Arabic exonyms
This list of Arabic exonyms includes names that are significantly different from the names of the same places in other languages, as well as names of Arabic origin in countries (especially Spain) where Arabic is no longer spoken. Some of these exonyms are no longer in use, these are marked by italics.
Places not mentioned are generally referred to in Arabic by their respective names in their native languages, adapted to Arabic phonology as necessary.
Austria[edit]
Austria | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Austria | an-Namsā (النمسا) | Comes from the Ottoman Turkish نمچه (nemçe, “Austrian”), which comes from the Proto-Slavic word němьcь, which means foreigner/non-Slav/German.[1][2][3] |
China[edit]
China | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Beijing | Khān Bālq (خان بالق)[4][5] or Bekīn (بكين) or Beijīn/Beijīnq/Beijīngh (بيجين/بيجينق/بيجينغ) | Khān Bālq is the old medieval Arabic exonym for Beijing, it was named as such after the winter capital of the Mongolian Yuan dynasty, Khanbaliq, which is the direct predecessor to modern Beijing.
Bekīn arouse from the French exonym Pékin, which itself came from the Portuguese exonym Pequim. The exonyms Beijīn, Beijīnq, and Beijīngh are the modern Arabic exonyms for Beijing, they come from the Mandarin name of the city and are often used interchangeably. | ||
China | aṣ-Ṣīn (الصين)[6] or Māṣīn (ماصين)[7] | aṣ-Ṣīn is derived from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn, “China”), from Sanskrit चीन (cīna, “China”), itself usually derived from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin, “Qin”).[6]
Māṣīn is derived from the Persian Machin (ماچين), itself derived from the Sanskrit Maha Chin meaning Great China.[7] This exonym was rarely used. | ||
Guangzhou | Ṣīn Kalan (صين كَلان)[8][9] or Ṣīn aṣ-Ṣīn (صين الصين)[8][9] or Ṣīniyat aṣ-Ṣīn (صينية الصين)[10][9] | Ṣīn Kalan, Ṣīn aṣ-Ṣīn, and Ṣīniyat aṣ-Ṣīn are all derived from the Persian Machin (ماچين), itself derived from the Sanskrit Maha Chin meaning Great China. Kalan (كَلان) is also of Persian origin and translates to 'Large' or 'Great'.[9] | ||
Hangzhou | al-Khansā' (الخنساء)[11] | al-Khansā' is the medieval Arabic exonym for the city of Hangzhou, it was named as such after the companion of Muhammad and famous female poet, Tumāḍir al-Khansā'. al-Khansā' translates to "snub-nosed", an Arabic epithet for a gazelle as metaphor for beauty. | ||
Quanzhou | Madinat az-Zaytūn (مدينة الزيتون)[12] | Madinat az-Zaytūn translates to 'City of the Olives' and is a calque of Quanzhou's former Chinese nickname Citong Cheng meaning "tung-tree city", which is derived from the avenues of oil-bearing tung trees ordered to be planted around the city by the city's 10th-century ruler Liu Congxiao.[13][14] |
Cyprus[edit]
Cyprus | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Cyprus | Qubruṣ (قبرص) | The Arabized form of its original name Cyprus. | ||
Nicosia | al-'Afqūsiyah (الأَفْقُوسِيَة)[15] or Niqūsiah (نيقوسيا) | al-'Afqūsiyah (الأفقوسية) was the old Arabic name for Nicosia, and it originates from the Byzantine Greek name of the city, Λευκωσία (Lefkosia).
Niqūsiah (نيقوسيا) is the Modern Arabic name for the city. | ||
Famagusta | al-Maghūṣah (الماغوصة)[16] | The Arabized form of its original name Famagusta. |
France[edit]
France | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Angers | 'Anjirsh (أنجيرش)[17] | The Arabized form of its original name Angers. | ||
Bay of Biscay | Bāhr al-Akhdar | |||
Châtellerault | Qashtāl (قشتال)[18][19] | The Arabized form of its original name Châtellerault. | ||
Corsica | Qurshiqah (قـُرْشِقَة)[20] | The Arabized form of its original name Corsica. | ||
Orléans | 'Alyānsh (أليانش)[18] or 'Arliyānash (أُرْلِيَانَش)[18] | The Arabized form of its original name Orléans. | ||
Poitiers | Bīṭārsh (بيتارش)[17] or Biṭārsh (بِتارش)[21] | The Arabized form of its original name Poitiers. | ||
Saint-Michel-Chef-Chef | Shant Mījāl (شنت ميجال)[17] | The Arabized form of its original name Saint Michel. | ||
Sées | Ṣaīyṣ (صايص)[17][19] or Ṣaīys (صايس)[22] | The Arabized form of its original name Sées. | ||
Touraine | Ṭarūnīyah (طرونية)[17] | The Arabized form of its original name Touraine. | ||
Tours | Ṭursh (طُرش)[18] or Tursh (تُرش)[18] | The battle known as Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā' (The Highway of the Martyrs) took place here. |
Georgia[edit]
Georgia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Georgia | al-Kurj (الكُرج) or Bilād al-Kurj (بلاد الكُرج)[23] or Kurjistan (كُرْجِسْتَان) or Jorjyah (جورجيا) | al-Kurj or Bilād al-Kurj (The Lands of Georgia) was the Arabic exonym for Georgia during medieval times, it most likely came from the Persian exonym for Georgia, Gorj (گرج), the name is still in use today although rarely
Kurjistan was most likely borrowed from the Turkish exonym Gorjestân, which is of Persian origin, it most likely gained popularity during Ottoman rule. Jorjyah is currently the most widely used exonym, which comes from the European name for Georgia. | ||
Tbilisi | Tiflīs (تفليس)[24][25][26] | Comes from the Persian pronunciation of the name, Tiflis.[25][26][27] |
Germany[edit]
Germany | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Germany | 'Almānya (أَلمَانِيَا) | Comes from the French name for Germany, Allemagne, but was known in medieval times as Jirmānyah (جرمانية), which was the Arabized form of its Latin name, Germania. |
Gibraltar[edit]
Gibraltar | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Gibraltar | Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق)[28] | Founded with an Arabic name meaning 'Mountain of Tariq', named for the 8th-century Islamic military leader Tariq ibn Ziyad. |
Greece[edit]
Greece | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Crete | Iqrīṭish (إقريطش)[29][30] or Iqrīṭiya (إقريطية)[29] | The Arabized form of its old Greek name Krete. | ||
Greece | al-Yūnān (اليُونَان) | Comes from Old Persian 𐎹𐎢𐎴 (Yauna, “Ionia”), which references the Greek region of Ionia, that resides in modern-day Turkey. | ||
Heraklion | Rabḍ al-Khandaq (ربض الخندق)[29] | Given an Arabic name after its conquest, this name was then Hellenized as Χάνδαξ (Chándax) or Χάνδακας (Chándakas), and would remain until the 19th century when the city revived its ancient name Ηράκλειον (Heracleion). | ||
Chania | al-Hānim (الهانم) or Khānia (خانيا) | al-Hānim (الهانم) is the Arabic name given to Chania after its conquest; this name was then Hellenized as Χανιά (Chania), and it is from which the modern Arabic exonym Khānia (خانيا) originates. |
Hungary[edit]
Hungary | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Hungary | al-Majar (المجر) | Comes from the Hungarian endonym 'Magyar'. |
Italy[edit]
Italy | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Acireale | al-Yāj (الْياج) or Liyāj (لِياج)[31] | |||
Agira | Shant Fīlibb (شنت فيلب) | Arabized form of its old name San Filippo. | ||
Agrigento | Jirjant (جِرْجَنْت) or Kirkant (كِرْكَنْت) | Arabized form of its Roman name Agrigentum, would then be transformed into 'Girgenti' by the Normans. | ||
Alcamo | Manzil al-Qāmūq (منزل القاموق) or 'Alqāmāh (علقمة)[32] | Manzil al-Qāmūq (House of al-Qāmūq) is the name Muhammad al-Idrisi wrote to be the original Arabic name of Alcamo, however the Arabs at the time referred to it as 'Alqāmāh. al-Qāmūq is the founder of Alcamo. | ||
Alcara li Fusi | Al-Aqarāt | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Alì | Ali (عَلِيّ)[33] | One of the possible theories for the etymology of this town is the Arabic name Ali (عَلِيّ).[33] | ||
Alimena | Al-Imān | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Aliminusa | Rakhbal Al-Mīnusa | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Amalfi | Malf (ملف)[34] | |||
Ancona | 'Ankūnah (أَنْكُونَة)[35] or 'Anqūnah (أَنْقُونَة)[36] | |||
Apulia | Būlyah (بولية)[37] | |||
Aquileia | Iklāyah (إيكلاية)[38] or 'Anklāyah (أنكلاية)[19] | |||
Bagheria | Bab al-Gharb (باب الغرب) or Baḥrīyah (بحرية) | Founded with Arabic name; either from Bab al-Garb (باب الغرب), 'Gate of the West', or from Baḥrīyah (بحرية), which means 'Sea' or 'Marine'. | ||
Benevento | Binfint (بنفنت)[32] or Binbint (بنبنت)[39] | |||
Borghetto | Al-Burjātah | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Brindisi | 'Abrinṭas (ابرنطس) or 'Abrindas (ابرندس)[40] | |||
Buscemi | Qalʿat ʾAbū Shāma (قلعة أبو شامة) or Qalʿat ʾAbī Shāma (قلعة أبي شامة)[41][42] | Founded with Arabic name: 'The Fortress of the Man with the Mole'.[42]
Over the centuries the name has been Romanized as Abu Xamah or Abuxama or even Abisama. The Latinized version Buxemae and Bussemae, from the Norman period, however, is the one closest to today's form. | ||
Cagliari | Qālmarah (قالمرة)[43] | |||
Calabria | Qalawriyah (قَلَوْرِيَة)[44][45] | |||
Calamonaci | Qalamūnash or Qal'at Mūn (قلعة مون) or Qal'at Mūnah (قلعة مونة)[46] | Calamonaci has two possible etymologies: either from Qalamūnash, which itself is a derivation from the Greek Kalamiōn, or from Qal'at Mūn/Mūnah 'Fortress of Mūn/Mūnah'.[46] | ||
Calatafimi-Segesta | Qal'at Fīmī (قلعة فيمي)[47] | Founded with Arabic name: 'Fortress of Fīmī'. | ||
Caltabellotta | Qal'at al-Balūṭ (قلعة البلوط)[48] | Founded with Arabic name: 'Fortress of The Oak'. | ||
Caltagirone | Qal'at Ghīrān (قلعة غيران) or Qa'lat al-Jinūn (قلعة الجنون) | Founded with Arabic name.
