Orthography of Kamenetskyi
Script error: No such module "AfC submission catcheck".
 | This article or section should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. (October 2021) |
Orthography of Kamenetskyi (Ukrainian: Правопис Каменецького, romanized: Pravopys Kamenetskoho) is the orthography of the Ukrainian language used in the editions of the first three parts of Ivan Kotliarevsky's Eneida (1798, 1808) by its editor, Joseph Kamenetskyi.
Due to the uniqueness of orthography in the editions of the first three parts of Kotliarevsky's Eneida, (1798, 1808), this orthography in many Ukrainian linguistic works is qualified as "Orthography of Kotliarevsky" (Ukrainian: Правопис Котляревського),[1][2] but there are no sufficient grounds for this, as the first two editions of the poem appeared without the author's knowledge and consent. In fact, the spelling system of the text of the first three parts of the Aeneid poem (1798, 1808) is the work of Joseph Kamenetskyi's hands and mind, and the spelling should be called "Orthography of Kamenetskyi".[3][4]As the linguist Ilarion Ohiienko Kotliarevsky noted, he wrote with the same orthography as was written in Ukraine at the end of the 17th and 18th centuries.[5]
General characteristics[edit]
The use of the letter Ъ in words[edit]
Ivan Kotliarevsky uses the usual alphabet to convey Ukrainian words, so the Aeneid is not difficult to read and understand for the modern reader. But some letter marks are different, have certain peculiarities in use.
A common tradition of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is to use Ъ in words that end in a solid consonant. No exceptions to this rule are found in the text of the Eneida: будь ласкавъ, винъ, витривъ, всебъ, горлоризъ, здоровъ, мовъ, тутъ.
The use of the Э, Е[edit]
The letter э is used only at the beginning of proper nouns and denotes the sound /ɛ/: Эвріалъ, Эней, Эолъ. However, in isolated cases, the usual letter е occurs in its place: Ектеллъ.
The sound /ɛ/ is also transmitted by the letter е, but only in the position after the consonant: буде, неотеса, передъ. But the same letter is used to denote a group of sounds /jɛ/ in fact a prototype of modern Ukrainian є. In this way it is realized:
- at the beginning of the word (еретыкъ, Ероха, есть);
- after the vowel (не уважае, своей, Энеевыхъ, яруе);
- after ь, ъ, denoting the softness or hardness of the previous labial — in place of the modern apostrophe (выпьешъ, зъеднать, побьемось, пъе);
- after a soft consonant (дульеты, залье).
Use of the letter и and the sound /ɪ/[edit]
Regarding the transmission of the sound /ɪ/, the author inconsistently uses the letters ы, и and і.
The letter ы consistently conveys the sound /ɪ/, which comes from the etymological /ɨ/ (which reflects the spelling tradition of the time), and less consistently reflects the same sound that comes from the etymological /ɪ/: бабыще, бы, вызыраю, колы, крыва, мы, пылненько, тры. The letter ы occurs at the beginning of the word: ынчи — this reflects the phonetic feature of the Ukrainian literary language, but is an exception to the rule, because consistently at this point in the Eneida is used the letter и (игралась, изслызла, индыкъ) and denotes the sound /i/.
It is interesting to use the letter и to denote the sound /ɪ/ that occurs in the text of the work. There are few such lexemes and rather they are exceptions to the rules of using the letter ы, the systematized material makes it possible to conclude that this letter receives such a phonetic implementation in cases where it is used:
- after the postalveolar /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/ (живитъ, чимъ, зледащивъ), but next to it you can observe the letter ы (мужыкъ, бачывъ, сказать);
- after labial /b/, /p/, /ʋ~w/, /m/ (убирайся, пичинокъ, квичать, мителку — but бытыся, пылы, несамовытый, умытысь);
- after /r/ (in the root -ри- — задрижалы, ридвани, стримила; in the sense of the prefix при- — приказавшы, принять; after the consonant /r/ — чотыри), but the predominant words with ы (закрычавъ, прыбираты, прыжаться, etc.);
- after glottal and velar /ɦ/, /k/: (гиди, гичъ, кибалку, кишени), and in the vast majority at this place appears ы (кыслыци, могылы, рукы);
- among the selected material, the letter и in the modern meaning of /ɪ/ also occurs after breakthroughs /d/, /t/; whistling /z/, /t͡s/, /s/; sonorous /l/, /n/: роззійдится, братикъ, тименыци, будыты, тыномъ; зимою, Циней сирівець,- зыркнешъ, Сыцылію, сылы; издали, не бували, ниначе — колы, глузовалы, убраный.
