Rule of nine in the Ukrainian language
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In the current spelling forbids to write the letter "i" in borrowed common names after 9 consonants, namely: д, т, з, с, ц, ж, ш, ч, р — before the next letter denoting the consonant sound (except й): сигнал, динамо, режим, дизель, зиґзаґ, принтер, etc., but not: сігнал, дінамо, режім, дізель, зіґзаґ, прінтер.
If after і in a foreign word there is a letter denoting a vowel sound, the rule of nine does not apply. For example: діадема, діоптрія, тіофен, станція, адажіо, Чіо-чіо-сан. After the consonants at the end of the indefinite words, the letter "і" is also written: колі́брі, парі́, фрі, таксі́ (but таксист).
The current Ukrainian orthography[1] to the rule on the spelling of the letter і in foreign words provides the following exception to the "rule of nine":
Words of church usage are also written with the letters и, not with і: диякон, єпископ, єпитимія, єпитрахиль, камилавка, митра, митрополит, християнство, etc.
However, the modern Orthographic Dictionary of the Ukrainian language (Kyiv, 1999) presents as normative архієпископ, архієрей, архімандрит, клір, клірик, etc. with the letter і according to the rule of "nine". Although the adoption of the Ukrainian orthography of 2019 allowed the use of the letter и in these words.
In a number of words of foreign origin, which have long been mastered in the Ukrainian language, after, б, п, в, м, ф, г, к, х, л, н is written according to the pronunciation и: бурмистер (but бургомістр), вимпел, єхидна, імбир, кипарис, лиман, миля, мирт, нирка, спирт, химера, etc., as well as in words borrowed from Eastern languages, mainly Turkic: башкир, гиря, калмик, кинджал, киргиз, кисет, кишлак.
The "rule of nine" does not apply to proper noun after д, т, з, с, р they write і (Дізель, Тіто, Зімбабве, Міссісіпі, Грімм).
The use of the letter И in geographical names[edit]
The spelling of geographical names is based on slightly different rules from the "rule of nine".
The letter и is used:
- In geographical names with final -ида, -ика: Антаркти́да, Атланти́да, Флори́да; Адріа́тика, Аме́рика, Анта́рктика, А́рктика, Атла́нтика, А́фрика, Ба́лтика, Ко́рсика, Ме́ксика.
- In geographical names after consonants дж, ж, ч, ш, щ and ц before the consonant: Алжи́р, Вашингто́н, Вірджи́нія, Ге́мпшир, Жиро́нда, Йо́ркшир, Ле́йпциг, Цинда́о, Чика́го, Чи́лі and in derivatives thereof. Before the vowel and at the end of the word we write і: Віші́, Ші́офок.[2]
- In geographical names with the sound combination -ри- before the consonant: Велика Британія, Крит, Мавританія, Мадрид, Париж, Рига, Рим , etc., but Австрія, Ріо-де-Жанейро.
- Traditionally, in a number of geographical names after the consonants д, т before the following consonants, except /j/: Аддис-Абеба, Аргентина, Братислава, Бразилія, Ватика́н, Единбу́рг, Єрусалим, Китай, Кордильє́ри, Меди́на, Пакистан, Палести́на, Сарди́нія, Сиракузи, Сирія, Сицилія, Скандина́вія, Тибе́т and their derivatives.[3]
The use of the letter И in surnames[edit]
The current Ukrainian orthography in § 144 paragraph 7 recommends to transfer the Russian letter "и" to the Ukrainian "и" after дж, ж, ч, ш, щ and ц before the consonant: Гáршин, Гýщин, Дорóжин, Лýчин, Цецúлін, Чúчиков, Шúшкін, Щиглóв; this also applies to the surnames of other peoples: Абашúдзе, Вашингтóн, Джигарханя́н, Жильєрóн, Тажибáєв, Цицерóн, Чиковáні etc.; also Чингісхáн; but before the vowel we write і: Жіонó, Тиціáн, Ціолкóвський;
History[edit]
The "rule of nine" for spelling words of foreign origin was first formulated in 1913 by the authors of the Grammar of the Ruthenian Language, Stepan Smal-Stotsky and Theodor Gartner, on the model of a similar rule of Polish spelling.[4]
After the letters to denote the consonants т, д, с, з, ц, р it was suggested to write и (партия, поезия); after the letters to denote the consonants п, б, в, м, ф, ч, к, х and in combination with о write і (патріот). However, it differs somewhat from a similar rule in modern spelling, because it required writing not only и before the consonant, but also before й (партийний).
But already in the Orthography of 1919 it acquired a modern look. This rule was also enshrined in the Ukrainian orthography of 1928 and survived after russification in 1933.
In the 1993 edition of the Ukrainian Orthography, which is not significantly different from the previous ones, the rule of passing a foreign language і through и after the consonants stipulated by the "nine" is extended to a number of proper names (Аргентина, Сирія, Чилі). The spelling of some common names, which belonged to the exceptions, has also changed: бравісимо, фортисимо, піанісимо (until 1993 it was бравіссімо, фортіссімо, піаніссімо).[5]
The Draft Ukrainian orthography of 1999 proposed to extend the "rule of nine" to the spelling of other foreign proper names: Аристотель, Едип, Сизиф; Занзибар, Сиракузи,[6] Міссисипі, Си́дней.[7] However, the project was not approved.
Mnemonic phrases[edit]
There are mnemonic phrases that may be needed to make it easier to memorize the letters of the rule of nine:
- «Реве та стогне Дніпр широкий, човни з циганами жене»
- «Чия це жінка заспівала „Реве та стогне Дніпр широкий“?»
- «Де ти з'їси цю чашу жиру?».
- «Зося і Шура — це чужі діти».
See also[edit]
- Rules for the transmission of sounds in proper names of foreign origin in the Ukrainian language
- Rules for using the apostrophe in the Ukrainian language
- Rules for using the soft sign in the Ukrainian language
References[edit]
- ↑ Ukrainian orthography of 2019
- ↑ Writing и, і, ї - New reference book: Ukrainian language. Ukrainian literature - Literary city
- ↑ Електронний підручник з сучасної української мови
- ↑ Масенко Л. Т. Мова і політика. — К.: Соняшник, 1999. — 100 с. — Укр. мов. Додатковий тираж 2003 р.
- ↑ "В. В. Бондаренко, В. В. Дубічинський, І. О. Оржицький, В. М. Кухаренко, В. В. Турчик. Ділова українська мова. Харків". Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ↑ Приклади цитуються за: Анкета для опитування фахівців. Пропозиція 12 // Історія українського правопису XVI—XX ст. Хрестоматія. — К., 2004. — С. 565.
- ↑ Приклади з проекту (§ 101. I, Y та ин.)
Sources[edit]
- Ukrainian spelling. § 90
- "Nine" rule / Encyclopedia "Ukrainian language". — К., 2000. — P. 123.
- Olena Husar. Spelling standard of the Ukrainian language: history and realities. Visnyk of Lviv. university. Philol series. 2004. Вип. 34. Ч.ІІ. P.501-506
- Age live, age learn - you will die illiterate. Oleksa Negrebetsky "Young Ukraine" 2001.01.25
- Spelling Project of 1999 р.
- Letters и and і in foreign common names. Terminological and spelling guide for theologians and editors of theological texts
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