Ukrainian orthography of 1918-1921

The Ukrainian orthography of 1918-1921 (Ukrainian: Український правопис 1918–1921 років, romanized: Ukrainskyi pravopys 1918–1921 rokiv) or the AUAS orthography is a Ukrainian orthography that was created and operated in Ukraine during the Ukrainian People's Republic, and later without special changes the same orthography also operated in the UkrSSR in 1919–1928 until its replacement by the Ukrainian orthography of 1928.

History

In 1918–1919, orthography issues were decided at the state level by the Ministries of Education of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Hetmanate of the Ukrainian State and the newly established All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (AUNAS). A orthography commission of the most prominent Ukrainian scientists and teachers was set up, headed by Professor Ivan Ohiienko, who was also the Minister of Education in the government of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic. It was he who approved on January 17, 1919, the "Main Rules of Ukrainian orthography" for mandatory use throughout the UPR.

The most important rules

The People's Commissariat of Education of the UkrSSR approved them in 1921 under the title "The most important rules of Ukrainian orthography."

During 1919–1921, already under Bolshevik rule, the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences revised these "Rules" again and adopted them into general use with some additions. In particular, on March 16, 1919, a separate orthography and Terminology Commission was established at the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, headed by Academician Ahatanhel Krymskyi, and it was this commission that supplemented and streamlined the 1918 Main Rules of Ukrainian orthography. The amended version of the orthography was approved by a joint meeting of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, approved by the People's Commissar for Education M. Hrynko in May 1919 and published in 1921 under the title "The most important rules of Ukrainian orthography." Ukrainian orthography in 1921 received the status of the first Ukrainian academic orthography.

"The most important rules of Ukrainian orthography" contributed to the convergence of the Western Ukrainian orthography tradition with the all-Ukrainian orthography. They were recognized and began to be popularized in Galicia, Bukovina and Volhynia. Thus, in 1922, the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv adopted the "Orthography Rules", which brought the Zhelekhivka much closer to the orthography system of the "Main Rules".

Structure

"The most important rules of Ukrainian orthography", absorbing all the best previous orthography traditions, were small — 14 printed pages, and consisted of two sections: the first section "The most important rules of Ukrainian orthography" included 32 paragraphs on the orthography of Ukrainian words, to the second section "orthography of foreign words in the Ukrainian language" included 14 paragraphs devoted to the orthography of words of foreign origin.

Substantive provisions

Rules of orthography of Ukrainian words

• 1. The letter ї is written at the beginning of a word or at the beginning of a syllable only when it is pronounced as /ji/: їжа ('food'), Україна ('Ukraine'). The letter ї is never written after consonant sounds (except with an apostrophe).
• 2. At the beginning of a word when /ji/ is not pronounced, it is necessary to write і: Іван ('Ivan'), іграшка ('toy'). But before н, и can be written: инший, инколи.
• 3. The letters йо are written at the beginning of a word or the beginning of a syllable with a vowel sound: його, твойого; after consonants, with few exceptions, it is necessary to write ьо: льох ('cellar'), сьогодні ('today'). Exceptions: a) вйо-вйо, розйойкатися, зйоржитися, соловйовий; b) other people's names: Воробйов, Соловйов (but Ліньов, Кореньов,); c) foreign words: курйоз ('curiosity'), серйозний ('serious'), (or куріоз, серіозний).
• 4. Between the labial sounds: б, п, в, м and iotated vowels: я, ї, є, ю the apostrophe is used: б'ю, п'ять ('five'). Without an apostrophe: святий ('saint'), свято ('holiday'), різдвяний ('Christmas'), морквяний ('carrot'), цвях ('nail' [anatomy]), зв'язок ('tie'), розвязувати, зв'язувати, and such foreign words as: бюджет ('budget'), бюст ('bust'), бюро ('bureau'), Мюллер ('Mueller'), etc.
• 5. After double hissing sounds: ж, ч, ш at the end of words, я and ю are used: збіжжя, клоччя.
• 6. The consonant sound before the soft consonant itself becomes soft, but ь does not come after it: слід, світ. Only after the sound /l/, in front of a soft consonant, is ь used: пальця ('finger'); between two л, ь is not written: ллється.
• 7. Before the hissing sounds н do not soften: менший, ганчірка; but л, in this case softens: більший, пальчик.
• 8. The words on -ець have at the end ь: післанець. When declension of words on -ець before ц it is not necessary to write ь: післанця. But when in such words there is a л before ц, then it is necessary to write it: пальця.
• 9. In the combinations здн and стн, the dental sounds д and т disappear before н: празник ('holiday'), тижня ('week'), etc.
• 10. Write a combination of чн: безпечний, яєчня, Сагайдачний ('Sahaidachny'). But: рушник ('towel'), рушниця ('rifle'), мірошник ('miller').

