Colonial Rule in India - A Chronology

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A large portion of the content on this website has been collaged from various Wikipedia websites on similar subject.

The Indian subcontinent was subject to imperial processes, such as those of the Mauryas (322–187 BCE), the Kushans (circa 30–230), the Guptas (320–550), and the Mughal (1526–1857), that largely hewed to its geographical boundaries and, in some measure at least, imposed or sought to impose integrating structures of rule across a population dramatically varied in languages, customs, and beliefs.

This is a tabular chronology of events during colonial India, starting from the onset of imperial entities in India. A few other events are chronicled as well for the purpose of an overall perspective of historical timelines. This listing is far from comprehensive, as is only to be expected when dealing with centuries old pre-independence history of a country as complex, diverse, large and mystical as India.

Table (Cat)egories :

(A)rts, Societies, (Ad)minsitration, (B)anks, (BC)Battle with Colonial Powers, (BE)British Empire, (BS)Battle among States, (Bu)siness Houses, (C)elebrities, (Co)lonial India, (D)imonds & Treasure, (Dy)nasties, (E)vent, (Ec)onomy, (Ed)ucation, (Em)perors/Empresses, (F)reedom Fighters, (Fl)ag, Patriotism, (G)overnor Generals & Viceroys, (H)SRA, (HM)HSRA Men, (J)allianwala, (N)ewspapers, (O)pposition to Partition, (P)olitical, (Pa)rtition, (Pr)incely States, Provinces, Zamindars, (R)eligion, (S)ports, (T)echnology, Engineering, Infrastructure, (Tr)ansport, (W)orld Events, (Wh)ite Man's Burden, (W)orld (W)ars

Sn	Year /Birth	Till Year /Place	Cat	Event Activity
	1	Imperial entities	Co	Imperial entities of India, (Colonial India): Entity Number Imperial Entity Era From To 1 Portuguese India 1505 1961 1 Casa da Índia 1434 1833 1 Portuguese East India Company 1628 1633 2 Croatian India 1530 1667 3 Dutch India 1605 1825 4 Danish India 1620 1869 5 British India 1612 1947 5 East India Company 1612 1757 5 Company rule in India 1757 1858 5 British Raj 1858 1947 5 British rule in Burma 1824 1948 5 Princely states 1721 1949 5 Partition of India 1947 6 French India 1668 1954
	1	Empires and their area		List of largest empires in India: This is a historical list of the largest empires in India with an area covering more than 1 million square kilometers. An empire involves the extension of a state's sovereignty over external territories. The values given here should generally be interpreted as being only indicative, and not as determining a precise ranking. The calculation of the land area of a particular empire is controversial. Empire Area in Km2 % area of Republic of India Year of maximum extent British Raj 4,574,000 139 % 1911 Mughal Empire 4,000,000 122 % 1690 Maurya Empire 3,400,000–5,000,000 103 % – 152 % 250 BC Republic of India (for comparison) 3,287,263 100 % Delhi Sultanate 3,200,000 97 % 1312 Maratha Empire 2,500,000 76 % 1760 Kushan Empire 2,000,000–2,500,000 61 % – 76 % 200 Gupta Empire 1,700,000–3,500,000 52 % – 106 % 400 Empire of Harsha 1,000,000 30 % 648
1	1206	1526	Dy	The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: The Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) / Slave dynasty (1206–1290), The Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), The Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), The Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and The Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). It covered large swathes of territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh as well as some parts of southern Nepal.
2	1226	1290	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Sultanates of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa: Siege of Ranthambore (1226) – Iltutmish captured the fort in 1226 CE. Siege of Ranthambore (1236) – Vagbhata Chauhan recaptured Ranthambore during the reign of the Delhi ruler Razia Sultana. Siege of Ranthambore (1248) – Vagabhata Chauhan successfully defended the fort against Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah. Siege of Ranthambore (1253) – Vagbhata Chauhan repelled another invasion from the Mamluks. Siege of Ranthambore (1259) – Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah captured Ranthambore from Jaitrasingh Chauhan. Siege of Ranthambore (1283) – Shakti Dev Chauhan recaptured Ranthambore from the Mamluks. Battle of Ranthambore (1290) – Jalal-ud-din Khalji attacked Hammiradeva (Hammir deo) because of his rising power. Jalaludin's forces were defeated by Hammir.
3	1228	1826	Dy	Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century. They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. The Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) was a late Medieval India kingdom in the Brahmaputra River Valley in Assam. It is well known for maintaining its sovereignty for nearly 600 years and successfully resisting Mughal Empire expansion in Northeast India. Established by Sukaphaa, a Tai prince from Mong Mao, it began as a mong (Mueang) in the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra based on wet rice agriculture. It expanded suddenly under Suhungmung in the 16th century and became multi-ethnic in character, casting a profound effect on the political and social life of the entire Brahmaputra valley. The kingdom became weaker with the rise of the Moamoria rebellion, and subsequently fell to repeated Burmese invasions of Assam. With the defeat of the Burmese after the First Anglo-Burmese War and the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826, control of the kingdom passed into East India Company hands. The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later merged with the Hindu religion. From thirteenth till seventeenth century, repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms, however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years.
4	1294	1436	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Sultanates of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa: Siege of Jaisalmer (1294–1295) – Alauddin Khalji commanded the Khilji army under Jalal-ud-din Khalji and plundered Jaisalmer after a siege that lasted for a year. For some years afterwards Jaisalmer remained abandoned before the surviving Bhatis reoccupied it. Siege of Ranthombore (Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore) (1301) – Hammiradeva defeated Alauddin Khalji's generals Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan; later, Alauddin defeated Hammiradeva. Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) – Alauddin Khalji defeated Rawal Ratan Singh (Ratnasimha). Siege of Siwana (1308) – Malik Kamaluddin a general of Alauddin Khalji defeated Sheetal deo. Battle of Jalore (Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore) (1310–11) – Alauddin Khalji defeated Kanhad deo (Kanhadadeva) after a long and bloody war. Battle of Chittorgarh (1321) – Rana Hammir Singh defeated Maldev Songara, a vassal of the Tughlaq dynasty and recovered Mewar. Battle of Singoli (1336) – Rana Hammir Singh defeated An Army led by one of Muhammad bin Tughluq General and annexed Ajmer, Ranthambhore, Nagor and Shivapuri. Battle of Sirohi (1434) – Rana Kumbha defeated Rao Sahasmal Deora and captured Basaritgarh, Bhula and areas of Abu. Siege of Mandalgarh (1435–6) – Rana Kumbha (Kumbha of Mewar) captured Mandalgarh fort from Rao Bairisal Hada.
5	1391	1583	Dy	Muzaffarids (Gujarat) dynasty Sultan Muzaffar Shah I, the Governor of Gujarat Sultanate, established the Muzaffarid dynasty in 1391. It expanded rapidly and peaked under Sultan Mahmud I (Mahmud Begada), who lost the Battle of Diu to the Portuguese in 1509.
6	1434	1833	Co	Portuguese Casa da India The Casa da Índia (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkazɐ dɐ ˈĩdiɐ], English: India House or House of India) was a Portuguese state-run commercial organization founded during the Age of Discovery, charged with the regulation of International trade and the administration of the Portuguese Empire's territories, colonies, and Factory (trading post)s across India, Africa, and the rest of Asia. Central to the Casa da Índia's objectives was the establishment and protection of a Portuguese Mare clausum (total control of the seas) in the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arabian sea, and the East Indies. It was founded by King Manuel I of Portugal in 1500 to direct Portugal's monopoly of the Spice trade and to manage royal policy for Portuguese India. Following 1503, it absorbed the Casa da Guiné e Mina, an organization founded by Prince Henry the Navigator in 1443, which operated under a similar mandate for Portuguese Africa, thus making the Casa da Índia responsible for the regulation of all Portuguese imperial trade, the administration of Portuguese trade posts and military bases in Asia and Africa, and protection of the Portuguese Crown's commercial interests. With the discovery of a sea route to India by Vasco da Gama in 1497–99, the spice trade became a new and important activity of the royal trading house, and the old Casa was reorganized into the Casa da India e da Guiné (the first written reference to a Casa da Índia was in a royal letter dated 1501).
7	1442	1455	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Sultanates of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa: Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas (1442–1446) – A series of battles that took place between Mahmud Khalji of Malwa and Rana Kumbha of Mewar. bloodied by these engagements the Sultan did not attack Mewar for another ten years. Siege of Gagron (February 1444) – Sultan Mahmud besieged Gagron which belonged to Palhan Singh Khichi. Rana Kumbha had sent reinforcements under his commander Dahir, but Dahir died in battle and Palhan was killed by bhils while fleeing from the fort. Siege of Mandore (1454) – Rao Jodha recaptured Mandore from Rana Kumbha. Battle of Abu (1455) – Qutbuddin sent Imadul Mulk to invade Mewar through Abu, but Imadul suffered heavy losses against the Mewari soldiers posted on the hills and was immediately called back.
8	1456	1457	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Sultanates of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa: Battle of Nagaur (1456) – Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeated the combined armies of Shams Khan (sultan of Nagaur) and Qutbuddin (Sultan of Gujarat) and captured Nagaur, Kasili, Khandela and Shakambhari. Battle of Mandalgarh (1456) – Sultan Mahmud attacked Mandalgarh, he sent 7 detachments to attack the Rana from multiple directions. The Malwa forces under Taj Khan and Ali Khan suffered heavy losses in battle against Rana Kumbha after which Mahmud retreated the next morning. Siege of Mandalgarh (December 1456 – October 1457) – In December Rana Kumbha was forced to move north to confront the sultan of Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud once again attacked Mandalgarh and captured it after a siege.
9	1458	1519	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Sultanates of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa: Siege of Kumbalgarh (1458–9) – Sultan Mahmud besieged Kumbalgarh but finding the fort too strong he retreated back to Mandu. Battle of Mandalgarh (1467) – Sultan Mahmud invaded Mewar and fought a battle with Rana Kumbha, but retreated after taking heavy losses. This was the last battle fought between the two rivals. Battle of Peepar (1492) – Rao Satal defeated Gudhla Khan, an Afghan general and rescued 140 maidens that had been captured. Rao Satal himself died that night of the wounds received in the battle. Battle of Khatoli (1518) – Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi. Battle of Dholpur (1519) – Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi. Battle of Gagron (1519) – Rana Sanga defeated Mahmud Khalji of Malwa.
10	1490	1686	Dy	Bijapur Sultanate, Adil Shahi dynasty 1490–1686 The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi, was a Shia Muslim (Shia Islam), and later Sunni Muslim (Sunni Islam), dynasty founded by Yusuf Adil Shah, that ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur, centred on present-day Bijapur district, Karnataka in India, in the Western area of the Deccan Plateau region of Southern India from 1489 to 1686. Bijapur had been a province of the Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1518), before its political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century and eventual break-up in 1518. The Bijapur Sultanate was absorbed into the Mughal Empire on 12 September 1686, after its conquest by the Emperor Aurangzeb. The founder of the dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah (1490–1510), was appointed Bahmani governor of the province, before creating a de facto independent Bijapur state.
11	1498		Co	Vasco da Gama's First Voyage, (Vasco da Gama#First voyage): Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (1460s – 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea. His initial voyage to India (1497–1499) was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean and therefore, the Western world and the Orient (Eastern world). This is widely considered a milestone in world history, as it marked the beginning of a sea-based phase of global Multiculturalism. Da Gama's Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India opened the way for an age of global Imperialism and enabled the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting Colonial empire in Asia. The violence and hostage taking employed by da Gama and those who followed also assigned a brutal reputation to the Portuguese among India's indigenous kingdoms that would set the pattern for western colonialism in the Age of Exploration (Age of Discovery). Traveling the ocean route allowed the Portuguese to avoid sailing across the highly disputed Mediterranean Sea and traversing the dangerous Arabian Peninsula. On 8 July 1497 Vasco da Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of 170 men from Lisbon. The sum of the distances covered in the outward and return voyages made this expedition the longest ocean voyage ever made until then, far longer than a full voyage around the world by way of the Equator. After decades of sailors trying to reach the Indies, with thousands of lives and dozens of vessels lost in shipwrecks and attacks, da Gama landed in Calicut on 20 May 1498.
12	1502		Co	Vasco da Gama's Second Voyage, (Vasco da Gama#Second voyage): The follow-up expedition, the 2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500), launched in 1500 under the command of Pedro Álvares Cabral with the mission of making a treaty with the Zamorin of Calicut and setting up a Portuguese factory in the city. However, Pedro Cabral entered into a conflict with the local Arab merchant guilds, with the result that the Portuguese factory was overrun in a riot and up to 70 Portuguese were killed. Cabral blamed the Zamorin for the incident and bombarded the city. Thus war broke out between Portugal and Calicut (Kozhikode). Vasco da Gama invoked his royal letter to take command of the 4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502), scheduled to set out in 1502, with the explicit aim of taking revenge upon the Zamorin and force him to submit to Portuguese terms. The heavily armed fleet of fifteen ships and eight hundred men left Lisbon on 12 February 1502. On reaching India in October 1502, da Gama's fleet set about capturing any Arab vessel he came across in Indian waters, most notoriously the Miri, a pilgrim ship from Mecca, whose passengers he massacred in open water. He then appeared before Calicut, demanding redress for the treatment of Cabral. While the Zamorin was willing to sign a new treaty, da Gama made a call to the Hindu king to expel all Muslims from Calicut before beginning negotiations, which was turned down. The Portuguese fleet then bombarded the city for nearly two days from the sea shore, severely damaging the unfortified city. He also captured several rice vessels and cut off the crew's hands, ears and noses, dispatching them with an insulting note to the Zamorin.
13	1502		Co	Vasco da Gama's Second Voyage, (Vasco da Gama#Second voyage): The violent treatment meted out by da Gama quickly brought trade along the Malabar Coast of India, upon which Calicut (Kozhikode) depended, to a standstill. But the Zamorin nonetheless refused to submit to Portuguese terms, and even ventured to hire a fleet of strong warships to challenge da Gama's armada (which da Gama managed to defeat in a naval battle before Calicut harbor). Da Gama loaded up with spices at Cochin (Kochi) and Cannanore (Kannur), small nearby kingdoms, half-vassal and half-at-war with the Zamorin, whose alliances had been secured by prior Portuguese fleets. The 4th armada left India in early 1503.
14	1503		Co	Kingdom of Cochin is taken over by the Portuguese creating the first European settlement in India.:
15	1505		Co	Dom Francisco de Almeida, also known as the Great Dom Francisco (c. 1450 – 1 March 1510), was a Portuguese nobleman, soldier and explorer. He distinguished himself as a counsellor to King John II of Portugal and later in the wars against the Moors and in the conquest of Granada in 1492. On 25 March 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed as the first governor and viceroy of the Portuguese India (Estado da Índia), on the condition that he would set up four forts on the south western Indian coast: at Anjediva Island, Cannanore (Kannur), Cochin (Kochi) and Quilon (Kollam). Francisco de Almeida left Portugal with a fleet of 22 vessels with 1,500 men. Almeida is credited with establishing Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean with his victory at the naval Battle of Diu in 1509. On 13 September, Francisco de Almeida reached Anjediva Island, where he immediately started the construction of Fort Anjediva. On 23 October, he started, with the permission of the friendly ruler Kōlattiri (Kolathunadu), the building of St. Angelo Fort in Cannanore, leaving Lourenço de Brito in charge with 150 men and two ships. Francisco de Almeida then reached Cochin (Kochi) on 31 October 1505, with only 8 vessels left. There he learnt that the Portuguese traders at Quilon had been killed. He decided to send his son Lourenço de Almeida with 6 ships, who wantonly destroyed 27 Calicut vessels in the harbour of Quilon. Almeida took up residence in Cochin. He strengthened the Portuguese fortifications of Fort Manuel on Cochin (Fort Kochi). Before Almeida returned to Portugal he lost his life in a conflict with indigenous people at the Cape of Good Hope in 1510. His only son Lourenço de Almeida had previously been killed in the Battle of Chaul.
16	1506		Co	The Battle of Cannanore (Kannur) took place in 1506 off the harbour of Cannanore in India, between the Indian fleet of the Zamorin of Calicut (Kozhikode) and a Portuguese fleet under Lourenço de Almeida, son of the Viceroy Dom Francisco de Almeida. The Indian fleet, consisting of about 200 ships equipped with cannons manufactured with the help of two Milanese (Duchy of Milan) Italians, was manned by Hindu, Arab, and Turkish crews. This encounter ended in a Portuguese victory. It was followed by another Portuguese success at the Siege of Cannanore (1507) in 1507, but then a Portuguese defeat at the Battle of Chaul in 1508.
17	1507		Co	The Siege of Cannanore (1507) was a four-month siege, from April to August 1507, when troops of the local ruler (the Kōlattiri Raja of Cannanore), supported by the Zamorin of Calicut (Kozhikode) and Arabs, besieged the Portuguese garrison at St. Angelo Fort in Cannanore, in what is now the Indian state of Kerala. It followed the Battle of Cannanore, in which the fleet of the Zamorin was defeated by the Portuguese.
18	1508		Co	The Battle of Chaul was a naval battle between the Portuguese and an Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) fleet in 1508 in the harbour of Chaul in India. The battle ended in a Mamluk victory. It followed the Siege of Cannanore (1507) in which a Portuguese garrison successfully resisted an attack by Southern Indian rulers. This was the first Portuguese defeat at sea in the Indian Ocean. Chaul is a former city of Portuguese India, now in ruins. It is located 60 km south of Mumbai, in Raigad district of Maharashtra state in western India.
19	1508	3 Feb	W	The Christian-Islamic power struggle in Europe and the Middle East. Spills over into the Indian Ocean as Battle of Chaul during the Portuguese-Mamluk War.
20	1509		Co	The Battle of Diu was a naval battle fought on 3 February 1509 in the Arabian Sea, in the port of Diu, India, between the Portuguese Empire and a joint fleet of Mahmud Begada the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate (Burji dynasty) of Egypt, and the Zamorin of Calicut (Kozhikode) with support of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. The Portuguese victory was critical: the great Muslim alliance was soundly defeated, easing the Portuguese strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean to route trade down the Cape of Good Hope, circumventing the traditional spice route controlled by the Arabs and the Venetians (Republic of Venice) through the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. After the battle, Portugal rapidly captured key ports in the Indian Ocean including Goa, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Malacca, and Ormuz (Ormus), crippling the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) and the Gujarat Sultanate, greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire and establishing its trade dominance for more than a century. The Battle of Diu was a battle of annihilation like the Battle of Lepanto and the Battle of Trafalgar, and one of the most important of world naval history, for it marks the beginning of European dominance over Asian seas that would last until the World War II.
21	1510	20 May	Co	Portuguese India (to 1961). Portuguese Catholics conquer Goa to serve as capital of their Asian maritime empire, beginning conquest and exploitation of India by Europeans.
22	1518		BS	Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga defeats Lodi Empire under Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Khatoli, gains control over north eastern Rajasthan.
23	1519		BS	Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga defeats the Malwa Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate in the Battle of Gagron, obtains control of Malwa.
24	1519		BS	The Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga again defeats Lodi Empire under Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Dholpur, extends control up to Agra.
25	1520		BS	Vijayanagar Empire under Krishnadevaraya defeats the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Battle of Raichur.
26	1520	1557	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Sultanates of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa: Siege of Mandsaur (1520) – Sultan Muzaffar Shah II sent an army under Malik Ayaz but failed and retreated to Gujarat. Battle of Bayana (1527) – Babur sent an army to capture Bayana but the Mughals were defeated by Rana Sanga. The Mughals however plundered a temple built by Rana Sanga in the memory of his mother. Battle of Khanwa (1527) – Rana Sanga led the Rajput armies against Babur of Fergana, but was defeated due to treachery by Silhadi of Raisen. Battle of Sohaba (1542) – Rao Maldev Rathore killed Rao Jaitsi in battle and captured Bikaner. Battle of Sammel (1544) – Sher Shah Suri's costly victory against the army of Jaita and Kumpa. Battle of Jodhpur (July 1545) – Rao Maldev Rathore defeated the Afghan garrison in Marwar and reoccupied his lost territories. Battle of Harmada (1557) – Maldev Rathore defeated Udai Singh II and captured Merta City.
27	1520		E	Domingo Paes (sometimes spelt Pais; 16th century) was a Portuguese traveller who visited the Vijayanagara Empire, located in the Deccan Plateau in southern India, around 1520. He went there as part of a group of traders from the then colony of Goa. His visit took place during the rule of King Krishnadevaraya and Paes recorded his impressions of Vijayanagara state in his Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga ("Chronicle of the Vijayanagar kings"). His detailed account is one of the few known descriptions of that empire and of its capital, Vijayanagara (Hampi), by a traveller from abroad.
28	1522		Co	Portuguese land on the Coromandel Coast.
