📜 Post with us on Reddit
📝 Create a new article
🏭 Create a company page
🇬🇧 - in English
🇫🇷 - en Français (FR)
🇵🇹 - em Português (PT)
🇩🇪 - in Deutsch (DE)
🇯🇵 - 日本語で (JA)
Sponsored articles

You can edit almost every page by Creating an account. Otherwise, see the FAQ.

Saudi Arabia–Turkey proxy conflict

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Saudi Arabia–Turkey proxy conflict
Part of the Syrian Civil War, Second Libyan Civil War, Kurdish–Turkish conflict, Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Russia–Turkey proxy conflict, Iran–Turkey proxy conflict, Qatar–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Qatar diplomatic crisis and Sudanese Revolution

Location of Saudi Arabia and Turkey
Date3 July 2013 – present (9 years, 6 months and 1 week)
Location
Syria–Turkey border, Caucasus, Libya, Sudan and Qatar
Result

Ongoing

  • Saudi Arabia supported the Egyptian Armed Forces's coup against Turkey and Muslim Brotherhood-backed Mohamed Morsi.[59]
  • Saudi Arabia successfully campaigned against a Turkish bid for non-permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council, due to Saudi opposition to the Turkish stance on the Muslim Brotherhood in March 2014.[60]
  • Early cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Turkey following the ascendant of King Salman in 2015.[61]
  • Failed coup attempt by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates against Turkish President Erdoğan on 15 July 2016.[62]
  • Saudi imposition of blockade on Qatar in 2017, Turkish troops sent to Qatar to defend her from Saudi Arabia.[34]
  • Cooperation between Saudi Arabia and Israel increased in 2017 against Turkish expansion.[63]
  • The lease of Suakin to Turkish contractors by then-Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir in January 2018.[64][65][66] It was cancelled after the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état backed by Saudi Arabia.[18]
  • Turkish soap operas officially banned from airing in Saudi Arabia on 1 March 2018.[67]
  • Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman referred to Turkey as part of a "triangle of evil" alongside Iran and Muslim Brotherhood.[68][69]
  • In August 2018, Turkey backed Saudi Arabia in its dispute with Canada, rejecting the Canadian actions as a "form of interference in other countries’ internal affairs".[70]
  • On 2 October 2018, Saudi journalist and The Washington Post writer Jamal Khashoggi was killed in the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul, which Turkish President Erdoğan blamed Saudi Arabia's Mohammed bin Salman.[71][72][73][74]
  • In November 2018, it was reported that Saudi Arabia and Syria were negotiating a political reconciliation, with the United Arab Emirates as an intermediary. The talks included potential future cooperation against the Muslim Brotherhood and Turkey in the region.[15]
  • Saudi Arabia's open support for Kurds against Turkey since 2018.[75][76]
  • Turkey has thrown support to the Islamist-backed Government of National Accord in Tripoli, while Saudi Arabia supports Khalifa Haftar's House of Representatives in Tobruk.[77][78]
  • In 2019, Saudi Arabia agreed to sponsor recognition of the Armenian Genocide in the United States Congress.[79]
  • In February 2020, Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs Adel al-Jubeir accused Turkey of financing and sponsoring the "extremist militias" in Somalia, Libya and Syria,[80] Saudi Arabia also moved to block all Turkish websites in Saudi Arabia. In response, Ankara announced it would block all Saudi and Emirati websites in the country.[81]
  • In August 2020, Turkey for the first time was named as a threat for Saudi Arabia and Middle East.[82][83]
  • Turkish leader Erdoğan accused Gulf Arab countries of destabilising peace in Middle East and Caucasus due to September 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict after Saudi channel Al Arabiya's broadcast of Armenian President Armen Sargsyan, causing anti-Turkish sentiment to spread in Saudi Arabia as Saudi officials called for boycott against Turkish goods.[84]
Belligerents

 Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia-backed allies:

Diplomatic/Political support:

 Turkey

Turkey-backed allies:

Diplomatic/Political support:

Commanders and leaders
Saudi Arabia Salman of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Salman
United Arab Emirates Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
United Arab Emirates Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
France Emmanuel Macron
Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
Greece Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Armenia Armen Sargsyan
Armenia Nikol Pashinyan
Russia Vladimir Putin
India Narendra Modi
Libya Khalifa Haftar
Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades
Chad Idriss Déby
Kurdistan Region Masoud Barzani
Kurdistan Region Nechirvan Barzani
China Xi Jinping		 Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev
Pakistan Imran Khan
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bakir Izetbegović
Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky
Syrian opposition George Sabra
Syrian opposition Abdurrahman Mustafa
Qatar Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
Libya Fayez al-Sarraj
Northern Cyprus Ersin Tatar
State of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas

The Saudi Arabia–Turkey proxy conflict is an emerging conflict to struggle for influence in the Middle East and surrounding regions between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Turkey.[85] The two countries have been fighting for influence over the entire of West Asia, as well as in North Africa, South Asia, Balkans and recently, Caucasus.[85]

In what has been described as a cold war, the conflict is waged on multiple levels over geopolitical, economic, and sectarian influence in pursuit of regional hegemony between the two countries, especially with regard to the interpretation of Islam.[86] The proxy conflict began in 2011,[citation needed] but it only started to take notice since 2017 and has since then witnessed an increase of escalation and confrontation between Saudi Arabia and Turkey in various frontiers.[87] In addition, widespread religious sectarianism between two main Sunni forces, with both see themselves as the leading Islamic power, has further exacerbated the tensions.[86][88]

Background[edit]

See also: Wahhabi War

The root of tensions between Saudi Arabia and Turkey have been traced back earlier, in 19th century when the Ottoman Empire fought against the First Saudi State, the predecessor of modern Saudi Arabia, where the Turks won the war and continued occupying the Arabian peninsula until 1918.[89] This had fueled the distrust and hostility against Wahhabism, the official Islamic movement of the House of Saud, among the Ottoman elites, which was rekindled by the rise of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to power in Turkey.[88]

The modern root of hostility began as Saudi Arabia and Turkey started to experience Arab Spring. At first, Saudi Arabia and Turkey found themselves a common alliance against the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad, ultimately on the same side in the early phase of the Syrian civil war.[90][91] Saudi Arabia at the first stage also saw Turkey as a guarantor.[92] However, Turkey has demonstrated clear support for the Muslim Brotherhood, which the current ruling regime in Ankara is part of, amidst the Arab Spring, whereas Saudi Arabia was skeptical and even hostile to the Spring and even worse, MB, whom Riyadh saw as a potential enemy.[93] On the same time, Turkey began to raise the Islamic issues more frequent, and sometimes conflicted with Riyadh's interests, fueled the future tensions between two nations.[86][88][85][94]

Timeline[edit]

2013 Egyptian coup[edit]

Main article: 2013 Egyptian coup d'état
General Abdul Fatah al-Sisi in April 2013. He orchestrated the coup in Egypt against Turkish-backed Mohamed Morsi three months later.