Was called Qal'at al-Jinūn (قلعة الجنون) during the Aghlabid period; also known as Ḥiṣn al-Jinūn ( حصن الجنون) or Ḥiṣn al-Jinawiyīn (حصن الجنويين), 'Fortress of the Genoese'. The name eventually became Qal'at Ghīrān (قلعة غيران), 'Fortress of Ghīran' | ||
Caltanissetta | Qal'at an-Nisa' (قَلْعَةُ النِّسَاءِ)[49] | Its original name was Castra Nicia; this name was then arabized into Qal'at an-Nisa' (قَلْعَةُ النِّسَاءِ) meaning 'Fortess of the Women'. | ||
Caltavuturo | Qal'at Abī Thawr (قلعة أبي ثور)[50][51][52] | Founded with Arabic name: 'Fortress of Abī Thawr'. | ||
Camerino | Qamrīn (قَمْرِين)[53] | |||
Canicattì | Khandaq aṭ-Ṭīn (خندق الطين)[54] | Founded with Arabic name: 'Trench of Mud'. | ||
Caprera | Qabrīrah (قَبْرِيرَةُ)[55] | |||
Capri | Qabrah (قَبْرَةُ)[55] | |||
Capua | Qabwah (قَبْوَة)[39] | |||
Cassaro | al-Qaṣr (القصر) | Founded with Arabic name: 'the Castle'. | ||
Castello di Mongialino | Malja' Khalil (ملجأ خليل) or Manzil Malja' Khalil (منزل ملجأ خليل)[56] | 'Khalil's Shelter'. | ||
Catania | Qaṭāniyyah (قَطَانِيَةُ)[57][31][58][59] or Qaṭāliyyah (قَطَالِيَةُ)[59] | The city was also known as Balad al-Fīl (بَلَد الفِيل)[31] or Madinat al-Fīl (مَدِينَة الفِيل),[58][59] meaning 'Land/City of the Elephant'. | ||
Catanzaro | Qaṭanṣār (قطنصار)[60] | |||
Cefalà Diana | Jaflah (جفلة)[61] | |||
Città di Castello | Qaṣṭlu (قصطلو)[38] | |||
Civitavecchia | Jabt Bakkah (جبت بكّة)[62] | |||
Collesano | Qal'at aṣ-Ṣarāṭ (قلعة الصراط)[63] | 'Fortress of Ṣarāṭ' | ||
Comacchio | Qamālqah (قمالقة)[38] | |||
Corleone | Qurliyūn (قُرلِيُون)[64][65] or Qurullūn (قُرُلُون)[65] or Qurulliyūn (قُرُلِيُون)[65] | The etymology of the name is uncertain. It is believed to have taken its name from an Arab soldier who fought for the Aghlabids.[66] | ||
Cosenza | Kashnatah (كشنتة)[32] | |||
Crotone | Qaṭrūnah (قطرونة)[67] | |||
Enna | Qaṣr Yānih (قَصْرُ يَانِه) or Qaṣr Yāni (قصر ياني)[68] | 'Castle of Yānih/Yāni'; nativized as 'Castrogiovanni', which remained in use until 1926. | ||
Florence | Flūransah (فَلُورَنْسَة)[69] or 'Iflūransah (إِفْلُورَنْسَة)[36] | |||
Foggia | Fūdjah (فُدجَة) or Fūjah (فُوجة) | |||
Gaeta | Ghayṭah (غَيْطَة)[70] or Ghāyṭah (غايطة)[71] | |||
Gela | Madinat al-'Amidah (مدينة الأعمدة)[72] | 'City of the Pillars' | ||
Grado | Krāds (كرادس)[38] or Krādīs (كراديس)[73] | Arabized form of its Latin name Gradus. | ||
Italy | Īṭaliya (إيطاليا) or al-'Arḍ al-Kabīrah (الأَرْض الكبيرة)[74] | al-'Arḍ al-Kabīrah translates to 'The Big Land', and it is a term used by medieval Arabs for the entire Italian Peninsula, but oftentimes it was used only for the region of South Italy. | ||
Kalsa | al-Khāliṣa (الخالصة)[75] | Founded with Arabic name: 'the Pure one'. | ||
Lascari | Madinah Al-Asqāri | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Lecce | Lajj (لَجّ)[76] | |||
Livorno | Qurnah (قُرْنَة) | It was named as such after the Livorno Jews, who are known as al-Qirānah (القرانة) in Arabic and Grana in Judeo-Arabic. | ||
Lombardy | 'Anbardiah (أَنْبَرْدِيَة)[77] or 'Anbarḍiah (أَنْبَرْضِيَة)[77] or 'Ankabardiah (أنكبردية)[78] or Bilād al-Linbard (بلاد اللنبرد)[78] | Bilād al-Linbard translates to 'Land of the Lombards'. | ||
Lucca | Lukkah (لُكَّة)[36] | |||
Marineo | Mirnaw (مرناو)[61] | |||
Marsala | Marsā 'Ali (مَرْسَى عَلِيّ)[79][80] or Marsā Allāh (مَرْسَى الله)[80] | Renamed with Arabic name after conquest: 'Ali's Harbour' or 'Allāh's Harbour. | ||
Mazara del Vallo | Māzār (مَازَر)[48] | Arabized form of the original name Mazara. | ||
Mazaro | Wadī al-Majnūn (وادي المجنون)[79] | 'Mad Valley' or 'Valley of the Madman'. | ||
Messina | Musaynah (مسّينى)[81] or Masīnah (مَسِّينَةُ)[82] | |||
Mineo | Mīnaw (مِيناو) or Qal'at Mīnaw (قلعة مِيناو)[56] | |||
Misilmeri | Manzil al-'Amīr (منزل الأمير) | 'Home of the Emir'. | ||
Monte Catalfaro | Qal'at al-Far (قلعة الفار)[56] | 'Fortress of the Mouse' | ||
Mount Etna | Jabal al-Nār (جبل النار)[83] | 'Mountain of Fire'. | ||
Naples | Nabul (نَابُل)[84][85] | |||
Otranto | 'Aḏrant (أذرنت)[76] | |||
Padua | Bāḏuah (بَاذُوَة)[36] | |||
Palermo | Balarm (بَلَرْم)[86][87] | |||
Pantelleria | Qawṣarah (قَوْصَرَة)[87] | |||
Pavia | Bābiyah (بَابِيَة)[53][19] | |||
Perugia | Birūjah (بِرُوجَة) or Birūjiyah (بيروجية)[32] | |||
Pesaro | Bisrah (بيسرة)[88] or Biṣrah (بيصرة)[89] | |||
Pisa | Bīzā (بيزا) or Bīsh (بيش)[62][87] or Bīshah (بيشة)[62][87] | Bīsh and Bīshah are medieval terms used by al-Idrisi to name the city, but in modern times Piza is referred to as Bīzā. | ||
Ponza | Bānūsah (بَانُوسَةُ)[55] | |||
Ravenna | Rabnah (ربنة)[88] | |||
Regalbuto | Rākhbāl Al-Abbūd | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Reggio Calabria | Rīyyah (رية) or Rayyū (رَيُو)[90] | |||
Rimini | 'Arīmnī (اريمني) or 'Arīmnīs (اريمنيس)[88] | |||
Rome | Rūma (روما) or Rūmiyah (رُومِيَّة) | Rūmiya (رُومِيَّة) was the early Arabic name for Rome, and is rarely used nowadays. | ||
Rossano | Rusyānah (رسيانة)[67] | |||
Salerno | Slirno (سلرنو)[34] | |||
Sardinia | Sardānyah (سَرْدَانِيَة)[91][92] or Suridānyah (سُرِدَانِيَة)[93] | |||
Savoca | Qalāt Az-Zabūd | |||
Savona | Shaghūnah (شغونة)[19][94] | |||
Sciacca | ash-Shāqah (الشاقة)[48][32] | 'The one who Separates' | ||
Sicily | Ṣiqilliya (صِقِلِّيَة) | |||
Simeto | Wadī Mūsa (وادي موسى)[95] | 'Valley of Mūsa'. | ||
Siponto | Sībent (سيبنت)[96] | |||
Sorrento | Srint (سرنت)[97] | |||
Soverato | Sibirniah (سبرنية)[32] | |||
Siracusa | Saraqūsah (سَرَقُوسَة)[95][91] | |||
Squillace | 'Asjilāsah (اسجلاسة)[98] | |||
Taormina | Tābarmīn (طَبَرْمِين)[91][99][32][81] | Under the Fatimids, it was called al-Muīzziyyah (المعزّية) or Madinat al-Muīzz (مدينة المعزّ) after Caliph al-Muīzz. | ||
Taverna | Ṭabarnah (طبرنة)[100] | |||
Taranto | Ṭārant (طارنت)[101][102] | |||
Terracina | Ṭarjīnah (طرجينة)[70] | |||
Tivoli | Tūḏur (تَوْذُر)[35] | |||
Trani | Ṭrānah (طرانة) or 'Aṭrānah (اطرانة)[96] | |||
Trapani | 'Aṭrābansh (أَطْرَابَنِش) or Ṭarābanash (طَرَابَنَش)[79] | |||
Trieste | Iṣṭājānku (إصطاجانكو)[38] or Isṭājānku (إسطاجانكو)[73] | |||
Tropea | Atrabiyah (اتربية)[43] | |||
Turin | Ṭarūnah (طَرُونَة)[53] | |||
Tuscany | Tuskanah (تُسكانة)[103][104][105][106] or Ṭusqanah (طُسقانة)[107][108] | |||
Tyrrhenian Sea | Baḥr Ṭrānah (بحر طرانة)[92] | |||
Venice | al-Bunduqīyya (اَلْبُنْدُقِيَّةُ) | The etymology of al-Bunduqīyya is unknown. The name dates back to the early 10th century. | ||
Verona | Fayrūnah (فيرونة)[32] | |||
Vieste | Bistiyah (بستية)[109] | |||
Villanova | Ballanūbah (بلنوبا) Billa Nūba (بيلّا نووِبا) | It was the home of the Siculo-Arabic poet known as al-Balnūbi, it was destroyed or deserted before the Norman conquest.[110] | ||
Vizzini | Bizīnī (بزيني)[56] | |||
Zisa | Qaṣr al-Azīz (قصر العزيز)[111] | The name Zisa derives from the Arab term al-Azīz, meaning "dear" or "splendid".[111]
The structure was conceived as a summer residence for the Norman kings, as a part of the large hunting resort known as Genoardo (Arabic: Jannat al-arḍ [جنة الأرض] , literally "Earthly Paradise")[112] |
Malta[edit]
Malta | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Comino | Kammunah (كَمُّونَة)[113] | |||
Gozo | Ghawdash (غَوْدَش)[113] | |||
Malta | Mālṭah (مَالِطَةَ)[114] | |||
Mdina | Madinat Mālṭah (مدينة مَالِطَةَ) | 'City of Malta'. |
Montenegro[edit]
Montenegro | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Montenegro | al-Jabal al-'Aswad (الجبل الأسود) | 'The Black Mountain', like Montenegro a translation of the endonym Črna Gora |
Netherlands[edit]
Netherlands | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
The Hague | Lāhāy (لاهاي) or Alahāyah (الَهَايَهْ)[115] | Lāhāy is the Arabized form of its French name La Haye.