29	1524		Co	Vasco da Gama's Third Voyage, (Vasco da Gama#Third voyage and death): Setting out in April 1524, with a fleet of fourteen ships, Vasco da Gama took as his flagship the famous large carrack Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai on her last journey to India, along with two of his sons, Estêvão and Paulo. After a troubled journey (four or five of the ships were lost en route), he arrived in India in September. Vasco da Gama immediately invoked his high viceregent powers to impose a new order in Portuguese India, replacing all the old officials with his own appointments. But Gama contracted malaria not long after arriving, and died in the city of Cochin (Kochi) on Christmas Eve in 1524, three months after his arrival. As per royal instructions, da Gama was succeeded as governor of India by one of the captains who had come with him, Henrique de Menezes. Da Gama's sons Estêvão and Paulo immediately lost their posts and joined the returning fleet of early 1525. Vasco da Gama's body was first buried at Church of Saint Francis, Kochi, which was located at Fort Kochi in the city of Kochi, but his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539.
30	1526	21 Apr	BS	Mughal conqueror Babur (1483–1530) defeats the Sultan of Delhi and captures the Koh-i-noor diamond. Occupying Delhi, by 1529 he founds the Indian Mughal Empire (1526-1761), consolidated by his grandson Akbar. Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, of the Delhi Sultanate, angers local nobles, who respond by inviting Babur, the Mughal ruler of Kabul, to invade Delhi and Agra. The local population, plus the possession of artillery, assists Babur in killing the Sultan (whose soldiers desert him) at the Battle of Panipat. The First Battle of Panipat (21 April 1526), was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi dynasty. It marked the beginning of Mughal Empire and the end of Delhi Sultanate. This was the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and Field artillery in the Indian subcontinent which were introduced by the [Mughal Empire]].
31	1526	1857	Dy	The Age of the Mughal Empire: The name Mughal or Moghul is a corruption of the Persian word for Mongol, the Central Asian tribe after whom Mongolia is named. The Mughals originated in Central Asia, and were descended from the Mongol Empire ruler Jenghiz Khan (Genghis Khan) and Timur (Tamburlaine), the great conqueror of Asia. They were immensely proud of their pedigree, and it was the memory of Timur's raids on India in the fourteenth century that spurred Babur on to invade. The great cities built by the Mughal emperors at Delhi, Agra and Lahore still retain something of the magnificence that was associated with the Mughal dynasty during the seventeenth century. The Major Mughal Emperors were: Babur (r. 1526–30) Humayun (r. 1530–56) Akbar (r. 1556–1605) Jahangir (r. 1605–27) Shah Jahan (r. 1627–58) Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707)
32	1526	1857	Dy	The Age of the Mughal Empire, Mughal emperors: Style  : His Imperial Majesty First monarch  : Babur Last monarch  : Bahadur Shah Zafar Formation  : 20 April 1526 Abolition  : 21 September 1857 Residence  : Agra Fort (1526–1639), Red Fort (1639–1857) Appointer  : Hereditary
33	1526	1857	Dy	The Age of the Mughal Empire, Mughal emperors: – Titular Name, Birth Name, Birth date, Reign, Death Babur (Zahir-ud-din-Muhammad) 14-Feb-1483, Andijan, Uzbeksitan, 20 April 1526 to 26 December 1530, 26 December 1530, aged 47, Agra Humayun (Nasir-ud-din-Muhammad Humayun) 6 March 1508, Kabul, Afghanistan, 26 December 1530 to 17 May 1540, 22 February 1555 to 27 January 1556, 27 January 1556, aged 47, Delhi Akbar-i-Azam (Jalal-ud-din Muhammad) 15 October 1542, Umerkot, Pakistan, 11 Feb-1556 to 27 October 1605, 27 October 1605, aged 63, Agra Jahangir (Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim) 31 August 1569, Agra, 3 November 1605 to 28 October 1627, 28 October 1627, aged 58, Jammu and Kashmir (union territory) Shahryar Mirza (Salef-ud-din Mohammed Shahryar) 16 January 1605, Agra, 7 November 1627 to 19 January 1628, 23 January 1628, aged 23, Lahore, Pakistan Shah Jahan (Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram) 5 January 1592, Lahore, Pakistan, 19 January 1628 to 31 July 1658, 22 January 1666, aged 74, Agra Alamgir I (Muhy-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb) 4 November 1618, Gujarat, 31 July 1658 to 3 March 1707, aged 88, Ahmednagar Muhammad Azam Shah (Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam) 28 June 1653, Burhanpur, India, 14 March 1707 to 8 June 1707, aged 53, Jajau, near Agra Bahadur Shah I (Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Mu'azzam Shah Alam) 14 October 1643, Burhanpur, India, 19 June 1707 to 27 February 1712, 27 February 1712, aged 68, Lahore Jahandar Shah (Mu'izz-ud-Din Jahandar Shah Bahadur) 9 May 1661, Deccan, India, 27 February 1712 to 11 February 1713, 12 February 1713, aged 51, Delhi Farrukhsiyar (Farrukhsiyar) 20 August 1685, Aurangabad, 11 January 1713 to 28 February 1719, 19 April 1719, aged 33, Delhi
34	1526	1857	Dy	The Age of the Mughal Empire, Mughal emperors: – Titular Name, Birth Name, Birth date, Reign, Death Rafi ud-Darajat (Rafi ud-Darajat) 1 December 1699, 28 February 1719 to 6 June 1719, 6 June 1719, aged 19, Agra Shah Jahan II (Rafi ud-Daulah) Jun-1696, 6 June 1719 to 17 September 1719, 18 September 1719, aged 23, Agra Muhammad Shah (Roshan Akhtar Bahadur) 7 August 1702, Ghazni, Afghanistan, 27 September 1719 to 26 April 1748, 26 April 1748, aged 45, Delhi Ahmad Shah Bahadur (Ahmad Shah Bahadur) 23 December 1725, Delhi, 29 April 1748 to 2 June 1754, 1 January 1775, aged 49, Delhi Alamgir II (Aziz-ud-din) 6 June 1699, Burhanpur, India, 3 June 1754 to 29 November 1759, 29 November 1759, aged 60, Kotla Fateh Shah, India Shah Jahan III (Muhi-ul-millat) 1711, 10 December 1759 to 10 October 1760, 1772, aged 60–61 Shah Alam II (Ali Gauhar) 25 June 1728, Delhi, 10 October 1760 to 31 July 1788, 19 November 1806, aged 78, Delhi Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan IV (Bidar Bakht) 1749, Delhi, 31 July 1788 to 11 October 1788, 1790, aged 40–41, Delhi Shah Alam II (Ali Gauhar) 25 June 1728, Delhi, 16 October 1788 to 19 November 1806, 19 November 1806, aged 78, Delhi [second reign] Akbar Shah II (Mirza Akbar II) 22 April 1760, Mukundpur, India, 19 November 1806 to 28 September 1837, 28 September 1837, aged 77, Delhi [Titular figurehead under British protection] Bahadur Shah II (Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar) 24 October 1775, Delhi, 28 September 1837 to 21 September 1857, 7 November 1862, aged 87, Yangon, Myanmar
35	1526	1857	Dy	The Age of the Mughal Empire, Mughal emperors: During the reign of Aurangzeb, the empire, as the world's largest economy, worth over 25% of global GDP, controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from Chittagong in the east to Kabul and Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri River basin in the south. The last Emperor, Bahadur Shah II (Bahadur Shah Zafar) was deposed by the British and was exiled to Burma (Myanmar) after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
36	1526	1857	Dy	The Age of the Mughal Empire: Babur, the first Mughal emperor, was born in present-day Uzbekistan, and became ruler of Kabul in Afghanistan. From there, he invaded the kingdom of the Lodi Afghans (Lodi dynasty) in northern India in 1526 and established a dynasty that was to rule for three centuries. Babur was a modest and down-to-earth man whose memoirs, the Baburnama, make fascinating reading. Babur is not known to have patronised the arts, except for architecture. His son Humayun, however, is credited with bringing artists from Iran to set up the first Mughal painting studio. Humayun's successor, Akbar , was actively interested in painting, and enthusiastically set up studios which employed mostly local Hindu artists. Mughal painting soon began to evolve in a distinctive way that combined the sophisticated techniques of the Persian artists with the boldness and colour characteristic of the local Indian artists. Akbar was perhaps the greatest of the 'Great Mughals'. He vastly increased Mughal territory in all directions, capturing the Muslim kingdom of Bengal (Bengal Sultanate) in the East, and Gujarat and the Rajput kingdoms in the West, as well as much of present-day Afghanistan and important territories to the South. The defeat of the fiercely independent Hindu rajas, the kings of Rajasthan, was one of Akbar's main preoccupations.
37	1526	1857	Dy	The Age of the Mughal Empire: Akbar's son Jahangir was less interested in further extending Mughal territory, and instead gloried in the luxury and riches that the great empire provided. A true connoisseur of paintings and gems, and a great lover of nature, Jahangir commissioned many of the most beautiful miniatures and precious objects to have been produced in the royal workshops. Paintings no longer showed the glories of war and conquest that Akbar had revelled in, but instead focused on animals, birds and scenes of the leisurely life at court. Magnificent paintings and works of art were also made for the next emperor, Shah Jahan, who is perhaps best known for building the exquisite Taj Mahal at Agra – a jewelled white marble tomb for his wife, who had died giving birth to their fourteenth child. His love of jewels and jade is well known, and several pieces from his collection are on show, including his magnificent white jade wine cup carved with a goat's head. Shah Jahan was deposed and imprisoned by his ruthless son Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb was not interested in the arts but in further conquest, and he spent huge sums on military campaigns in the South. Painting and the decorative arts declined under his puritanical and impoverished regime, and many artists left the court and found work with provincial rulers instead. Emperors after Aurangzeb became more and more ineffectual, and the empire was weakened first by rebel Hindu princes and then by the British, who were becoming increasingly powerful. The Mughal Empire survived in name only until 1858, when the British formally abolished the title of Emperor.
38	1526	1857	Dy	The Mughal Empire, one of the states Age of the Islamic Gunpowder empires began in 1526 with the overthrow of Ibrahim Lodhi and encompassed most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Allied with the local rulers, it extended from Bengal in the east to Kabul in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south, a territory of over 4 million km2 (1.5 million sq mi) at its height. Its population at that time has been estimated at between 110 and 130 million. In the year 1540, then Mughal Emperor Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, and forced to retreat to Kabul. Suris and their adviser, the Hindu Emperor Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu, ruled North India from 1540 to 1556. Hemu established a 'Hindu' Empire briefly from Delhi in 1556. The "classic period" of the Empire started in 1556 with the accession of Akbar the Great and ended with the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by centralized administration and active culture. Following 1725 the empire declined rapidly, weakened by wars of succession; famine and local revolts fueled by it; the growth of religious intolerance; the rise of the Maratha Empire; and finally British colonialism. The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II (Bahadur Shah Zafar), whose rule was restricted to the city of Delhi, was imprisoned and exiled by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
39	1526		Pr	A zamindar, zomindar, zomidar, or jomidar, in the Indian subcontinent was an autonomous or semiautonomous ruler of a state who accepted the Suzerainty of the Emperor of Hindustan. The term means land owner in Persian language. Typically hereditary, zamindars held enormous tracts of land and control over their peasants, from whom they reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes. In the 19th and 20th centuries, with the advent of British imperialism, many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with princely and royal titles such as Maharaja (Great King), Raja/ Rai (King) and Nawab. During the Mughal Empire, zamindars belonged to the nobility and formed the ruling class. Emperor Akbar granted them mansabs (Mansabdar) and their ancestral domains were treated as Jagirs. Under British colonial rule in India (Presidencies and provinces of British India), the Permanent Settlement consolidated what became known as the zamindari system. The British rewarded supportive zamindars by recognising them as princes. Many of the region's Princely states were pre-colonial zamindar holdings elevated to a greater protocol. However, the British also reduced the land holdings of many pre-colonial princely states and chieftaincy, demoting their status to a zamindar from previously higher ranks of nobility. Historian Saiyid Nurul Hasan divided the zamindars into three categories: The Autonomous Rai/ Rajas or Chiefs, The intermediary zamindars and The primary zamindars. The system was abolished during Land reforms in East Pakistan (Bangladesh) in 1950, India in 1951 and West Pakistan in 1959.
40	1527	16 Mar	BS	The Battle of Khanwa was fought near the village of Khanwa, in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan, on March 16, 1527. It was fought between the invading forces of the first Mughal Emperor Babur and the Rajput forces led by Rana Sanga of Mewar, after the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The victory in the battle consolidated the new Mughal dynasty in India. On 30 January 1528 Rana Sanga died in Chittor, apparently poisoned by his own chiefs, who held his plans of renewing the fight with Babur to be suicidal. It is suggested that had it not been for the cannon of Babur, Rana Sanga might have achieved a Historic victory against Babur. Babur's cannon put an end to outdated trends in Indian warfare.
41	1529		BS	The Battle of Ghaghra, fought in 1529, was a major battle for the conquest of India by the Mughal Empire. It followed the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 and the Battle of Khanwa in 1527. The forces of now Emperor Zahir ud-Din Muhammad Babur of the emerging Mughal Empire were joined by Indian allies in battle against the Eastern Afghan Confederates under Sultan Mahmud Lodi (Lodi dynasty#Mahmud Lodi) and Bengal Sultanate under Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah.
42	1530		E	Babur completes his Baburnama, reflecting on society, politics, economics, history, geography, nature, flora and fauna, which to this day is a standard textbook in 25 countries. Babur dies, and is succeeded by his son Humayun.
43	1530	1903	T	List of dams and reservoirs in Maharashtra (pre-independence): 1530 Dhamapur Dam, Malvan River, Irrigation 1799 Powai, Mithi River, Bombay, Water Supply 1860 Vihar Dam, Vihar River, Bombay, Water Supply 1871 Ekrukh Dam, Adela River, Solapur, Irrigation, Water Supply 1879 Shirsufal Dam, Pune, Irrigation 1879 Tulshi Dam, Tulshi River, Bombay, Water Supply 1880 Khadakwasla Dam, Mautha River, Pune, Irrigation, Water Supply 1883 Ashti Dam, Mohol, Ashti River, Solapur, Irrigation 1887 Mhaswad Dam, Man River, Satara, Irrigation 1892 Tansa Dam, Tansa, Bombay, Water Supply 1901 Shetfal Dam, Shetfal Nalla, Pune, Irrigation 1903 Khairbandha Dam, Fattepur River, Gondia, Irrigation
44	1531		Co	The Siege of Diu (1531) occurred when a combined Ottoman Empire-Gujarat Sultanate force defeated a Portuguese Empire attempt to capture the city of Diu, India in 1531. The victory was partly the result of Ottoman firepower over the Portuguese besiegers deployed by Mustafa Bayram, an Ottoman expert. Although Diu was successfully defended, victory was short lived: the Portuguese armada was simply diverted towards more exposed Gujarati cities to the east. Ghogha, Surat, Mangrol, Somnath, Bassein, and many smaller settlements were assaulted and sacked, and some never recovered from the attacks. In 1534, Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat signed a peace treaty (Treaty of Bassein (1534)) with Governor Nuno da Cunha, granting the Portuguese the territory of Bassein (Vasai), including Bombay. In 1535, the Portuguese were allowed to construct a fortress at Diu.
45	1532		BS	Ahoms under king Suhungmung defeat Turbak Khan of the Bengal Sultanate in Battle of Hatbor.
46	1534	Bombay	Co	Bombay ceded to the Portuguese. (History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)#Accession of the islands to the Portuguese) Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat had grown apprehensive of the power of Humayun. He dispatched his chief officer Xacoes (Shah Khawjeh) to Nuno da Cunha with an offer to hand over the seven islands of Bombay together with Bassein, its dependencies, and revenues by sea and land. On 23 December 1534, the Treaty of Bassein (1534) was signed on board the galleon San Mateos (St. Matthew). Bassein and the seven islands of Bombay were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha on 25 October 1535, permanently ending the Islamic rule on the islands.
47	1538		Co	The Siege of Diu (1538) occurred when an army of the Sultanate of Gujarat under Khadjar Safar, aided by forces of the Ottoman Empire, attempted to capture the city of Diu in 1538, then held by the Portuguese. The Portuguese successfully resisted the four months long siege. It is part of The Ottoman-Portuguese War. The defeat of the combined Turkish and Gujarati forces at Diu represented a critical setback in Ottoman plans for expanding their influence into the Indian Ocean. Without a suitable base or allies, failure at Diu meant the Ottomans were unable to proceed with their campaign in India, leaving the Portuguese uncontested in the western Indian coast. Never again would the Ottoman Turks ever send so large an armada to India.
48	1539		BS	Battle of Chausa fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri in which Humayun defeated.
49	1539		R	Guru Angad Dev becomes second guru of Sikhs.
50	1540	18 Sep	BS	Battle of Kannauj fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri and Humayun was completely defeated. Humayun lost the Mughal empire to Afghans (Suri Dynasty), and passed 12 years in exile.
51	1540	9 May	E	Birth of Maharana Pratap Singh of Mewar ( son of Maharana Udai Singh II )
52	1540		R	Death of Shri Guru Ravidas
53	1542	15 Oct	E	Birth of Akbar at Umerkot.
54	1542		E	Portuguese Jesuit priest Francis Xavier (1506-1552), most successful Catholic missionary, lands in Goa. First to train and employ native clergy in conversion efforts, he brings Christianity to India, Malay Archipelago and Japan.
55	1545	1819	Dy	Arakkal kingdom (Kerala Sultanate, Kingdom of Cannanore, Sultanate of Laccadive and Cannanore) was a Muslim kingdom in Kannur town in Kannur district, in the state of Kerala, South India. The king was called Ali Raja ("the Sea Ruler") and the ruling queen was called Arakkal Beevi. Arakkal kingdom included little more than the Cannanore town and the southern Laccadive Islands (Agatti, Kavaratti, Androth and Kalpeni, as well as Minicoy), originally leased from the Kolattiri. The royal family is said to be originally a branch of the Kolattiri, descended from a princess of that family who converted to Islam. They owed allegiance to the Kolattiri rulers, whose ministers they had been at one time. • Established 1545, • Annexed to British India 1819. As the only Muslim rulers in Malabar, they saw the rise of Hyder Ali, de facto ruler of the Mysore Sultanate as the opportunity to increase their own power at the expense of Chirakkal, and invited him to invade Kerala. Ali Raja Kunhi Amsa II and his successor, Arakkal Bibi Junumabe II, were among Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan's staunchest allies during the Mysorean occupation of malabar. Afsal Ashraf (Arakkal Sultan) is a living descendant of the Arakkal dynasty at Konni in Pathanamthitta district.
56	1545	22 May	E	Death of Sher Shah Suri and succeeded by Islam Shah Suri.
57	1546		Co	The Second Siege of Diu (1546) was a siege of the Portuguese Indian city of Diu by the Gujarat Sultanate in 1546. It ended with a major Portuguese victory. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Muslim Sultanate of Gujarat was the principal seapower in India. Gujarat fought the Portuguese fleets in collaboration with the Mamluks. The Portuguese were defeated by a combined Mamluk-Gujarati fleet in 1508, which was in turn destroyed by a Portuguese fleet in the Battle of Diu (1509). By 1536, the Portuguese had gained complete control of Diu, while Gujarat was under attack from the Mughals. In 1538, the Ottomans, who had taken over Egypt (1517) and Aden (1538), joined hands with the Gujarat Sultanate to launch an anti-Portuguese offensive. They besieged Diu in 1538, but had to retreat. After the failed siege of 1538, the Gujarati General Khadjar Safar besieged Diu again in an attempt to recapture the island. The siege lasted seven months from 20 April 1546 to 10 November 1546, during which João de Mascarenhas defended Diu. The siege ended when a Portuguese fleet under Governor João de Castro arrived and routed the attackers. Khadjar Safar and his son Muharram Rumi Khan (who were probably of Albanian origin) were both killed during the siege.
58	1552	26 May	R	Guru Amar Das becomes third Guru of Sikhs.
59	1554	22 Nov	E	Death of Islam Shah Suri.
60	1555	22 May	BS	Humayun regained the throne of Delhi from the hands of weak successors of Sher Shah.
61	1556	5 Nov	BS	The Second Battle of Panipat (5 November 1556) was fought on 5 November 1556, between the Hindu emperor of north India, Hemu, and the forces of the Mughal emperor Akbar. Hemu had conquered the states of Delhi and Agra a few weeks earlier by defeating the Mughals led by Tardi Beg Khan at the Battle of Delhi and proclaimed himself Raja Vikramaditya at a coronation in Purana Quila in Delhi. Akbar and his guardian Bairam Khan who, after learning of the loss of Agra and Delhi, marched to Panipat to reclaim the lost territories. The two armies clashed at Panipat not far from the site of the First Battle of Panipat of 1526. Hemu and his forces held the numerical superiority. However, Hemu was wounded by an arrow in the middle of the battle and fell unconscious. Seeing their leader going down, his army panicked and dispersed. Unconscious and almost dead, Hemu was captured and subsequently beheaded by Bairam Khan. The battle ended in a decisive Mughal victory.