On 3 July 2013, a military coup in Egypt occurred, resulted in the ousting of Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi, and the rise of military candidate Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who organized the coup.[95] The coup was backed by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, while Turkey openly denounced the coup and accused el-Sisi of undemocratic.[96][97][59] Subsequently, Egypt drifted closer to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, forming the seed of future alliance against Turkey between three Arab countries.

March 2014 United Nations General Assembly[edit]

Turkey had run for a seat in the United Nations General Assembly in 2014, however, Saudi Arabia had demonstrated its opposition as Turkey had backed the Muslim Brotherhood at the time and lobbied various countries to not elect Turkey for the bid. Eventually, Turkey suffered a denting defeat to Spain and New Zealand and was unable to gain a seat in the United Nations Assembly.[60][98] After that, Turkey and Saudi Arabia entered into a hiatus in relations before cooperation between Ankara and Riyadh resumed under the new King Salman.[61]

2016 Turkish coup attempt[edit]

Main article: 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt

A series of leaked emails in June 2017 by Yousef Al Otaiba lending credence to this allegation that Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates were planning to overthrow the Islamist government in Ankara back in July 2016, fueling the distrust between Turkey and Saudi Arabia.[99][100][101][62]

2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis[edit]

Main articles: Qatar diplomatic crisis and Qatar–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

The proxy conflict between Turkey and Saudi Arabia began to gain attention after Turkey voiced its open opposition to the blockade of Qatar and sending troops to the country after Saudi Arabia cut tie with Qatar over terrorism charges.[34][102] On 5 June, several of Qatar's neighbors sealed off their air, land and sea borders to Qatar-flagged vessels and vessels arriving to and from Qatar. From 5 June to 25 June, Turkey's exports to Qatar tripled in value.[103] Turkey mainly helped Qatar with food supplies, particularly dairy, poultry and fruit products.[104] At one point, Turkey was exporting 200,000 tonnes of vegetables to Qatar daily, and was also helping Qatar meet the majority of its dairy supply.[105] On 6 September, a trade line route between Qatar and Turkey running through Iran was inaugurated, shortening the travel time of goods traded to under 2 days.[106] As a response, Qatar has emerged as a major investor to Turkey in 2018, where its activities were seen as a repaying debt for Turkish support to the country when Turkey was suffering a currency and debt crisis.[107][108]

Saudi Arabia, in response, has threatened to impose sanctions against Turkey, and has conducted discussions with the UAE on the topic of curbing “Turkish expansionist policy”. In turn, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused Saudi Arabia of being non-Islamic and heretics. An attempted coup by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates was foiled aftermath.[109]

Turkish military base in Somalia[edit]

Main article: Camp TURKSOM

In 2017, the Turkish Armed Forces inaugurated its first oversea base in Somalia.[46] Saudi Arabia viewed it as an attempt to expand Turkish influence and had sought to thwart the move.[110][111] In 2020, Saudi Arabia acquired an important military base in Djibouti.[112]

Sudan[edit]

Main articles: Suakin and Sudanese Revolution

Sudanese dictator Omar al-Bashir agreed to lease the island of Suakin to Turkey in January 2018.[64][65] This had led to an increase of fear over Turkey might be using the base to threaten security of Saudi Arabia and allies Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.[113][114]

In 2019, anti-Bashir protest, backed by Saudi Arabia, erupted and this led to the eventual fallout of relations between Turkey and Sudan, as Turkey had backed Sudanese dictator Omar al-Bashir to quell the protest.[115] The deal was eventually cancelled in 2019 despite Turkish assurance about the deal.[116][18]

Banning of Turkish soap dramas[edit]

In 2018, Saudi Arabia's media officially stopped broadcasting every Turkish soap dramas in the country.[67] Although it was viewed as a way to deal with hardcore Islamic clerics by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the real reason was thought to be ongoing Turkish–Saudi conflict.[117]

Mohammed bin Salman's remark[edit]

On 8 March 2018, Saudi Crown Prince for the first time referred to Turkey as part of a "triangle of evil" alongside Iran and Muslim Brotherhood.[68][69]

Death of Jamal Khashoggi[edit]

Main article: Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi
Turkish-born Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi in 2018, before he was murdered.

The murder of Jamal Khashoggi in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey on 2 October 2018 was the turning point on the increasingly strained relations between Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Saudi government's agents had secretly entered the consulate as the agents, using the pretext of providing papers for his upcoming wedding, quietly conducted assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.[118][119][120][121] The gruesome assassination later went with investigation by Turkish authorities, whom many believed that the Saudi hitman squad, with secret approval from the Saudi Crown Prince, conducted the assassination.[122][123] Later, the Turkish authorities shared records to various nations over the killing of Jamal Khashoggi.[124]

Immediately aftermath, the Turkish President Erdoğan started accusing Saudi officials and eventually Saudi Crown Prince for being the culprits behind the assassination.[71][72][73] Turkish authorities also ordered the arrest of 20 Saudi citizens to begin the trial, which eventually started in July 2020, but all of them had already fled Turkey.[125][126] Saudi Arabia meanwhile denied orchestrating the killing but this has led to rupture of relations between Ankara and Riyadh.

Saudi Arabia's alliance with Syria and Kurds[edit]

Previously critical of Bashar al-Assad's regime, however with Mohammed bin Salman became Crown Prince and souring relations with Turkey, Saudi Arabia began engaging back with Syria in hope to form a united front against Turkey, signaling the change of Saudi policies against Turkey and ceasing of criticism against Assad regime by Saudi government.[15] This was done in response to Turkish military movement in Syria, which Riyadh strongly opposed.[127]

On the same time, Saudi Arabia also sought to increase support for the Kurds to deter against Turkey as well as Iran in response to Trump's withdrawal from Syria, which has also caused unease reaction from Damascus.[128][75][129] Saudi Arabia also sought to back Kurdistan Region, though opposing its attempt to bid for independence.[130]

Libya[edit]

Main articles: Second Libyan Civil War and Turkish military intervention in the Second Libyan Civil War

With the conflict in Libya became increasingly violent, Saudi Arabia has thrown significant support for Khalifa Haftar, the head of the unrecognized Eastern-based House of Representatives as well as providing support against Turkey-backed Government of National Accord run by Islamists.[131][132] To prevent the collapse of the Islamist government in Tripoli, Turkey sent soldiers in January 2020 to counter Saudi Arabia and its allies backing the Eastern-based administration, relieving Tripoli after being besieged by the Saudi-backed forces.[133]

"Extremist militia" accusation[edit]