It was known among the Arabs in old times as Alahāyah.[115] |
Portugal[edit]
Portugal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Albufeira | al-Buḥayrah (البُحَيْرَة) | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Lake'. | ||
Alcácer do Sal | Qaṣr 'Abi Dānis (قصر أبي دانس)[116] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Castle of 'Abi Dānis | ||
Alcoutim | al-Quṭāmi (القطامي)[117] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Falcon'. | ||
Alfândega da Fé | al-Funduq (الفندق)[118] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Inn'. | ||
Algarve | al-Gharb (الغرب)[119][120] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The West'. | ||
Aljezur | al-Juzur (الجزر) | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Islands'. | ||
Almada | Ḥiṣn al-Mā'din (حصن المعدن)[121] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Metal Fortress'. | ||
Almeirim | Madinah al-Māryām | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Almodôvar | al-Mudawwar (المُدَوَّر)[122] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Round One'. | ||
Beja | Bājah (باجة)[123] | The town was known during the times of the Visigoths as Paca, this was then Arabized into Bājah (باجة) during Umayyad times, and eventually turned into its modern form Beja when the Christians took over.[123] | ||
Braga | Barāqah (براقرة)[124][125] or 'Abrāqah (ابراقة)[19] or 'Afrā'ah (أفراعة)[126] | Arabized form of its old Roman name Bracara. | ||
Coimbra | Qulumriyah (قُلُمْرِيَة)[127][128][129] or Qulunbariyah (قلنبرية)[130] | Arabized form of its old Roman name Colimbria. | ||
Faro | Shantamariat al-Gharb (شَنْتَمَرِيَّةُ الغرب)[131] | 'Santa Maria of the West'. | ||
Fátima | Fāṭīmah (فاطمة) | Named after Fāṭīmah az-Zahra', the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. | ||
Ossonoba | 'Akshūnbah (أكشونبة)[78][132] | Arabized form of its old Roman name Ossónoba. | ||
Ourém | Abdegas | Abdegas was apparently name of the Muslim village on which the city of Ourém was founded, the Arabic pronunciation of the word is unknown. | ||
Sacavém | Shaqabān (شقبان) | |||
Silves | Shilb (شِلْب)[132] | |||
Tavira | Ṭabīrah (طبيرة)[133][134] | Founded with Arabic name |
Spain[edit]
Spain | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Aguilar de la Frontera | Ḥiṣn Bulāy (حصن بُلَاي)[135] | 'The Fortress of Bulāy' | ||
Albacete | al-Basīṭ (ﭐَلبَسِيط)[136] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Plain' or 'The Flat', referring to the flat plains around.[136] | ||
Albaicín | al-Bayyāzīn (ٱلْبَيّازِينْ)[137] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Albaida | al-Baydā' (البيضاء)[137] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The White'. | ||
Albalá | al-Balāṭ (البلاط)[138] or al-Ballā'a (البَلَّاعة)[137] | Founded with Arabic name.
al-Balāṭ 'The Tiles' or 'The Stones', in reference to the Roman road nearby al-Ballā'a 'The Gutter'. | ||
Albarracín | Banī Rāzin (بَنِي رَزِينٍ) or Sahlat Banī Rāzin (سَهْلَةُ بَنِي رَزِينٍ)[139] or Shantamariat ash-Sharq (شَنْتَمَرِيَّةُ الشَّرْقِ)[139] | Named after the Hawwara Berber Banu Razin dynasty that ruled the Taifa of Albarracín in the early eleventh century, it was also known as 'Ibn Rāzin (ابن رزين)[137] or as-Sahlah (السَّهْلَةُ)[139]
Before it was ruled by the Banu Razin, it was known Shantamariah (شَنْتَمَرِيَّةُ)[140] or Shantamariat ash-Sharq (شَنْتَمَرِيَّةُ الشَّرْقِ),[139] i.e. 'Santa Maria of the East'. | ||
Alberite | al-Baldah (البلدة) | 'The Town'.
This is one of two theories for the etymology of the town, the other one being the Latin Alber-iter. | ||
Alburquerque | Abu al-Qūrq or Baladiyat Abī al-Qūrq (بَلَدِيَّةُ أَبِي القُرْقِ)[141] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Father of al-Qūrq' or ' The Town of the Father of al-Qūrq'. | ||
Alcalá de los Gazules | Qal'at Jazūla (قلعة جزولة)[142][143] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Fortress of Jazūla'. | ||
Alcalá de Guadaíra | Qal'at Jābir (قلعة جابر)[144][145] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Fortress of Jābir'. | ||
Alcala de Henares | Qal'at Hināris (قلعة هنارس)[146] or Madīnat al-Mā'idah (مدينة المائدة)[146] | |||
Alcántara | Qanṭarat as-Sayf (قَنْطَرَة السَّيْفِ) or al-Qanṭarah (القنطرة)[147] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Arched Bridge of the Sword' or 'The Arched Bridge'. | ||
Alcantarilla | Qanṭarat 'Ashkābah (قنطرة اشكابة) | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Arched Bridge of 'Ashkābah' | ||
Alcañiz | al-Kanā'is (الكنائس)[148] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Churches'. | ||
Alcaraz | Jabal al-Karaz (جبل الكرز)[147] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Mountain of Cherry' | ||
Alcaucín | al-Qawsayn (القَوْسَيْنِ) | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Two Arches'. | ||
Alcázar de San Juan | al-Qaṣr (القصر)[149] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Castle'. | ||
Alcazarén | al-Qaṣrayn (القَصْرَين)[150] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Two Castles'. | ||
Alcolea | al-Qulay'ah (القُلَيعة) | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Little Castle'. | ||
Alcúdia | al-Qudiah (القودية) or al-Kudiah (الكُدية)[151][152] | Founded with Arabic name, the name comes from the Maghrebi Arabic word al-Kidya (الكدية), which means 'The Plateau'. | ||
Alcuéscar | Al-Qāwāsqar | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Alfambra | al-Ḥamrāʼ (الْحَمْرَاء)[153] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Red One'. | ||
Alfamén | al-Ḥammām (الحمَّام)[153][154] or al-Fahīmn (الفهيمن)[155] | Founded with Arabic name, al-Ḥammām (الحمَّام) 'The Bathhouse'. | ||
Alfarnate | al-Farnat (الفرنت)[156] | Founded with Arabic name, 'Flour Mill'. | ||
Algaida | al-Ghaīdah (الغَيضة)[120] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Grove'. | ||
Algarrobo | al-Kharrūbah (الخَرُّوبة)[157] or al-Kharrūb (الخَرُّوب)[120] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Algeciras | al-Jazīrah al-Khadrā' (الجزيرة الخضراء)[158] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Green Island'. | ||
Alhama de Murcia | al-Ḥammah (الحَمّة)[159] or Ḥammat Mursiyah (حَمّة مرسية) | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Hot Springs' or 'The Hot Springs of Mursiyah'. | ||
Alhambra | al-Ḥamrāʼ (الْحَمْرَاء) or al-Qalʻatu al-Ḥamrāʼ (الْقَلْعَةُ ٱلْحَمْرَاءُ)[160][161] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Red One' or 'The Red Fortress'. | ||
Alhaurín de la Torre | Burj al-Ḥawrīn (برج الحَورِيِّين)[159] | Founded with Arabic name, 'Tower of the Hawwara'. | ||
Alicante | Laqant (لقنت)[132][162][163][164] or al-Qant (القنت)[165] | Arabisation of the Latin Lucentum,[166] which comes from the Greek Leuké ("white"). | ||
Almáchar | al-Makhar (المَخَر)[167] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Almadén | al-Mā'din (المعدن)[168][169][146][170] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Metal'. | ||
Almansa | al-Manṣaf (المَنْصَف)[171][172] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The area half-way through the road'. | ||
Almassora | al-Manṣūrah (المنصورة) or al-Maḥṣūrah (المحصورة)[173] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Victorious one'; named after the Andalusian military leader al-Manṣūr, while al-Maḥṣūrah translates to 'The Confined one'. | ||
Almazán | al-Maḥṣan (المَحْصَن)[174] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Fortified'. | ||
Almenar | al-Manār (المَنار)[173] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Illuminated one'. | ||
Almensilla | al-Manzilah (الَمنزِلَة)[173] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The House'. | ||
Almería | al-Mariyyah (المَرِيَّة)[175][176][132][173] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Almonacid de la Cuba | al-Munastīr (المُنَستير)[177][178] | Founded with Arabic name, Arabized form of the word monastery. | ||
Almudaina | al-Mudainah (المُدَينة)[179] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Little City'. | ||
Almuñécar | al-Munakkab (المُنَكَّب) or Ḥiṣn al-Munakkab (حصن المُنَكَّب)[180][179][181][182][183] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Alovera | al-Ḥuwayrah (الحُوَيْرَة)[184] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Alpujarras | al-Busharāt (البُشارات)[181][185] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Alquézar | al-Qaṣr (القصر)[186] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Castle'. | ||
Alzira | Jazīrat Shaqr (جزيرة شَقْر)[187] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Island of Júcar/Xúquer'.