62	1556		E	Humayun converts from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam, to gain the alliance of the Shah of Persia. Humayun dies, and is succeeded by his son Akbar. Akbar (1542-1605), grandson of Babur, becomes third Mughal Emperor at age 13. Disestablishes Islam as state religion and declares himself impartial ruler of Hindus and Muslims; encourages art, culture, religious tolerance.
63	1559	1606	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Mughal Empire: Battle of Ajmer (1559) – Akbar's general Qasim Khan annexed Ajmer from Maldeo Rathore. Battle of Merta (1562) – Akbar with the help of Rajas from Bikaner and Amer defeated Rao Chandra Sen and captured Merta. First Mughal Invasion of Marwar (1562–1583) – Akbar invaded Marwar and occupied Jodhpur. The ruler Rao Chandra Sen continued his struggle until his death in 1581 after which Marwar submitted to Mughal rule in 1583. Siege of Chittorgarh (1567) – Akbar defeated Rao Jaimal and Patta (Rajasthan) (Udai Singh II escaped with his family to Udaipur) Siege of Ranthambore (1568) – A successful siege by Akbar causes the Rajput leader Rao Surjan Hada to surrender Ranthambore Fort. Siege of Siwana (1572) – In 1572 the powerful fort of Siwana which served as Rao Chandrasens capital was captured by the Mughals after a siege of 8 months. Battle of Haldighati (1576) – Maharana Pratap defeated by Akbar. Battle of Dewair (1582) – Maharana Pratap fought against Akbar's Mughals army and defeated them 36,000 mughals surrendered. Battle of Dewair (1606) – Fought in a valley 40 km from Kumbalgarh. Rana Amar Singh defeated and killed Sultan Khan, the Mughal prince Muhammad Parviz fled from the battlefield with his commander Asaf Khan.
64	1565	23 Jan	BS	The Battle of Talikota (23 January 1565) was a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and an alliance of the Deccan sultanates. The defeat of Aliya Rama Raya led to the eventual collapse of the polity and reconfigured Deccan politics. Rama Raya, after his installation of a patrimonial state and emerging as the ruler, adopted a political strategy of benefiting from the internecine warfare among the multiple successors of the Bahmani Sultanate, and it worked well for about twenty years of his reign. Kalyan was the capital of the Chalukyas. Rama Raya sought to control the territory in his bid to gain popular legitimacy by establishing himself as the true heir to Chalukya sovereignty and glory. Other examples included retrofitting of decayed Chalukya complexes and bringing back Chalukya festivals. However, after a series of aggressive efforts to maintain hold over Kalyan and diplomatic dealings with the Sultanates laden with insulting gestures, the four Muslim Sultanates – Hussain Nizam Shah I and Ali Adil Shah I of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur to the west, Ali Barid Shah I of Bidar in the center, and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali of Golkonda to the east – united in the wake of shrewd marital diplomacy and convened to attack Aliya Rama Raya, in late January 1565. The surviving Vijaynagar forces fled with a large treasury to re-establish their headquarters at Vellore Fort in Tamil Nadu and Chandragiri (Andhra Pradesh) near Tirupathi. It would be here that the British would seek a land grant to establish the English East India Company Fort St. George in Madras.
65	1568		R	Paradesi Synagogue, the first Jewish synagogue in India constructed by the Paradesi Jews.
66	1569		BS	Akbar captures fortress of Ranthambor, ending Rajput independence. Soon controls nearly all of Rajasthan.
67	1572		BS	Akbar annexes Gujarat, also shifts the Mughal capital to Fatehpur Sikri where a new township and citadel containing buildings of a unique all-India character—inspired by the architecture of Bengal, Gujarat, Malwa, Kashmir as well as the Timurid world—is born.
68	1574	1 Sep	R	Guru Ram Das becomes fourth Guru of Sikhs.
69	1574		BS	Akbar annexes Bengal.
70	1581	1 Sep	R	Guru Arjan Dev becomes fifth Guru of Sikhs.
71	1581		R	The Golden Temple: Groundbreaking – December 1581 Completed – 1589 (Temple), 1604 (with Adi Granth) The Golden Temple, also known as Harmandir Sahib, meaning "abode of God" or Darbār Sahib, meaning "exalted court", is a gurdwara located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. It is the preeminent spiritual site of Sikhism. The gurdwara is built around a man-made pool (sarovar) that was completed by the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das in 1577. Guru Arjan, the fifth Guru of Sikhism, requested Sai Mir Mian Mohammed, a Muslim Pir of Lahore, to lay its foundation stone in 1589. In 1604, Guru Arjan placed a copy of the Adi Granth in Harmandir Sahib. The Gurdwara was repeatedly rebuilt by the Sikhs after it became a target of persecution and was destroyed several times by the Mughal and invading Afghan armies. Maharaja Ranjit Singh after founding the Sikh Empire, rebuilt it in marble and copper in 1809, overlaid the sanctum with Gold foil in 1830. This has led to the name the Golden Temple.
72	1582		BS	Maharana Pratap defeats Mughal Forces of Akbar in Battle of Dewair in present-day Rajasthan
73	1586	6 Oct	BS	Akbar annexes Kashmir.
74	1588		BE	In 1588 the English fleet defeats the Spanish Armada and establishes the superiority of English ships and seamanship. England is now ready to enter the race for overseas trade and possessions.
75	1588		BE	Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean. Permission was granted and in 1591, three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. In 1596, three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea. In 1599, another group of merchants that eventually became known as the Adventurers stated their intention to sail to the East Indies and applied to the Queen for support of the project. Although their first attempt had not been completely successful, they nonetheless sought the Queen’s unofficial approval to continue, bought ships for their venture, and increased their capital. East India Company#Formation: The Adventurers convened again a year later. This time they succeeded and on December 31, 1600, the Queen granted a Royal charter to “George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses” under the name "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies". For 15 years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Anybody who traded in breach of the charter without a license from the Company was liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo (half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the Company), as well as imprisonment at the “royal pleasure.”
76	1589		E	Akbar rules half of India, shows tolerance for all faiths.
77	1595		R	Construction is begun on Chidambaram Temple's Hall of a Thousand Pillars in South India, completed in 1685.
78	1595		R	Sri Raghavendra Tirtha (1595 – 1671) was a Hindu scholar, theologian and saint. He was also known as Sudha Parimalacharya. His diverse oeuvre include commentaries on the works of Madhva, Jayatirtha and Vyasatirtha, interpretation of the Principal Upanishads from the standpoint of Dvaita and a treatise on Purva Mimamsa. He served as the pontiff of matha at Kumbakonam from 1624 to 1671. Sri Raghavendra swamy was also an accomplished player of the Veena and he composed several songs under the name of Venu Gopala. His shrine at Mantralayam attracts thousands of visitors every year.
79	1599		Co	The Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies, became much more widely known as the East India Company. The Company’s charter was a unique case in which colonial power was wielded entirely by a private corporation under license from the British government. It expanded from a few small settlements, eliminated its competitors, among them the Dutch and French, and gradually extended its control until it commanded the entire subcontinent. The company initially devoted its energy exclusively to expanding its trading influence, but over time it resorted more and more often to military force to achieve its objectives, sometimes, but by no means always, in an attempt to bring peace to the country. In the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Company was dissolved and the British Indian Empire began. It was this period that became known as the British Raj, but over time the term has been more generally applied to the entire colonial period. Later, in 1876, Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India. This status remained until India won its independence in 1947, and was partitioned.
80	1600		E	"Persian wheel" to lift water by oxen is adopted, one of few farming innovations since Indus Valley civilization.
81	1600	1947	Dy	Dynasties in India during the period 1600 ~ 1947, (List of Indian monarchs): Barid Shahi dynasty (1489–1619) Adil Shahi dynasty (1490–1686) Nizam Shahi dynasty (1490–1636) Qutb Shahi dynasty (1518–1687) Ahom dynasty of Assam (1228–1826) Manikya dynasty (c. 1400–1949) Baro-Bhuyan (1576–1632) Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) Gatti Mudalis (15th–17th century) Mysore, Wodeyar dynasty (first rule, 1371–1761) Mysore, Hyder Ali's dynasty (1761–1799) Mysore, Wodeyar dynasty (second rule, 1799–1950) Maharajas of Cochin (1503–1964) Mughal Empire (1526–1857) Sisodia (728–1947) Chogyal rulers of Sikkim and Ladakh (1642–1975)
82	1600	1947	Dy	Dynasties in India during the period 1600 ~ 1947, (List of Indian monarchs): Maratha Empire (1674–1818) – Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj era – Bhosale Chhatrapatis at Kolhapur (1700–1947) – Bhosale Chhatrapatis at Satara (1707–1839) – The Peshwas (1713–1858) – Bhosale Maharajas of Thanjavur (?–1799) – Bhosale Maharajas of Nagpur (1799–1881) – Holkar rulers of Indore (1731–1948) – Scindia of Gwalior (1731–1947) – Gaekwad dynasty of Baroda (1721–1947)
83	1600	1947	Dy	Dynasties in India during the period 1600 ~ 1947, (List of Indian monarchs): The Muslim vassals of the Mughal / British Paramountcy (1707–1856) – Nawabs of Bengal (1707–1770) – Nawabs of Oudh (1719–1858) – Nizams of Hyderabad (1720–1948)
84	1600	1947	Dy	Dynasties in India during the period 1600 ~ 1947, (List of Indian monarchs): Kingdom of Travancore (1729–1949) Sikh Empire (1801–1849)
85	1600	1947	Dy	Hindu Dynasties in India during the period 1600 ~ 1947, (List of Hindu empires and dynasties): (Note: Kingdoms that acted as princely states to the British Empire are not mentioned except for the time period when they exercised sovereign control.) Nagvanshi Dynasty (83–1952) Mallabhum Kingdom (694–1800) Limbuwan (7th century −1774) Chero dynasty (12–18 century) Sutiya Kingdom (1187–1673) Malla Dynasty (1200–1768) Ahom kingdom (1228–1826) Sena Dynasty (13–18 century) Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) Kallala dynasty (1404–1789)
86	1600	1947	Dy	Hindu Dynasties in India during the period 1600 ~ 1947, (List of Hindu empires and dynasties): (Note: Kingdoms that acted as princely states to the British Empire are not mentioned except for the time period when they exercised sovereign control.) Koch dynasty (1515–1949) Madurai Nayak dynasty (1529–1736) Thanjavur Nayak kingdom (1532–1673) Gorkha Kingdom, Nepal (1559–1768) Raj Darbhanga (1577–1947) Maratha Empire (1674–1818) Pudukkottai Kingdom (1680–1800) Sivaganga Kingdom (1725–1733) Kingdom of Nepal (1768–2008) Dogra dynasty (1846–1952)
87	1600	1947	Dy	George VI, (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was concurrently the last emperor of India until August 1947, when the British Raj was dissolved. He retained the title "Emperor of India" until 22 June 1948.
88	1600		BE	31 December 1600 British Royal charter forms East India Company, beginning the process that will lead to the subjugation of India under British rule. Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter to the East India Company establishing trading posts in cities across India.
89	1602	1664	Dy	Shahaji Bhosale (c. 1602–1664) was a military leader of 17th century India, who served the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, the Bijapur Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire at various points in his career. A member of the Bhonsle clan, Shahaji inherited the Pune and Supe jagirs (fiefs) from his father Maloji, who served Ahmadnagar. During the Mughal invasion of Deccan, he joined the Mughal forces and served Emperor Shah Jahan for a brief period. After being deprived of his jagirs, he defected to the Bijapur Sultanate in 1632 and regained control over Pune and Supe. In 1638, he also received the jagir of Bangalore, after Bijapur's invasion of Kempe Gowda III's territories. He eventually became the chief general of Bijapur and oversaw its expansion. His father died in a battle while fighting on the side of Nizamashah, hence he and his brother Sharifji were raised by Maloji's brother, Vithoji Raje. An early exponent of guerrilla warfare, he brought the house of Bhosale into prominence. He was father of Shivaji, the founder of Maratha Empire. The princely states of Tanjore, Kolhapur, and Satara are also Bhosale legacies.
90	1603	1607	BE	Elizabeth I’s successor is James VI and I, King of Scotland. After succeeding to the throne in 1603 he lays plans to colonize North America. The first permanent English settlement on the continent is Jamestown Colony, Virginia, founded in 1607.
91	1605	1825	Co	Dutch Colonization (Dutch India): Dutch India consisted of the settlements and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company on the Indian subcontinent. It is only used as a geographical definition, as there was never a political authority ruling all Dutch India. Instead, Dutch India was divided into the governorates Dutch Ceylon and Dutch Coromandel, the commandment Dutch Malabar, and the directorates Dutch Bengal and Dutch Suratte. The Dutch Indies, on the other hand, were the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) and the Dutch West Indies (present-day Suriname and the former Netherlands Antilles).
92	1605	1825	Co	Dutch Colonization (Dutch India): In the second half of the eighteenth century the Dutch lost their influence more and more. The Kew Letters relinquished all Dutch colonies to the British, to prevent them from being overrun by the French. In the famous Battle of Colachel (1741), Travancore king Marthanda Varma's army defeated the Dutch East India Company, resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in Malabar. Although Dutch Coromandel and Dutch Bengal were restored to Dutch rule by virtue of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, they returned to British rule owing to the provisions of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. Under the terms of the treaty, all transfers of property and establishments were to take place on 1 March 1825. By the middle of 1825, therefore, the Dutch had lost their last trading posts in India.
93	1605	27 Oct	E	Akbar dies, and is succeeded by his son Jahangir.
94	1606	25 May	R	Guru Hargobind becomes sixth guru of Sikhs.
95	1608		P	In 1608, Mughal authorities allowed the English East India Company to establish a small trading settlement at Surat (now in the state of Gujarat), and this became the company's first headquarters town.
96	1611		P	It was followed in 1611 by a permanent factory at Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies in Bengal in trade. "Factory (trading post)" (from Latin facere, meaning "to do"; Portuguese: feitoria; Dutch: factorij; French: factorerie, comptoir) was the common name during the medieval and early modern eras for an entrepôt – which was essentially an early form of free-trade zone or transshipment point. At a factory, local inhabitants could interact with foreign merchants, often known as factors. First established in Europe, factories eventually spread to many other parts of the world. The factories established by European states in Africa, Asia and the Americas from the 15th century onward also tended to be official political dependencies of those states. These have been seen, in retrospect, as the precursors of colonial expansion.
97	1612	1757	Co	British East India Company: The East India Company (EIC) was an English and later British joint-stock company founded in 1600. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company seized control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonised parts of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong after the First Opium War, and maintained trading posts and colonies in the Persian Gulf Residencies. The company is also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC), East India Trading Company (EITC), the English East India Company or (after 1707) the British East India Company, and informally known as John Company, Company Bahadur, or simply The Company. Originally chartered as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade during the mid-1700s and early 1800s, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, sugar, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India.
98	1612		P	Britain begins presence when East India Company began to open trading posts in the north. The British East India Company — the Company that Owned a Nation (or Two): The East India Company is, or rather was, an anomaly without a parallel in the history of the world. It originated from sub-scriptions, trifling in amount, of a few private individuals. It gradually became a commercial body with gigantic resources, and by the force of unforeseen circumstances assumed the form of a sovereign power, while those by whom its affairs were directed continued, in their individual capacities, to be without power or political influence. — Bentley's Miscellany 43 (1858). It is a cliché that the Company was a foreign force that imposed itself on Indians, and using its corporate power established an evil rule. The problem with that argument is that many wealthy and influential Indians wanted the Company’s rule. Most Bengalis of the time would not even have seen the British as any more foreign than was the Persian-speaking Nawab. Of course, corporate power helped the Company. But this organization was nothing without Indian help. Its trading operation could never have survived without the collaboration and partnership of thousands of Indian merchants, agents, artisans, bankers and transporters. The Company was the biggest business firm in the world of its time. Some of the most famous entrepreneurs and business families of nineteenth-century India made their money trading with the Company or with European merchants. The Indian merchants and intellectuals of the port cities almost unanimously welcomed company rule. That support — and not Robert Clive’s plunder — helped the British power survive in India. —Tirthankar Roy.
99	1612		P	The British East India Company — the Company that Owned a Nation (or Two): One of the strangest parts of the history of the British Empire involves that commercial venture generally known as the East India Company, though its original name when founded by royal charter on the very last day of 1600 was the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies. As its name suggests, the company was the enterprise of London businessmen who banded together to make money importing spices from South Asia. For centuries the valuable spice trade with the East Indies (as they were long known) relied on land routes across Asia and the Middle East, but by the sixteenth century, the superior navigational technology and skills of the Portuguese for the first time permitted Europeans to cut out intermediaries and hence make themselves far greater profits. The Spanish and Portuguese had a monopoly of the East Indies spice trade until destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588, which permitted the British and Dutch to seek their share of this wealthy import business. The company with the long name first entered the spice trade in the form of an old-fashioned or early capitalist venture, essentially conducting each voyage as a separate business venture with its own subsribers or stock-holders. This approach lasted for a dozen years, and then in 1612 the company switched to temporary joint stocks and finally to permanent joint stocks in 1657. Supposedly a monopoly, the company evenentually faced competition from another group of English investors and merchants, and the two merged in 1708 as the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the [[East Indies]. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, The company met with opposition from the Dutch in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and the Portuguese. The Dutch virtually excluded company members from the East Indies after the Amboina Massacre in 1623 (an incident in which English, Japanese, and Portuguese traders were executed by Dutch authorities), but the company's defeat of the Portuguese in India (1612) won them trading concessions from the Mughal Empire. The company settled down to a trade in cotton and silk piece goods, indigo, and saltpetre, with spices from South India. It extended its activities to the Persian Gulf, Southeast Asia, and East Asia.
100	1612		P	The British East India Company — the Company that Owned a Nation (or Two): English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean. The Company decided to gain a territorial foothold in mainland India with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire. The requested diplomatic mission launched by James VI and I in 1612 arranged for a commercial treaty that would give the Company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas. While Portuguese and Spanish influences in the region were soon eliminated, competition against the Dutch resulted in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.
101	1612		P	The British East India Company — the Company that Owned a Nation (or Two): The company's encounters with foreign competitors eventually required it to assemble its own military and administrative departments, thereby becoming an imperial power in its own right, though the British government began to reign it in by the late eighteenth century. Before Parliament created a government-controlled policy-making body with the Regulating Act of 1773 and the India Act eleven years later, shareholders' meetings made decisions about Britain's de facto colonies in the East. The British government took away the Company's monopoly in 1813, and after 1834 it worked as the government's agency until the 1857 India Mutiny when the Colonial Office took full control. The East India Company went out of existence in 1873. During its heyday, the East India Company not only established trade through Asia and the Middle East but also effectively became of the ruler of territories vastly larger than the United Kingdom itself. In addition, it also created, rather than conquered, colonies. Singapore, for example, was an island with very few Malay inhabitants in 1819 when Sir Stamford Raffles purchased it for the Company from their ruler, the Sultan of Johor, and created what eventually became one of the world's greatest trans-shipment ports.
102	1612		Pr	Presidencies, Provinces, Princely States, (Presidencies and provinces of British India): The Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India and still earlier, Presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in India. Collectively, they have been called British India. In one form or another, they existed between 1612 and 1947, conventionally divided into three historical periods – 1612 and 1757 – East India Company 1757 and 1858 – Company Rule 1858 and 1947 – British Raj In this sense, "British India" did not include the princely states directly ruled by Indian princes, though under a close eye from the British authorities.
103	1612	1757	Pr	Presidencies, Provinces, Princely States, (Presidencies and provinces of British India): Between 1612 and 1757 the East India Company set up "factories" (trading posts) in several locations, mostly in coastal India, with the consent of the Mughal emperors, Maratha empire or local rulers. Its rivals were the merchant trading companies of Portugal, Denmark, the Netherlands, and France. By the mid-18th century three Presidency towns: Madras, Bombay and Calcutta, had grown in size.
104	1613		P	1613 – 1614 Sir William Hawkins: British East India Company sets up factory in Masulipatnam and trading post in Surat under Willian Hawkins. William Hawkins (fl. c. 1600) was a representative of the English East India Company notable for being the commander of Hector, the first company ship to anchor at Surat in India on 24 August 1608. Hawkins travelled to Agra to negotiate consent for a factory from Emperor Jahangir in 1609. Thomas Roe#Ambassador to the Mughal Empire: Sir Thomas Roe presents his credentials as ambassador of King James I to the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. The East India Company persuaded King James I to send Roe as a royal envoy to the Agra court of the Great Mughal Emperor, Jahangir. Roe resided at Agra for three years, until 1619. At the Mughal court, Roe allegedly became a favourite of Jahangir and may have been his drinking partner; certainly he arrived with gifts of "many crates of red wine" and explained to him "What beere was? How made?". The immediate result of the mission was to obtain permission and protection for an East India Company factory at Surat. While no major trading privileges were conceded by Jahingir, "Roe's mission was the beginning of a Mughal-Company relationship that would develop into something approaching a partnership and see the EIC gradually drawn into the Mughal nexus". While Roe's detailed journals are a valuable source of information on Jahangir's reign, the Emperor did not return the favour, with no mention of Roe in his own voluminous diaries.