In February 2020, Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs, Adel al-Jubeir accused Turkey of financing and sponsoring the "extremist militias" in Somalia, Libya and Syria,[80] Saudi Arabia also moved to block all Turkish websites in Saudi Arabia. In response, Ankara announced it would block all Saudi and Emirati websites in the country.[81]

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and Armenia[edit]

Main article: Second Karabakh war

The Turkish government openly blasted Saudi Arabia for siding with Armenia in the conflict after Saudi Arabian channel Al Arabiya broadcast the speech of Armenian President Armen Sargsyan and perceived Saudi Arabia's sympathy toward Armenia in the conflict, despite Saudi Arabia's plead for neutrality and called for a solution to solve the conflict; in response, Saudi Arabia called for boycott anything related to Turkey and Turkish.[134][84][135] Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates' relations with Armenia, the adversary of Turkey, have grown considerably despite Saudi Arabia and Armenia have no official relations, with Saudi Arabia sponsored the solution to recognize the Armenian Genocide a year before the Armenian–Azerbaijani conflict.[14][79]

Involvements by parties[edit]

Saudi Arabia's supporters[edit]

United Arab Emirates[edit]

Main article: Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations

The United Arab Emirates have been Saudi Arabia's most staunch ally in the conflict, and often provides rhetoric criticism and hostile to Turkish government's ambition.[136] The United Arab Emirates had previously executed a plan to remove the AKP from power, but it was unsuccessful.[62] Turkey has threatened the United Arab Emirates after the country signed Abraham Accords normalising relations with Israel.[137]

Israel[edit]

Main article: Israel–Saudi Arabia relations

As the relations between Israel and Turkey become increasingly deteriorated while Israel's relations with Saudi Arabia have been warming, Israel and Saudi Arabia have engaged in larger cooperation to deal with Turkey. Mossad's chief Yossi Cohen, in 2020, named Turkey for the first time as a threat for the Middle East after discussing with Saudi, Emirati and Egyptian counterparts.[82] In addition, Israel and Saudi Arabia are now working closely to monitor Turkey and its activities and Saudi Arabia had also supported the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain on its peace agreement with Israel to counter Turkey.[92][138]

Bahrain[edit]

Main article: Bahrain–Saudi Arabia relations

Egypt[edit]

Main article: Egypt–Saudi Arabia relations

Following the removal of Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed Morsi and installation of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, a junta leader, relations between Saudi Arabia and Egypt have improved, though differences are yet to be settled.[139][140] Egypt, in addition, has become Turkey's strongest critic in Africa and the Middle East alongside the United Arab Emirates, resulting in tensions with Ankara over Gülen movement, Caucasus (notably Armenian Genocide), Syria and recently Greco–Turkish spat in Mediterranean Sea.[141][142][143]

Russia[edit]

Main articles: Russia–Turkey proxy conflict and Russia–Saudi Arabia relations
Russian president Vladimir Putin and King of Saudi Arabia Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud in the Kremlin, 5 October 2017.

Historical conflicts between Russia and Turkey have been the main reason for Russia to seek closer cooperation with Riyadh, as Saudi Arabia and Russia have increasingly opposed to Turkish ambitions. On 4 October 2017, a three-day visit of King of Saudi Arabia Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud to Russia began, the first official trip to Russia (or the USSR) by a reigning Saudi monarch, which was hailed "historic".[144][145][146] Following the increasingly warm relations between Russia and Saudi Arabia, Riyadh demonstrated significant support for Moscow for the first time, in the Syrian civil war, while Russia and Saudi Arabia openly sided with Libyan warlord Khalifa Haftar in Libya.[147][148] Russia also quietly approved Saudi Arabia's allies on normalizing relations with Israel, in which Turkey opposed.[149][150] In 2018, Saudi Arabia, along with Israel and the United Arab Emirates, lobbied to the U.S. President Donald Trump that he should improve relations with Russia and rethink about sanctions relating Ukrainian crisis, given Ukraine's alliance with Turkey.[151]

Armenia[edit]

Main article: Armenia–Saudi Arabia relations

Although Armenia and Saudi Arabia have no official diplomatic relations, increasing tensions between Riyadh and Ankara forced Saudi Arabia to seek closer tie with Turkey's rivals, which Armenia has been highlighted due to also sharing tense relations with Turkey over the Armenian Genocide. The move began with the sudden congratulations of Armenian independence day by Saudi monarchy to Armenia in 2018.[152]

In 2019, Saudi Arabia agreed to sponsor a final solution to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide in the United States Congress. Saudi Princess Reema bint Bandar Al Saud, in her statement, condemned Turkey.[79] Saudi Arabian ambassador in Lebanon had also paid a visit to Armenian Genocide memorial to demonstrate Saudi solidarity to Armenia.[153] When the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict erupted in 2020, Saudi Arabia provided tacit support for Armenia throughout its media outlet Al Arabiya.[134][135]

Greece and Cyprus[edit]

Main articles: Greece–Saudi Arabia relations and Cyprus–Saudi Arabia relations

After Turkey and Greece got spat with each other over Mediterranean Sea disputes, Saudi Arabia openly supported Greece and Cyprus and accused Turkey of occupying Northern Cyprus.[154][20] Saudi Arabia also ordered embargo on Turkish products in solidarity to Greece.[155]

China[edit]

Main articles: China–Saudi Arabia relations and China–Turkey relations

Historical tensions between China and Turkey over the Uyghur issue and Turkish support for Uyghur militancy across the Middle East against China have boosted relations between China and Saudi Arabia.[156][157][158] Riyadh was one of the signators supporting Chinese policy toward the Uyghurs, including Xinjiang re-education camps.[159] Saudi Arabia is also an increasingly important investor on China's Muslim minority.

India[edit]

Main article: India–Saudi Arabia relations

Turkey's open support for Pakistan's stance in Kashmir and increasing Saudi–Pakistani rift resulted in growing cooperation between India and Saudi Arabia, as Saudi Arabia didn't condemn India over Kashmir when India revoked its special status in 2020.[160][161][162] Nonetheless, Saudi Arabia was criticized after not depicting the disputed territory into Indian territory, even though neither the territory was depicted as part of Pakistan during October 2020 G20 summit; despite this, deterioration in relations between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia are bringing India and Saudi Arabia to a common frontier.[163]

France[edit]

Main articles: France–Saudi Arabia relations and Franco-Turkish proxy conflict

France and Saudi Arabia have recently allied with each other due to common opposition to Turkey. France and Saudi Arabia are commonly on the same side against Turkey in Libya, Syria and the Caucasus.[164][165] France and Turkey have also engaged in their own proxy war, and helps Haftar in Libya.