Shaqr is the Arabic name for the Júcar/Xúquer river. | ||
Andalusia | al-'Andalus (الأَنْدَلُس)[188][189][190] | al-Andalus is the name that the Muslims gave to the Iberian Peninsula, it is mainly used to refer to the Muslim ruled regions of Iberia during the Middle Ages, the name may be derived from the name of the Vandals.[191]
The modern autonomous community of 'Andalusia' is named after it. | ||
Ardales | Arḍīṭ (أَرْضِيطُ)[192] or Ḥarshafa (حرشفة)[193] | According to 'A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names', the original name of Ardales was Cardales, which means 'Thistle fields', and later turned into Hardares. The Arabic version then became 'Harsafa' which means ‘edible thistle’[192] ['Harsafa' is most likely referring to the singular form of Cardoon in Arabic, which is Ḥarshafa]
Arḍīṭ may have also originated from Hardares, however that is unconfirmed. | ||
Arriate | ar-Rīyāḍ (الرِّيَاض)[194] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Gardens'. | ||
Axarquía | ash-Sharqiyah (الشرقية) | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Eastern One'. | ||
Azofra | as-Sukhrah (السُّخرة)[195] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Azuqueca de Henares | as-Sukaykah (السُّكَيكة)[196] | Founded with Arabic name, comes from the Arabic word Sikah (سكة), and translates to 'The Little Lane'. | ||
Badajoz | Baṭalyaws (بَطَلْيَوْس)[164][163] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Banyalbufar | Banī al-Baḥar (بني البحر) | A possible etymology, 'People of the Sea' or 'Tribe of the Sea'. | ||
Belchite | Balshal or Bilshid | A possible etymology | ||
Benacazón | Binā' Qassūm (بناء قَسّوم)[197] or Ibn/Banī Qassūm (ابن/بني قَسّوم) | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Building of Qassūm';
Ibn/Banī Qassūm translates to 'The Son/Descendants of Qassūm'. | ||
Benadalid | Ibn ad-Dalīl (ابن الدليل)[197] | Founded with Arabic name, 'Son of the Guide'. | ||
Benaguasil | Ibn al-Wazir(ابن الوزير)[198] or Banī al-Wazir(بني الوزير) | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Son/Descendants of al-Wazir', al-Wazir was the family that founded the city over the ruins of a Roman villa.. | ||
Benahavís | Binā' Ḥabīsh (بناء حبيش)[198] | Founded with Arabic name, 'The Building of Ḥabīsh'.
The word Ḥabīsh could have come from the Arabic word Ḥabashi (حبشي), which meant Ethiopian, but was used to identify any dark-skinned African; this could indicate that the city was founded by a man of Sub-Saharan African descent. | ||
Benalmádena | Binā' al-Ma'dānah (بناء المَعْدَانة)[198] or Ibn/Banī al-Ma'dan (ابن/بِنى المعدن) or Banī al-Madīnah (بِنى المدينة) | Founded with Arabic name.
Binā' al-Ma'dānah (بناء المَعْدَانة) translates to 'The Building of Metal', Ibn/Banī al-Ma'dan (ابن/بِنى المعدن) translates to 'Son/Descendants of Metal', Banī al-Madīnah (بِنى المدينة) translates to 'Descendants of the City'. | ||
Benarrabá | Ibn ar-Rabāḥ (ابن الرَّبَاح)[199] or Banū/Banī ar-Rabāḥ (بنو/بني الرَّبَاح) | Founded with Arabic name.
Ibn ar-Rabāḥ (ابن الرَّبَاح) translates to 'Son of ar-Rabāḥ', Banū/Banī ar-Rabāḥ (بنو/بني الرَّبَاح) translates to 'Descendants of ar-Rabāḥ'. | ||
Binissalem | Banī Sālim (بني سالم)[200] | Founded with Arabic name.
Banī Sālim (بني سالم) translates to 'Descendants of Sālim'. | ||
Bufalí | Abū Khālid (أبو خالد)[201] | Founded with Arabic name.
Abū Khalid (أبو خالد) translates to 'Father of Khālid'. | ||
Bujalance | Burj al-Ḥansh (بُرج الحنش)[201] | Founded with Arabic name
Burj al-Ḥansh (بُرج الحنش) translates to 'Tower of al-Ḥansh', al-Ḥansh is a type of snake known as the Eastern racer. | ||
Cáceres | Qaṣrash (قصرش)[202] or Qaṣrāsh (قصرآش) | Arabisation of Latin Norba Caesarina or Castra Cæcilia | ||
Cádiz | Qādis (قادِس) or Ghādish (غادِش) | Arabized form of its old Latin name Gades. | ||
Cadrete | Qadrit | Arabized form of its old Latin name Cateracta, the Arabic pronunciation is unknown. | ||
Calatañazor | Qal'āt An-Nusūr (قلعة النُسُور)[203][204][19][205] | Founded with Arabic name: 'Fortress of the Vultures' | ||
Calatayud | Qal‘at ’Ayyūb (قلعة أيوب)[203][206][164] | Founded with Arabic name: 'Fortress of ’Ayyūb' | ||
Calatrava la Vieja | Qalʿat Rabāḥ (قلعة رَبَاح)[207][208][20][209] | Founded with Arabic name: 'Fortress of Rabāḥ' | ||
Cartagena | Qarṭājannah (قَرْطاجَنَّة)[210][211] | Arabized form of its Latin name Carthaginem | ||
Caspe | Qaṣb (قصب)[212] or Qasb (قسب) | Possibly either an Arabized form of its original name or founded with an Arabic name.
The place name Casp was documented in Andalusi sources as "Qsp", "Qasp" or "Qasb", and has been related to the Arabic word "Casba"[212] [This could be referring to Qaṣba (قصبة), which translates to 'Rod'] | ||
Castile | al-Qashtālah (القشتالة)[213] or al-Qila' (القلاع)[213] | al-Qashtālah is the Arabized form of its original name Castille, while al-Qila' is a translation of the name to Arabic, and translates to 'The Castles'. | ||
Castillo de Locubín | Ḥiṣn al-'Uqbān (حصن العِقْبَان) or Ḥiṣn al-'Uqab (حصن العُقاب) | Founded with Arabic name: Ḥiṣn al-'Uqbān translates to 'Fortress of the Eagles', while Ḥiṣn al-'Uqab translates to 'Fortress of the Eagle'
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa took place here, and is known in Arabic as The Battle of al-'Uqab, named after Ḥiṣn al-'Uqab. | ||
Castillo de Montemayor | Ulyat Kanbaniya | |||
Cazarabet | Qaṣr Abbād | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Ceuta | Sabtah (سَبْتَة)[214] | The area was known as Septem Fratres (Seven Brothers)[215] in Latin, this would eventually be shortened to Septum[216] or Septa,[217] and would later become known as Sabtah in Arabic. | ||
Cieza | Madinat Siyāsah (مدينة سياسة)[218][219][220] or Madinat as-Siyāsah (مدينة السياسة) | It is possible that the name Madinat Siyāsah (City of Siyāsah) is an Arabized form of the city's previous name, Segisa, which was mentioned by Ptolemy.[221]
The name Madinat as-Siyāsah may also be of Arabic origin, and would then translate to 'The City of Politics'. | ||
Ciudad Real | Māslākha | |||
Ciutadella de Menorca | Madīnat al-Jazīra (مدينة الجزيرة) or Madīnat Menūrqah (مدينة منورقة) | 'The City of the Island' and 'The City of Menorca', respectively | ||
Cordoba | Qurṭubah (قرطبة)[222][223] | Arabized form of its old Roman name Corduba, which in theory might be the Latinized form of the Phoenician-Punic qart ṭūbah meaning 'good town'. | ||
Covadonga | Ṣakhrat Bilāy (صخرة بلاي)[224] | 'The Boulder of Pelagius'; named after the founder of the Kingdom of Asturias, who defeated the Arabs there in the first ever Christian victory in Iberia, known as 'Siege of the Boulder' (حصار الصخرة) in Arabic and as 'Battle of Covadonga' in English. | ||
Cuarte de Huerva | Qūwart (قورت)[225][226] | |||
Cuenca | Quwanka (قُوَنْكَةُ)[227] or Quwanqa (قُوَنْقَةُ)[228] or Kuwanka (كونكة)[163][164][229] | Under the Arabs the castle of the city was known as 'qunka' which has no other feature than to reflect the previous Christian name, and so the name may be of Arabic origin.[230]
The name may also be an Arabization of the original Roman name, which derives from the Latin conca meaning "river basin", referring to the gorge of the rivers Júcar and Huécar. | ||
Cuevas del Almanzora | Kuhūf al-Manṣurah (كهوف المنصورة)[231] | 'The Caves of al-Manṣurah'
al-Manṣurah translates to 'The Victorious one' and is named after the Andalusian military leader al-Manṣūr. | ||
Cutanda | Qutunda (قُتُنْدَةُ)[232] | Possibly an Arabized form of its original name, which is Germanic kotta ‘heights’ echoed by Latin quota.[233] | ||
Chiprana | Shibrānah (شبرانة)[234] | Possibly an Arabized form of its original Roman name Cipriano.[221] | ||
Daroca | Qal'at Darūqah (قلعة دَرُوقَةَ)[235][236][133][206] | Qal'at Darūqah, which translates to 'Fortress of Darūqah', was given to the city after its conquest by the Arabs. | ||
Deià | Ḍay'ah (ضيعة)[237] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Dénia | Dāniyyah (دانيّة)[238][163][164] | Arabized form of its Visigothic name Denia. | ||
Ebro River | Nahr 'Ibrah (نَهْرُ إِبْرَةَ)[239] or Nahr Ṭurṭūshah (نَهْرُ طَرْطُوشَةَ)[239] | Translates to "River of 'Ibrah" and "River of Tortosa" respectively | ||
Écija | Istijjah (إِسْتِجَةُ)[240][92] or Isījjah (إسيجة)[181] | Arabized form of its Roman name Astigi. | ||
Elche | 'Alsh (ألش)[163] | Arabized form of its Roman name Ilici or Illice. | ||
Fabara | Hawwārah (حوارة)[241] or Fawārah (فوارة)[242] | The name comes from either the Hawwara Berber tribe, or from the Arabic Fawārah (فوارة), which translates to fountain, sparkling spring, or geyser.[243] | ||
Faraján | Farḥān[244][237] | Founded with Arabic name, translates to 'Happy' or 'Delightful' | ||
Fuentes de Ebro | Funtush | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Galicia | Jaliqiyah (جليقية)[245] | Arabized form of its original name Galicia. | ||
Gállego | Yalaq | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Genalguacil | Jannat Al-Wāzir | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Generalife | Jannat Al-Arīf | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Getafe | Al-Jādāfih | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Girona | Jarandah (جَرَنْدَةُ)[246] Jirūnah (جِيرُونَةُ)[246] | |||
Granada | Gharnāṭah (غرناطة)[247][248][249][250] | The meaning and origin of the name are unknown, it could be of Arabic, Berber, or Latin origin. | ||
Guadalajara | Wādī Al-Ḥijārah (وادي الحجارة)[251][252] and Madinat al-Faraj (مَدِينَة الفَرَج) [251] | Founded with Arabic name.