105	1615		Co	French India#History: The first French commercial venture to India is believed to have taken place in the first half of the 16th century, in the reign of King Francis I, when two ships were fitted out by some merchants of Rouen to trade in eastern seas; they sailed from Le Havre and were never heard of again. In 1604 a company was granted letters patent by King Henry IV, but the project failed. Fresh letters patent were issued in 1615, and two ships went to India, only one returning.
106	1615		P	1615 – 1618 Mughals grant Britain the right to trade and establish factories. The tenth year of the reign of Jahangir was rendered memorable by the arrival of Sir Thomas Roe, as ambassador from James, the king of England, to solicit privileges for the East India Company, then recently established. He landed at Surat, and proceeded by slow journeys to the court, then held at Ajmere, where he was received with greater distinction than had been conferred on any foreign envoy. Thomas Roe was fascinated by the oriental magnificence of the court, which so completely eclipsed the tinsel pomp of that of his own master. He was dazzled with the profusion of gold and jewels on every side, and, not least, with those which adorned the foreheads of the royal elephants. The emperor dispensed justice daily in person; but he retired in the evening to his cups, which he never left while there was any reason left in him. He was maudlin and easy, and his courtiers were universally corrupt and unprincipled. Military discipline had decayed after the death of Akbar, and the only good soldiers in the army were the Rajpoots and the Afghans. There was a large influx of Europeans at the capital, and so greatly was Christianity encouraged, that one of the emperor’s nephews had embraced it, and the Emperor himself had an image of Christ and the Virgin in his rosary.
107	1616		BS	Susenghphaa, ruler of the Ahom kingdom defeats Mughal forces in a land and naval battle at Bharali, Assam.
108	1619		E	Jaffna kingdom is annexed and Sri Lanka's ruling dynasty deposed by Portuguese Catholics who, between 1505 and 1658, destroy most of the island's Hindu temples.
109	1620	1869	Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India): Danish India was the name given to the colonies of Denmark (Denmark–Norway before 1814) in India, forming part of the Danish colonial empire. Denmark–Norway held colonial possessions in India for more than 200 years, including the town of Tharangambadi in present-day Tamil Nadu state, Serampore in present-day West Bengal, and the Nicobar Islands, currently part of India's union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Danish and Norwegian presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat. Dano-Norwegian ventures in India, as elsewhere, were typically undercapitalised and never able to dominate or monopolise trade routes in the same way that British, French, and Portuguese ventures could.
110	1620		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India): Danish trade director, Robert Crappe and 13 of his crew escaped a ship wreck, making it to shore where they were captured by Indians and taken to the Nayak of Tanjore (now Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu). The Nayak (Raghunatha Nayak) turned out to be interested in trading opportunities, and Crappe negotiated a treaty granting them the village of Tranquebar (or Tharangamabadi), the right to construct a "stone house" (Fort Dansborg), and permission to levy taxes. This was signed as treaty of 19 November 1620. In Tranquebar they established Dansborg and installed Captain Crappe as the first governor (opperhoved) of Danish India. The treaty was renewed on 30 July 1621, and afterwards renewed and confirmed on the 10 May 1676, by Shivaji the founder of the Maratha Empire.
111	1620		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India): Fort Dansborg (Danish: Dansborg), locally called Danish Fort (Tamil: டேனியக் கோட்டை, romanized: Ṭēṉiyak kōṭṭai), is a Danish fort located in the shores of Bay of Bengal in Tranquebar (Tharangambadi) in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Fort Dansborg was built in the land ceded by Thanjavur king Ragunatha Nayak in an agreement with Danish Admiral Ove Gjedde in 1620 and acted as the base for Danish settlement in the region during the early 17th century. The fort is the second largest Danish fort after Kronborg. The fort was sold to the British in 1845 and along with Tranquebar, the fort lost its significance as the town was not an active trading post for the British.
112	1625		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India): By 1625 a factory had been established at Masulipatnam (present-day Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh), the most important emporium in the region. Lesser trading offices were established at Pipli and Balasore. Despite this, by 1627 the colony was in such a poor financial state that it had just three ships left and was unable to pay the agreed-upon tribute to the Nayak, increasing local tensions. The Danish-Norwegian presence was also unwanted by English and Dutch traders who believed them to be operating under the protection of their navies without bearing any of the costs. Despite this, they could not crush Danish-Norwegian trade, due to diplomatic implications related to their respective nations' involvement in the European wars.
113	1627	28 Oct	E	Jahangir announces "Chain of Justice" outside his palace that anyone can ring the bell and get a personal hearing with the emperor. Jahangir's constitution was completely exhausted by a life of indulgence, and expired in Lahore on the 28th of October, 1627, in the sixtieth year of his age. He was contemporary with James I the First of England. Not only was their reign of the same duration, but there was a remarkable accordance in their characters. They were both equally weak and contemptible, both the slaves of favourites and of drink, and, by a singular coincidence, they both launched a royal decree against the use of tobacco, then recently introduced into England and India, and, in both cases, with the same degree of success.
114	1628	1633	Co	Portuguese East India Company: The Portuguese East India Company (Portuguese: Companhia do commércio da Índia or Companhia da Índia Oriental) was a short-lived ill-fated attempt by Philip III of Portugal to create a national chartered company to ensure the security of Portuguese interests in India in the face of increasing influence by the Dutch and English following the personal union of the Portuguese and Spanish Crowns.
115	1630		E	Over the next two years, millions starve to death as Shah Jahan (1592-1666), fifth Mughal Emperor, empties the royal treasury to buy jewels for his "Peacock Throne".
116	1630	6 Aug	E	Life of Sivaji, valiant general and tolerant founder of Hindu Maratha Empire (1674-1818). Emancipates large areas confiscated by Muslims, returning them to Hindu control. First Indian ruler to build a major naval force. Shivaji Bhonsale I (19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680), also referred to as Chhatrapati Shivaji, was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved out an enclave from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned the Chhatrapati (emperor) of his realm at Raigad. Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Sultanate of Golkonda and the Sultanate of Bijapur, as well as with European colonial powers. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions and court conventions and promoted the usage of the Marathi language. Shivaji's legacy was to vary by observer and time, but nearly two centuries after his death, he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the Indian independence movement, as many Indian nationalists elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus.
117	1639		T	Fort St. George, India (or historically, White Town) is the first English (later British) fortress in India, founded in 1639 at the coastal city of Madras, the modern city of Chennai. The construction of the fort provided the impetus for further settlements and trading activity, in what was originally an uninhabited land. Thus, it is a feasible contention to say that the city evolved around the fortress. The East India Company (EIC), which had entered India around 1600 for trading activities, had begun licensed trading at Surat, which was its initial bastion. However, to secure its trade lines and commercial interests in the spice trade, it felt the necessity of a port closer to the Malaccan Straits, and succeeded in purchasing a piece of coastal land, originally called Chennirayarpattinam or Channapatnam, where the Company began the construction of a harbour and a fort. The fort was completed on 23 April 1644 at a cost of £3,000, coinciding with St George's Day, celebrated in honour of the patron saint of England. The fort, hence christened Fort St George, faced the sea and some fishing villages, and it soon became the hub of merchant activity. It gave birth to a new settlement area called George Town (historically referred to as Black Town), which grew to envelop the villages and led to the formation of the city of Madras. It also helped to establish English influence over the Carnatic and to keep the kings of Arcot and Srirangapatna, as well as the French forces based at Pondichéry, at bay. In 1665, after the EIC received word of the formation of the new French East India Company, the fort was strengthened and enlarged while its garrison was increased.
118	1640		BS	Rani Karnavati of the Garhwal Kingdom repels and defeats invasion attempt by Mughal army of Shah Jahan. Though King Mahipati Shah died young in 1631, after his death his Rani Karnavati, ruled the kingdom on the behalf of her very young seven-year-old son, Prithvipati Shah. She ruled over for many years to come, during which she successfully defend the kingdom against invaders and repelled an attack of Mughal army of Shah Jahan led by Najabat Khan in 1640, over the time she earned the nickname 'Nakti Rani' (Nak-Kati-Rani) as she had the habit of cutting the noses of the invaders, as the Mughal invaders of the period realised.
119	1640		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#Dutch influence (1640-1649)): Denmark-Norway attempt to sell Fort Dansborg to the Dutch for a second time.
120	1640	1948	Pr	Arni Jagir was a Jagir and a permanently settled zamindari estate that existed in the North Arcot subdivision of the North Arcot district of the erstwhile Madras Presidency in British India from 1640 to 1948. Arni jagir was granted to Vedaji Bhaskar Rao Pant by the Shahaji in 1640. Shivaji having failed in his negotiation, Sultanate of Bijapur took Arni and various other forts, and forcibly occupied the whole of Shahji's jagir in the Mysore. The Jagir of Arni was again granted as a gift to Vedaji Bhaskar pant by the Sultanate of Bijapur. After the Battle of Arnee, a treaty was signed in 1762 between the Nawab of Arcot and Pratap Singh, Rajah of Tanjore. This was guaranteed by the Government of Fort St. George and confirmed by the East India Company. This once again restored and confirmed the Jagir to Thirumala I Rao Sahib under the 5th Article of the Treaty.
121	1642		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#Dutch influence (1640-1649)): Danish-Norway colony declares war on Mughal Empire and commences raiding ships in the Bay of Bengal. Within a few months they had captured one of the Mogul emperor's vessels, incorporated it into their fleet (renamed Bengali Prize) and sold the goods in Tranquebar for a substantial profit.
122	1643		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#Dutch influence (1640-1649)): Willem Leyel, designated the new leader of the colony by the company directors in Copenhagen arrives aboard the Christianshavn. Holland and Sweden declare war on Denmark-Norway.
123	1644		E	Shivaji takes oath of Independence at Raireshwar.
124	1644	8 Mar	R	Guru Har Rai becomes seventh guru of Sikhs.
125	1645		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#Dutch influence (1640-1649)): Danish-Norway factory holdings fall increasingly under Dutch control. The Nayak of Tanjore sends small bands to raid Tranquebar.
126	1647		Co	British Colonization – Expansion: The Company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay. Portugal later ceded this land to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza, King Charles II’s wife. The East India Company (EIC) also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. By 1647, the company had 23 factories and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.
127	1647		E	Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal in Agra beside Yamuna River. Its construction has taken 20,000 laborers 15 years, at a total cost equivalence of US$25 million.
128	1648		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#Dutch influence (1640-1649)): Christian IV, patron of the colony, dies. Danish East India Company bankrupt.
129	1650		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#Abandonment and isolation (1650–1669)): Although the company had been abolished, the colony was a royal property and still held by a garrison unaware of court developments back at home. As the number of Danes-Norwegians declined through desertions and illness, Portuguese and Portuguese-Indian natives were hired to garrison the fort until eventually, by 1655, Eskild Anderson Kongsbakke was the commander and sole remaining Dane in Tranquebar.
130	1650		R	Roberto de Nobili (1577-1656), Portuguese Jesuit missionary noted for fervor and intolerance, arrives in Madurai, declares himself a brahmin, dresses like a Hindu monk and composes Veda-like scripture extolling Jesus.
131	1651		BE	Navigation Acts#Navigation Act 1651: The great Navigation Act is passed. This and other Navigation Acts eventually create a closed economy between Britain and its colonies. All colonial exports have to be shipped on English ships to the British market, and all colonial imports have to come by way of England. The Navigation Act 1651, long titled An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation, was passed on 9 October 1651 by the Rump Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell. It authorized the Commonwealth to regulate England's international trade, as well as the trade with its colonies. It reinforced long-standing principles of national policy that English trade and fisheries should be carried in English vessels. The Act banned foreign ships from transporting goods from Asia, Africa or America to England or its colonies; only ships with an English owner, master and a majority English crew would be accepted. It allowed European ships to import their own products, but banned foreign ships from transporting goods to England from a third country elsewhere in the European sphere. The Act also prohibited the import and export of salted fish in foreign ships, and penalized foreign ships carrying fish and wares between English posts. Breaking the terms of the act would result in the forfeiture of the ship and its cargo. These rules specifically targeted the Dutch, who controlled much of Europe's international trade and even much of England's coastal shipping. It excluded the Dutch from essentially all direct trade with England, as the Dutch economy was competitive with, not complementary to the English, and the two countries, therefore, exchanged few commodities. This Anglo-Dutch trade, however, constituted only a small fraction of total Dutch trade flows.
132	1655		BE	Invasion of Jamaica: An expedition sent by Oliver Cromwell wrests control of Jamaica from Spain. English settlers bring in vast numbers of enslaved Africans to work the sugar estates on the island.
133	1657		R	Dara Shikoh, also known as Dara Shukoh, (20 March 1615 – 30 August 1659) was the eldest son and heir-apparent of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Dara was designated with the title Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba ("Prince of High Rank") and was favoured as a successor by his father and his older sister, Princess Jahanara Begum. In the war of succession which ensued after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657, Dara was defeated by his younger brother Prince Muhiuddin (later, the Emperor Aurangzeb). He was executed in 1659 on Aurangzeb's orders in a bitter struggle for the imperial throne. Dara Shikoh#Intellectual pursuits: Dara Shikoh developed a friendship with the seventh Sikh Guru, Guru Har Rai. Dara Shikoh devoted much effort towards finding a common mystical language between Islam and Hinduism. Towards this goal he completed the translation of fifty Upanishads from their original Sanskrit into Persian in 1657 so that they could be studied by Muslim scholars. His translation is often called Sirr-e-Akbar ("The Greatest Mystery"), where he states boldly, in the introduction, his speculative hypothesis that the work referred to in the Qur'an as the "Kitab al-maknun" or the hidden book, is none other than the Upanishads. His most famous work, Majma-ul-Bahrain ("The Confluence of the Two Seas"), was also devoted to a revelation of the mystical and pluralistic affinities between Sufic and Vedantic speculation. The book was authored as a short treatise in Persian in 1654–55.
134	1658		E	Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, and Red Fort. Imperial treasuries drained by architectural and military overexpenditures. Shah Jahan put under house arrest, and is succeeded by his son Aurangzeb.
135	1658		E	Zealous Muslim Aurangzeb (1618-1707) becomes Mughal Emperor. His discriminatory policies toward Hindus, Marathas and the Deccan kingdoms contribute to the dissolution of the Mughal Empire by 1750.
136	1659	19 Feb	BS	Shivaji's ill-equipped and small Maratha army defeat numerically much larger Adilshahi troops at the Battle of Pratapgarh marking the first victory of the Maratha Empire. Shivaji personally kills Adilshahi commander Afzal Khan (general).
137	1660	13 Jul	BS	Maratha army of 600 defeats a much larger army of the Bijapur Sultanate of 10,000 in the Battle of Pavan Khind, near the city of Kolhapur.
138	1660		E	Frenchman Francois Bernier reports India's peasantry is living in misery under Mughal rule.
139	1661		BE	The first permanent British settlement on the African continent is made at James Island (later Kunta Kinteh Island) in the Gambia River, which becomes a key post in the transatlantic slave trade.
140	1661		Co	Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza brings Bom Bahia to King Charles II of England as part of her marriage dowry. Bombay transferred from Portuguese to British rule as part of Catherine of Braganza’s dowry to Charles II in 1661. It rose to become India's largest city, driven in large part by its status as a leading cotton trading market and shipping port. In spite of being relatively poor, Charles easily assumed the role of King of England and he left it to his new government to work through the intricacies of choosing a wife who would bring the greatest political and economic benefit to him and to England. Catherine of Braganza#Marriage: Negotiations for the marriage began during the reign of King Charles I, were renewed immediately after the Restoration, and on 23 June 1661, in spite of Spanish opposition, the marriage contract was signed. England secured Tangier (in North Africa) and the Seven Islands of Bombay (in India), trading privileges in Brazil and the East Indies, religious and commercial freedom in Portugal, and two million Portuguese crowns (about £300,000). In return Portugal obtained British military and naval support (which would prove to be decisive) in her fight against Spain and liberty of worship for Catherine. She arrived at Portsmouth on the evening of 13–14 May 1662, but was not visited there by Charles until 20 May. The following day the couple were married at Portsmouth in two ceremonies – a Catholic one conducted in secret, followed by a public Anglican service. Catherine also popularised tea-drinking in Britain.
141	1661	6 Oct	R	Guru Har Krishan becomes eight guru of Sikhs.
142	1664		BE	The Dutch trade New Amsterdam (New York City) for a British island in Southeast Asia.
143	1664		Co	French colonization (French India): French India, formally the Établissements français dans l'Inde (English: French Settlements in India), was a French colony comprising five geographically separated enclaves on the Indian Subcontinent that had initially been factories of the French East India Company. Beginning in the second half of the 17th century, they were de facto incorporated into the Republic of India in 1950 and 1954. The enclaves were Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon (Andhra Pradesh) on the Coromandel Coast, Mahé on the Malabar Coast and Chandernagor in Bengal. The French also possessed several loges ('lodges', tiny subsidiary trading stations) inside other towns, but after 1816, the British denied all French claims to these, which were not reoccupied. France was the last of the major European maritime powers of the 17th century to enter the East India trade. Six decades after the foundation of the English and Dutch East India companies (in 1600 and 1602 respectively), and at a time when both companies were multiplying factories (trading posts) on the shores of India, the French still did not have a viable trading company or a single permanent establishment in the East.
144	1665	11 Jun	BS	The Treaty of Purandar (1665) was signed on June 11, 1665, between the Jai Singh I, who was commander of the Mughal Empire, and Maratha Shivaji. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort. When Shivaji realised that war with the Mughal Empire would only cause damage to the empire and that his men would suffer heavy losses, he chose to make a treaty instead of leaving his men under the Mughals. Following are the main points of the treaty: Shivaji kept twelve forts, along with an area worth an income of 100,000 (1 lakh) huns. Shivaji was required to help the Mughals whenever and wherever required. Shivaji's son Sambhaji was tasked with the command of a 5,000-strong force under the Mughals. If Shivaji wanted to claim the Konkan area under Bijapur's control, he would have to pay 4 million (40 lakh) hons to the Mughals. He had to give up his forts at Purandar, Rudramal, Kondana, Karnala, Lohagad, Isagad, Tung, Tikona, Rohida fort, Nardurga, Mahuli, Bhandardurga, Palaskhol, Rupgad, Bakhtgad, Morabkhan, Manikgad (Raigad), Saroopgad, Sagargad, Marakgad, Ankola, Songadh, and Mangad. Along with these requirements, Shivaji agreed to visit Agra to meet Aurangzeb for further political talks.
145	1665		P	Fort St. George, India#History: In 1665, after the East India Company (EIC) received word of the formation of the new French East India Company, the fort was strengthened and enlarged while its garrison was increased. The Fort is a stronghold with 6 metres (20 ft) high walls that withstood a number of assaults in the 18th century. It briefly passed into the possession of the French from 1746 to 1749, but was restored to Great Britain under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession.
146	1665	20 Mar	R	Guru Tegh Bahadur becomes ninth Guru of Sikhs.
147	1668	1954	Co	French India: By 1950, the total area measured 510 km2 (200 sq mi), of which 293 km2 (113 sq mi) belonged to the territory of Pondichéry. In 1936, the population of the colony totalled 298,851 inhabitants, of which 63% (187,870) lived in the territory of Pondichéry.
148	1668	Bombay	Co	British East India Company leased the seven islands of Mumbai from Charles II. Mumbai was given to the British as part of Catherine of Braganza’s royal dowry when she married King Charles II of England. The original Seven Islands of Bombay handed over to England were as follows: Isle of Bombay Colaba Old Woman's Island (Little Colaba) Mahim Mazagaon Parel Worli The Anglo-Portuguese marriage treaty was dated 23rd June 1661, ratified on 28th August, 1661 and the marriage took place on 31st May, 1662. But none of these dates are quite as significant as 27th March, 1668. It was in this day, that King Charles II declared the East India Company (EIC) “the true and absolute Lords and Proprietors of the (Bombay) Port and Island …. At the yearly rental of 10 Pounds, payable to the Crown”, writes Samuel T Sheppard in his book “Bombay”. King Charles was happy to hand over the territory which has been the cause of much trouble and expense because of constant friction with the Portuguese over port dues. In return for Bombay, he received a loan of 50,000 Pounds at 6% interest from the EIC.
149	1668		Co	French colonization (French India#History): La Compagnie française des Indes orientales (French East India Company) was formed under the auspices of Cardinal Richelieu (1642) and reconstructed under Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1664), sending an expedition to Madagascar. In 1667 the French India Company sent out another expedition, under the command of François Caron (who was accompanied by a Persian named Marcara), which reached Surat in 1668 and established the first French factory in India.
150	1669	23 Nov	BS	Jats defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Tilpat takes control of Mathura.
151	1669		Co	French colonization (French India): In 1669, Marcara succeeded in establishing another French factory at Masulipatam. In 1672, Fort Saint Thomas was taken but the French were driven out by the Dutch. Chandernagore (present-day Chandannagar) was established in 1692, with the permission of Nawab Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal. In 1673, the French acquired the area of Pondicherry from the qiladar of Valikondapuram under the Sultan of Bijapur, and thus the foundation of Pondichéry was laid. By 1720, the French had lost their factories at Surat, Masulipatam and Bantam to the British East India Company.