It is perhaps more legitimate to call such lexemes errors, but, in our opinion, they already reflect the properties of the Ukrainian vernacular with the desire to assert labial, hissing, laryngeal and trembling.
More consistently, the letter и is realized in the sound /i/ in different significant parts of the word: in the prefix (зигнать, пив-слова, пидмостывся, пидступыла), in the root (видьмамъ, силлю, скилько), in the suffix (далеби-що, тоги, хотивъ), in inflection (гребли, соби, Тарани). The same sound can be transmitted by the letter и, the use of which is due to a certain position. In place и is consistently used the letter і after the consonant before the letter й (гирчійшый, завзятійшый, покійный), after the consonant before я, ю, є, ї (діявольська, Пріямово, олію, Сыцылію, халазію, всякіе, перебіець, повніи), at the beginning of the word before vowel or before й (Ійонъ, Іулъ). The modern letter ї to denote the sounds /ji/ is transmitted in several variants: и (доброи, злыи, зъ неи, ихъ, твоимы, тимьи, Трои), ѣ (only in one lexeme ѣи), digraphs йі (йіжака, йїй), йи (зайидавъ, йисты, надойило, розъйихався, пойихавъ), and ій (своій).
Designation of an apostrophe[edit]
In the modern Ukrainian literary language after the labial consonants, after the solid /r/, after the prefix ending in a consonant sound before the letters я, ю, є, ї is placed an apostrophe and in this case these vowels denote two sounds. In the text at this point we can see the letters:
- after the labial at the root of the words ь (пьять, слывьянку, тимьи) and ъ (въется, кавъяръ, напъявсь), but it is impossible to distinguish any sequence in their use, because in one and the same word you can see both ь and ъ (пьятамы, пъятою, пьяный, пъяный, увьявъ, увъявъ), if you do not pay attention to single-rooted formations such as пьяни, пъянюгы, звъязана, завъязала;
- after the prefix ending in a consonant is regularly used ъ (зъеднать, изъйивъ, розъярывся), but in this position it is possible to use ь (розьярылысь);
- after /r/ we mainly observe ь (Бендерью, бурьяни, пирья).
In some words, the letters ъ or ь are not present at all to denote the hardness of the previous consonant and the duality (/ja/, /ju/, etc.) of the next vowel (люблязно, одвязатісь).
The rules of use -йo- and -ьо- meet modern standards and there are no exceptions, for example, at the beginning of the word and syllable (його, йому, йоржи, Йонъ and пайокъ, скуйовдыла, клейонкы) and in the middle of the syllable (льохъ, всього, дьоготь, трьома etc.).
Doubling and lengthening[edit]
Doubling and lengthening of consonants in nouns on -я in the position between two vowels is transmitted similarly to modern requirements: похмилля, весилля, лахмиття, пуття, мальовання. In the nouns of the mixed group, the final -а is consistently used instead of -я: клочча, увичча, безчоловичча, збижжа. In the instrumental case of these nouns there is no doubling — силью along with силлю, мытью, челядью, along with челяддю, ратью. Without doubling written and personal forms from the verb to pour: льются, пролю, льешъ.
Orthography of verb compounds[edit]
Verb compounds on -ться are written mainly without ь (хочется, посылкуется, дадутся, творытся, прыйдется, водытся), although the words present like остаться, пидмостыться, заслужыться, прыжаться, подывыться, напыться. There is no pattern in the use of these compounds.
Particles (especially modal) are often used in the text of the Eneida. There is a certain inconsistency in their orthography:
- particles бъ (бы), жъ (же) both together and separately: колыбъ, якибъ, мусилыб, хтобъ і пиднявся бъ, купывъ бы, не обійшлося бъ; щожъ, затежъ, колыжъ, глядыжъ разом з намацавшы жъ, для бильшого жъ, нехай же, потиха жъ.