Wādī Al-Ḥijāra translates to 'The Valley of Stones' and Madinat al-Faraj translates to 'The City of al-Faraj'. | ||
Guadalcanal | Wādi Al-Khānnā | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Guadalcázar | Wādi Al-Qasr | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Guadalevín | Wadī Al-Libān | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Guadalquivir | Wādi Al-Qabīr | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Guadalope | Wādi Al-Lawh | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Guadasséquies | Wadi As-Sukkār | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Guadix | Wādi Al-Ash | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Huelva | Walbah (وَلْبَة) or 'Unbah (أونبة)[253] | Arabized form of its old Roman name Onuba. | ||
Huerva | Warbah | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Huesca | Washqah (وشقة)[254][206] | Arabized form of its old Roman name Osca. | ||
Igualeja | Balāt Al-Wālay | |||
Íscar | Hisn Al-Asqār | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Isla de Las Palomas | Jazīra Al-Tārif | |||
Jaén | Jayyān | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Jalón | Shalun (شَلوْن)[255] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Jerez de la Frontera | Sharīsh (شَرِيش)[256][145] or Shirsh (شِرِش)[257] | |||
Jiloca | Shaluqah | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Júcar River | Nahr Shaqr (نهر شَقْر)[258][146][163][164] | Nahr Shaqr translates to 'The River of Shaqr', Shaqr is most likely an Arabized form of the river's original name.[259] | ||
León | Liyyūn (ليّون) | Arabized form of its original name León. | ||
Lleida | Lāridah (لاردة)[238][146][254][206] | |||
Lucena | al-Yusānah (اليُسَانَة)[181] | Arabized form of its Hebrew name Eliossana. | ||
Macharaviaya | Māšār Abu Yahyā | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Madrid | Mājriṭ (مجريط)[260][261] | Founded with Arabic name, comes from the Arabic word Majrā (مجرى), which means stream.[261] | ||
Mairena del Aljarafe | Maharana | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Maluenda | Malwanda | Founded with Arabic name | ||
María de Huerva | Ḥiṣn Al-Mariyya | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Marratxí | Al-Murāqšī | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Medina Azahara | Madinah Az-Zāhra | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Medinaceli | Madinah As-Salīm | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Medina-Sidonia | Madinah Aš-Šadūna | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Melilla | Malīlah (مليلة) | |||
Mérida | Māridah (ماردة)[78][132][163][164] | Arabized form of its old Latin name Emerita. | ||
Mequinenza | Miknāsa (مكناسة)[262][263][206] | The name comes from Miknasa, a Zenata Berber tribe, this was Latinized as Miquinencia and later turned into its modern Spanish name Mequinenza. | ||
Morón de la Frontera | Mawrūr (مورور) | |||
Montañana | Munt Anyāt | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Monzalbarba | Manzil Barbar | |||
Muel | Muwīl | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Nájera | An-Nājarrah | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Navarre | Balāt Al-Baškans | |||
Orihuela | Uryūlah (أريولة) | |||
Orés | Warša | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Palma de Mallorca | Madinah Al-Mayūrqah | |||
Pechina | Bajjānah (بَجَّانَة)[264] | |||
Puebla de Almenara | Garīp al-Mānārah | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Ricla | Rikla | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Rueda de Jalón | Ḥiṣn Rūṭat al-Yahūd (حصن روطة اليهود)[265] | Founded with Arabic name, translates to 'The Fortress of the Jewish Rūṭah'. | ||
Salobreña | Shlūbiniah (شلوبينية)[182] or Shalūbaniah (شَلُوبَنِيَة)[183] | |||
Santaella | Shant Yālah (شَنْتَ يَالَه) | |||
Santiago de Compostela | Shānt Yāqūb (شانت ياقوب)[266][85] | |||
Segovia | Shqūbiyah (شقوبيّة) or Shkūbiyah (شكوبية)[19][267] | |||
Segura | War Al-Abyād | |||
Seville | Ishbīliyyah (أشبيليّة)[268] | |||
Sierra de Alcaraz | Silsilat Jibāl al-Karaz (سلسلة جبال الكرز)[147] | 'The Cherry Mountain range' | ||
Simancas | Sīmānqah (سيمانقة)[269] or Shānt Mānkash (شانت مانكش) | |||
Somed | Ḥiṣn Sumid | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Tarazona | Ṭarasūna (طرسونة) | |||
Tarifa | Tarīfah | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Tarragona | Ṭarraqūnah (طَرَّكُونَةُ)[270][271][206] | Arabized form of its old Latin name Tarraconis. | ||
Teruel | Ṭarwīl (طَرْوِيلُ)[272] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Toledo | Ṭulayṭulah (طُلَيْطِلَة)[273] | Arabized form of its old Latin name Toletum. | ||
Torre Alháquime | Burj al-Ḥakīm (بُرج الحكيم)[274] | Founded with Arabic name, translates to 'The Tower of al-Hakīm'. | ||
Tortosa | Ṭurṭūshah (طرطوشة)[275][206][164] | Arabized form of its old Latin name Dertusa or Dertosa. | ||
Trafalgar | Ṭaraf al-Ghār (طرف الغار)[276][277][278] or Ṭaraf al-Gharb (طرف الغرب)[279][278] or al-Ṭaraf al-'Aghar (الطرف الأغر)[280] | Founded with Arabic name.
Ṭaraf al-Ghār (طرف الغار) translates to 'Edge/Cape of the Cave/Laurel', Ṭaraf al-Gharb (طرف الغرب) translates to 'Edge/Cape of the West'. In modern Arabic, the place is sometimes re-transcribed as al-Ṭaraf al-'Aghar (الطرف الأغر).[280] | ||
Tudela | Tuṭaylah (تُطَيْلَة)[275][19][206] | Arabized form of its old Latin name Tutela. | ||
Úbeda | 'Ubbdah (أُبَّدَةُ)[281][282][275] or 'Abbdat al-'Arab (أبّدة العرب)[281] | Founded with Arabic name | ||
Valladolid | Balād al-Walīd (بلد الوليد)[283][284][285] | 'The Land of al-Walīd' (disputed) | ||
Zafra | Ṣafra' (صفراء) | Founded with Arabic name, translates to 'The Yellow One'. | ||
Zamora | Sammūrah (سَمُّورة)[275][286] or Zammūrah(زَمُّورَة)[287] | Arabized form of its old Visigothic name Semure. | ||
Zaragoza | Saraqusṭah (سَرَقُسْطَةُ)[288] | Arabized form of its old Greek name Caesaraugusta (Καισαραυγοῦστα). | ||
Zuera | Ṣukhayrah (بلدية صُخَيرة)[289] or Zuhayrah (زُهَيرة)[290] | Founded with Arabic name, Ṣukhayrah translates to 'Little Rock' while Zuhayrah translates to 'Little Flower'. |
Sweden[edit]
Sweden | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Sweden | Asūj (أَسُوج)[291][292] | This was the pre-modern arabic exonym for Sweden, nowadays almost all Arabs use as-Sūwayd (السُوَيد) |
Turkmenistan[edit]
Turkmenistan | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Arabic name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Ashgabat | 'Ishq Ābād (عشق أباد) | The literal name of the city is "city of love" or "city of devotion", and the name consists of the Arabic word 'Ishq (عشق), which means 'Love or Want', and the Persian suffix Ābād (أباد), which means 'City'. |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Goldstein: Press 1 for English. The Dartmouth. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06 and can be viewed on 2018-05-22.
- ↑ Namenforschung / Name Studies / Les noms propres. 2. Halbband+Registerband. Walter de Gruyter. 1 Jan 1996. ISBN 978-3-11-020343-1 Search this book on . Archived from the original on 2020-01-03.
- ↑ The Wiktionary for النمسا
- ↑ These passages about Khān Bālq taken from al-Masalik website, which itself is taken from The Rihla, a travelogue written by Ibn Battuta. Archived version made in 31 Aug, 2018
- ↑ The Medieval World Through Muslim Eyes by Abdullah Ibrahim. Archived Version made in 26 Feb, 2020]
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 The Wiktionary for الصين
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Yule, Henry (2005) [1915]. Cordier, Henri (ed.). Cathay and the Way Thither, pg.165. ISBN 81-206-1966-8 Search this book on .
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 These passages about Guangzhou taken from al-Masalik website, which itself is taken from The Rihla, a travelogue written by Ibn Battuta.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 The Mutual Civilizational Influences Between the Islamic World and China (المؤثرات الحضارية المتبادلة بين العالم الإسلامي والصين) by Ibrahim Muhammad, pg. 62.
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.211 This page about Guangzhou on Wikisource] QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Jawahir al-Kalam by Sheikh Muhammad Hasan an-Najafi, pg.145. Archived version made in 30 Nov, 2019]
- ↑ These passages about Quanzhou taken from al-Masalik website, which itself is taken from The Rihla, a travelogue written by Ibn Battuta.
- ↑ Schottenhammer, Angela (2010). "Transfer of Xiangyao 香藥 from Iran and Arabia to China: A Reinvestigation of Entries in the Youyang Zazu 酉陽雜俎 (863)". Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea. East Asian Maritime History. Vol. 10. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 145. ISBN 978-3-447-06103-2 Search this book on .
