Maksymovychivka
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Orthography of Maksymovych[1] or Maksymovychivka (Ukrainian: Максимо́вичівка) was the system of Ukrainian orthography on etymological principles, proposed in 1827 by the first rector of Kyiv University Mykhailo Maksymovych. It was practically not used in Eastern Ukraine. It was adopted in Galicia at the "Cathedral of Ruthenian Scholars" in October 1848.[2] In Carpathian Ruthenia, the Pankevych system created on the basis of Maximovich was used from the 1920s to the 1940s.
The main principle of this system is to preserve the traditional spelling, but with the notation of the changed pronunciation. In fact, it came down to the following rules:
- the letter ѣ (ять) is preserved (with its reading as /і/ or /ji/): цѣлый, сѣверъ, въ битвѣ, ѣхати;
- over other vowels, the pronunciation of which has also undergone ikavism (changed to /i/), are placed сircumflex: мо̂й, жало̂бно, мате̂рью, за-му̂жъ;
- при цьому початкове ô означає не лише [i] на місці етимологічного /o/, але й протетичний звук /w], що утворився перед ним: о̂тъ (у сучасній орфографії від), о̂нъ (у сучасній орфографії він) тощо;
- the initial ô means not only /i/ in place of the etymological /ɔ/, but also the prosthetic sound /w/ formed before it: о̂тъ (in modern orthography від), о̂нъ (in modern orthography він), etc.;
- и̂ was used to denote /i/ after /t͡s/, which in Ruthenian and Old East Slavic graphics was transmitted as и: женци̂, очи̂ (in modern orthography женці, очі);
- the letter ы is preserved: сынъ, but power; this was especially useful for some Western dialects, where there is a difference in pronunciation /ɨ/ and /ɪ/, although in most cases the letters i, и and ы had the same reading (corresponding to modern Ukrainian «и»), the use of one or another letter was determined etymologically;
- the letter ё is used: ёму, полёвыхъ, послѣднёго;
- the use of the letters i, ѳ, ъ was governed by rules identical to those in force in the Russian language of the XIX century;
There were several variants of etymological spelling based on Maksymovych's system, which differed in terms of rules:
- the sound of the letters e and и after consonants and at the beginning of the syllable differs (in the initial position they usually corresponded to modern "e" and "i", while after consonants - mostly modern Ukrainian є and і): изъ, есть, але сила, отже;
- in the texts written by Maksymovychivka, the letter э was used to denote the sound /ɛ/ at the beginning of the word or after the vowel (although very often е was written instead, which may indicate that the rules of its use are not regulated);
- in one of the initial variants it was suggested to use the letter є to distinguish these two sounds, and functionally it corresponded to modern Ukrainian е (respectively, е was read as modern є), but such a variant of spelling did not become widespread;
- in some variants of the etymological spelling on the basis of the maximovychka the letter ґ is used;
- the spelling of words could differ from their sound, which did not affect the writing (in particular, verbs in the masculine singular of the past tense retained the ancient ending -лъ in writing: ходилъ, читалъ; the ending of adjectives of the solid group in the nominative plural: прекрасны, добрыи (modern прекрасні, добрії) etc.).
The choice of the correct sign for /i/ (among ô, ê, ѣ) was determined mainly by the presence / absence of alternation with o, e in the open syllable. Of the new letters а̂, е̂, и̂, і̂, о̂, у̂ proposed by M. Maksymovych, only е̂, о̂ and и̂ were mostly used in practice.
Compared with phonetic spellings, the advantage of Maksymovych was the ability to distinguish in writing words with a similar sound, but different meanings, which can be seen in the example (left - phonetic notation (yaryzhka), right — according to Maksymovych's system):
| Yaryzhka | Maksymovychivka |
|---|---|
| Крій | Кра̂й (вскрай) |
| Нисъ | Не̂съ |
| Нисъ | Нôсъ |
| Бривъ | Бре̂въ (брелъ) |
| Бривъ | Бро̂въ (бровей) |
| Визъ | Ве̂зъ |
| Визъ | Во̂зъ |
| Нижъ | Но̂жъ |
| Нижка | Но̂жка |
| Нижный | Нѣжный |
| Миж | Ме̂жъ |
| За-мижъ | За-му̂жъ |
| Бигъ | Бо̂гъ |
| Бигъ | Бѣгъ |
| Бездилье | Бездо̂лье |
| Бездилье | Бездѣлье |
| Окрипъ | Окро̂пъ |
| Окрипъ | Окрѣпъ |
However, as the author of this spelling himself notes, "to tell the truth, my way of writing is harder not for the reader but for the writer, and especially for me, the first to take the trouble to find the root sounds that are covered by sound and sometimes not easy."
Example text[edit]
Фонетика каже: Якимъ бачишь человѣка, за такого его держи; этимологія же каже: Держи человѣка за того, якъ его бачишь, но и провѣдуй, кто о̂нъ зъ роду… Або иншими словами: правиломъ фонетики есть: пиши, якъ говоришь; а закономъ етимологіи есть: пиши, якъ говоришь, но вразъ же увзглядняй и коре̂нь слова, щобы всякій зналъ, зъ чого каждое слово походитъ и що оно означае.
А въ недѣлоньку рано пораненьку
Збирае женьци̂ коваленко,
Зби̂рае женьци̂, а все прибо̂рныи,
Дѣвки, парубки, а все молодыи.
Да пове̂лъ же ихъ на долину,
На пшениченьку на озиму:
— Ой жнѣте, женци̂, розжинайтесь,
А назадъ себе не оглядайтесь. —
Ажъ зъ-за горы орда иде,
За собою коваля веде.
Ёму руки позавязованыи, ;
Ёму очи̂ позаглажованыи.
Ото-жъ будешъ, ковалю, знати
Якъ недѣлоньку шановати.
— Ой дай, Боже, такую годину,
Счобъ забачити свѣтъ хочъ на часину:
То буду ўже знати,
Як недѣлоньку шановати! —
References[edit]
- ↑ Kost Kysilevsky. History of the Ukrainian orthography question: An attempt at synthesis // NTSh notes (Тоm CLXV): Collection of the Philological Section (Т. 26); in the edition of NTSh in ZDA, book 3. Editor: Dr. Kost Kisilevsky. New York; Paris, 1956. 135 стор.: P. 74—114
- ↑ Vasyl Veryha. Essays on the history of Ukraine (late XVIII - early XIX centuries.). — Lviv: Svit, 1996. — 448 p. — P. 173. — ISBN 5-7773-0359-5
External links[edit]
- Максимовичівка // Українська мала енциклопедія : 16 кн. : у 8 т. / проф. Є. Онацький. — Буенос-Айрес, 1960. — Т. 4, кн. VII : Літери Ле — Ме. — С. 898. — 1000 екз.
- Maksymovych Mykhailo. On the spelling of the Little Russian language: A letter to Osnovyanenko
- Димитрій Вѣнцковскій. Правописная справа
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