152	1669		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#Abandonment and isolation (1650–1669)): Kongsbakke's reports, sent to Denmark via other European vessels, finally convinced the Danish-Norwegian government to relieve him. The frigate Færø was dispatched to India, commanded by Capt Sivardt Adelaer, with an official confirmation of his appointment as colony leader. It arrived May 1669 — ending 19 years of isolation.
153	1670		BE	For the British, by this time there are British American colonies in New England, Virginia, and Maryland and settlements in the Bermudas, Honduras, Antigua, Barbados, and Nova Scotia, Canada.
154	1670		P	In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the East India Company (EIC), King Charles II granted the EIC (in a series of five acts around 1670) the rights to.... Autonomously acquire territory, Mint money, Command fortresses and troops and form alliances, Make war and peace, and Exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas. These decisions would eventually turn the EIC from a trading company into de facto an administrative agent with wide powers granted by the British government.
155	1670	Bombay	T	First printing press imported to Mumbai by Parsi businessman Bhimjee Parikh. Bhimji Parekh or Bhimji Parikh (1610–1680) was an Indian businessman. He was born in 1610 in Surat. He is remembered today primarily for having introduced the first printing press, to Bombay in 1674–75. Bhimji intended to use this printing press for "the common good" of printing "ancient manuscripts" that would be "useful or at least grateful to posterity".
156	1670		Tr	Bombay Dockyard (Royal Navy) or formally His Majesty's Indian Dockyard, Bombay was originally a naval facility developed by the East India Company beginning in 1670. It was formally established as a Royal Navy Dockyard in 1811 and base of the East Indies Station when the Department of Admiralty in London took over it. The yard was initially managed by the Navy Board through its Resident Commissioner, Bombay until 1832 when administration of the yard was taken over by the Board of Admiralty, it was closed in 1949.
157	1671		BS	Ahom kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Saraighat, takes back control of Guwahati.
158	1672	February	BS	Maratha forces under Prataprao Gujar defeat a Mughal army twice its size in the Battle of Salher.
159	1672		Dy	Anwaruddin Khan (1672 – 3 August 1749), also known as Muhammad Anwaruddin, was the 1st Nawab of Arcot of the second Dynasty. He was a major figure during the first two Carnatic Wars. He was also Subedar of Thatta from 1721–1733.
160	1672	Bombay	R	In Bombay, Consecration of the first Tower of Silence and first Fire temple (Hirji Vachha Agiary, now defunct).
161	1673		Co	French colonization (French India): On 4 February 1673, Bellanger de l'Espinay, a French officer, took up residence in the Danish Lodge in Pondichéry, thereby commencing the French administration of Pondichéry. In 1674 François Martin, the first Governor, initiated ambitious projects to transform Pondichéry from a small fishing village into a flourishing port-town. The French, though, found themselves in continual conflict with the Dutch and the English. The case of France was upheld for many years at the court of the Sultan of Golconda, Qutb Shah, by a French Huguenot physician named Antoine d'Estremau.
162	1674	6 Jun	BS	Forces led by Shivaji defeat Aurangzeb's troops, and establishes Maratha Empire. Shivaji is crowned Chhatrapati.
163	1674	1818	Dy	The Peshwa was the appointed (and later hereditary) Prime Minister of the Maratha Empire of the Indian subcontinent. Originally, the Peshwas served as subordinates to the Chhatrapati (the Maratha king); later, under the Bhat family, they became the de facto leaders of the Maratha Confederacy with the Chhatrapati becoming a nominal ruler. During the last years of the Maratha Empire, the Peshwas themselves were reduced to titular leaders, and remained under the authority of the Maratha nobles and the British East India Company. Formation : 1674, Abolished: 3 June 1818 All the Peshwas during the rule of Chhatrapati Shivaji, Sambhaji and Rajaram belonged to Deshastha Brahmin community. The first Peshwa was Moropant Pingle, who was appointed as the head of the Ashta Pradhan (council of eight ministers) by Chhatrapati Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire. The initial Peshwas were all ministers who served as the chief executives to the king. The later Peshwas held the highest administrative office and also controlled the Maratha confederacy. Under the Chitpavan Brahmin Bhat family, the Peshwas became the de facto hereditary administrators of the Confederacy. The Peshwa's office was most powerful under Baji Rao I (r. 1720–1740). Under Peshwa administration and with the support of several key generals and diplomats, the Maratha Empire reached its zenith, ruling major areas of India. The subsequent Peshwas brought in autonomy and as a result later on many provinces were controlled and administered by the Maratha nobles such as Scindias and Gaekwads.
164	1674	1818	Dy	The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a power that dominated a large portion of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. The empire formally existed from 1674 with the coronation of Shivaji as the Chhatrapati and ended in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II at the hands of the British East India Company. The Marathas are credited to a large extent for ending Mughal Rule over most of the Indian subcontinent.
165	1675	Bombay	R	The Bombay Devi temple built near the main landing site on the former Bori Bunder creek or inlet, against the north wall of the English Fort Saint George by a Hindu woman also named Mumba. The creek and fort are now deteriorated to a point at which they are but derelict reminders of the city's past. The temple, on the other hand, is still active..
166	1675		R	Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of Sikhs is executed in Delhi by the order of Aurangzeb for his support for the Kashmiri Hindus to practice their religion.Guru Gobind Singh becomes tenth Guru of Sikhs.
167	1678		P	St. Mary's Church, Chennai is the oldest Anglican church in India. It was built between 1678 and 1680 on the orders of the then Agent of Madras Streynsham Master. It is located at Fort St George in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It lies East of Suez and also the oldest British building in India. The church is popularly known as 'Westminster Abbey of the East'.
168	1679		E	Aurangzeb levies Jizya tax on non-believers, Hindus.
169	1679	1680	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Mughal Empire: Second Mughal Invasion of Marwar (1679–1707) – Aurangzeb took Marwar under his direct control after the death of Maharaja Jaswant Singh. The Rathore army under Durgadas Rathore carried out a relentless struggle against the occupying forces. In 1707 after the death of Aurangzeb, Durgadas defeated the local Mughal force and reoccupied Jodhpur and their lost territories. Battle of Udaipur (1680) – Aurangzeb attacked Mewar and plundered Udaipur, the citizens were safely escorted to the aravalli hills by Rana Raj Singh but 63 temples in and around Udaipur were plundered and many villages were burned down by Aurangzeb's general Taj Khan. The Mughal army was eventually starved out of Mewar because of the scorched earth techniques and guerrilla warfare used by the Rana. Aurangzeb after a failed campaign left Mewar to his son Akbar and retreated to Ajmer.
170	1680	1707	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Mughal Empire: Battle of Aravalli hills (1680) – In the second half of 1680, after several months of such setbacks, Aurangzeb decided on an all-out offensive. Niccolao Manucci, an Italian gunner in the Mughal army, says: "for this campaign, Aurangzeb put in pledge the whole of his kingdom." Three separate armies, under Aurangzeb's sons Akbar, Azam and Muazzam, penetrated the Aravalli hills from different directions. However, their artillery lost its effectiveness while being dragged around the rugged hills and both Azam and Muazzam were defeated by the Rajputs under Durgadas Rathore and Rana Raj Singh. Battle of Jodhpur (1707) – Durgadas Rathore took advantage of the disturbances following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to seize Jodhpur and eventually evict the occupying Mughal force out of Marwar.
171	1680	3 Apr	E	Shivaji dies of fever at Raigad.
172	1680	20 Jul	E	Sambhaji becomes 2nd Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.
173	1681		BS	Aurangzeb invades the Deccan.
174	1682	August	BS	Ahom kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Itakhuli, takes back control of Kamrup region.
175	1686	1690	BC	Child's War was a war between the English East India Company and the Mughal Empire of India, ruled by emperor Aurangzeb, which lasted from 1686 to 1690. Result: Mughal victory. English East India Company fined. The Anglo-Mughal War, also known as Child's War, was the first Anglo-Indian war on the Indian subcontinent. The English East India Company had been given a monopoly and numerous fortified bases on western and south-eastern coast of the Mughal India by the Crown, which was permitted by the local governors. In 1682, William Hedges was sent on the behalf of the Company to negotiate with the governor of the proto-industrialised Bengal Subah, Shaista Khan, and to obtain a firman, an imperial directive that would allow the English company regular trading privileges across the Mughal provinces. In 1685, after some breaking of negotiations by Sir Josiah Child, Bt, the Governor of Bengal reacted by increasing the tributaries of the trade with the north-east from 2% to 3.5%. The company refused the newly introduced taxes and began to try and get the province of Bengal to accept new terms. The East India Company navy blockaded several Mughal ports on the western coast of India and engaged the Mughal Army in battle. The blockade started to effect major cities like Chittagong, Madras and Mumbai, which resulted in the intervention of Emperor Aurangzeb, who seized all the factories of the company and arrested members of the East India Company Army, while the Company forces commanded by Sir Josiah Child, Bt captured further Mughal trading ships. Ultimately the Company was forced to concede by the armed forces of the Mughal Empire and the company was fined 150.000 rupees (roughly equivalent to today's $4.4 million). The company's apology was accepted and the trading privileges were reimposed by Emperor Aurangzeb. In 1682 the English East India Company sent William Hedges to Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal Subah, in order to obtain a firman: an imperial directive that would grant the Company regular trading privileges throughout the proto-industrialised Mughal Empire, the world's largest economy of that time. After the intervention of the company's governor in London, Sir Josiah Child, with Hedges's mission, causing Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations. After that Child decided to go to war against the Mughals.
176	1686		BS	The Sikandara was plundered by Rajaram Jat. Even the skelaton of Akbar the great,was taken out and the bones were consumed to flames.
177	1686		BS	Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb demolishes all temples in Mathura, said to number 1,000. (During their reign, Muslim rulers destroy roughly 60,000 Hindu temples throughout India, constructing mosques on 3,000 sites.)
178	1688		P	The Anglo-Mughal War: In 1685 Admiral Nicholson was sent out with twelve ships of war, carrying 200 pieces of cannon and a body of 600 men, to be reinforced by 400 from Madras. His instructions were to capture and fortify Chittagong, for which purpose 200 additional guns were placed on board, to demand the cession of the encompassing territory, to conciliate the Zamindars and Taluqdars, to establish a mint, and to enter into a treaty with the ruler of Arakan. But the fleet was dispersed during the voyage, and several of the vessels, instead of steering for Chittagong, entered the Hooghly, and being joined by English troops from Madras, anchored off the Company's factory. The arrival of so formidable an expedition alarmed Shaista Khan, and he offered to compromise his differences with the English; but an unforeseen event brought the negotiation to an abrupt close. Three English soldiers, strolling through the marketplace of Hooghly, quarrelled with Mughal officials, and were severely beaten. After that Nicholson dispatched a force to capture the town. In 1686, new negotiations started in Chuttanutty which the Mughals intentionally prolonged till their troops could be assembled to attack the English encampment, and English commander Job Charnock retired with his soldiers and establishments to the island of Ingelee, at the mouth of the Hooghly River. It was a low and deadly swamp, covered with long grass, without any fresh water. In three months 50% of the English troops had died from disease. In 1688, an English fleet was dispatched to blockade the Mughal harbours in the Arabian Sea on the western coast of India. Merchantmen containing Muslim pilgrims to Mecca (as part of the hajj) were among those captured. Upon hearing of the blockade, Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir decided to resume negotiations with the English. However, the Company sent out reinforcements commanded by Captain Heath who on his arrival disallowed the treaty then pending and proceeded to Balasore which he bombarded unsuccessfully. He then sailed to Chittagong; but finding the fortifications stronger than he had anticipated, landed at Madras. After that Emperor Aurangzeb issued orders for the occupation of the East India Company possessions all over the subcontinent, and the confiscation of their property. As a result, possessions of East India Company were reduced to the fortified towns of Madras and Bombay.
179	1689		E	Sambhaji dies, Rajaram I becomes the third Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.
180	1689		P	The Anglo-Mughal War: In 1689, the strong Mughal fleet from Janjira commanded by the Sidi Yaqub and manned by Mappila from Ethiopian Empire blockaded the East India Company fort in Bombay, Fort William. After a year of resistance, a famine broke out due to the blockade, the Company surrendered, and in 1690 the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's court to plea for a pardon and to renew the trade firman. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large imperial fine of 1,50,000 rupees, and promise better behavior in the future. Emperor Aurangzeb then ordered Sidi Yaqub to lift the Siege of Bombay and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta.
181	1693		Co	French colonization (French India): In 1693 the Dutch captured Pondichéry and augmented the fortifications. The French regained the town in 1699 through the Treaty of Ryswick, signed on 20 September 1697. The Peace of Ryswick, or Rijswijk, was a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Rijswijk between 20 September and 30 October 1697. They ended the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War between France, and the Grand Alliance, which included England, Spain, Austria, and the Dutch Republic.
182	1696		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#The Second Danish East India Company (1670–1732)): Trade between Denmark-Norway and Tranquebar now resumed, a new Danish East India Company was formed, and several new commercial outposts were established, governed from Tranquebar: Oddeway Torre on the Malabar coast in 1696, and Dannemarksnagore at Gondalpara, southeast of Chandernagore in 1698. The settlement with the Nayak was confirmed and Tranquebar was permitted to expand to include three surrounding villages.
183	1696		R	Kashi Vishwanath Temple which was dedicated to Shiva; the presiding deity of the city of Varanasi, one of the holiest Hindu sites of pilgrimage, had been plundered, desecrated, demolished & converted into Gyanvapi Mosque on the orders of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1696.
184	1696	1720	T	Fort William, India is a fort in Hastings, Calcutta (Kolkata). It was built during the early years of the Bengal Presidency of British India. It sits on the eastern banks of the Hooghly River, the major distributary of the River Ganges. One of Kolkata's most enduring Raj-era edifices, it extends over an area of 70.9 hectares. The fort was named after King William III. In front of the Fort is the Maidan, the largest park in the city. An internal guard room became the Black Hole of Calcutta. Type: Fortress, garrisoned and armoured Army Headquarters. Controlled by: Bengal Subah (before 1757), British East India Company (1757–1858), British Raj (1858–1947), Indian Army (Current holding) Built: 1696–1702, In use: 1781 – present, Battles/wars: Battle of Plassey (1757)
185	1698		Co	East India Company#Trade monopoly: The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses, and to obtain political power. The company developed a lobby in the English parliament. Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company (pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company), who wanted to establish private trading firms in India, a deregulating act was passed in 1694. This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. When the East India Company Act 1697 (9 Will. c. 44) was passed in 1697, a new "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade. It quickly became evident that, in practice, the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition. The companies merged in 1708, by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state, with the charter and agreement for the new United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies being awarded by Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin. Under this arrangement, the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £3,200,000, in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years, after which the situation was to be reviewed. The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Britain’s growing prosperity, demand, and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The EIC became the single largest player on the British global market. Following the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) and the defeat of France, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the EIC. The Company, with the backing of its own private well-disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in new regions in India without facing obstacles from other colonial powers, although it continued to experience resistance from local rulers.
186	1699	3 Oct	R	Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru of Sikhs creates Khalsa, the saint-soldier at Anandpur Sahib, Punjab.
187	1700	3 Mar	E	Rajaram I dies, is succeeded by Shivaji II as Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.
188	1700		Ec	Timeline of the economy of the Indian subcontinent#Mughal era: The Indian subcontinent, under Mughal Emperor's Aurangzeb policies based on Islamic economics, becomes the world's largest economy, and the most important center of manufacturing in International trade, ahead of Qing dynasty, China. Worth 25% of the world's industrial (Secondary sector of the economy) output, it signalled the Proto-industrialization.
189	1702		D	Thomas Pitt, President of Fort St George, Madras (in office 7 July 1698 – 18 September 1709), acquires the Pitt Diamond, later sold to the Regent of France, the Duc d'Orleans, for 135,000 Pounds. Now known as The Regent Diamond it is a 140.64-carat (28.128 g) diamond owned by the French state and on display in the Louvre, worth as of 2015 £48,000,000. It is widely considered the most beautiful and the purest diamond in the world. Thomas Pitt was the grandfather of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham ("Pitt the Elder") and was great-grandfather of Pitt the Younger, both prime ministers of Great Britain.
190	1702		P	In the year 1702, Daud Khan Panni the Mughal Empire's local Subedar of the Carnatic, besieged and blockaded Fort St. George, India for more than three months. The governor of the fort Thomas Pitt was instructed by the British East India Company to vie for peace.
191	1706		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India): Frederick IV, king of Denmark-Norway sends two Danish missionaries to India, Heinrich Plütcshau and Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg – the first Protestant (Lutheran) missionaries in India. Previously priests had not attempted to convert, and Indians denied entry to European churches. Arriving in 1707, they were not welcomed by their countrymen who suspected them of being spies. Ziegenbalg gains converts among the Indians who, by royal decree, are freed to encourage further Christianisation amongst the Indians. Christianity becomes associated with lower caste people and rejected by upper caste Hindus.
192	1707	13 Feb	E	Birth of Suraj Mal son of Badan Singh Maharaja Suraj Mal (13 February 1707 – 25 December 1763) or Sujan Singh, was a Hindu Jat ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan, India. Under him, the Jat rule covered the present-day districts of Agra, Aligarh, Alwar, Bharatpur, Bulandshahr, Dholpur, Etah, Etawa, Faridabad, Firozabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon, Hathras, Jhajjar, Kanpur, Mainpuri, Mathura, Mewat, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Palwal, Rewari, and Rohtak. A contemporary historian had described him as "the Plato of the Jat tribe" and by a modern writer as the "Jat Odysseus", because of his "political sagacity, steady intellect and clear vision". The Jats, under Suraj Mal, overran the Mughal garrison at Agra. Suraj Mal was killed in an ambush by the Rohilla troops on the night of 25 December 1763 near Hindon River, Shahadra, Delhi. In addition to the troops stationed at his forts, he had an army of 25,000 infantry and 15,000 cavalry when he died.
193	1707	3 Mar	E	Death of Aurangzeb the mughal monarch.
194	1708	1710	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Mughal Empire: Annexation of Amer (January 1708) – Bahadur Shah I marched with a large army and annexed Amer without a war. Raja Jai Singh was forced to retreat with his army. Amber was named Mominabad by the Mughal emperor. Battle of Merta (February 1708) – Bahadur Shah I's general Mihrab Khan defeated Ajit Singh of Marwar. The Mughal emperor was advised to stay in Ajmer as the Mughals were wary of the guerrilla tactics of Durgadas. Ajit Singh however went against the advice of Durgadas Rathore and directly confronted the large Mughal army. The Mughals bombarded the Rathor horsemen with cannons and rockets and forced them to retreat after heavy losses. Jodhpur was once again occupied by the Mughals. Ajit Singh received "special robes of honour" and a jewelled scarf from the Emperor for his bravery shown in battle. Rajput Rebellion (September 1708–10) – The three Rajput Raja's of Amber, Udaipur and Jodhpur made a joint resistance to the Mughals. The Rajputs first expelled the commandants of Jodhpur and Bayana and recovered Amer by a night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha in the battle of Sambhar (1709). Raja Ajit Singh also attacked Ajmer and forced its governor to pay tribute. Sayyid Hidayatullah, the governor of Ranthambore was also defeated, bringing a danger to the Mughal capital itself. Bahadur Shah I, then in the Deccan was forced to patch up a truce with the Rajput Rajas (1710).
195	1708	1722	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#During the Mughal Empire: Battle of Kama (1708) (October 4–7, 1708) – Ajit Singh Kachwaha, the Rajput zamindar of Kama defeated the combined armies of Mughals and Jats. The Mughal-Jat army numbered 18,000 while the Kachwahas had 10,000 horsemen. After a bitter fight the Mughal faujdar Raza Bahadur was killed and the Jat leader Churaman was forced to flee to Thun. Jai Singh II's campaign against the Jats (1718–1722) – The Jats under Churaman had been actively looting and plundering in the Agra district due to which the Mughals had to close the roads to Delhi and Agra for the safety of the traders. In 1718 Sawai Jai Singh II was appointed by the Mughal emperor to destroy the Jat stronghold of Thun. Jai Singh surrounded the fort and was about to breach it when the Sayyid brothers, who were rivals of the Jaipur raja, made a separate peace with the Jats on behalf of the emperor. Jai Singh was forced to withdraw in disgust. Two years later Churaman died and his son Mokham Singh succeeded him. Mokhams first step as a ruler was to imprison his cousin Badan Singh. Badan asked for help from Sawai Jai Singh II. Jai Singh readily set upon Thun and captured it after a six-month siege. Mokham was forced to flee and Badan Singh was made the Raja of Deeg on the condition that he pays tribute.
196	1708	7 Oct	R	Guru Granth Sahib becomes Guru of Sikhs.
