf out of 2,500 to 3,000 population (Washabaugh 1986)	8b (Nearly extinct)			Not exposed to other sign languages. East differs from west with some variation between villages (Washabaugh 1986).
psl	Puerto Rican Sign Language	Sign language	Puerto Rico	Scattered	8,000–40,000 deaf persons (Van Cleve 1986)	6b* (Threatened)	PRSL		None known. Related to American Sign Language [ase].
fcs	Quebec Sign Language	Sign language	Canada	Scattered, especially in eastern provinces that are primarily Francophone: Quebec, eastern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia	5,000 (2015). Estimates vary widely: 5,000–6,000 (Parisot et al 2015), 50,000 (2010 E. Parks)	5 (Developing)	LSQ, Langue Signe Quebecars, Langue des signes, Langue des signes canadiens français, Langue des signes du Québec, Langue des signes québécoise, Québécoise
rms	Romanian Sign Language	Sign language	Moldova	Briceni, Cantemir, Cahul, Edinet, Falesti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Leova, Nisporeni, Riscani, and Ungheni districts; scattered in areas named above which border Romania		6a* (Vigorous)
rms	Romanian Sign Language	Sign language	Romania	Scattered	24,600 in Romania (2014 EUD). 93,500 (2014 IMB)	5 (Developing)	LMGR, LSR, Limbaj Mimico-Gestual Romanesc, Limbajul Semenelor Romanesc		Variation exists between the regions of Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia. Further assessment needed. No known relationship to other sign languages (Eberle et al 2015).
rsl	Russian Sign Language	Sign language	Estonia	Harju county: Tallinn		6a* (Vigorous)
rsl	Russian Sign Language	Sign language	Moldova	Arenii Noi, Causeni, Chisinau, Criuleni, Dubasari, Floresti, Orhei, Rezina, Soldanesti, and Stefan-Voda districts; scattered in areas bordering Transnistria		6a* (Vigorous)
esn	Salvadoran Sign Language	Sign language	El Salvador	Scattered	7,500 (Ciupek-Reed 2012). Estimated 50%–75% of the total signing Deaf population (Ciupek-Reed 2012), or roughly 7,500–11,000 (less than 1% of total population)	4 (Educational). Recognized language (2005, Acuerdo Nº 16-0132, August 12, 2005)	El Salvadoran Sign Language, LESA, LESSA, Lengua de señas salvadoreñas
sdl	Saudi Arabian Sign Language	Sign language	Saudi Arabia	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)			None known. Not the same as Unified Arabic Sign Language, an artificial system promoted by representatives of 18 Arabic-speaking countries (Rashdan 2016).
kgi	Selangor Sign Language	Sign language	Malaysia	Selangor: scattered	500	8a (Moribund)	KLSL, Kuala Lumpur Sign Language
sgx	Sierra Leone Sign Language	Sign language	Sierra Leone	Western Area: Freetown district, scattered	200 (2008 WFD). Reportedly 200 deaf signers out of 3,000–5,000 total deaf (2008 WFD)	6a* (Vigorous)
dse	Sign Language of the Netherlands	Sign language	Aruba	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
dse	Sign Language of the Netherlands	Sign language	Curacao	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
dse	Sign Language of the Netherlands	Sign language	Netherlands	Scattered	20,500 in Netherlands, all users. L1 users: 15,000 in Netherlands (2019 EUD). Population estimates vary widely, in part because they count different things: 15,000 Deaf sign language users (2019 EUD). 10,000–13,000 deaf or severely hard of hearing (Dovenschap brochure). 16,000 sign language users, deaf and hearing (Crasborn 2001). 45,000 deaf, 495,000 hard of hearing (2005 National Hearing Foundation). 86,500 deaf (2014 IMB). L2 users: 5,500 (1997 Commissie Nederlandse Gebarentaal). Total users in all countries: 20,500 (as L1: 15,000; as L2: 5,500)	5 (Developing)	Dutch Sign Language, NGT, Nederlandse Gebarentaal, SLN		Groningen, Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam, Brabant, Standard. In addition to the standardized variety, five dialects developed around the original five deaf schools (Stoop 2014), and there is a seventh associated with the unique home for deaf elderly people.
dse	Sign Language of the Netherlands	Sign language	Suriname	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)