- particles аби-, де-, ни-, -сь, що- instead of being written together, are written separately (ни хто, де колы, що день), together (никого), through a hyphen (де-яка, що-сылъ, абы-якъ);
- -ось is written in contrast to the current orthography with a hyphen: якъ- ось, ажъ-ось;
- the particles -бо, -но, -то, -таки are used through a hyphen, which corresponds to the modern orthography, (яково-то, така-то), but we find one word самы то, written separately.
Orthography of adjectives, adverbs, preposition and postposition[edit]
It is interesting to spell the adjectives formed from nouns of proper names with the help of suffixes -ськ-, — зьк-, -цьк-, which are systematically written with a capital letter: Кіеськыхъ, Полтавськыхъ, Олымпська, Запорожську, Гадяцькій, Нимецьку. Nouns to denote a certain nationality are also given in the text only in capital letters (Аврунци, Латынаже, Москаля, Рутульцеви, Троянець).
The orthography of adverbs, preposition and postposition is somewhat different from the norms of modern grammar, the detection of some order failed: въ гору, въ мыгъ, геть-пречъ, до-купы, помолодецьку, по просту, по своему.
Phonetic principle of orthography[edit]
Ivan Petrovych applies the phonetic principle of spelling (the same principle is used by O. Pavlovskyi, who in 1818 published "Grammar"). Although IP Kotliarevsky is not an innovator in this field, but his merit lies in the popularization of this principle.
A sign of the use of Kotliarevsky's vernacular is the sound /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡z/ in lexemes such as бджолы, джерегели, джерело, гуджга, уджыгнувъ і дзвинъ, ксьондзы, гудзыкамы, гедзалась. But the sound /d͡ʒ/ does not manifest itself in alternation with the root -д- (выпровожалы, насажавшы, провожала, снаряжалась). The softness of the sound /t͡s/ at the end of the word also indicates the popular source of the language Eneida, examples of which are available in the nouns singular and plural (ранець, танець; племинныця, телыцю; вечерныци, молодыци) and adverbs (напростець). In turn, compliance with the hardness of the final lips, hissing and /r/: жывъ, церковъ, червъ, пивничъ та хмаръ, пожаръ, выхоръ, although there are exceptions (царь, сподарь, пекарь, броварь), which undoubtedly reflect the peculiarities of local speech, which can still be observed in Poltava dialects, but writing lexemes such as теперь — теперъ, гирьшъ — гирше, кровь — кровъ is considered a mechanical error.
The use of the suffix -в- instead of -л- in the verbs in the work is consistent (захотивъ, потерявсь) and again testifies in favor of the Ukrainian origin as well as the replacement of the root -л- by -в- in the nominal parts of speech (довго, ковбаса, пивничъ, шовковый etc.).
The drop -е- as a typical feature of the Ukrainian language is also present in the work (костри, старцямъ, слипци, мни) and is a natural phenomenon.
On the folk origin of the language Eneida we can also cite the following examples of the consistent use of -ри-, -ли- in the root (кривавой, крывавъ, крычы); ringing of final consonants (мабудь). Prosthetic consonant occurs irregularly, but there is a tendency to such use: вивця, викна, гостренька, калавура as opposed to усъ, огонь, уста, etc. The dialectal features also include the replacement of /x/ by /xʋ/ (охвоты, хвыстка), /xʋ/ to /f/ (фирткы) and vice versa /f/ to /xʋ/ (манихвестъ). Interesting from the point of view of dialectology are also verb formations with the suffix -ова- instead of -ува-: дяковать, лютовавъ, совавсъ, ростолковавъ and accordingly formations derived from them (бисноватымъ, будовання, лыцарьковатый, ушановання).
It is necessary to dwell on the phonetic processes that are present in the work. The alternation of Old East Slavic о, е with і in prefixes and roots is an indicator of the approximation of the language of the Eneida to the vernacular:
- — со- in зи- (зигнать, зизнавъ, зимкне);
- — под- in пид- (пиднесла, пидпалъ, пидъ);
- — от- in вид- (видкиль, видпустыть, видсиль, видтиль);
- — in the root (визокъ, викна, запичка, постиль, поригъ, хвистъ), Ivan Petrovych uses the forms Бигъ — богъ and въ помичъ — въ помочъ, одтявъ — видтявъ. This alternation is not consistent. In particular, it is absent in the following positions:
- од- (одвага, одгадала, одиславъ, одкупъ, одперъ);
- до- (дождалысь, дойшла, досталысь);
- -овъ- (пырижковъ);
- -ость- (жвавость, труслывость, хытрость);
- at the root (война, локоть, ногти, посли, походъ, розни, скороходъ).