197	1709	Bombay	R	Banaji Limji Agiary: In Bombay, First attested private Parsi Adaran (in the home of Banaji Limji). Continues to be the oldest continuously-burning Zoroastrian Fire temple in Mumbai (now in the Banaji Limji Agiary, Fort). Situated less than a kilometre away from the temple, Maneckji Seth Agiary (1733) is the second-oldest fire temple in Mumbai.
198	1710		BS	Sikh army under Banda Singh Bahadur defeats Mughal Empire in the Battle of Chappar Chiri and establishes Sikh rule from Lahore to Delhi.
199	1714	1727	Em	George I of Great Britain: George I (George Louis; German: Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 and ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) within the Holy Roman Empire from 23 January 1698 until his death in 1727. He was the first British monarch of the House of Hanover.
200	1715	1767	F	Puli Thevar was a Tamil Polygar who ruled Nerkattumseval, situated in the Sankarankoil taluk, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. He is notable for leading a revolt against Company rule at 1757 in India. Ondiveeran and Venni Kaladi were the generals of Thevar's army, and he was the first Indian to fight against the British.
201	1719		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#The Second Danish East India Company (1670–1732)): Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg attempts to learn as much as possible of the language of the inhabitants of Tranquebar, hiring tutors to learn Portuguese and Tamil, and buying Hindu texts. He finds ways to create rifts in the local society in collusion with a few new converts to Christianity. He eventually writes the first Tamil glossary, Tamil-German dictionary, and translations of Hindu books. He translates parts of the Bible into Tamil. He completes the New Testament in prison, and the Old Testament later. Receiving funds from Europe he sets up a printing press and prints Tamil Bibles and books. He becomes the first book printer in India and produces paper. He establishes a seminary for Indian priests in Tranquebar before his death in Tranquebar 1719. This mission leads to missionaries spreading outside the colony, despite opposition from the kings of Tranquebar. Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg#Death and legacy: Ziegenbalg was troubled by ill health his entire life, a condition aggravated by his work in the mission field. He died on 23 February 1719, at the age of thirty-six, in Tranquebar. His last 13 years were spent laying the foundations for German scholarship in Tamil that continues to this day. Ziegenbalg is buried at the New Jerusalem Church, which he helped establish in 1718 at Tranquebar.
202	1720		Co	Chaul: Chaul is a former city of Portuguese India, now in ruins. It is located 60 km south of Mumbai, in Raigad District of Maharashtra state in western India. During the later 17th and early 18th centuries Portuguese India declined economically and politically, and Chaul lost its former importance. As the power of the Mughal Empire declined in the early 18th century, the Marathas expanded their control of central and western India. The Portuguese colony of Kalyan was captured by the Marathas in 1720, and in 1737 the Maratha general Angria began a concerted campaign to capture the remaining Portuguese territories. Chaul and the Morro de Chaul came under siege in March 1739, but the siege was raised in October. After the capture of Baçaim in 1740, a peace treaty was concluded, and on 18 September 1740, Chaul was ceded by treaty to the Marathas. The city was subsequently abandoned and left in ruins. The village of Korlai, near the ruins of Chaul, is still home to speakers of Portuguese Creole.
203	1720	1782	Dy	Hyder Ali, Haidarālī (c. 1720 – 7 December 1782) was the Sultan and de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born as Hyder Ali Khan, he distinguished himself militarily, eventually drawing the attention of Mysore's rulers. Rising to the post of Dalavayi (commander-in-chief) to Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, he came to dominate the titular monarch and the Mysore government. He became the de facto ruler of Mysore as Sarvadhikari (Chief Minister) by 1761. During intermittent conflicts against the East India Company during the First and Second Anglo–Mysore Wars, Hyder Ali distinguished himself in military tactics, being the innovator of military use of the iron-cased Mysorean rockets. He also significantly developed the Mysorean economy. Though illiterate, Hyder Ali earned an important place in the history of southern India for his administrative acumen and military skills. He concluded an alliance with the French, and used the services of French workmen in raising his artillery and arsenal. His rule of Mysore was characterised by frequent warfare with his neighbours and rebellion within his territories. This was not unusual for the time as much of the Indian subcontinent was then in turmoil. He left his eldest son, Tipu Sultan, an extensive kingdom bordered by the Krishna River in the north, the Eastern Ghats in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west.
204	1720		E	Bajirao I appointed by Shahu Maharaj as Peshwa (prime minister) who would later expand the Maratha empire to cover most of present-day India.
205	1721	1955	Ad	British Prime Ministers during Imperialism, (List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom#From 1721): The office of prime minister developed in Britain in the 18th century, when King George I ceased attending meetings of his ministers and it was left to powerful premiers to act as government chief executive. Sir Robert Walpole is generally considered to have been Britain’s first prime minister. This is a chronologically ordered list of the british prime ministers, from the earliest to 1950s .... Sir Robert Walpole (1721–42)
206	1721	1955	Ad	British Prime Ministers during Imperialism, (List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom#From 1721): Spencer Compton (1742–43) Henry Pelham (1743–54) Thomas Pelham-Holles (1754–56; 1st time) William Cavendish (1756–57) Thomas Pelham-Holles (1757–62; 2nd time) John Stuart (1762–63) George Grenville (1763–65) Charles Watson Wentworth (1765–66; 1st time) William Pitt, the Elder (1766–68) Augustus Henry Fitzroy (1768–70)
207	1721	1955	Ad	British Prime Ministers during Imperialism, (List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom#From 1721): Frederick North (1770–82) Charles Watson Wentworth (1782; 2nd time) William Petty-Fitzmaurice (1782–83) William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck (1783; 1st time) William Pitt, the Younger (1783–1801; 1st time) Henry Addington (1801–04) William Pitt, the Younger (1804–06; 2nd time) William Wyndham Grenville (1806–07) William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck (1807–09; 2nd time) Spencer Perceval (1809–12)
208	1721	1955	Ad	British Prime Ministers during Imperialism, (List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom#From 1721): Robert Banks Jenkinson (1812–27) George Canning (1827) Frederick John Robinson (1827–28) Arthur Wellesley (1828–30; 1st time) Charles Grey (1830–34) William Lamb (1834; 1st time) Arthur Wellesley (1834; 2nd time) Sir Robert Peel (1834–35; 1st time) William Lamb (1835–41; 2nd time) Sir Robert Peel (1841–46; 2nd time)
209	1721	1955	Ad	British Prime Ministers during Imperialism, (List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom#From 1721): John Russell (1846–52; 1st time) Edward Geoffrey Stanley (1852; 1st time) George Hamilton-Gordon (1852–55) Henry John Temple (1855–58; 1st time) Edward Geoffrey Stanley (1858–59; 2nd time) Henry John Temple (1859–65; 2nd time) John Russell (1865–66; 2nd time) Edward Geoffrey Stanley (1866–68; 3rd time) Benjamin Disraeli (1868; 1st time) William Ewart Gladstone (1868–74; 1st time)
210	1721	1955	Ad	British Prime Ministers during Imperialism, (List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom#From 1721): Benjamin Disraeli (1874–80; 2nd time) William Ewart Gladstone (1880–85; 2nd time) Robert Cecil (1885–86; 1st time) William Ewart Gladstone (1886; 3rd time) Robert Cecil (1886–92; 2nd time) William Ewart Gladstone (1892–94; 4th time) Archibald Philip Primrose (1894–95) Robert Cecil (1895–1902; 3rd time) Arthur James Balfour (1902–05) Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1905–08)
211	1721	1955	Ad	British Prime Ministers during Imperialism, (List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom#From 1721): H.H. Asquith (1908–16) David Lloyd George (1916–22) Bonar Law (1922–23) Stanley Baldwin (1923–24; 1st time) Ramsay Macdonald (1924; 1st time) Stanley Baldwin (1924–29; 2nd time) Ramsay Macdonald (1929–35; 2nd time) Stanley Baldwin (1935–37; 3rd time) Neville Chamberlain (1937–40) Winston Churchill (1940–45; 1st time) Clement Attlee (1945–51) Sir Winston Churchill (1951–55; 2nd time)
212	1721		BE	Attingal Outbreak: Attingal Outbreak (Anjengo Revolt; April–October 1721) refers to the massacre of 140 East India Company soldiers by native Indians and the following siege of Fort Anjengo. The Attingal Outbreak is often regarded as the first organized revolt against British authority in Malabar, Cochin and Travancore. The main reasons behind the resentment was large scale corruption and the manipulation of black pepper prices by the Company. The chief factor at the Anjengo factor, Gyfford refused to hand over the customary gifts meant for the Rani of Attingal to the agents of the local feudal lords (Pillamar) and tried to hand them directly to the Rani at the head of a force of 140 soldiers on 15 April 1721. This show of force had the opposite effect and the local people rebelled, attacked and destroyed the entire force and then laid siege to the fort. Gunnar Ince led the defence of the fort for six months till the arrival of the Company's troops from the English controlled Tellicherry. Following the turn of events, the Company and the Rani of Attingal entered into an agreement under which; the Company was compensated for all losses sustained during the attack on Anjengo was also given the sole monopoly of trade in pepper the right to erect factories in places of its choice
213	1721	1949	Pr	British India – Princely State: A princely state, also called native state, feudatory state or Indian state (for those states on the subcontinent), was a vassal state under a local or indigenous or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj. Though the history of the princely states of the subcontinent dates from at least the classical period of Indian history, the predominant usage of the term princely state specifically refers to a semi-sovereign principality on the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by a local ruler, subject to a form of indirect rule on some matters. The imprecise doctrine of paramountcy allowed the government of British India to interfere in the internal affairs of princely states individually or collectively and issue edicts that applied to all of India when it deemed it necessary. At the time of the British withdrawal, 565 princely states were officially recognised in the Indian subcontinent, apart from thousands of zamindari estates and jagirs. In 1947, princely states covered 40% of the area of pre-independence India and constituted 23% of its population. The most important states had their own British Political Residencies: Hyderabad of the Nizams, Mysore and Travancore in the South followed by Jammu and Kashmir, and Sikkim in the Himalayas, and Indore in Central India. The most prominent among those – roughly a quarter of the total – had the status of a salute state, one whose ruler was entitled to a set number of gun salutes on ceremonial occasions.
214	1721	1947	Dy	Gaekwad dynasty (Former Monarchy) 1721–1947 The Gaekwads of Baroda (also spelled as Gaikwads, Guicowars, Gaekwars) are Hindu Marathas who trace their origins to Dawadi village near Poona (modern Pune) to a Maratha clan by the name of Matre, which means Mantri meaning Minister. Gaekwad dynasty of the Maratha Empire are originally of Kunbi origin. A dynasty belonging to this clan ruled the princely state of Baroda in western India from the early 18th century until 1947. The ruling prince was known as the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda. With the city of Baroda (Vadodara) as its capital, during the British Raj its relations with the British were managed by the Baroda Residency. It was one of the largest and wealthiest princely states existing alongside British India, with wealth coming from the lucrative cotton business as well as rice, wheat and sugar production.
215	1721	1818	Dy	The Holkar dynasty was a Maratha clan of Dhangar origin in India. The Holkars were generals under Peshwa Baji Rao I, and later became Maharajas of Indore in Central India as an independent member of the Maratha Empire until 1818. Later, their kingdom became a princely state under the protectorate of British India. The dynasty was founded with Malhar Rao, who joined the service of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire in 1721, and quickly rose to the rank of Subedar. The name of the dynasty was associated with the title of the ruler, who was known informally as Holkar Maharaja.
216	1721	13,14 Nov	E	Madras cyclone occurs.
217	1721		S	In 1721 AD, a bunch of British sailors decided to play a game of Cricket on India’s western seaboard, Cambay. Cricket became the first English sport introduced in India.
218	1723	1805	Dy	Travancore Kingdom: King Marthanda Varma inherited the small feudal state of Venad in 1723 and built it into Travancore, one of the most powerful kingdoms in southern India. Marthanda Varma led the Travancore forces during the Travancore-Dutch War of 1739–46, which culminated in the Battle of Colachel. The defeat of the Dutch by Travancore is considered the earliest example of an organised power from Asia overcoming European military technology and tactics. Marthanda Varma went on to conquer most of the petty principalities of the native rulers . Travancore#The_Mysore_invasion: Marthanda Varma's successor Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1758–1798), who was popularly known as Dharma Raja, shifted the capital in 1795 from Padmanabhapuram to Thiruvananthapuram. Dharma Raja's period is considered as a Golden Age in the history of Travancore. He not only retained the territorial gains of his predecessor Marthanda Varma, but also improved and encouraged social development. He was greatly assisted by a very efficient administrator, Raja Kesavadas, who was the Diwan of Travancore. Travancore often allied with the English East India Company in military conflicts. During Dharma Raja's reign, Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of Mysore and the son of Hyder Ali, attacked Travancore in 1789 as a part of the Mysore invasion of Kerala. Dharma Raja had earlier refused to hand over the Hindu political refugees from the Mysore occupation of Malabar, who had been given asylum in Travancore. The Mysore army entered the Cochin kingdom from Coimbatore in November 1789 and reached Trichur in December. On 28 December 1789 Tipu Sultan attacked the Nedunkotta (Northern Lines) from the north, causing the Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789), resulting in the defeat of Mysore army. Commander-in-chief Raja Kesavadas led Travancore to victory despite being outnumbered. This attack led to Travancore joining the British against Tipu in the Third Battle of Carnatic. Pazhassi Raja, Velu Thampi Dalawa (Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi) and Paliath Achan, later leaders of Travancore, fought the British East India Company but lost. Travancore became a British ally in 1805 following a treaty between British Resident Colonel (later General) Colin Macaulay and Diwan Velu Thampi Dalawa.
219	1724	1948	Pr	Hyderabad State, also known as Hyderabad Deccan, was a princely state located in the south-central region of India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into the state of Telangana, the Hyderabad-Karnataka region of Karnataka, and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, in present-day India. The state was ruled from 1724 to 1857 by the Nizam, who was initially a viceroy of the Mughal empire in the Deccan. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement. During British rule in 1901 the state had an average revenue of Rs.417,00,000, making it the wealthiest princely state in India. The native inhabitants of Hyderabad Deccan, regardless of ethnic origin, are called "Mulki" (countryman), a term still used today. The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the British Raj. After the Partition of India, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with the new dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Hyderabad's location in the middle of the Indian union, as well as its diverse cultural heritage, was a driving force behind India's annexation of the state in 1948. Subsequently, Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam, signed an instrument of accession, joining India.
220	1724	1948	Pr	Nizam of Hyderabad: The Nizams were the 18th-through-20th-century rulers of Hyderabad. Nizam of Hyderabad (Niẓām ul-Mulk, also known as Asaf Jah) was the title of the monarch of the Hyderabad State (as of 2019 divided between the state of Telangana, Hyderabad-Karnataka region of Karnataka and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra). Nizam, shortened from Nizam-ul-Mulk, meaning Administrator of the Realm, was the title inherited by Asaf Jah I. He was the viceroy of the Great Mughal in the Deccan, the premier courtier in Mughal India in 1724, and the founding "Nizam of Hyderabad". The Asaf Jahi dynasty was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi (Asaf Jah I), who served as a viceroy of the Deccan under the Mughal Empire from 1713 to 1721. He intermittently governed the region after Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707. In 1724 Mughal control weakened, and Asaf Jah became virtually independent of the Mughal Empire; Hyderabad would then become a tributary of the Maratha Empire, losing a series of battles through the 18th century. When the East India Company achieved paramountcy over the Indian subcontinent, they allowed the Nizams to continue to rule their princely states as client kings. The Nizams retained internal power over Hyderabad State until 17 September 1948, when Hyderabad was integrated into the new Indian Union. The Asaf Jah dynasty had only seven rulers; however there was a period of 13 unstable years after the rule of the first Nizam when three of his sons (Nasir Jung, Muzafar Jung and Salabath Jung) ruled. They were never officially recognised as rulers. The seventh and last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, fell from power when India annexed Hyderabad in 1948 which is known as operation polo or police action
221	1724	1948	Pr	Nizam of Hyderabad: By the time of its annexation, Hyderabad was the largest and most prosperous one among all the princely states. It covered 82,698 square miles (214,190 km2) of fairly homogeneous territory and had a population of roughly 16.34 million people (as per the 1941 census), of which a majority (85%) was Hindu. Hyderabad State had its own army, airline, telecommunication system, railway network, postal system, currency and radio broadcasting service. Hindus were also given highest of the government posts; like 2-time Prime Minister of Hyderabad – Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad, Maharaja Chandu Lal and Raja Sham Raj I. Raja Sham Raj II, a member of H. E. H Nizam's Executive Council. The position of Kotwal was also given to a Hindu, Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy.
222	1724	1948	Pr	Nizam of Hyderabad: The Asaf Jahis were prolific builders. Their palaces are listed below: Chowmahalla Palace – Official residence of early Nizams Purani Haveli King Kothi Palace Mahboob Mansion Falaknuma Palace Bella Vista Hill Fort Palace Chiran Palace Saifabad Palace Hyderabad House, New Delhi Nizam Palace, Kolkata
223	1724	1948	Pr	Nizam of Hyderabad: List of Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948) Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I (Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan), 20 August 1671 to 1 June 1748 Nasir Jung (Mir Ahmed Ali Khan), 26 February 1712 to 16 December 1750 Muzaffar Jung (Mir Hidayat Muhi-ud-din Sa'adullah Khan), – to 13 February 1751 Salabat Jung (Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan), 24 November 1718 to 16 September 1763 Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah II (Mir Nizam Ali Khan), 7 March 1734 to 6 August 1803 Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III (Mir Akbar Ali Khan), 11 November 1768 to 21 March 1829 Nasir-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah IV (Mir Farqunda Ali Khan), 25 April 1794 to 16 May 1857 Afzal-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah V (Mir Tahniyath Ali Khan), 11 October 1827 to 26 February 1869 Asaf Jah VI (Mir Mahbub Ali Khan), 17 August 1866 to 29 August 1911 Asaf Jah VII (Mir Osman Ali Khan), 6 April 1886 to 24 February 1967
224	1725		E	Jesuit Father Hanxleden compiles first Sanskrit grammar in a European language.
225	1726	1947	Dy	Scindia dynasty (anglicized from Shinde and also spelled popularly as Shinde in Maharashtra), is a Hindu Maratha dynasty of Kunbi origin that ruled the erstwhile State of Gwalior. It had the patel-ship of Kumberkerrab in Wai. It was founded by Ranoji Scindia, who started as a "slipper-bearer" of the Peshwa Bajirao I. Ranoji and his descendents along with their rivals the Holkars, played a leading role during the Maratha ascendency in North india during the 18th century. The Gwalior state was a princely state under the British Raj during the 19th and the 20th centuries. After India's independence in 1947, several members of the Sindhia family went on to join Indian politics. Scindia#Maratha Period: The Scindia dynasty was founded by Ranoji Scindia, who was the son of Jankojirao Scindia, the Patil of Kanherkhed, a village in Satara District, Maharashtra. Peshwa Baji Rao's career saw the strengthening of the Maratha Empire. Ranoji was in charge of the Maratha conquests in Malwa in 1726. Ranoji established his capital at Ujjain in 1731. His successors included Jayajirao, Jyotibarao, Dattajirao, Jankojirao, Mahadji Shinde and Daulatrao Scindia.The Scindias became a major regional power in the latter half of the 18th century, and figured prominently in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars.They held sway over many of the Rajput states, and conquered north India. In 1818, after accepting the terms of a subsidiary alliance with the British, the family shifted their base from Ujjain to The Gwalior.
226	1727	1760	Em	George II of Great Britain (George Augustus; German: Georg August; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760.
227	1728	28 Feb	BS	Bajirao I defeats the combined forces of the Mughal Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Palkhed.
228	1728	1759	F	Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone Yadav (11 July 1710 – 19 July 1759), from Kattalankulam in Thoothukudi District, was an early Chieftain and freedom fighter against the British presence in Tamil Nadu. Born into a Konar family, he became a military leader in the town of Ettayapuram, and was defeated in battle there against the British and Maruthanayagam's forces. He was executed in 1759.
229	1729		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#The Second Danish East India Company (1670–1732)): Danish-Norwegian King forces the Danish East India Company to loan him money. His failure to repay the loan and inconsistency of Indian trade forces the company into liquidation.
230	1730		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#Trade stabilizes under Danish Asiatic Company (1732–1772)): 1730s : Denmark's Chinese and Indian trade stabilizes, with cargo from India dominated by cotton fabrics from the Coromandel Coast and Bengal.
231	1730	1796	F	Rani Velu Nachiyar (3 January 1730 – 25 December 1796) was a queen of Sivaganga estate from c. 1780–1790. She was the first Indian queen to wage war with the East India Company in India. She is known by Tamils as Veeramangai ("brave woman").