Chad[edit]

In 2020, Chadian President Idriss Déby denounced Turkish intervention in Libya and sent 1,500 troops to assist Khalifa Haftar, a Saudi ally.[24]

Kurds[edit]

Saudi Arabia have increased its support for the Kurds, mainly to deter Iran but recently also used to fight against Turkey, notably by sponsoring the People's Protection Units (YPG) deterring Turkish expansionism.[166] Saudi Arabia has also invested billion for the Kurdistan region in Syria to improve infrastructures and finances against Turkey.[167]

Khalifa Haftar[edit]

Main article: Libya–Saudi Arabia relations

Saudi Arabia has been instrumental in helping and financing Khalifa Haftar's force against Turkey-backed Islamist regime during the Libyan Civil War.[168]

Turkey's supporters[edit]

Azerbaijan[edit]

Main article: Azerbaijan–Turkey relations

Azerbaijan is Turkey's strongest ally owing by cultural commons between two nations. Azerbaijan is also the only country to openly demonstrate support for Turkish military activities abroad, notably in 2019 when Azerbaijan supported Turkey against the Saudi-backed Kurdish forces which triggered growing hostility between Riyadh and Ankara.[32][169]

Syrian opposition[edit]

Main article: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War

Syrian opposition received support from both Saudi Arabia and Turkey when the Syrian Civil War broke out, but with Saudi Arabia slowly disengaged from the conflict to make peace with Assad, Turkey became its sole supporter and have clashed with numerous Saudi-backed groups in the war.[170]

Ukraine[edit]

Main article: Turkey–Ukraine relations

Relations between Ukraine and Turkey have been strengthened because of Russian intervention to Ukraine amidst the Ukrainian crisis, although Ukraine has been largely vague about hostilities between Saudi Arabia and Turkey.[171] However, Ukraine has denounced Armenia, an ally of Saudi Arabia and Russia, over the Karabakh conflict in September 2020.[172] Turkey has also pledged to provide financial and lethal support for the Ukrainian Armed Forces, such as drones.[173] Because of Ukraine's alliance with Turkey, this has been under target by Israel and Saudi Arabia, who, in 2018, had lobbied the U.S. to reconsider sanctions against Russia over Ukraine in fear of Turkey.[151]

Pakistan[edit]

Main article: Pakistan–Turkey relations

Pakistan and Turkey are also strongly allied with each other and their relationship has been described as special. Pakistan has thrown significant support for Turkey and Azerbaijan, notably the recent 2020 Karabakh conflict.[174] Meanwhile, rift between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have increasingly widened after Saudi Arabia didn't put any major efforts to condemn India over revoking Kashmir's special status.[175] Pakistan has also sought to form a new Islamic bloc at the expense of Saudi Arabia in support for Turkey.[176]

Qatar[edit]

Main article: Qatar–Turkey relations

Palestine[edit]

Main article: Palestine–Turkey relations

Growing Erdoğan's call for solidarity with Palestine has made him a popular figure in the Palestinian territory as relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia to Turkey greatly deteriorated.[177] In addition, relations between Saudi Arabia and Palestine have become increasingly worsened due to growing anti-Palestinian sentiment in Saudi Arabia and anti-Saudi sentiment in Palestine.[178][179][180]

In October 2020, Prince Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud openly criticized Palestine and accusing her of allying with Turkey to undermine Saudi Arabia.[181]

Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations

Government of National Accord[edit]

Main article: Libya–Turkey relations

Turkey is the strongest backer for the Islamists ruling Tripoli, which was recognized as the legitimate government and has sent troops to involve deeper within the conflict.[182]

Others[edit]

United States[edit]

Main articles: Saudi Arabia–United States relations and Turkey–United States relations

The United States is an ally for both nations, thus American policy toward the increasing tensions between Saudi Arabia and Turkey has been described as fluid and uncertain.[183] As the rift between Ankara and Riyadh deepened, the United States has been forced to take a balance policy in favor for both sides; however Turkish aggressive policies have deteriorated U.S.–Turkish relations as Turkey is now seen as an emerging threat for its disruptive behaviors, the U.S. Congress has already blocked arm sale for Turkey for two years since 2018, and its recognition of Armenian Genocide.[184][185] On the other hand, the United States has to deal with increasingly assertive and aggressive Saudi Arabia as well, especially since the murder of Jamal Khashoggi, which Washington sought to avoid.[186] The U.S. also seeks to assist the selling drones alongside Turkey, to Saudi Arabia.[187]

Iran[edit]

Main articles: Iran–Turkey relations and Iran–Saudi Arabia relations

Iran, for most of its history of relations since 1979, has an up-and-down relationship with Turkey and a tense relationship with Saudi Arabia, and thus Iran sought to make itself an alternative player, especially after Ankara and Riyadh secretly echoed the Assassination of Qasem Soleimani.[188][189][190][191] However, economic sanctions and increasing anti-Iranian sentiment have prevented Iran from making a conducive policy, and thus Iran often has to play on a side they would favor. Though by far, Iran tends to align with Turkey, Iran has largely stayed away from many Turkish policies and even openly confronted Ankara in many sensitive issues, such as Syria, Iraq, Libya, and the Caucasus.[192][193][194] Lack of trust between Iran and Turkey as Iranian proxies frequently fight against Turkish proxies and the hostile relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia over Iran's hawkish policies have made Iran an unpredictable player in the Middle East.[195][196]

Syria[edit]

Main articles: Syria–Turkey relations, Syria–Saudi Arabia relations, and Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian Civil War

Syria's relations with Saudi Arabia and Turkey have deteriorated greatly since 2011 when both nations threw support for the Syrian opposition against Assad regime; however, Syria since 2018 has become more concentrated about threats from Turkey, and ceased criticism on Saudi Arabia, as Damascus has now identified Turkey as a bigger and more dangerous threat to its security.[15][16] However, Saudi Arabia's alliance with Syrian Kurds, which also aspired to separate from Syria, complicated the relations.[128]

Sudan[edit]

Main articles: Saudi Arabia–Sudan relations and Sudan–Turkey relations

Until 2010s, Sudan's main ally since 1989 was Iran, a major distinction among most Arab World. But in 2015, Iran and Sudan's relations have deteriorated after Sudan intervened to Yemen in support for Saudi Arabia in calculating for the fragile economy.[197] However, fear of Saudi Arabia's influence pushed Omar al-Bashir to approach Turkey for help, resulting with the lease of Suakin to Turkey in January 2018.[64][65] However, Omar al-Bashir was toppled in the 2019 Sudanese Revolution which Saudi Arabia supported, and Sudan's relations with Turkey have been put on hold.[18] But so far, relations were restored with time.