• 11. The suffix з/із before the deaf: к, т, п, х changes from з to с: сказати, сходитися; before all other consonants з/із does not change: збавити, зсісти. The suffix без does not change its з to с: безчестя.
• 12. The ending -ар and -ир at the end of dictionaries are written without ь, even when in the genitive case there is a soft vowel sound: цар ('tsar'), кобзар ('kobzar'), and in the middle of words: гіркий, Харків ('Kharkiv'). But: sometimes with ь: царь, секретарь, писарь.
• 13. Noun of the middle gender of -я and a few feminine and masculine words of -я) double the consonant sound before -я: життя ('life'), весілля ('wedding'). When canceling such words, the double consonant sound remains in front of all other vowels. Lip sounds: б, п, в, м and the sound р in these cases are not doubled: луб'я, безголов'я.
• 14. Noun of the middle gender, derived from the verbs on -увати, -ювати, delay the sound у, ю, when there is no emphasis on them: будування ('building'), дарування ('giving').
• 15. In the genitive singular plural we write the ending -ей: людей ('people'), ночей ('nights').
• 16. In the dative singular in masculine words with hard declension should have the ending -ові, and the words with soft declension -еві: батькові, кобзареві. Words on -й have end in -єві: краєві. With these endings -і, not -и, is used.
• 17. In masculine and neuter words in the singular case in the solid case it is necessary to write -ом, and in the soft — -ем: столом, учителем. In feminine words in this case in the hard declension should be written -ою, and in the soft declension -ею: водою, черешнею. The words on -й end in -єм: краєм, раєм.
• 18. In masculine words ending in -ж, -ч, -ш, -щ, in the nominative and accusative case of the plural it is necessary to write -і: ножі ('knife'), кущі ('shrub'). The same is true in feminine words: радощі ('joy'), молодощі.
• 19. In feminine words ending in -жа, -ча, -ша, -ща, in the genitive, dative and local case of the singular and in the nominative and accusative case of the plural should be written -i: великої калюжі.
• 20. Feminine words ending in a consonant sound should be written in the genitive case of the singular -и, and in the dative and local singular and the nominative and accusative plural should be written -i; for example, the genitive case — з ночи, dative and local cases —у ночі. Exception — в осени.
• 21. Adjectives on -евий (with an emphasis on є), do not change this is on ьо: вишневий, дешевий; when there is no emphasis, it can change to ьо: польовий.
• 22. At the end of the adjectives -ський, -цький, ь is written after с, ц: бабський, братський.
• 23. In the second degree of adjectives we write -іший: старіший, миліший.
• 24. We write equally well: гарнесенький і гарнісінький.
• 25. In literary Ukrainian writing is mainly used in the form of the pronoun цей, ця, це, rarely сей, ся, се.
• 26. The particle -ся should be written together with the verb: проситься, носиться.
• 27. In verbs, in the second person singular of the present and future tenses, we write -шся (and not -сся, or -ся): судишся.
• 28. In verbs, in the third person singular and plural of the present and future tenses, we write -ться (and not -цця, or -ця): судиться, боятимуться.
• 29. In verbs it is necessary to write the suffix -увати, -ювати: купувати, танцювати. Adjectives from these verbs have the ending -ований, -ьований, when the emphasis falls on о: купований, подарований, but we write -уваний, -юваний, when the emphasis does not fall on the syllable before -ва-: вбудуваний.
• 30. The ending -ство, -ський is added simply to the end: братський — братство ('brotherhood'); these endings are added after the sounds к, ч, ць, then we write -цький, -цтво: козацький — козацтво;
• 31. In literary writing від and од (but not от) are equally used: від тебе, од тебе.
• 32. In participles one н is used: зроблений, закоханий. Adjectives have two нн: невблаганний.