- ↑ Haw, Stephen G. (2006). Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan. Routledge studies in the early history of Asia. Vol. 3. Psychology Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-415-34850-1 Search this book on ..
- ↑ «al-'Afqusiyah (Nicosia): The name of the main city of Cyprus, it known in Roman(Latin) as 'Afaqadion', which means the most strategic area. I was told so by an Arabic man of Cypriot origin.» [الأَفْقُوسِيَة] part 1 pg 232, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ Shams al-Din al-Ansari al-Dimashqi, Nukhbat ad-Dahri fi Aja'bi al-Bar wal Bahr (نُخبَة الدَّهرِ في عَجائبِ البَرَّ والبَحرِ). p.118
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.861 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.862 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 JEAN-CHARLES, JEAN-CHARLES (2012). "La France et les territoires avoisinants dans le Uns al-muhaǧ wa-rawḍ al-furaǧ." Journal Asiatique 300.1: 87–138. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.583 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.737 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.859 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ "بلاد الكرج وعلاقاتها مع القوى المجاورة (500- 658هـ/ 1106- 1260م)". Journal of the College of Basic Education. 22 (94/انساني). 2016.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Orientalists by Abd al-Rahman Badawi (موسوعة المستشرقين لعبد الرحمن بدوي), a copy has been preserved March 15, 2020 on the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Everett-Heath, John (2020). "Tbilisi (Tbilisi), Georgia (Tiflis)". The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (6 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-190563-6 Search this book on .. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
The former name is the Persian pronunciation, which is also used by Russians and Armenians. The present Georgian spelling was adopted in 1936
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition: "Tiflīs"
- ↑ Wiktionary for تفلیس
- ↑ W. Montgomery Watt; Pierre Cachia (2007). A History of Islamic Spain. Transaction Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-202-30936-1 Search this book on .. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v. Iķrīṭish
- ↑ Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.150 ISBN 977-14-7049-3 Search this book on .. QID: Q114648616.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.596 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.163 ISBN 977-14-7049-3 Search this book on .. QID: Q114648616.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Agathae sub Alis
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.758 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.752 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.754 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.771 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.748 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.760 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.632 Template:QID
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.614 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 The Wiktionary for Buscemi
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.584 Template:QID
- ↑ Ibn al-Shama' (ابن الشماع). Evidence of illumination in the glories of the Hafsid dynasty(الأدلة البينة النورانية في مفاخر الدولة الحفصية).
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 2, pg. 427, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Vol. 16 (2016) Vera von Falkenhausen, Nadia Jamil, Jeremy Johns, The twelfth-century documents of St. George's of Tròccoli (Sicily)
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.608 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.600 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Ahmed Tawfiq Al-Madani. Muslims in Sicily and southern Italy(المسلمون في جزيرة صقلية وجنوب إيطاليا). Al-Istiqama Library( مكتبة الاستقامة), Tunisia, 1365 HIjri (1945-1946), first edition.
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.618 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Talbi, Mohamed (1966). L'Émirat aghlabide, 184-296/800-909: histoire politique (in French). Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, Adrien-Maisinneuve. p. 494.
- ↑ Vasiliev, A.A. (1968), Byzance et les Arabes, Tome II, 1ére partie: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à L'époque de la dynastie macédonienne (867–959) (in French), French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard, Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales, p. 106
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.753 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Michele Amari's proposed etymology from عين القطّاع ʻAyn al-qaṭṭāʻ ('Spring of the [stone]-cutter") has been abandoned. See Ignazio Scaturro, Storia della città di Sciacca (1924), p. 195.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.585 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.615 Template:QID
- ↑ “In the year 253 Hijri (867-868), Khafajah marched from Balram (Palermo) to the city of Saraqusah (Syracuse) and Qaṭāniyyah (Catania), ruining the land and destroyed its crops.” Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamal fi at-Tarikh.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Muhammad bin Abdul-Mun'im Al-Hamiri, الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار., p.465, Template:QID
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 «Qaṭāliyyah (Catania): also known as Qaṭāniyyah, is an ancient city with churches furnished with speckled marble, it lies on the coast of the island of Siqilliya (Sicily) and sits at the foot of Jabal al-Nār (Mount Etna), it has an elephant statue made of stone and for that it is known as Madinat al-Fīl.» [قَطالِيَة] part 4 pg. 370, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.772 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.604 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.750 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.620 Template:QID
- ↑ "Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq p. 605 - volume 2 - al-Shamela library" Archived from the original in 2022-09-25.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Petra Sijpesteijn. From al-Andalus to Khurasan: documents from the medieval Muslim world, page 88.
- ↑ John Follain (8 Jun 2009). The Last Godfathers. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-84894-249-3 Search this book on ..
Corleone, whose name is believed to derive from Kurliyun (Lionheart), an Arab fighter who conquered it in AD 840, has a proud tradition of standing up for its rights, and violently so...
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.629 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.603 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Khayr al-Din al-Zarkli, الأعلام, part 5 pg. 137.
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.756 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.279. ISBN 977-1470-49-3 Search this book on .. Template:QID.
- ↑ Ventura, Giuseppe. "Profilo storico". Comune di Gela (in Italian). Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.738 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Īṭaliya
- ↑ Trabia, Carlo. "Discovering the Kalsa". Best of Sicily. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.627 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.742 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 5, pg. 728, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.601 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 "marsala | Origin and meaning of the name marsala by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.595 Template:QID
- ↑ «(...) and twelve miles from it to the anchorage of Messina (...)». Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq
- ↑ Chevedden, Paul E. (2010), "A Crusade from the First: The Norman Conquest of Islamic Sicily, 1060–1091", Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean, 22 (2): 191, doi:10.1080/09503110.2010.488891, S2CID 162316105
- ↑ Ibn Khaldun (Investigation: Abu Suhaib Al-Karmi). History of Ibn Khaldun. بيت الأفكار الدولية. Page 42.
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.165 ISBN 977-1470-49-3 Search this book on .. Template:QID.
- ↑ The Great Dictionary of the Arabic Language Academy in Egypt(المعجم الكبير لمجمع اللغة العربية في مصر), letter ب, pg. 520
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.164. ISBN 977-1470-49-3 Search this book on .. Template:QID.
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.747 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.998 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Muhammad bin Abdul-Mun'im Al-Hamiri, الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار., p.280, Template:QID
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 al-Kamal fi at-Tarikh by Ibn al-Athir. A copy was preserved at April 5, 2020 on the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq
- ↑ "Subh al-Asha fi Kitabat al-Insha (صبح الأعشى في كتابة الإنشا)" by al-Qalqashandi, part 5, pg. 374.
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.749 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.597 Template:QID
- ↑ 96.0 96.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.764 Template:QID
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.757 Template:QID
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.628 Template:QID
- ↑ «Tābarmīn (Taormina): a fortified castle in Sicily.» [طَبَرْمِين] part 4 pg 17, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.773 Template:QID
- ↑ Muhammad bin Abdel Mun'im al-Hamiri, al-Rawd al-Matar fi Khabar al-Aqtar (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار), p. 382, QID:Q6417674
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.630 Template:QID
- ↑ 'Asam Sisalim (1984) Juzur al-Andalus al-Mansiyah [جُزُر الْأَنْدَلُس الْمَنْسِيَّة] (First Print) Beirut: دار العلم للملايين, p.144, OCLC:903268596, QID:Q107104515
- ↑ Maroun Semaan Raad, مقام الأمير فخر الدين المعني في الغرب, pages 29 - 78 - 121, QID:Q117662668
- ↑ Ya'qub Sarkis, (1948), مباحث عراقية، شركة التجارة والطباعة المحدودة, part 2 pg. 157, QID:Q117662704
- ↑ Hussein bin Ali al-Kattani, (2020), تعداد المسلمين بالعالم, Beirut:دار الكتب العلمية, pg. 734, ISBN 978-2-7451-9728-3 Search this book on .. QID:Q116973732.
- ↑ Muhammad Kurd Ali, (2022), الإسلام والحضارة العربية ,مؤسسة هنداوي, p.767, ISBN 978-1-5273-1373-6 Search this book on .. QID:Q117662784.
- ↑ Taha Hussein, Muhammad Kurd Ali, Ali Mustafa Mushrifah, (1936), آراء حرة, مؤسسة هنداوي, pg.58, ISBN 978-1-5273-1468-9 Search this book on .. QID:Q117662911.
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.765 Template:QID
- ↑ Michele Amari, Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, volume 2, Florence, Felice Le Monnier, 1858.
- ↑ 111.0 111.1 Christopher Gravett (1 July 2007). History of Castles, New and Revised. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-4617-4929-5 Search this book on ..
- ↑ A Companion to Medieval Palermo: The History of a Mediterranean City. Leiden; Boston : Brill. 2013. ISBN 978-90-04-25253-0 Search this book on ..
- ↑ 113.0 113.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.587 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Mohamed 'Itris (2001). "معجم بلدان العالم". Cairo, Dar al-Thaqafah for Publishing: 394. Template:QID
- ↑ 115.0 115.1 Afūqay al-Andalusi describes the Netherlands four centuries ago here on January 7-2013, a preserved copy on August 03, 2010 can be found on the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 488, QID:Q20418218
- ↑ "Dicionário de Arabismos da Língua Portuguesa" by José Adalberto Coelho Alves
- ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alf%C3%A2ndega
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 2, pg. 395, QID:Q20418218
- ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 61, Template:QID
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.547 Template:QID
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 69, Template:QID
- ↑ 123.0 123.1 "Beja | Dicionário Infopédia de Toponímia".
- ↑ Abd al-Muhsin Taha; (1987). History of Spanish resistance movements against Muslims in al-Andalus (تاريخ حركات المقاومة الاسبانية ضد المسلمين في الاندلس). مكتبة سعيد رأفت. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07.
- ↑ Ahmed bin Muhammed bin Daraj (1969). "Diwan Ibn Daraj al-Qastli; investigated and commented on by Mahmoud Ali Makki". The Islamic office. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11.
- ↑ Group, The LADO (8 Apr 2007). "From Arabic to Spanish (Surnames and Places)". The LADO Group. Archived from the original on 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 3, pg. 560, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.726 Template:QID
- ↑ Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié de la Société de Geographie , Paris: Société de Géographie, part 6 pg.26, QID:Q51524786
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 2, pg. 241, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.176 ISBN 977-14-7049-3 Search this book on .. QID: Q114648616.