Australia[edit]

Main articles: Australia–Saudi Arabia relations and Australia–Turkey relations

Australia has strong relations with both Turkey and Saudi Arabia. However, in the aftermath of Christchurch mosque shootings by an Australian White supremacist in 2019, relations between Turkey and Australia deteriorated after Turkish leader Erdoğan openly blasted Australia and insulting much of the country in reference to Gallipoli Campaign, forcing Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison to condemn it "unacceptable".[198] On the other hand, Australia remains a major weapon seller to Saudi Arabia and even has several military personnel (notably Mike Hindmarsh) working in the country during the Yemeni conflict, which caused widespread criticism at home.[199][200]

Morocco[edit]

Main articles: Morocco–Turkey relations and Morocco–Saudi Arabia relations

The North African Kingdom has largely sought to balance between Turkey and Saudi Arabia amidst the intensifying conflict. In 2017, shortly when the Qatar crisis erupted, Morocco decided to send aid to Qatar while expressing desire to maintain a neutral stance and to mediate the Qatari–Saudi conflict.[201][202] As Qatar is Turkey's ally, this didn't go well with Saudi Arabia at first and Saudi Arabia broadcast the issue of Western Sahara, which triggered criticism in Morocco; Morocco responded by recalling its ambassador to Saudi Arabia and suspended its military involvement in Yemen.[203][204] The relationship between Morocco and Saudi Arabia returned to normal after the February 2019 Warsaw Conference.

See also[edit]


Other articles of the topic Saudi Arabia : Kaaba, WWE Crown Jewel, History of Saudi Arabia