lsv	Sivia Sign Language	Sign language	Peru	Ayacucho region: Llochegua and Sivia	62, all users. L1 users: 12 (2018 B. Clark). L2 users: 50 (2018 B. Clark)	6b (Threatened)	LSSiv, Lengua de señas de Sivia		None known. Lexical similarity: less than 20% with Peruvian Sign Language [prl].
ysl	Slovene Sign Language	Sign language	Slovenia	Scattered	1,000 in Slovenia (2014 Association of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Slovenia). 2,500–3,000 (2004 M. Debecv et al). 1,000 sign language users, 1,500 Deaf (2014 Association of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Slovenia)	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2006, Law 96, Use of Slovene Sign Language, Section 1)	SZJ, Slovenian Sign Language, Slovenski Znakovni Jezik, Yugoslavian Sign Language
sqs	Sri Lankan Sign Language	Sign language	Sri Lanka	Scattered	12,800 deaf persons (Van Cleve 1986)	6a* (Vigorous)
sgg	Swiss-German Sign Language	Sign language	Liechtenstein	Scattered		5* (Developing)
sgg	Swiss-German Sign Language	Sign language	Switzerland	Scattered	5,500 in Switzerland (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010). 10,000 deaf signers in all of Switzerland (2014 EUD)	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2002, Federal Parliament, Law on Equality for Disabled People)	DGS, DSGS, Deutschschweizer Gebärdensprache, Deutschschweizerische Gebärdensprache, Natürliche Gebärde		Regional variation tied to specific schools: Basel, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen, Zurich (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010). Similar to sign language used in the southern parts of Germany. Borrowing from Swiss-French Sign Language [ssr]. (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010). Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
slf	Swiss-Italian Sign Language	Sign language	Switzerland	Scattered. Graubünden and Ticino cantons	300 (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2014 EUD). 10,000 deaf in all of Switzerland	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2002, Federal Parliament, Law on Equality for Disabled People)	LIS, LIS-SI, Lingua dei Segni Italiana, Lingua dei segni della Svizzera italiana		None known. Two main varieties: Lugano, Bellinzona (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010). Similar to Italian Sign Language [ise], especially to variants from Lombardy (2016 G. Harms). Variety used around Bellinzona influenced by sign languages of immigrants from the former Yugoslavia, Lithuania and Poland. (Boyes Braem and Rathmann 2010).
tss	Taiwan Sign Language	Sign language	Taiwan	Scattered	20,000 (2004), decreasing	6b (Threatened)	Taiwan Ziran Shouyu		Taipei, Tainan, Kaohsiung. 2 major dialects. Sources from which the sign language developed were indigenous sign systems before 1895, Japanese occupation and education 1895–1946, Mainland Chinese Sign Language brought by refugees in 1949 and some from Hong Kong since. Lexical similarity: 50% with Japanese Sign Language [jsl].
tza	Tanzanian Sign Language	Sign language	Tanzania	Scattered, mainly in urban areas	278,000 (2008 WFD). 278,000 deaf signers (2008 WFD)	5 (Developing)	Lugha ya Alama ya Tanzania		None known. The sign language in the Moshi-Kilimanjaro region is significantly different, to a degree yet to be determined. Distinct from sign languages in surrounding countries.
tsy	Tebul Sign Language	Sign language	Mali	Mopti region: Koro Cercle, Diankabou township, Uluban village area	500 (2007 SIL)	6a* (Vigorous)
lst	Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language	Sign language	Trinidad and Tobago	Scattered	2,000 (2008 E. Parks)	6a (Vigorous)	TSL, TTSL, Trinidad Sign Language, Trinidadian Sign Language		younger TTSL (ASL, TTASL), older TTSL. The name Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language (TTSL) refers to a continuum ranging from an older variety that is now gradually disappearing to a younger variety which is similar to Signed English in the United States, although with incorporation of elements from the older variety, with various mixed varieties in between (2016 B. Braithwaite). Although on structural terms, the extreme forms of the two varieties could be considered separate languages, there is not a clear boundary between them, and most people are familiar with different varieties so communication occurs. Some older Deaf do not understand standard ASL from the United States. Sometimes, the name TTSL is reserved for the older variety, and the younger variety is referred to as ASL or TTASL.