- ↑ 132.0 132.1 132.2 132.3 132.4 Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.123 ISBN 977-14-7049-3 Search this book on .. QID: Q114648616.
- ↑ 133.0 133.1 Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.172 ISBN 977-14-7049-3 Search this book on .. QID: Q114648616.
- ↑ "Ulemas v1.7". http://www.eea.csic.es. Archived from the original on 2019-12-15 and 2019-06-12.
- ↑ «In the forty miles between al-Yusāna (Lucena) to the city of Cordoba the forts of Ḥiṣn Bulāy (Aguilar de la Frontera) and Ḥiṣn Munturk (Monturque) can be encountered, which are forts inhabited by Berbers since the days of the Umayyads.» - Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq
- ↑ 136.0 136.1 Pacheco Paniagua, Juan Antonio. Sobre la etimología de Albacete Archived 2010-04-07 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Centro de Estudios de Castilla-La Mancha (in Spanish). pp. 71–78. Retrieved May 18, 2012
- ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 137.3 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 46, Template:QID
- ↑ "Albalá". Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. 15 Dec 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-10-16.
- ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 139.3 al-Maqri al-Tlemceni, Nafah at-Tayib min Ghusn al'Andalus ar-Ratib(نفح الطيب من غصن الأندلس الرطيب).
- ↑ «أُقْلِيشُ، بِالضَّمِّ: بلد، بِالأَنْدَلُسِ ، مِنْ أَعْمَالِ شَنْتَمَرِيّةَ». al-Murtada al-Zubaidi. Taj al-'urus min Jawahir al-Qamus (تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس). section “Qalash (قلش)”
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 51, Template:QID
- ↑ Ahmad Azawi, The Islamic West: During the 7th and 8th Centuries Hijri, a Study and Analysis of His Letters, pg. 217
- ↑ Luis del Mármol (1984). افريقيا. Maktabat al-Maʻārif. Archived from the original on 2020-09-21.
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 4, pg. 474, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ 145.0 145.1 Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.122 ISBN 977-14-7049-3 Search this book on .. QID: Q114648616.
- ↑ 146.0 146.1 146.2 146.3 146.4 Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.68 ISBN 977-14-7049-3 Search this book on .. QID: Q114648616.
- ↑ 147.0 147.1 147.2 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 52, QID:Q114700810
- ↑ José María Calvo Baeza, Nombres de lugar españoles de origen árabe, Madrid, Darek-Nyumba, 1994 (Pliegos de Encuentro Islamo-Cristiano, 11).
- ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alcázar de San Juan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 518.
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 53, QID:Q114700810
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 56, QID:Q114700810
- ↑ "Actas del III Congreso Internacional História de la Lengua Española" (PDF).
- ↑ 153.0 153.1 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 58, QID:Q114700810
- ↑ Giménez Resano, Gaudioso (1990). «Toponimia árabe de Aragón». I Curso sobre lengua y literatura en Aragón : (Edad Media). ISBN 84-7820-091-6 Search this book on .
- ↑ Muhammad bin Abdel Mun'im al-Hamiri, al-Rawd al-Matar fi Khabar al-Aqtar (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار), p. 433, QID:Q6417674
- ↑ Rodríguez García, José (2017). «Historia». Alfarnate y Alfarnatejo: Un acercamiento a su historia. Antequera: ExLibric. p. 29
- ↑ "algarrobo". Wiktionary. Aug 28, 2022. Archived from the original on 10–17–2022.
- ↑ "Algeciras | Spain". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
- ↑ 159.0 159.1 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 63, Template:QID
- ↑ Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062455-2 Search this book on .. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ↑ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Granada". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1 Search this book on ..
- ↑ «لقنت», part. 5 pg. 21, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 163.3 163.4 163.5 163.6 Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié de la Société de Geographie , Paris: Société de Géographie, part 6 pg.15, QID:Q51524786
- ↑ 164.0 164.1 164.2 164.3 164.4 164.5 164.6 164.7 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.538 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Shakib Arslan, الحلل السندسية في الأخبار والآثار الأندلسية, Dar Maktabat al-Hayah(دار مكتبة الحياة), part. 3, p. 327, QID: Q19453221
- ↑ "Laqant". Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana (in Valencian). Vol. Historia. Editorial Prensa Valenciana. 2009.
- ↑ "Andalucia Province Website". Archived from the original on 06–23–2021.
- ↑ al-Bayan al-Maghrib fi 'Akhabar al-Andalus wa al-Maghrib: Almohads Section - by al-Katani (البيان المغرب في أخبار الأندلس والمغرب: قسم الموحدين - للكتاني ), A copy was archived on December 16, 2019.
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 1, pg. 82, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 65, Template:QID
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 66, Template:QID
- ↑ Celdrán, Pancracio (2004). Diccionario de topónimos españoles y sus gentilicios (in Spanish). Madrid: Espasa Calpe. p. 54. ISBN 978-84-670-3054-9 Search this book on .
- ↑ 173.0 173.1 173.2 173.3 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 68, Template:QID
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 67, Template:QID
- ↑ Mahmoud Sheib Khattab (2003), Leaders of the Andalusian Conquest(قادة فتح الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 72, QID: Q113950705
- ↑ Muhammad bin Abdel Mun'im al-Hamiri, al-Rawd al-Matar fi Khabar al-Aqtar (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار), p. 537, QID:Q6417674
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 70, Template:QID
- ↑ Membrado Tena, Joan Carles (2014). «Etimología semántica de topónimos municipales valencianos y aragoneses.». 2014, Actes d’Onomàstica de la VII Jornada Xèrica 2013
- ↑ 179.0 179.1 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 71, Template:QID
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 1, pg. 136, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ 181.0 181.1 181.2 181.3 Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Memoires publié de la Société de Geographie, Paris: Société de Géographie, part.6, pg.14, QID: Q51524786
- ↑ 182.0 182.1 "Shlubiniah: a village inhabited on the seashore, there are ten miles between it and al-Munakkab (Almuñécar)." Abu Abdullah al-Himyari, Sifat Jazirat al-Andalus (صفة جزيرة الأندلس).
- ↑ 183.0 183.1 “And from Shalubaniah (Salobreña) to the city of al-Munakkab (Almuñécar) by the sea, it is eight miles.” - Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 72, Template:QID
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.537 Template:QID
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 73, Template:QID
- ↑ «Jazīrat Shaqr (Alzira): In eastern Andalusia, it is one of the most peaceful and isolated of the lands of Allah and majority of it is meadows, trees and water. The writer Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Aisha al-Andalusi often resided there, and wrote poetry about it..» [جزيرة شَقْر] part 3 pg. 354, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ Mokhtar, G (1981), Ancient Civilizations of Africa, vol. 2, University of California Press, p. 281, ISBN 978-0-520-06697-7 Search this book on .
- ↑ Burke, Ulick Ralph (1900), A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic, vol. 1, Year Books, p. 410, ISBN 978-1-4437-4054-8 Search this book on ., archived from the original on 21 August 2014, retrieved 21 August 2014
- ↑ González Jiménez, Manuel (2012). "Sobre los orígenes históricos de Andalucía" (PDF). Boletín de la Real academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras: Minervae baeticae (40): 258. ISSN 0214-4395. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ↑ Reinhart Anne Pieter Dozy (2009). Recherches Sur L'Histoire Et la Littérature de L'Espagne Pendant Le Moyen Age. BiblioBazaar. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-117-03148-4 Search this book on .
- ↑ 192.0 192.1 «Arḍīṭ (Ardales): It is from the villages of Mālqah, born there was Abu al-Hasan Sulayman bin Muhammad bin al-Tarawa al-Saba’i al-Naḥwi Malqi al-Arḍīṭi, who was the Sheikh of the Andalusians of his time.» [أَرْضِيطُ] part 1 pg 152, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names (PDF) pg.47, by Humanities Commons.
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 77, Template:QID
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 80, Template:QID
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 81, Template:QID
- ↑ 197.0 197.1 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 83, Template:QID
- ↑ 198.0 198.1 198.2 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 84, Template:QID
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 85, Template:QID
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 91, Template:QID
- ↑ 201.0 201.1 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 97, Template:QID
- ↑ Salas Martín, José (1995). «Toponimia cacereña: ¿Cáceres > Castra Caecilia?» (In Spanish). Anuario de estudios filológicos (18): 423-437. ISSN 0210-8178.
- ↑ 203.0 203.1 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 99, QID 114700810
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 564, QID:Q20418218
- ↑ Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1855), Über die arabische Geographie von Spanien (In German and Arabic), Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller Universitäts-Verlagsbuchhandlung, part 6 pg. 389, OCLC:163303843, QID:Q121346011
- ↑ 206.0 206.1 206.2 206.3 206.4 206.5 206.6 206.7 Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié de la Société de Geographie , Paris: Société de Géographie, part 6 pg.16, QID:Q51524786
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 259, QID:Q20418218
- ↑ Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié de la Société de Geographie , Paris: Société de Géographie, part 6 pg.30, QID:Q51524786
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.550 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Shakib Arslan, al-Hulal as-Sundisiah fi al-'Akhbar wal-Athar al-'Andalusiah الحلل السندسية في الأخبار والآثار الأندلسية Archive pg.291
- ↑ J. Sanmartín (1994). «Toponimia y antroponimia: fuentes para el estudio de la cultura púnica en España». En A. González Blanco; J.L. Cunchillos Ilarri; M. Molina Martos, ed. El mundo púnico: historia, sociedad y cultura. Murcia: Consejería de Cultura y Educación. Región de Murcia. pp. 227-250. ISBN 84-7564-160-1 Search this book on .
- ↑ 212.0 212.1 "Historia | Bienvenidos a la página oficial del Ayuntamiento de Caspe". 23 September 2013.
- ↑ 213.0 213.1 Encyclopaedia of Islam, Ḳas̲h̲tāla
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.528 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Smedley, Edward; et al., eds. (1845), "Mauritania", Encyclopædia Metropolitana, vol. XXII, London: B. Fellowes & al., pp. 49
- ↑ John Kitto; William Lindsay Alexander, eds. (1864). A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature. Vol. 2. p. 350.