232	1731	1754	Co	Yanaon or Yanam was one of the five settlements of French India between 1731 and 1954. Yanaon was a Dutch colony prior to French takeover in the 1720s. Indigo wells (Neelikundilu) are still found in the west of Yanam. The Dutch built a fort, which they used to store their currency, minted at nearby Neelapalli. The location of the fort is today referred to by locals as the Saali Kota or Saalivandru, meaning "shawl-hut", since after the demise of the Dutch, the building was taken over by cloth weavers. The region was presented to a French General, the Marquess of Bussy, by the king of Vizianagaram, Pusapati Peda Vijaya Rama Raju (1670–1756) as a token of gratitude for Bussy's help in his fight against the rulers of Bobbili. There remains a street named after Bussy in Yanam. Actually, it was in 1750 when French leader de Bussy was staying with entire battalion near Hyderabad. Many soldiers have died due to some disease (Small pox). He was running with financial crisis. Vijaya Rama Raju of Vizianagaram helped him to overcome financial crisis and rebuild his battalion.
233	1732		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#Trade stabilizes under Danish Asiatic Company (1732–1772)): King Christian VI signs charter of new Asiatic Company with 40-year monopoly on Asian trade with India and China. Both previous companies had failed due to the lack of continuity in trade. This time, the intention of the investors was "to place this Asiatic Trade in Our Realms and Territories on a more constant footing in time to come".
234	1735	Bombay	T	In Bombay, Start of shipbuilding industry (Wadia docks, Duncan docks).
235	1735		Tr	The Bombay ShipYard (Bombay Dockyard) was established in 1735 by the East India Company, which brought in shipwrights from their base at Surat in order to construct vessels using Malabar teak. One of their number, Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia, was (along with several generations of his descendants) a key figure in the success of the Yard, as indicated in The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India: Between the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries Indian shipyards produced a series of vessels incorporating these hybrid features. A large proportion of them were built in Bombay, where the Company had established a small shipyard. In 1736 Parsi carpenters were brought in from Surat to work there and, when their European supervisor died, one of the carpenters, Lowji Nuserwanji Wadia, was appointed Master Builder in his place. Wadia oversaw the construction of thirty-five ships, twenty-one of them for the Company. Following his death in 1774, his sons took charge of the shipyard and between them built a further thirty ships over the next sixteen years. The Britannia, a ship of 749 tons launched in 1778, so impressed the Court of Directors when it reached Britain that several new ships were commissioned from Bombay, some of which later passed into the hands of the Royal Navy. In all, between 1736 and 1821, 159 ships of over 100 tons were built at Bombay, including 15 of over 1,000 tons. Ships constructed at Bombay in its heyday were said to be ‘vastly superior to anything built anywhere else in the world’.
236	1736		BS	Maratha Empire under Bajirao defeats Mughal Empire, in response for an appeal for help from Chhatrasal, ruler of Bundelkhand in the Battle of Malwa.
237	1737	16 Mar	BS	Marathas under Bajirao I defeat the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Delhi (1737).
238	1737	24 Dec	BS	Marathas defeat a combined army of the Mughal Empire, Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab of Awadh and Nawabs of Bhopal in the Battle of Bhopal.
239	1737		S	Originating in England, cricket came to India with the East India Company – an English company formed to develop trade in Asia. According to British sailor Clement Downing’s “A History of the Indian Wars,” written in 1737, the first cricket match in India was played between sailors like him in 1721 in Khambhat, near India’s western seaboard.
240	1739	1746	BC	The Travancore–Dutch War was a war between the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Indian kingdom of Travancore, culminating in the Battle of Colachel in 1741. In the early 18th century, the Malabar Coast region of present-day Kerala was divided among several small chiefdoms. In the 1730s, Marthanda Varma, the ruler of Travancore, adopted an expansionist policy, and conquered several territories from these small states. This threatened the interests of the Dutch East India Company's command at Malabar, whose spice trade depended on procurement of spices from these states. The ruler of Deshinganad (present-day Kollam) requested the Dutch support against an impending attack from Travancore, stating that he would surrender to Marthanda Varma if the Dutch refused to help him.
241	1739		BC	Marathas under Bajirao I defeat the Portuguese in the Battle of Vasai, Portuguese army and administration pulled out of Baçaim (Vasai) (17 February – 16 May).
242	1739	1806	F	Jayakrushna Rajaguru Mohapatra (29 October 1739 – 6 December 1806) popularly known as Jayi Rajaguru was a prominent figure of the Indian independence movement in the state of Odisha. A princely-priest by profession at the court of the Khurda kingdom, Rajaguru revolted against the British Raj in the province. Whilst collaborating with the Marathas to recapture the British-occupied province, a Maratha messenger was caught by the British army and Rajaguru's secret strategies got exposed. Upon failure of his removal from the king's court, the British force attacked the fort of Khurda and captured Rajaguru. He was later sentenced to death by tying his legs to the branches of a banyan tree in Baghitota, Midnapore. He is supposedly known, in written history, as first martyr of India against the British. However, this is disputed because he was mainly fighting against the threat imposed by the British towards the seizure of his feudal lands, rather than for the independence of either Odisha or India. However, later, the Paika Rebellion, under Bakshi Jagabandhu, is thought to be the first rebellion among Odias against the British. In September 1804 the King of Khurda was deprived of the traditional rights of Jagannatha Temple which was a serious shock to the King and the people of Odisha. Consequently, in October 1804 a group of armed Paikas attacked the British at Pipili. This event alarmed the British force. In the meantime, Rajaguru requested all the Kings of the State to join hands for a common cause against the British. The Kings of Kujanga, Kanika, Harishapura, Marichipura and others made an alliance with the King of Khurda and prepared themselves for the battle. Finally, the historical fight occurred between the military of Khurda and the British. Fight continued for a long period and Rajaguru was arrested from the Khurdha fort and was taken to Barabati fort. He made his all out effort to keep his king safe but finally, Mukunda Deva-II was arrested on 3 January 1805. Then Rajaguru and the King were sent to Midnapore Jail from Cuttack, fearing further violence in the State.
243	1739		D	Sacking of Delhi by the Persian Nadir Shah and the loot of all is treasures (Nader Shah's invasion of India): Emperor Nader Shah, the Shah of Persia (1736–47) and the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia, invaded Northern India, eventually attacking Delhi in March 1739. His army had easily defeated the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and would eventually capture the Mughal capital in the aftermath of the battle. The city was sacked for several days. An enormous fine of 20 million rupees was levied on the people of Delhi. Muhammad Shah handed over the keys to the royal treasury, and lost the Peacock Throne, to Nader Shah, which thereafter served as a symbol of Persian imperial might. Amongst a treasure trove of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the Koh-i-Noor and Darya-i-Noor ("Mountain of Light" and "Sea of Light", respectively) diamonds; they are now part of the British and Iranian Crown Jewels, respectively. Nader and his Afsharid troops left Delhi in the beginning of May 1739, but before they left, he ceded back all territories to the east of the Indus, which he had overrun, to Muhammad Shah. The sack of the city and defeat of the Moghuls was made easier since both parties were originally from Persian cultures. Nader's army took roughly 120 billion US dollars in purchasing power today from Delhi back to Persia. It took 20,000 mules and 20,000 camels to carry off the treasure. When Nader was traveling back to Iran, bandits descended on his huge caravan at night to steal animals carrying jewels and gold. In response, Nader burned down villages suspected of harboring the criminals. Till date, these are the only jewels that could have been conclusively traced back to Nadir Shah’s sack of Delhi in 1739: Koh-i-Noor (Mountain of Light); current location : British Crown Jewels, London Orlov or Orloff (also referred as one of the eyes of the idol at Srirangam Temple, Tamil Nadu.); current location : Diamond Fund, Moscow Golconda d' or diamond; current location : Dunklings Jewellers, Melbourne, Australia Daria-i-Noor (Sea of Light); current location : Iranian Crown Jewels, Central Bank of Iran, Tehran or Sonali Bank, Dhaka Noor-ul-Amin (Light of the Eye); current location : Iranian Crown Jewels, Central Bank of Iran, Tehran Taj-e-Mah (Crown of the Moon); current location : Iranian Crown Jewels, Central Bank of Iran, Tehran Shah Diamond; current location : Diamond Fund, Moscow Shah Jahan Diamond; current location : H.H. Sheikh Naseer Al-Sabah, Kuwait Akbar Shah Diamond (Also called Shepherd's Stone); current location : H.H. Samarjitsinh Gaekwad of Vadodara Royal Family Timur's Ruby; current location : British Crown Jewels, London An unknown vast majority of the precious stones that Nadir Shah took with him is simply untraceable and most are probably lost in the passage of time.
244	1740		Ad	A Subsidiary alliance, in South Asian history, was a tributary alliance between an Indian state and a European East India Company. The system of subsidiary alliances was pioneered by the French East India Company governor Joseph François Dupleix, who in the late 1740s established treaties with the Nizam of Hyderabad and other Indian princes in the Carnatic region. The method was subsequently adopted by the British East India Company, with Robert Clive negotiating a series of conditions with Mir Jafar following his victory in the 1757 Battle of Plassey, and subsequently those in the 1765 Treaty of Allahabad, as a result of the Company's success in the 1764 Battle of Buxar. A successor of Clive, Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley initially took a non-interventionist policy towards the various Indian states which were allied to the British East India Company, but later adopted, and refined the policy of forming subsidiary alliances.
245	1740	May	BS	Raghoji I Bhonsle of the Maratha Empire defeats and kills Dost Ali Khan the Mughal Nawab of Arcot in the Battle of Damalcherry.
246	1741		BC	The Battle of Colachel (or Battle of Kulachal) was fought on 10 August 1741 [O.S. 31 July 1741] between the Indian kingdom of Travancore and the Dutch East India Company, during the Travancore-Dutch War. King Marthanda Varma's (1729–1758) forces defeated the Dutch East India Company's forces led by Admiral Eustachius De Lannoy on 10 August 1741. It was the first time in Indian history that an Asian country defeated a European naval force. The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to India.
247	1741		BS	Siege of Trichinopoly (1741): The Siege of Trichinopoly took place in early 1741 during an extended series of conflicts between the Nawab of Arcot and the Maratha Empire for control over parts of what is now southern India. Raghuji Bhonsle's Maratha army successfully starved out the town, compelling the surrender of Chanda Sahib on 26 March 1741.
248	1741	1759	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#Post-Mughal rule: Battle of Gangwana (1741) – 1,000 Rathor cavaliers of Bhakt Singh fought a combined army of a 100,000 men consisting of Mughals, Kachwahas, Chauhans, Jadauns, Sisodias and Jats. In this battle Bhakt Singh was defeated but his cavalry charge killed and injured thousands of his foes. Sir Jadunath Sarkar quotes that – "the battle front was like tigers upon a flock of sheep". According to Harcharandas more than 12,000 men were slain in the battlefield. Battle of Rajmahal (1747) – Ishvari Singh of Jaipur defeated a coalition of armies led by Jagat Singh of Mewar. Battle of Bagru (1748) – Madho Singh I defeated Ishvari Singh. Battle of Raona (1750) – The Mughal Empire invaded Marwar but were repelled by the armies of Raja Ram singh Rathore and Ishwari Singh Kachwaha. Battle of Luniawas (1750) – Bhakt Singh challenged his nephew Ram Singh for the throne of Marwar. Ram Singh hired a large contingent of Afghan and Baloch Musketeers from Sindh to defeat his uncle, he further formed a powerful army in Jodhpur and appointed Sher Singh Rathor, a veteran general of Marwar to defeat the usurper. At first Ram Singhs general Sher Singh Rathor pushed Bhakt Singh 4 miles back and almost forced him to retreat, 2000 Rathors of Bhakt Singh fell in the battle with 9 Rathor nobles and Bhakt Singh was severely injured by spear and bullet wounds, but Bhakt Singh made a fierce counterattack which killed Sher Singh and most of Ram Singhs commanders making the battle a costly victory for Bhakt Singh. Battle of Ajmer (1752) – On May 1752 Jayapa Sindhia and Ram Singh attacked Ajmer, sacked it and massacred the populace. Upon learning of the invasion, Bhakt Singh marched with his army and camped 8 miles away from Ajmer. He waited till July and then attacked Jayappa. Bhakt Singh blocked the surrounding paths and placed his guns on a hill, he then bombarded the Marathas, upon receiving heavy casualties, the Marathas fled along with the army of Ram Singh. Battle of Kumher (1754) – Suraj Mal Jat ruler of Bharatpur defeated the combined armies of Marathas and Mughals. Siege of forts of Barwara and Tonk (1757) – Peshwa Raghunath Rao and Malhar Rao Holkar laid siege on the forts of Barwara and Tonk. They were defeated by the Rajput garrison of these forts under Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh. Battle of Kakor (1759) – The Rajput forces of Madho Singh of Jaipur defeated and repulsed the Holkar forces of Malhar Rao Holkar led by the veteran Gangadhar Tantiya in present day Kakor, Uniara, Tonk district, Rajasthan.
249	1741		Co	French colonization (French India): From their arrival until 1741, the objectives of the French, like those of the British, were purely commercial. During this period, the French East India Company peacefully acquired Yanam (about 840 kilometres or 520 miles north-east of Pondichéry on Andhra Coast) in 1723, Mahe on Malabar Coast in 1725 and Karaikal (about 150 kilometres or 93 miles south of Pondichéry) in 1739. In the early 18th century, the town of Pondichéry was laid out on a grid pattern and grew considerably. Able governors like Pierre Christophe Le Noir (1726–1735) and Pierre Benoît Dumas (1735–1741) expanded the Pondichéry area and made it a large and rich town.
250	1743		BS	Siege of Trichinopoly (1743): The Siege of Trichinopoly (March 1743 – August 1743) was part of an extended series of conflicts between the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maratha Empire for control of the Carnatic region. On 29 August 1743, after a six-month siege, Murari Rao surrendered, giving Nizam ul Mulk (Nizam) the suzerainty of Trichinopoly. By the end of 1743, the Nizam had regained full control of Deccan. This stopped the Maratha interference in the region and ended their hegemony over the Carnatic. The Nizam resolved the internal conflicts among the regional hereditary nobles (Nawabs) for the seat of governor (Subedar) of Arcot State, and monitored the activities of the British East India company and French East India Company by limiting their access to ports and trading.
251	1744	1763	BC	The Carnatic Wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India's coastal Carnatic region, a dependency of Hyderabad State, India. Three Carnatic Wars were fought between 1746 and 1763. The conflicts involved numerous nominally independent rulers and their vassals, struggles for succession and territory; and included a diplomatic and military struggle between the French East India Company and the British East India Company. They were mainly fought within the territories of Mughal India with the assistance of various fragmented polities loyal to the "Great Moghul". As a result of these military contests, the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India. The French company was pushed to a corner and was confined primarily to Pondichéry. The East India Company's dominance eventually led to control by the British Company over most of India and eventually to the establishment of the British Raj.
252	1744	1763	BC	The Carnatic Wars: The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb died in 1707. He was succeeded by Bahadur Shah I, but there was a general decline in central control over the empire during the tenure of Jahandar Shah and later emperors. Nizam-ul-Mulk established Hyderabad as an independent kingdom. A power struggle ensued after his death between his son, Nasir Jung, and his grandson, Muzaffar Jung, which soon involved foreign powers eager to expand their influence. France aided Muzaffar Jung while Britain aided Nasir Jung. Several erstwhile Mughal territories were autonomous such as the Carnatic, ruled by Nawab Dost Ali Khan, despite being under the legal purview of the Nizam of Hyderabad. French and British support soon became intertwined with the affairs of the Nawab. Dost Ali's death sparked a power struggle between his son-in-law Chanda Sahib, supported by the French, and Muhammad Ali, supported by the British. One major instigator of the Carnatic Wars was the Frenchman Joseph François Dupleix, who arrived in India in 1715, rising to become the French East India Company's governor in 1742. Dupleix sought to expand French influence in India, which was limited to a few trading outposts, the chief one being Pondicherry on the Coromandel Coast. Immediately upon his arrival in India, he organized Indian recruits under French officers for the first time, and engaged in intrigues with local rulers to expand French influence. However, he was met by the equally challenging and determined young officer from the British Army, Robert Clive. "The Austrian War of Succession in 1740 and later the war in 1756 automatically led to a conflict in India ... and British reverses during the American War of Independence (1775–1783) in the 1770s had an impact on events in India."
253	1746	1748	BC	First Carnatic War (1746–1748): The First Carnatic War (1746–1748) was the Indian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession and the first of a series of Carnatic Wars that established early British dominance on the east coast of the Indian subcontinent. In this conflict the British and French East India Companies vied with each other on land for control of their respective trading posts at Madras, Pondicherry, and Cuddalore, while naval forces of France and Britain engaged each other off the coast. The war set the stage for the rapid growth of French hegemony in southern India under the command of French Governor-General Joseph François Dupleix in the Second Carnatic War. Carnatic Wars#First Carnatic War (1746–1748): In 1740 the War of the Austrian Succession broke out in Europe. Great Britain was drawn into the war in 1744, opposed to France and its allies. The trading companies of both countries maintained cordial relations in India while their parent countries were bitter enemies on the European continent. Dodwell writes, "Such were the friendly relations between the English and the French that the French sent their goods and merchandise from Pondicherry to Madras for safe custody." Although French company officials were ordered to avoid conflict, British officials were not, and were furthermore notified that a Royal Navy fleet was en route. After the British initially captured a few French merchant ships, the French called for backup from as far afield as Isle de France (now Mauritius), beginning an escalation in naval forces in the area. In July 1746 French commander La Bourdonnais and British Admiral Edward Peyton fought an indecisive action off Negapatam, after which the British fleet withdrew to Bengal. On 21 September 1746, the French captured the British outpost at Madras. La Bourdonnais had promised to return Madras to the British, but Dupleix withdrew that promise, and wanted to give Madras to Anwar-ud-din after the capture. The Nawab then sent a 10,000-man army to take Madras from the French but was decisively repulsed by a small French force in the Battle of Adyar. The French then made several attempts to capture the British Fort St. David at Cuddalore, but the timely arrivals of reinforcements halted these and eventually turned the tables on the French. British Admiral Edward Boscawen besieged Pondicherry in the later months of 1748, but lifted the siege with the advent of the monsoon rains in October. With the termination of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe, the First Carnatic War also came to an end. In the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Madras was given back to the British in exchange for the French fortress of Louisbourg in North America, which the British had captured. The war was principally notable in India as the first military experience of Robert Clive, who was taken prisoner at Madras but managed to escape, and who then participated in the defence of Cuddalore and the siege of Pondicherry.The French still retained their position as the protectors of Nizams of Hyderabad
254	1746		BC	The Battle of Madras or Fall of Madras took place in September 1746 during the War of the Austrian Succession when a French force attacked and captured the city of Madras from its British garrison. French forces occupied Madras until the end of hostilities when it was exchanged for the British conquest of Louisbourg in North America as part of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. One of the British defenders, Robert Clive made his name by escaping from the French captors and carrying news of the city's fall to his superiors at Fort St David. The French occupied the town for the duration of the war. Despite Dupleix's promise earlier to hand the territory over to the Nawab of the Carnatic, Dupleix refused to do so. A force of 10,000 sent by the Nawab to enforce the agreement was routed by a small French force led by Captain Louis Paradis at the battle of Adyar on 24 October 1746. The French subsequently tried to take Fort St David but found the resistance much tougher, and were ultimately forced to withdraw. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle that ended the war made provision for Madras to be returned to the British in exchange for Louisbourg in Acadia which had been captured by British forces in 1745. The French besieged Madras again in 1759, this time without success.
255	1746		BC	The Battle of Adyar (also the Battle of Adyar River) took place on 24 October 1746. The battle was between the French East India Company men and Nawab of Arcot forces over the St. George Fort, which was held by the French. It was part of the First Carnatic War between the English and the French. Mahfuz Khan's troops fled and the Battle of the Adyar River, which began on the morning of 24 October 1746, ended that evening with the French retaining control over Fort St. George. The humiliating defeat made the Nawab realize the impotency of Indian armoury against European techniques of warfare. According to William Dalrymple (historian), it was immediately clear that nothing in the Mughal armoury could match the techniques of 18th century European warfare, particularly the “invention of screws for elevating the guns gave the artillery greater precision and increased the fire power of the foot soldier, giving them an edge in the battle against the cavalry.” It showed that a small body of infantry armed with the new flintlock muskets and bayonets and supported by quick-firing mobile artillery, could now scatter a whole army just as easily as they could in Europe. This battle is a turning point in Indian history because for the first time, techniques of 18th century European warfare, developed in Prussia and tested on the battlefields of France and Flanders, had been tried out in India.
256	1746		BS	Chhota Ghallughara ("Smaller Massacre") was a massacre of a significant proportion of the Sikh population by the Mughal Empire. Jaspat Rai's brother Lakhpat Rai with Mughal army killed an estimated 7,000 Sikhs in these attacks. Chhōtā Ghallūghārā is distinguished from the Vaddā Ghallūghārā, the greater massacre of 1762.
257	1748	1801	F	The Marudhu Pandiyars (Periya Marudhu and Chinna Marudhu) were chieftains of Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, India, towards the end of the 18th century. They were known for fighting against the East India Company. They were finally executed by the EIC after being captured by them. Maruthu Brothers were good in aerodynamics and invented many variants of spears and Valari, a variant of the boomerang.