tsm	Turkish Sign Language	Sign language	Turkey	Scattered	Ethnic population: 400,000 (1998 Turkish Ministry of Education). The figure of 400,000 represents audiologically deaf (which agrees reasonably well with the 0.37 percentage reported 2002 by the Turkish Statistical Institute); number of sign language users unknown	6a (Vigorous)	TID, Türk İşaret Dili		Dialectal variation between schools, due to sign language not being used in the classroom, but mutually intelligible throughout the country (Özyürek 2004).
ugy	Uruguayan Sign Language	Sign language	Uruguay	Scattered	7,000 (Belloso 2009)	5* (Developing)	LSU, Lengua de Señas Uruguaya
vsl	Venezuelan Sign Language	Sign language	Venezuela	Scattered		6a* (Vigorous)	Lengua de Señas Venezolana		None known. Sign language used in school is different from that used by adults outside.
yhs	Yan-nhangu Sign Language	Sign language	Australia	Northern Territory: East Arnhem, Murrungga island	10 (2014 D. Adone)	8b (Nearly extinct)	YNSL		None known. Similar to Yolngu Sign Language [ygs].
ygs	Yolngu Sign Language	Sign language	Australia	Northern Territory: Arnhem Land region, Elcho and Milingimbi islands, Ramingining, Yirrkala, and Waraga	5,000 (2012 D. Adone). Of these, about 40–50 are deaf (Adone et al 2012)	6a* (Vigorous)	Hands in action, Yolŋu Sign Language		None known. Not a signed version of any of the surrounding Yolngu languages, but independent (Adone et al 2012).
ysl	Yugoslavian Sign Language	Sign language	Serbia	Scattered	10,000 in Serbia (2014 EUD). 10,000 sign language users (2014 EUD). 30,000 signers (2014 European Forum of Sign Language Interpreters). 30,000 deaf and 90,000 hard of hearing (2013 Association of the Deaf and Hard Hearing). 47,500 (2014 IMB). Total users in all countries: 11,000	5* (Developing)			Serbian Sign Language (Srpski Znakovni Jezik), Kosovar Sign Language (KosSL). Origin from deaf schools in Austria and Hungary. Regional variants, but adequate comprehension. Efforts to standardize since 1979. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, each area has tended to distinguish its variety from the others, with its own name. The ISO 639-3 standard has not yet been adjusted to reflect these changes, treating all sign languages in the former Yugoslavia (with the exception of Croatian Sign Language [csq]) as dialects of Yugoslavian Sign Language [ysl]. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
zib	Zimbabwe Sign Language	Sign language	Zimbabwe	Mashonaland Central province: Muzarabani district, Centenary area	280,000 (2008 WFD). 280,000 deaf members of the Zimbabwe National Association of the Deaf (2008 WFD)	5* (Developing). Recognized language (2013, Constitution, Article 6(1))	Zimsign		Zimbabwe School Sign, Masvingo School Sign, Zimbabwe Community Sign. Signing varies significantly in different schools. Masvingo sign language is different from that used in other schools. School languages differ from those used by adults outside. Inherent intelligibility unclear. Dictionary publication intended to bring standardization. Possible influence from several European sign languages. Fingerspelling system similar to French Sign Language [fsl].
hvc	Haitian Vodoun Culture Language	Unclassified	Haiti	Scattered	No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community	9 (Second language only)	Langaj, Langay

References

• Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

📰 Article(s) of the same category(ies)

• List of Nilo-Saharan languages
• List of languages of the Americas
• List of Khoisan and other languages
• List of languages of Melanesia
• List of languages of Southern Eurasia
• List of languages of Australia
• List of Niger-Congo languages

---