Orthography of foreign words in the Ukrainian language

• 1. Write foreign words as they are pronounced in their own language: доктор ('doctor'), вокзал ('railway station')
• 2. The sound /g/ is spelled with г: гімназія ('gymnasium'), телеграф ('telegraph'), генерал, газета, термінологія, психологія. But in foreign surnames exactly distinguish g from h: Гюґо ('Hugo'), Ґутгейль, Ґріґ ('Grieg'), Гартман ('Hartman').
• 3. In foreign words, the sound /l/ in writing is not softened: а, е, о, у, not: я, є, ьо, ю: класа ('class'), лекція ('lecture'), клуб ('club'). In addition to рельєфний ('relief' [sculpture]), барельєф ('bas-relief'), льє, мільйон ('million'), бульйон ('bouillon' [restaurant]).
• 4. The sound /f/ in recent loanwords not yet Ukrainianized, is represented with ф: форма ('form'), Франція ('France'). In recent loanwords, the sound th is spelled with т: катедра ('cathedra'), аритметика ('arithmetic'). For the most part, the same rule applies to words and names borrowed long ago, for example: Теофан ('Theophan'), but there are words where both options are possible: Федір ('Fyodor') or Хведір.
• 5. In borrowed words the consonant sound is not doubled: субота ('Saturday'), група ('group'); only the н is doubled in the following words: манна ('manna'), панна, ванна ('bath'), Ганна ('Hanna'), бонна ('Bonn'). But in proper names, mostly only foreign and in words from the church language, the consonant sound is doubled according to foreign pronunciation: Едда ('Edda'), Міллер ('Miller').
• 6. Initial є in loanwords is used as follows: a) in ancient and frequently used words, where it is pronounced as /jɛ/, it is spelled with the letter є: євангелія ('gospel'), Європа ('Europe'); b) in rarely used words where it is pronounced as /ɛ/, it is spelled with е: евакуація ('evacuation'), елемент ('element'), енергія ('energy').
• 7. Initial i in loanwords is written with і: історія ('history'), інститут ('institute').
• 8. Borrowed words use -ія, -іє, а не -іа, -іе: матеріял ('material'), геніяльний ('genius').
• 9. Borrowed -io- is usually spelled with io: піонер ('pioneer'), соціологія ('sociology'). In a few words that have become more Ukrainianized, io alternates with йо — it is written equally as often: серіозний ('serious') and серйозний ('serious'). In addition: бульйон ('bouillon'), мільйон ('million'), медальйон ('medal').
• 10. After the dental consonants: д, т, з, с, hissing: ж, ч, ш and after р borrowed words (only not in proper names) и is used: директор ('director'), університет ('university'). After all other sounds і is used: мітрополіт ('metropolitan' [bishop]), хроніка ('chronicle'). This rule is applied to baptized names and titles only when they are not Ukrainianized: Мікель ('Mikel'), Мікаела, and when they are Ukrainianized, и is used: Михайло ('Mykhailo'), Михалина,
• 11. In foreign surnames and after dental and hissing consonants і is used: Дізраелі, Дільман.
• 12. In loanwords before vowels and before the sound /j/ write і: Франція ('France'), Росія ('Russia'), історія ('history'), but the following can also be written: диякон ('deacon'), диявол ('devil'), Гавриїл ('Gavril').
• 13. The letter і in borrowed words after a vowel is transliterated with ї: Каїн ('Cain'), Гавриїл ('Gabriel'), руїна ('ruin').
• 14. The borrowed diphthong /au/ is written with ав: автор ('author'), Август ('August'), Австрія ('Austria'). Only before vowels is the diphthong written as ау, not ав: Aye, Шопенгауер ('Schopenhauer').

See also

• Ukrainian orthography of 1933

Sources

1. Історія українського правопису XVI—XX століття. — Київ, Наукова Думка, 2004 — С. 306—314
2. Унормування українського правопису.
3. Іван Огієнко. Історія української літературної мови. Частина третя, параграф 20. — Київ, 2011
4. http://91.205.17.75:8080/pravopys/2.html
5. Агатангел Кримський. Найголовніші правила українського правопису. — Рівне, 1921. (Альтернативне посилання: [1].)
6. Огієнко, проф. І., ed. (1922). Головніші правила українського правопису. [Тарнів]: Рідна мова. Search this book on  — 30 с. (Альтернативне посилання: [2].)

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