Other articles of the topic Asia : AJC Play

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "UAE vs Turkey: the regional rivalries pitting MBZ against Erdogan". www.ft.com.
  2. ↑ "Tensions Between Egypt and Turkey Are on the Rise". www.washingtoninstitute.org.
  3. ↑ "Amid tensions in Libya, Turkey's hostile statements about UAE a provocation: Bahrain". Al Arabiya English. August 2, 2020.
  4. ↑ Mackinnon, Amy. "Russia and Turkey's Proxy War in Libya Heats Up".
  5. ↑ Taspinar, Omer (October 6, 2020). "Turkey-Russia role in Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict". Asia Times.
  6. ↑ "UAE pushing for Arab-European alliance to curtail Turkish encroachment |". AW.
  7. ↑ https://www.israelhayom.com/opinions/turkey-is-the-next-iran/
  8. ↑ "Turkish-US Tensions Escalate Over Syria Deal | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com.
  9. ↑ World, Republic. "Turkey condemns Biden's remarks on Erdogan, says it is based on 'pure ignorance'". Republic World.
  10. ↑ "The Real Reason Turkey Is Mad at Joe Biden". August 17, 2020 – via www.bloomberg.com.
  11. ↑ World, Republic. "US accuses Turkey of increasing risk in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict by supporting Azerbaijan". Republic World.
  12. ↑ "Pompeo Criticizes Turkey's Involvement in Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Blogger, Guest. "Saudi Arabia And Armenia: Historical Chance".
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Fenton-Harvey, Jonathan. "How the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict could spiral into a proxy war". alaraby.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Leith Aboufadel (7 November 2018). "Syria and Saudi Arabia to potentially reconcile after UAE reopens Damascus embassy". Al Masdar News.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "With eye on Turkey, Arabs look to mend ties with Al Assad". Gulf News.
  17. ↑ "Fight over the Mediterranean: France's Proxy War and the Budding Turkish-Russian Alliance". Middle East Monitor. September 27, 2020.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "Turkey loses strategic ally with the removal of Sudan's Bashir". Ahval.
  19. ↑ Riedel, Bruce (July 20, 2020). "Saudi Arabia's relations with China: Functional, but not strategic".
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Saudi Arabia, UAE siding with Greece against Turkey in Cyprus". Middle East Monitor. January 29, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Iraqi campaign to boycott Turkey, Iran products following Tigris drought". Al Arabiya English. June 4, 2018.
  22. ↑ Pai, Nitin (August 20, 2020). "India is good in the Arab world now. But Delhi must quickly move to contain Turkey's Erdogan".
  23. ↑ "Turkey's Erdogan chases Ottoman dream, ends up unsettling West Asia | Analysis". Hindustan Times. September 14, 2020.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Chad to send 1,500 troops to Libya in support of Marshal Haftar". Atalayar.
  25. ↑ Grattan, Michelle. "Christchurch attack strains Australian-Turkish relations ahead of ANZAC day". The Conversation.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 SABAH, DAILY (September 6, 2020). "Turkey has 'deep concern' over Serbia, Kosovo moving embassies to Jerusalem". Daily Sabah.
  27. ↑ https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/energy-diplomacy/turkey-condemns-kosovo-envoy-s-facebook-post/26316
  28. ↑ "Serbia condemns Turkish PM for saying that Turkey and Kosovo were part of a common civilization". TASS.
  29. ↑ "Albania Suspended Between Gulen and Erdogan - Inside Over".
  30. ↑ "Schools a New Tool of Turkish Influence in Albania". September 4, 2019.
  31. ↑ "New Zealand and Australia stoke tensions with Turkey | Scoop News". www.scoop.co.nz.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Azerbaijan comes out in support of Turkish military operation in Syria". October 12, 2019.
  33. ↑ "AP Explains: What lies behind Turkish support for Azerbaijan". AP NEWS. October 2, 2020.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "Turkey sends more troops to Qatar". www.aljazeera.com.
  35. ↑ "Turkey and Qatar: Love in Bloom". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. July 1, 2020.
  36. ↑ Wright, Robin. "After Six Decades, Turkey Is Now a U.S. Ally in Name Only". The New Yorker.
  37. ↑ AA, DAILY SABAH WITH (October 7, 2020). "US lawmaker underlines importance of Turkey-US relations, alliance". Daily Sabah.
  38. ↑ https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/pakistan-lauds-turkeys-support-on-kashmir/1956196
  39. ↑ https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/israel-to-maintain-azeri-edge-in-karabakh-war/
  40. ↑ AGENCIES, DAILY SABAH WITH (July 11, 2020). "Turkey stands by Bosnia in fight for justice for Srebrenica genocide". Daily Sabah.
  41. ↑ "From myth to reality: How to understand Turkey's role in the Western Balkans". ECFR.
  42. ↑ "If Bosnia-Herzegovina sided with Azerbaijan, what position will Serbia take?". B92.net.
  43. ↑ "Turkey supports Ukraine's NATO membership prospect | KyivPost - Ukraine's Global Voice". KyivPost. October 16, 2020.
  44. ↑ "Ukraine, Turkey sign military cooperation deal". Ahval.
  45. ↑ "Azerbaijan grateful to Ukraine for support of its territorial integrity - ambassador". www.ukrinform.net.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 NASSIR, İbrahim. "Turkey's Military Base in Somalia: Goals and Probable Risks | Ankara Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Merkezi".
  47. ↑ Khalif, Abdulkadir (October 14, 2020). "Somalia: Turkey Digs Deeper Into Somalia Infrastructure Projects". allAfrica.com.
  48. ↑ "As Kabul Backs Azerbaijan In Conflict With Armenia, Afghans Recall Fighting In Previous War". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
  49. ↑ "Why is Kuwait approaching Turkey for military cooperation?". Why is Kuwait approaching Turkey for military cooperation?.
  50. ↑ https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/kuwaitis-campaign-to-replace-french-goods-with-turkish/2022426
  51. ↑ http://www.miniszterelnok.hu/hungary-is-on-turkeys-side/
  52. ↑ https://institute.global/policy/battle-influence-caucasus
  53. ↑ https://adnanabuamer.com/post/4451/how-saudi-arabia-turned-against-palestinians-in-the-kingdom
  54. ↑ https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/palestinians-saudi-arabia-behind-anti-palestinian-smear-campaign-625584
  55. ↑ https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/palestine-hails-erdogan-s-speech-to-un/1983143
  56. ↑ https://atalayar.com/en/content/erdogan-raises-tone-and-warns-israeli-takeover-palestinian-land
  57. ↑ https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-secretly-operating-cyber-counterintelligence-hq-in-turkey-report/
  58. ↑ https://www.ft.com/content/7447e141-3d3f-4d98-953d-179e15909a7e
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Hearst, David (August 20, 2013). "Why Saudi Arabia is taking a risk by backing the Egyptian coup | David Hearst" – via www.theguardian.com.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "TURKEY LOSES U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL SEAT IN HUGE UPSET". Newsweek. 16 October 2014.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Gurcan, Metin (June 3, 2015). "What are Turkish troops going to do in Qatar?". Al-Monitor.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 "EXCLUSIVE: UAE 'funnelled money to Turkish coup plotters'". Middle East Eye édition française.
  63. ↑ "Israel and Saudi Arabia: What's shaping the covert 'alliance'". November 24, 2017 – via www.bbc.com.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 sabah, daily (26 April 2019). "Turkey to remain on Sudan's Suakin Island for civilian purposes". Daily Sabah.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 "Why is Sudan's Suakin island important for Turkey?". Why is Sudan's Suakin island important for Turkey?.
  66. ↑ Oruç, Merve Şebnem (10 May 2019). "Who is disturbed by Turkey's presence on Sudan's Suakin island?". Daily Sabah.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "MBC stops all Turkish TV drama". www.aljazeera.com.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Iran dismisses Saudi talk of 'triangle of evil' as 'childish'". Al-Monitor. 8 March 2018.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Saudi prince says Turkey part of 'triangle of evil': Egyptian media". Reuters. 7 March 2018.