It was not possible to deduce any clear pattern in the alternation of vowels o, e, but it can be said unequivocally that their presence is a tribute to the book spelling tradition of that time. Alternation of root consonants occurs in the following ways:
- — к — ч — ц: боляцци, кулачкы, научу, собачу;
- — г — ж — з: брази, небоже, небози, порози, тяжко, услужлыва, але запорожськыхъ;
- — х — ш — с: бреше, душа, пазуси;
- — ст, ск — щ: гущу, затрищало, прощайся, хрещеный;
- — т — ч, ц: багацько, одвичало, охоча, хотябъ, але хоть поряд з хочъ.
In conclusion, we note that the alternation of consonants is a more systematic phenomenon, exceptions occur only in certain individual lexemes.
Consonant simplification[edit]
Simplification of consonants occurs inconsistently: одсрочу, пакосный, пысне, сонце, триснувъ, та не радостну, честни, щастлыву; there are even such examples as for a празныка — праздныка, сердцю — зъ серця. The phenomenon of full voice is realized in such words as голодрабцивъ, золотой, молодци, соромъ, but along with them we see the прахъ, храбри. This, in our opinion, is due to the functioning of two types of languages (book and spoken). In favor of this idea are single-root lexemes, which are implemented in two versions: врагъ — врагы -ворожу — ворогивъ; въ гласъ — голосомъ; предъ — передъ; чрезъ.
Assimilation processes[edit]
Interesting in the epic are the assimilation processes, such as боляцци, озьде etc. Thus, phonetic similarities occur:
— for softness (реминьцямы, Трояньци, царьскій, but хрысьянську, Шльонському); — by method of creation:
1) the final prefix consonant: здавався, зломывсь — сложенный, спустылась, схотивъ; розвела, роздигся, роздяглась, розжеврилось, розкрычався, розмахала, розсердывся -росказать, роскачалы, роспустышъ, росходылась;
2) of the preceding preposition: зъ застолу, зъ лыха, зъ нудьгы, зъпиввидерка, зъ розумомъ, зъ страху — съ дорогы, съ запичка, съ кути, съ пидъ, съ своимъ, съ торгу, съ хмелю, съ царыцей, съ часныкомъ.
It is not necessary to speak about any system in the use of с- or з-, because we see their parallelism.
Dissimilation is present in the lexemes прудко, пшенышни, сердешный, худко, швыдче, ынчій. Kotliarevsky became the father of the new Ukrainian literature, but not the new Ukrainian literary language. As for his orthography, he, according to I. Ohiienko, "continued only our old traditions, but already overshadowed by the citizen of Peter I." But the Eneida put on the agenda of contemporary linguistics a cross-cutting issue of functioning and development, the struggle of historical, etymological and phonetic spelling.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Кость Кисілевський. Історія українського правописного питання: Спроба синтези // Записки НТШ (Том CLXV): Збірник Філологічної секції (Т. 26); у виданні НТШ в ЗДА, книжка 3. Редактор: д[окто]р Кость Кисілевський. Нью-Йорк; Париж, 1956. 135 стор.: С. 74—114
- ↑ Правопис за І. Котляревського // Іван Огієнко. Історія української літературної мови. Упоряд., авт. передм. і комент. М. С. Тимошик. Київ: Наша культура і наука, 2004. 434 cтор.: 346—347 (2-ге вид., випр.) ISBN 966-7821-18-8
- ↑ Є.Кирилюк. «Іван Котляревський. Життя і творчість». Київ Дніпро. 1981. 287 стор.
- ↑ Борис Глас. «Ф. С. Шимкевич як лексикограф і українське словникарство кінець XVIII-початок ХХ ст.». Ужгород, 1995, 297 стор.
- ↑ Правопис за І. Котляревського // Іван Огієнко. Історія української літературної мови. Упоряд., авт. передм. і комент. М. С. Тимошик. Київ: Наша культура і наука, 2004. 434 cтор.: 346—347 (2-ге вид., випр.) ISBN 966-7821-18-8
This article "Orthography of Kamenetskyi" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Orthography of Kamenetskyi. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