- ↑ Dyer, Thomas H. (1873), "Septem Fratres", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, vol. II, London: John Murray, p. 965
- ↑ «Castillo de Cieza- Historia - Región de Murcia Digital» [In Spanish]. www.regmurcia.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019 .
- ↑ «Yacimiento de Siyâsa - Región de Murcia Digital» [In Spanish]. www.regmurcia.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019 .
- ↑ Two archived articles in Spanish, one talks about 'The History of Siyāsah' [Jan 20, 2016] and another about 'The Museum of Siyāsah' [Feb 3, 2012]
- ↑ 221.0 221.1 A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names (PDF) pg.88, by Humanities Commons.
- ↑ Hillenbrand, Robert (1992). ""The Ornament of the World": Medieval Córdoba as a Cultural Centre". In Jayyusi, Salma Khadra; Marín, Manuela (eds.). The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Brill. p. 112. ISBN 978-90-04-09599-1 Search this book on .
- ↑ Seybold, C.F. & Ocaña Jiménez, M. (1986). "Ḳurṭuba". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume V: Khe–Mahi (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 509–512. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2 Search this book on .
- ↑ Conquest and Arab-Islamic stability in North Africa and Andalusia (الفتح والاستقرار العربي الإسلامي في شمال أفريقيا والأندلس) by Abdul-Wahid Thanun Taha
- ↑ The settlement of the municipality of Zaragoza (8th-10th centuries): data from geographical and historical sources [In Spanish] by Juan Antonio Souto Lasala (1959-2011)
- ↑ An itinerary from Córdoba to Zaragoza in the 10th century (PDF) [In Spanish] by Jesús Zanón. Published by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.560 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 2, pg. 227, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1855), Über die arabische Geographie von Spanien (In German and Arabic), Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller Universitäts-Verlagsbuchhandlung, part 6 pg. 391, OCLC:163303843, QID:Q121346011
- ↑ A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names (PDF) pg.96, by Humanities Commons.
- ↑ List of Arabic and Spanish names for Iberian cities and places. Archived version on 14 July 2019.
- ↑ «Qutunda (Cutenda): A town in al-Andalus, within the Thagr of Saraqusṭah, a battle between the Muslims and the Franks took place there, which was cited by the imam of the hadith scholars in Andalusia, Judge Abu Ali al-Hussein bin Muhammad bin Firah bin Hayun bin Sakra al-Sadfi al-Saraqusti, in Rabi’ al-Awwal in the year 514 Hijri, at the age of sixty years.» [قُتُنْدَةُ] part 4 pg310, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names (PDF) pg.97, by Humanities Commons.
- ↑ Yousef Ahmad Bani Yassin(يوسف أحمد بني ياسين) (2004). بلدان الأندلس في أعمال ياقوت الحموي (دراسة مقارنة) p.346, ISBN 9948-06-119-5 Search this book on .. QID:Q113951980
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. part 2 p.554 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Muhammad ibn Abdul-Mun'im al-Himyari, ar-Ruwaḍ al-Mu'ṭār fi Khabar al-'Aqṭār (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار) p.235 QID:Q6417674
- ↑ 237.0 237.1 Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 105, QID 114700810
- ↑ 238.0 238.1 Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 5, pg. 727, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ 239.0 239.1 «...and from it flows the river of 'Ibrah, which is also the river of Ṭurṭūshah» [نَهْرُ إِبْرَةَ] part 4 pg 32, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ «إِسْتِجَةُ», part. 1 pg. 174, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ Giménez Resano, Gaudioso (1991). «Toponimia árabe de Aragón». I curso sobre lengua y literatura en Aragón (Edad Media).
- ↑ POCKLINGTON, Robert (2016). «Lexemas toponímicos andalusíes (I)». Alhadra. Magazine of Andalusian culture 2. ISSN 2444-5282.
- ↑ Wiktionary for فوارة
- ↑ "Faraján". Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre (In Spanish). 16 Oct 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-10-16.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, D̲j̲illīḳiyya
- ↑ 246.0 246.1 Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 1, pg. 257, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M; La Boda, Sharon (1995). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-04-4 Search this book on .. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ↑ Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features And Historic Sites. McFarland. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7 Search this book on .. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ↑ Dale, Alfred (1882). The Synod of Elvira. MacMillan and Co. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ↑ El Hareir, Idris (2011). The spread of Islam throughout the world. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2 Search this book on .. Retrieved 25 October 2014
- ↑ 251.0 251.1 «Ibn Hawqal said: And Wādī Al-Ḥijāra is near the Madinat Salem. Ibn Saeed said: To the east of Ṭulayṭilah (Toledo) is the Madinat al-Faraj, and its river is called Wādī Al-Ḥijāra, and to its east is Madinat Salem.» Abu al-Fida', تقويم البلدان
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 109, Template:QID
- ↑ Muhammad bin Abdel Mun'im al-Hamiri, al-Rawd al-Matar fi Khabar al-Aqtar (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار), p. 63, QID:Q6417674
- ↑ 254.0 254.1 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.733 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Yousef Ahmad Bani Yassin(يوسف أحمد بني ياسين) (2004). بلدان الأندلس في أعمال ياقوت الحموي (دراسة مقارنة) p.362, ISBN 9948-06-119-5 Search this book on .. QID:Q113951980
- ↑ Yousef Ahmad Bani Yassin(يوسف أحمد بني ياسين) (2004). بلدان الأندلس في أعمال ياقوت الحموي (دراسة مقارنة) p.352, ISBN 9948-06-119-5 Search this book on .. QID:Q113951980
- ↑ Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Memoires publié de la Société de Geographie, Paris: Société de Géographie, part.6, pg.13, QID: Q51524786
- ↑ Yousef Ahmad Bani Yassin(يوسف أحمد بني ياسين) (2004). بلدان الأندلس في أعمال ياقوت الحموي (دراسة مقارنة) p.356, ISBN 9948-06-119-5 Search this book on .. QID:Q113951980
- ↑ Joan Carles Membrado Tena. Sucronense toponymy in Valencia. Barcelona: Biblio 3W, REVISTA BIBLIOGRÁFICA DE GEOGRAFÍA Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES. University of Barcelona. Vol. XVII, No. 999, November 5, 2012
- ↑ "Madrid... Arabic history shrouded in oblivion (مدريد.. تاريخ عربي يلفه النسيان)". Archived from the original on 2018-07-26 and 2017-04-25.
- ↑ 261.0 261.1 Khayat, Ikram. "Algunos aspectos de la influencia del árabe en la lengua española" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 121, QID 114700810
- ↑ Khatrat at-Tayf fi Rihlat ash-Shita' wa as-Sayf (خطرة الطيف في رحلة الشتاء والصيف) by Lisan ad-Din Ibn al-Khatib
- ↑ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 404, QID:Q20418218
- ↑ Mahmoud Sheib Khattab (2003), Leaders of the Andalusian Conquest(قادة فتح الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 73, QID: Q113950705
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.732 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Salma Khadra Jayyusi; Manuela Marín (1992). The Legacy of Muslim Spain. BRILL. p.136. ISBN 978-90-04-09599-1 Search this book on .. Archived from the original in 07–02–2013
- ↑ 'The Brief Encyclopedia of Islamic History (الموسوعة الموجزة في التاريخ الإسلامي)' a copy has been archived on 5-3-2016
- ↑ «طَرَّكُونَةُ», part. 5 pg. 32, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ Muhammad bin Abdul-Mun'im Al-Hamiri, الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار., p.392, Template:QID
- ↑ Yousef Ahmad Bani Yasin, بلدان الأندلس في أعمال ياقوت الحموي الجغرافية (دراسة مقارنة) (First Print), مركز زايد للتراث والتاريخ, UAE, al-Ain, (1425 Hj, 2004 AD), pg.221, ISBN 9948-06-119-5 Search this book on .
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.536 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 136, QID:Q114700810
- ↑ 275.0 275.1 275.2 275.3 Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 5, pg. 729, QID: Q20418218
- ↑ A page of a professor of the Facultad de Filología of the Universidad de Salamanca
- ↑ Entry algar, in DRAE dictionary
- ↑ 278.0 278.1 Richard Burton, The Arabian Nights (vol. 9)'s footnote 82
- ↑ Prof. Joseph E. Garreau, A Cultural Introduction to the Languages of Europe
- ↑ 280.0 280.1 Etymology and Meaning of Trafalgar
- ↑ 281.0 281.1 «أُبَّدَةُ», part. 1 pg. 64, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization (موسوعة الحضارة الإسلامية). The Royal Society for Research in Islamic Civilization (Ahl al-Bayt Foundation). 1413 AH / 1993 AD. pg. 59.
- ↑ Marín, Manuela et al., eds. 1998. The Formation of Al-Andalus: History and Society. Ashgate. ISBN 0-86078-708-7 Search this book on .
- ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, v. 23 The Zenith of the Marwanid House, transl. Martin Hinds, Suny, Albany, 1990
- ↑ Shakib Arslan, الحلل السندسية في الأخبار والآثار الأندلسية, Dar Maktabat al-Hayah(دار مكتبة الحياة), part. 1, p. 338, QID: Q19453221
- ↑ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.727 QID:Q1089336
- ↑ Mahmoud Sheib Khattab (2003), Leaders of the Andalusian Conquest(قادة فتح الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 82, QID: Q113950705
- ↑ «سَرَقُسْطَةُ», part. 3 pg. 212, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
- ↑ de la GRANJA, Fernando (1966). «La Marca Superior en la obra de al-'Udrí». La Marca Superior en la obra de al-'Udrí.
- ↑ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 145, Template:QID
- ↑ Muhammad Fareed Wajdi (1923). دائرة معارف القرن الرابع عشر-العشرين: قاموس عام مطول للغه العربية والعلوم النقلية والعقلية والكونية (Second edition) Twentieth Century Encyclopedia Press (مطبعة دائرة معارف القرن العشرين), Cairo: National Qatar Library(مكتبة قطر الوطنية), First volume, pg.353. Archived from the original l on 2018-06-16. "Sweden is a kingdom in northwest Europe on the Scandinavian peninsula, written by some Arabic writers as Asūj."
- ↑ Team, Almaany. "ترجمة و معنى أسوج بالإنجليزي في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1". http://www.almaany.com (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
This article "Arabic exonyms" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Arabic exonyms. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.