  70. ↑ "Turkish, Saudi foreign ministers discuss ties". Anadolu Agency. 10 August 2018.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Weise, Zia (26 October 2018). "Erdoğan's risky Saudi strategy". POLITICO.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Patrick Wintour (23 October 2018). "Erdoğan's Khashoggi speech poses tough questions for Bin Salman". The Guardian.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Khashoggi murder: Turkish leader blames Saudi state directly". BBC News. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  74. ↑ "Khashoggi murder: Body 'dissolved in acid'". BBC News. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria". Middle East Monitor. November 22, 2018.
  76. ↑ https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/ce2dbb55-9b54-4101-9160-362056e7c181
  77. ↑ "Saudis 'gave Libya's Haftar millions of dollars before offensive'". www.aljazeera.com.
  78. ↑ "Turkey reaffirms support for Libya's Tripoli government". Anadolu Agency. 6 July 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 "Saudi Arabia will financially sponsor Armenian Genocide resolution in U.S." www.aravot-en.am.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "Saudi Arabia accuses Turkey of supporting extremist militias in three Arab countries". Middle East Monitor. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "Turkey blocks Saudi and Emirati state news websites". Al Jazeera.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Boyes, Roger. "Mossad thinks Turkey is a bigger menace than Iran" – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  83. ↑ "Recep Tayyip Erdogan's foreign adventures may prove costly for Turkey". Arab News. June 14, 2020.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 "Azerbaijan-Armenia war: Saudi Arabia calls for boycott of Turkish goods, Israel urges NATO action against Turkey". News 24 Hindi. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 "What a Turkey-Saudi Arabia 'cold war' will mean for the Middle East". September 9, 2019.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 al-Buluwi, Abdulmajeed (April 1, 2014). "The Saudi-Turkey cold war for Sunni hegemony". Al-Monitor.
  87. ↑ "The coming proxy wars between Turkey and Saudi Arabia". BrandeisNOW.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 Koru, Selim (July 24, 2015). "Turkey's 200-Year War against 'ISIS'". The National Interest.
  89. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265756925_Rereading_Ottoman_Accounts_of_Wahhabism_as_Alternative_Narratives_Ahmed_Cevdet_Pasa%27s_Historical_Survey_of_the_Movement
  90. ↑ "Syria unrest: Turkey presses Assad to end crackdown". August 9, 2011 – via www.bbc.com.
  91. ↑ "Are Turkey and Saudi Arabia Going to War in Syria?". War on the Rocks. April 20, 2015.
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 "Saudi Arabia saw Turkey as a security guarantor in 2011, why not in 2020?". Middle East Monitor. October 13, 2020.
  93. ↑ "Turkey's relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood". Al Arabiya English. October 14, 2013.
  94. ↑ Habibi, Nader. "How Turkey and Saudi Arabia became frenemies – and why the Khashoggi case could change that". The Conversation.
  95. ↑ Kirkpatrick, David D. (July 3, 2013). "Army Ousts Egypt's President; Morsi Is Taken Into Military Custody (Published 2013)" – via NYTimes.com.
  96. ↑ http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11693/36593/bilkent-research-paper.pdf?sequence=1
  97. ↑ "Saudi king backs Egypt's military". www.aljazeera.com.
  98. ↑ Sengupta, Somini (October 16, 2014). "Venezuela Gets U.N. Seat; Turkey Is Denied (Published 2014)" – via NYTimes.com.
  99. ↑ "Abu Dhabi links with Israel exposed in leaked emails". Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  100. ↑ "UAE allegedly funneled $3B to topple Erdoğan, Turkish government". Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  101. ↑ "UAE ambassador's hacked emails 'show' alleged role in Turkey coup". Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  102. ↑ "Why is Turkey standing up for Qatar?". June 14, 2017 – via www.bbc.com.
  103. ↑ "Turkish exports to Qatar triple during Gulf crisis: trade minister". Reuters. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  104. ↑ "Turkey's Erdogan concludes Gulf mediation tour in Qatar". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  105. ↑ Sigurd Neubauer (13 September 2017). "How Qatar Seeks To Establish New Trade Routes". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  106. ↑ "Qataris savor Iran land route in upset for Saudis". Press TV. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  107. ↑ "Qatar's Emir pledges $15 billion direct investment in Turkey: Erdogan's office". Reuters. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  108. ↑ Dominic Dudley (16 August 2018). "Qatar Repays Diplomatic And Military Debt To Turkey With Offer Of $15B In Financial Support". Forbes. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  109. ↑ Şafak, Yeni (3 August 2019). "Saudi, UAE coup attempt in Qatar foiled by Turkey". Yeni Şafak.
  110. ↑ "Base race in the Horn of Africa". www.lowyinstitute.org.
  111. ↑ ROSSITER, ASH; CANNON, BRENDON J. (2019). "The Political and Security Dimensions of Turkey's Military Presence in Somalia". Insight Turkey. 21 (1): 167–188. doi:10.25253/99.2019211.09. JSTOR 26776053 – via JSTOR.
  112. ↑ Taştekin, Fehim (August 31, 2020). "Turkey's militarized Africa opening fuels influence wars". Al-Monitor.
  113. ↑ Sihombing, Yeremia Hotmartua. "What is happening in Suakin Island?". Strategic Review.
  114. ↑ "Why Egypt is concerned over Sudan-Turkey's Suakin deal". EgyptToday. January 6, 2018.
  115. ↑ "Turkey, Qatar influence weakened by turmoil in Libya, Sudan". MEO. May 24, 2019.
  116. ↑ "Turkey's pact with Sudan over Suakin not cancelled - Foreign Ministry". Ahval.
  117. ↑ "Regional Dispute Forces Turkish Soap Operas Off the Air".
  118. ↑ "'Tell Your Boss': Recording Is Seen to Link Saudi Crown Prince More Strongly to Khashoggi Killing". The New York Times. 12 November 2018. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  119. ↑ "Jamal Khashoggi: An unauthorized Turkey source says journalist was murdered in Saudi consulate". BBC News. 7 October 2018. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  120. ↑ Nicholas Sakelaris, Saudi Prince bin Salman accepts responsibility but not blame for Khashoggi death, United Press International (26 September 2019).
  121. ↑ David D. Kirkpatrick & Nick Cumming-Bruce, Saudis Called Khashoggi 'Sacrificial Animal' as They Waited to Kill Him, New York Times (19 June 2019).
  122. ↑ Coskun, Orhan (6 October 2018). "Exclusive: Turkish police believe Saudi journalist Khashoggi was killed in consulate – sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  123. ↑ "Turkish police suspect Saudi journalist Khashoggi was killed at consulate". Middle East Eye. 6 October 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  124. ↑ "Turkey gave Khashoggi tapes to European nations, Erdogan says". Reuters. 10 November 2018. Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  125. ↑ "Jamal Khashoggi murder: Turkey puts 20 Saudis on trial in absentia". July 3, 2020 – via www.bbc.com.
  126. ↑ Gall, Carlotta (October 2, 2020). "Trial of 20 Saudis in Jamal Khashoggi Killing Opens in Turkey" – via NYTimes.com.
  127. ↑ "Syria: Turkey war planes launch strikes on Afrin". January 20, 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/5b385802-5fc6-44b0-9d3e-ce3e1d4cd3f8
  129. ↑ "Trump Decision on Kurds Triggers Alarm in Arab World | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com.
  130. ↑ "The Gulf Arab Countries and the Kurdish Referendum". September 29, 2017.
  131. ↑ "Saudis 'gave Libya's Haftar millions of dollars before offensive'". www.aljazeera.com.
  132. ↑ "Saudi King Salman meets Libya's General Haftar". 27 March 2019 – via www.reuters.com.
  133. ↑ https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/ramani_web.pdf
  134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 "Turkish claims of PKK fighters in Armenia absolute nonsense: Armen Sarkissian". Al Arabiya English. September 30, 2020.
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 "Families anxiously await news from Armenian soldiers on Nagorno-Karabakh frontlines". Al Arabiya English. October 16, 2020.
  136. ↑ "Why Saudi Arabia and the UAE are targeting Turkey". Middle East Eye.
  137. ↑ "Turkey slams UAE for 'hypocritical behaviour' over Israel deal". www.aljazeera.com.
  138. ↑ "The UAE-Israel Agreement Isn't Only About Iran. There's Also Turkey". September 17, 2020.
  139. ↑ https://mepc.org/commentary/saudi-arabia-and-egypt-forge-closer-ties
  140. ↑ http://arabcenterdc.org/policy_analyses/saudi-emirati-egyptian-alliance-steering-us-middle-east-policy/
  141. ↑ https://www.dw.com/en/egypts-leadership-feels-markedly-threatened-by-turkey/a-54533478
  142. ↑ https://egyptindependent.com/return-of-relations-between-egypt-turkey-almost-impossible-under-erdogan-fethullah-gulen-interview/
  143. ↑ https://mirrorspectator.com/2020/09/17/armenia-backs-egypt-in-row-with-turkey/
  144. ↑ Saudi Arabia seeks stronger relations with Russia — King Salman TASS, 5 October 2017.
  145. ↑ Saudi king to make historic visit to Russia The National, 30 September 2017.
  146. ↑ Saudi's king in Moscow: An unexpected rapprochement: Old foes Saudi and Russia disagree on Syria, but a historic visit by the Gulf monarch may reset relations. Al Jazeera, 4 October 2017.
  147. ↑ "Revealed: Saudi's MBS pushed Russia to intervene in Syria conflict, despite supporting opposition". Middle East Monitor. August 7, 2020.
  148. ↑ "Le Monde: Saudi Arabia funds Russian mercenaries in Libya | The Libya Observer". www.libyaobserver.ly.
  149. ↑ Шакиров, Евгений (August 14, 2020). "В МИД России выделили ключевой элемент соглашения Израиля и ОАЭ". Известия.
  150. ↑ "Russian and Chinese views on the Israel-UAE normalization deal". Middle East Institute.
  151. ↑ 151.0 151.1 "Israel, Saudi and UAE suggested Trump-Putin deal: Report". Middle East Eye.
  152. ↑ "الملك وولي العهد يهنئان رئيس أرمينيا بذكرى استقلال بلاده". Riyadh. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2020 – via Al Riyadh (newspaper).
  153. ↑ "Saudi Arabia's Ambassador to Lebanon visits Armenian Genocide Memorial in Antelias". armenpress.am.
  154. ↑ sabah, daily (January 22, 2020). "Saudi Arabia pledges full support to Greek Cypriot administration". Daily Sabah.
  155. ↑ Antonopoulos, Paul. "As Greece And EU Lags, Saudi Arabia Announces Embargo On All Turkish Products".
  156. ↑ "Why Turkey Finally Criticized China's Uighur Internment Camps". www.worldpoliticsreview.com.
  157. ↑ "AP Exclusive: Anger with China Drives Uighurs to Syria Fight | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com.
  158. ↑ Coca, Nithin (September 10, 2020). "The Long Shadow of Xinjiang" – via www.foreignaffairs.com.
  159. ↑ Nichols, Michelle (July 18, 2019). "Saudi Arabia defends letter backing China's Xinjiang policy" – via www.reuters.com.
  160. ↑ Desk, EurAsian Times (October 27, 2020). "Saudi Arabia's 'Diwali Gift' to India, Chops-Off Gilgit-Baltistan & Kashmir From Pakistan's Map". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News.
  161. ↑ "Saudi Arabia pulls support for Pakistan as Kashmir tiff widens". Nikkei Asia.
  162. ↑ "Why Riyadh and Abu Dhabi snub Islamabad over Kashmir issue". Times of India Blog. September 6, 2020.
  163. ↑ "Saudi Arabia angers India and Pakistan over Kashmir status". Middle East Monitor. October 30, 2020.
  164. ↑ "Libyan civil war: Turkey versus France – a game of one-upmanship in Libya? - Qantara.de". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World.
  165. ↑ "France accuses Turkey of 'military involvement' in Nagorno-Karabakh". Al Arabiya English. October 7, 2020.
  166. ↑ "Saudi-YPG Partnership: Implications for Ankara-Riyadh Relations". March 5, 2019.
  167. ↑ https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/b51aa096-797d-4e2e-95b2-9dd3b1286003
  168. ↑ Dubai, Jared Malsin in Cairo and Summer Said in (April 12, 2019). "Saudi Arabia Promised Support to Libyan Warlord in Push to Seize Tripoli" – via www.wsj.com.
  169. ↑ "Azerbaijan–Turkey Strategic Alliance Deepens amid Recent Conflicts". September 22, 2020.
  170. ↑ "Turkey and the armed Syrian opposition: From Free Syrian Army to Syrian National Army | Strategies of Turkish proxy warfare in northern Syria". www.clingendael.org.
  171. ↑ "Turkey's Erdogan pledges $200m to Ukraine army". Middle East Monitor. February 5, 2020.
  172. ↑ https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/ukraine-supports-azerbaijans-territorial-integrity/1993930
  173. ↑ "Ukraine Plans to Buy 50 Turkish Bayraktar Drones, Set up Assembly Line". www.defenseworld.net.
  174. ↑ https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-armed-forces-throw-weight-behind-azerbaijan/2001887
  175. ↑ "How Kashmir Is Creating a Rift in Saudi-Pakistan Relations". www.worldpoliticsreview.com.
  176. ↑ Siddiqui, Sabena. "Does Saudi Arabia feel threatened by the new Muslim alliance?". alaraby.
  177. ↑ Bhadrakumar, M. K. (August 28, 2020). "Erdogan snubs UAE, backs Palestinian resistance". Asia Times.
  178. ↑ https://www.ft.com/content/146c4f9b-5415-4bd2-9e28-6d43c853c6f7
  179. ↑ https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/palestinians-saudi-arabia-behind-anti-palestinian-smear-campaign-625584
  180. ↑ https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200421-saudi-arabias-persecution-of-palestinians-in-the-kingdom-is-treacherous/
  181. ↑ https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2020/10/05/Saudi-Arabia-s-Prince-Bandar-bin-Sultan-calls-out-Palestinian-leaders-over-peace-deal
  182. ↑ Staff, Reuters (September 21, 2020). "Turkey will keep supporting Libya's GNA despite Sarraj plan to quit" – via uk.reuters.com.
  183. ↑ Davison, Derek (December 6, 2018). "Turkey vs. Saudi Arabia: Will the U.S. Have to Pick a Side?". LobeLog.
  184. ↑ Mehta, Valerie Insinna, Joe Gould & Aaron (August 12, 2020). "Congress has secretly blocked US arms sales to Turkey for nearly two years". Defense News.
  185. ↑ Menendez, Robert (December 12, 2019). "Text - S.Res.150 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that it is the policy of the United States to commemorate the Armenian Genocide through official recognition and remembrance". www.congress.gov.
  186. ↑ "US and Turkey seek to avoid rupture with Saudi Arabia". www.ft.com.
  187. ↑ "SAUDI ARABIA/UNITED STATES/TURKEY : Turkish-American alliance to supply Riyadh with ISR drones - Issue 858 dated 22/07/2020 - Intelligence Online".
  188. ↑ Cengiz Çandar (8 January 2020). "Is Turkey 'big winner' after Soleimani killing?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  189. ↑ "Saudi Arabia and the Soleimani assassination". Saudi Arabia and the Soleimani assassination.
  190. ↑ "Soleimani's death offers Erdoğan a precious opportunity with Trump". Ahval. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  191. ↑ "Enemies or Allies in the New Middle East? Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org.
  192. ↑ Yücesoy, Vahid (March 14, 2020). "The recent rapprochement between Iran and Turkey: is it durable or is it a relationship of convenience?". Turkish Studies. 21 (2): 274–296. doi:10.1080/14683849.2019.1657773 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  193. ↑ MacGillivray, Iain William (June 2, 2020). "The paradox of Turkish–Iranian relations in the Syrian Crisis". Third World Quarterly. 41 (6): 1046–1066. doi:10.1080/01436597.2020.1730692 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  194. ↑ "The Economic Turn in Turkish-Iranian Relations". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  195. ↑ "Iran isn't the only problem: ignore the Saudi-Turkish rivalry at your own peril". July 7, 2020.
  196. ↑ Gardner, Hall (October 18, 2019). "The Clash: Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and now Turkey". Wall Street International.
  197. ↑ Abdelaziz, Khalid (January 12, 2016). "As economy crumbles, Sudan ditches Iran for Saudi patronage" – via www.reuters.com.
  198. ↑ https://theconversation.com/christchurch-attack-strains-australian-turkish-relations-ahead-of-anzac-day-113932
  199. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jul/25/australian-weapons-shipped-to-saudi-and-uae-as-war-rages-in-yemen
  200. ↑ https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-08/yemen-civil-war-questions-role-australian-soldier-mike-hindmarsh/7141638
  201. ↑ "Morocco says will send food to Qatar after Gulf states cut ties". Reuters. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  202. ↑ "Morocco offers to mediate Qatar-GCC crisis". Al Jazeera. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  203. ↑ "Morocco recalls envoy to Saudi Arabia as diplomatic tensions rise". Reuters. 8 February 2019.
  204. ↑ "Morocco suspends participation in Saudi-led war in Yemen". News24. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.


This article "Saudi Arabia–Turkey proxy conflict" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Saudi Arabia–Turkey proxy conflict. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.


Retrieved from "https://en.everybodywiki.com/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia–Turkey_proxy_conflict&oldid=1487676"
License CC BY-SA 3.0
Powered by MediaWiki
Powered by Semantic MediaWiki