258	1748		W	In 1740 India appeared to be relatively tranquil. In the north the Persian Nader Shah’s invasion (1739) had proved to be only a large-scale raid. In the Deccan the Niẓām al-Mulk provided some measure of stability. In Western India the Marathas were dominant. However, there was competition between Marathas, Mughals, and local rulers for political supremacy in the Deccan. There was a sense of impending change in the air; the Mughal emperor was sickly, the nizam was aged, and the Marathas were active and ambitious. It was on this scene that events in Europe precipitated an Anglo-French struggle in India. The War of the Austrian Succession began with Frederick II of Prussia’s seizure of Silesia in 1740; France supported Prussia, and from 1742 England supported Austria. The stage thus set, the English decided that the French Indian trade was too powerful to be left alone; the neutrality of previous years was therefore abandoned. Both sides depended on sea power for success, but it was the French who moved first—with an improvised fleet from Mauritius, Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, drove the British in alarm to Bengal and captured Madras after a week’s siege in September 1746. Quarrels between La Bourdonnais and the governor of Pondicherry, Joseph François Dupleix, marred this unexpected success, but an English attack on Pondicherry was repelled. Then the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), which ended the war, returned Madras to the British in exchange for Cape Breton Island in North America. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen, ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen. The two main protagonists in the war, Britain and France, opened peace talks in the Dutch city of Breda in 1746. Agreement was delayed by British hopes of improving their position; when this failed to occur, a draft treaty was agreed on 30 April 1748. A final version was signed on 18 October 1748 by Britain, France, and the Dutch Republic.
259	1749	1754	BC	Second Carnatic War (1749–1754) (Carnatic Wars): Though a state of war did not exist in Europe, the proxy war continued in India. On one side was Nasir Jung, the Nizam and his protege Muhammad Ali, supported by the British, and on the other was Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jung, supported by the French, vying to become the Nawab of Arcot. Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib were able to capture Arcot while Nasir Jung's subsequent death allowed Muzaffar Jung to take control of Hyderabad. Muzaffar's reign was short as he was soon killed, and Salabat Jung became Nizam. In 1751, however, Robert Clive led British troops to capture Arcot, and successfully defend it. The war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry, signed in 1754, which recognised Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah as the Nawab of the Carnatic. Charles Godeheu replaced Dupleix, who died in poverty back in France.
260	1749		BS	The Battle of Ambur (3 August 1749) was the first major battle of the Second Carnatic War. The battle was initiated by Muzaffar Jung and supported by Joseph François Dupleix and led by Chanda Sahib, who sought to overthrow Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan, the Nawab of the Carnatic, for supporting Nasir Jung's claim to be Nizam of Hyderabad. French forces were decisive in giving the allies victory; Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan was killed in the battle and Chanda Sahib seized control of the Carnatic.
261	1750	1784	F	Tilka Manjhi (11 February 1750 – 1784) Tilka Majhi was an Indian freedom fighter the first Adivasi leader from Manjhi Community. He was considered as second fighter after Maharana Pratap. He took up arms against the British in the 1784, around 70 years before Mangal Pandey. He organized the Adivasis to form an armed group to fight against the resource grabbing and exploitation of British.
262	1750	Bombay	T	Asia's first dry dock built by Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia in Bombay.
263	1750		Tr	The Wadia Group is one of the oldest conglomerates of India. The group was founded by Parsi Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia in 1736. Lovji Wadia secured contracts with the British East India Company to build ships and docks in Bombay in 1736. This, and subsequent efforts, would result in Bombay becoming a strategic port for the British colonial undertakings in Asia. The Bombay dry-dock, the first dry-dock in Asia, was built by Lovji and his brother Sorabji in 1750.
264	1751		BC	The Battle of Arnee (or Battle of Arni) took place at Arnee (now Arani, India) on 3 December 1751 during the Second Carnatic War. A British-led force under the command of Robert Clive defeated and routed a much larger Franco-Indian force under the command of Raza Sahib. The French troops were guarding a convoy of treasure. Clive took up a position in swampy ground, crossed by a causeway in which the convoy was forced to pass. The French were thrown into disorder and forced to retreat, but night saved them from total destruction. The treasure, however, was captured.
265	1751		BS	The Siege of Trichinopoly (1751–52) was conducted by Chanda Sahib, who had been recognized as the Nawab of the Carnatic by representatives of the French East India Company, against the fortress town of Trichinopoly, held by Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah. In March 1751 Chanda again began moving south from the Carnatic capital of Arcot, again with French support. The size of his force prompted the British at Madras to send additional troops toward Trichinopoly to intercept Chanda. After a brief encounter near Valikondapuram in July, the outnumbered British retreated to Trichinopoly. Chanda followed with his main army, and began besieging the fortress town. Siege operations were principally conducted by the French contingent, first under D'Auteuil, and the later under Law. In an attempt to relieve the siege, the British in Madras sent Captain Robert Clive with a small force to occupy Arcot, which Chanda had left inadequately defended. Chanda detached 4,000 of his siege force in an attempt to recover Arcot; this attempt famously failed, propelling Clive into a more prominent role in India. The siege was eventually lifted, and the tables turned, in April 1752 with the arrival of British reinforcements led by Stringer Lawrence and including Clive. On 9 April Lawrence made a junction with troops sent out of Trichinopoly and made it inside the lines. Two days later he led a sortie against the besiegers, prompting Law to lift the siege and retreat to the isle of Srirangam. The British then seized the opportunity to act against an indecisive opponent, and besieged and the French on the island. Chanda eventually negotiated a surrender to Tanjorean forces that had arrived to assist the British, believing this to be preferable to surrendering to the British. The Tanjoreans violated their promises to assist in his escape and beheaded him on 14 June. Law surrendered the French troops on the same day.
266	1751		P	Robert Clive (1725–74), aged 26, seizes Arcot in modern day Tamil Nadu as French and British fight for control of South India. The Siege of Arcot (23 September – 14 November 1751) took place at Arcot, India between forces of the British East India Company led by Robert Clive and forces of Nawab of the Carnatic, Chanda Sahib, assisted by a small number of troops from the French East India Company. It was part of the Second Carnatic War.
267	1752		BS	Chanda Sahib (died 12 June 1752) Nawab of the Carnatic between 1749 and 1752. Initially he was supported by the French during the Carnatic Wars. After his defeat at Arcot in 1751, he was captured by the Marathas of Thanjavur and executed. He was the son-in-law of the Nawab of Carnatic Dost Ali Khan, under whom he worked as a Dewan. Chanda Sahib, an ally of the French, annexed the Madurai Nayaks and was declared the "Nawab", bringing Tanjore and Tinnevelly into the dominions of the Mughal Empire. He was weakened by constant Maratha attacks and was defeated by Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah. After his forces were defeated by Robert Clive and the Maratha Empire, he attempted to recoup his losses but was beheaded in a mutiny by Hindu subjects in the Tanjore army.
268	1752		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India): 1752 – 1791 – Pepper procurement lodge established at Calicut.
269	1753	10 May	BS	Jats under Suraj Mal defeat the Mughal Empire in the Capture of Delhi (1753).
270	1753	1805	F	Pazhassi Raja (3 January 1753 – 30 November 1805) was born as Kerala Varma and was also known as Cotiote Rajah and Pychy Rajah. He was a warrior Hindu prince and de facto head of the kingdom of Kottayam, otherwise known as Cotiote, in Malabar, India, between 1774 and 1805. His struggles with the East India Company is known as the Cotiote War. He is popularly known as Kerala Simham (Lion of Kerala) on account of his martial exploits. He used guerrilla warfare to fight British in Cotiote War (Kottayathu war) across a span of thirteen years from 1793 to 1806 to preserve the independence and unity of his kingdom and was killed in 1805 in a gun-fight at Mavila Thodu in the present-day Kerala-Karnataka border.
271	1754		BS	The Treaty of Pondicherry was signed in 1754 bringing an end to the Second Carnatic War. It was agreed and signed in the French settlement of Puducherry in French India. The favoured British candidate Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan was recognized as the Nawab of the Carnatic. Despite intending to be a lasting solution, a Third Carnatic War broke out just two years later in 1756.
272	1754		BS	Bharatpur State defeat the Marathas in Battle of Kumher (20 January – 18 May).
273	1754		Co	French colonization (French India): Soon after his arrival in 1741, the most famous governor of French India, Joseph François Dupleix, began to cherish the ambition of a French territorial empire in India in spite of the pronounced uninterested attitude of his distant superiors and of the French government, which didn't want to provoke the British. Dupleix's ambition clashed with British interests in India and a period of military skirmishes and political intrigues began and continued even in rare periods when France and Great Britain were officially at peace. Under the command of the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, Dupleix's army successfully controlled the area between Hyderabad and Cape Comorin. But then Robert Clive arrived in India in 1744, a British officer who dashed the hopes of Dupleix to create a French empire in India. After a defeat and failed peace talks, Dupleix was summarily dismissed and recalled to France in 1754.
274	1754		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India): November 1754 – A meeting of Danish-Norwegian officials is held in Tranquebar. A decision is made to colonise the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to plant pepper, cinnamon, sugarcane, coffee and cotton.
275	1755		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India): December 1755 – Danish-Norwegian settlers arrive on Andaman Islands. The colony experiences outbreaks of malaria that saw the settlement abandoned periodically until 1848, when it was abandoned for good. This sporadic occupation led to encroachments of other colonial powers onto the islands including Austria and Britain.
276	1756		BC	The Black Hole of Calcutta was a dungeon in Fort William, Calcutta measuring 4.30 × 5.50 ⁠metres (14 × 18 ⁠⁠feet), in which troops of Siraj ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, held British prisoners of war on the night of 20 June 1756. John Zephaniah Holwell, one of the British prisoners and an employee of the East India Company, said that, after the fall of Fort William, the surviving British soldiers, Indian sepoys, and Indian civilians were imprisoned overnight in conditions so cramped that many people died from suffocation and heat exhaustion, and that 123 of 146 prisoners of war imprisoned there died. Modern historians believe that 64 prisoners were sent into the Hole, and that 43 died there. According to Hong-Yee Chiu, an astrophysicist at NASA, the Black Hole of Calcutta was the inspiration for the term black hole referring to objects resulting from the gravitational collapse of very heavy stars. He recalled hearing physicist Robert Dicke in the early 1960s compare such gravitationally collapsed objects to the prison.
277	1756	1763	BC	Third Carnatic War (1756–1763) (Carnatic Wars#Third Carnatic War (1756–1763)): The outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India. In this time the Fench were facing many financial problems. The Third Carnatic War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore (now Chandannagar) in 1757. However, the war was decided in the south, where the British successfully defended Madras, and Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French, commanded by the comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760. After Wandiwash, the French capital of Pondicherry fell to the British in 1761. The war concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which returned Chandernagore and Pondichéry to France, and allowed the French to have "factories" (trading posts) in India but forbade French traders from administering them. The French agreed to support British client governments, thus ending French ambitions of an Indian empire and making the British the dominant foreign power in India.
278	1756		Co	French colonization (French India): In spite of a treaty between the British and French agreeing not to interfere in regional Indian affairs, their colonial intrigues continued. The French expanded their influence at the court of the Nawab of Bengal and increased their trading activity in Bengal. In 1756, the French encouraged the Nawab (Siraj ud-Daulah) to attack and take the British Fort William in Calcutta. This led to the Battle of Plassey in 1757, where the British decisively defeated the Nawab and his French allies, resulting in the extension of British power over the entire province of Bengal.
279	1756		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India): 1 January 1756 – The Nicobar Islands are declared Danish-Norwegian property under the name Frederiksøerne (Frederick's Islands). 1756–1760 – All colonisation efforts on the islands fail with settlers wiped out by malaria. Danish-Norwegian claims to the islands were later sold to the British.
280	1756	1805	F	Dheeran Chinnamalai (17 April 1756 – 31 July 1805) was a Palayakkarar Pattakarar of Kongu Nadu, now in western Tamil Nadu, who fought against the British East India Company. Chinnamalai engaged in guerrilla warfare and defeated the British in battles at Cauvery in 1801, Odanilai kangeyam in 1802 and Arachalur in 1804. Dheeran Chinnamalai Gounderwas betrayed by his cook Nallapan and was captured by the British in 1805. Nallappan usurped the title of Nallasenapthi Sarkarai Manradiar with British support. Some sources say he was hanged at Sankagiri Fort on 2 August 1805, as also were his two brothers; other sources give the date as 31 July on the day of Aadi Perukku.
281	1756	1763	W	The Seven Years' War was a global conflict that involved all 5 European great powers of the time – Kingdoms of Great Britain, Prussia and France, Habsburg Monarchy of Austria and Russian Empire – plus many of Europe's middle powers and spanned 5 continents, affecting Europe, Americas, West Africa, India, and Philippines. The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) began as a conflict between Great Britain and France in 1754, when the British sought to expand into territory claimed by the French in North America. The war came to be known as the French and Indian War, with both the British and the French and their respective Native American allies fighting for control of territory. Hostilities were heightened when a British unit led by a 22-year-old Lt. Colonel George Washington ambushed a small French force at the Battle of Jumonville Glen on 28 May 1754. The conflict exploded across the colonial boundaries and extended to Britain's seizure of hundreds of French merchant ships at sea. The colonial conflict mainly between France and Britain took place in India, North America, Europe, the Caribbean isles, the Philippines, and coastal Africa. Over the course of the war, Great Britain gained enormous areas of land and influence at the expense of the French. Seven Years' War#India: In India, the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe renewed the long running conflict between the French and the British trading companies for influence on the subcontinent. The French allied themselves with the Mughal Empire to resist British expansion. The war began in Southern India but spread into Bengal, where British forces under Robert Clive recaptured Calcutta from the Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, a French ally, and ousted him from his throne at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. In the same year, the British also captured Chandernagar, the French settlement in Bengal. In the south, although the French captured Cuddalore, their siege of Madras failed, while the British commander Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 and overran the French territory of the Northern Circars. The French capital in India, Pondicherry, fell to the British in 1761; together with the fall of the lesser French settlements of Karikal and Mahé this effectively eliminated French power in India. Seven Years' War#Outcomes: The war ended with two separate treaties dealing with the two different theaters of war. The Treaty of Paris between France, Spain and Great Britain ended the war in North America and for overseas territories taken in the conflict. The 1763 Treaty of Hubertusburg ended the war between Saxony, Austria and Prussia. The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges across the globe. In India, the British retained the Northern Circars, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined with the loss of France's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent. France's navy was crippled by the war. Only after an ambitious rebuilding program in combination with Spain was France again able to challenge Britain's command of the sea.
282	1757	16 Jan	BS	Maratha Empire defeats Durrani Empire, in the Battle of Narela.
283	1757	23 Jun	BE	British colonial administrator Robert Clive overthrows the nawab, or ruler, of Bengal in the Battle of Plassey on June 23. This victory makes Clive the virtual master of Bengal.
284	1757		BS	Battle of Bobbili: (Part of the Military transactions of the French East India Company) On January 24, 1757, Bussy with his army and the army of Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju I in tow marched towards the Bobbili fort. The army of Gopalakrishna Ranga Rao was no match for the combined armies of Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju I. Gopalakrishna Rayudu was led by his Army General Tandra Paparayudu and his army, who put up a brave fight till the end. The French General knew that it would be impossible to reach Bobbili via Rajam as Paparayudu was camping there and took a different route to reach the fort. Rani Mallamma Devi, wife of Ranga Rao and sister of Paparayudu, sent a message to him on coming to know of the enemy's advance towards the fort. However, the enemy intercepted the courier and the message did not reach Paparayudu. Meanwhile, Ranga Rao and his men after defending the fort for several hours realised that the enemy could not be contained for long. Ranga Rao did not want the women and children in the fort to be at the mercy of the enemy. He ordered them to be sacrificed. Rani Mallamma Devi committed suicide. When the news reached him, Tandra Paparayudu rushed to the demolished fort and saw his sister and the entire family lying on the ground in a pool of blood. Seething with vengeance he took an oath to kill Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju I.
285	1757	12 Feb	BS	Jats defeats Durrani Empire, in the Battle of Bharatpur (1757).
286	1757	11 Aug	BS	Maratha Empire defeats Rohilla Afghans in the Battle of Delhi (1757), captures Delhi.
287	1757	1858	Co	British Company rule in India: Company rule in India (sometimes, Company Raj, "raj", lit. "rule" in Hindi) refers to the rule or dominion of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent. This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the Company, in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar, or in 1773, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance. The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj.
288	1757	1858	Co	British Company rule in India: Chronology 1757: 24 Parganas of the Sundarbans annexed to Clive after the Battle of Plassey. 1760: Northern Circars annexed. 1765: After defeat of Nawab Wazir of Oudh at the Battle of Buxar, Major Hector Munro "obtained from the emperor" Shah Alam II the diwani, or right of revenue collection, of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. 1773: "New territories acquired" from the Raja of Banares. 1775: Nawab of Ghazipur defeated. 1795: Asaf Jah II the Nizam of Hyderabad was defeated at the Battle of Kharda, after the Maratha-Mysore War. 1799: Fall of Mysore after Siege of Seringapatam (1799); Nawab of Kadapa and Nawab of Kurnool annexed. 1801: Nawab of the Carnatic (of Arcot and Nellore), Nawab of Junagarh, and Rohilkhand of Lower Doab annexed. 1803: Rohilkhand of Upper Doab annexed; nonresistance from the Emperor; Nawab of Bhawalpur accepts borders with British India.
289	1757	1813	Ec	Three phases of British exploitation of India: The 1st Phase or Mercantile Phase from 1757 up to 1813– This phase was marked by direct plunder. The East India Company used it monopoly of trade which functioned through ‘investments’ of Indian revenues to buy Indian products at low rates. These goods were then exported to Europe and England. So in essence, the East India Company bought Indian products from the revenues they collected mainly from Bengal and then exported them. Taking advantage of the political power the British now could dictate the prices of the goods that they needed to export. The servants of the Company amassed enormous fortunes by engaging in the illegal trade till the time this was banned by Lord Cornwallis. The revenues of Bengal were exploited till the introduction of the Permanent Settlement in 1793. Also see Sn: 315, 426 and 1558
290	1757		P	The Battle of Plassey 23 June 1757. Bengal annexed by the British East India Company. British under Robert Clive defeat Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah to become rulers of Bengal, the richest province in India. The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over a much larger force of the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757, under the leadership of Robert Clive. The battle helped the Company seize control of Bengal. Over the next hundred years, they seized control of most of the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Afghanistan. The battle took place at Palashi (Anglicised version: Plassey) on the banks of the Hooghly River, about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Calcutta and south of Murshidabad, then capital of Bengal (now in Nadia district in West Bengal). The belligerents were the Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company. He succeeded Alivardi Khan (his maternal grandfather). Siraj-ud-Daulah had become the Nawab of Bengal the year before, and he had ordered the English to stop the extension of their fortification. Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar, the commander-in-chief of the Nawab's army, and also promised to make him Nawab of Bengal. Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah at Plassey in 1757 and captured Calcutta.
291	1757		P	The control of rich Bengal gained in the aftermath of the Battle of Plassey brought India into the public spotlight in Britain, and Parliament established regulations to manage the affairs of the East India Company. Although some wanted the Company’s territories to be taken over by the British state, the eventual compromise asserted that the Company could act as a sovereign power on behalf of the Crown while subject to oversight and regulation by the British government and parliament.
292	1757	1857	P	In the hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the EIC began to function more as an administrator and less as a trading concern. The proliferation of the Company’s power chiefly took two forms: The outright annexation of Indian states and subsequent direct governance of the underlying regions, or Asserting power through treaties in which Indian rulers acknowledged the Company’s hegemony in return for limited internal autonomy.
293	1757	1858	Pr	Presidencies, Provinces, Princely States, (Presidencies and provinces of British India): During the period of Company rule in India, 1757–1858, the Company gradually acquired sovereignty over large parts of India, now called "Presidencies". However, it also increasingly came under British government oversight, in effect sharing sovereignty with the Crown. At the same time, it gradually lost its mercantile privileges.
294	1758	28 Apr	BS	Maratha Empire led by Raghunathrao and Mahadaji Shinde defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Attock (1758), captures Attock.
295	1758	8 May	BS	Maratha Empire led by Raghunathrao, Malhar Rao Holkar and Tukoji Rao Holkar defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Peshawar (1758), captures Peshawar.
296	1758		Co	French colonization (French India): Subsequently, France sent Lally-Tollendal to recover the lost French possessions and drive the British out of India. Lally arrived in Pondichéry in 1758, had some initial success and razed Fort St. David in Cuddalore District to the ground in 1758, but strategic mistakes by Lally led to the loss of the Hyderabad region, the Battle of Wandiwash, and the siege of Pondicherry in 1760. In 1761, the British razed Pondichéry to the ground in revenge for the French depredations; it lay in ruins for four years. The French had lost their hold now in South India too.
297	1759		BE	Britain’s capture of Quebec during the French and Indian War virtually ends France’s power in North America.
298	1759		BS	Maratha Empire supported by Sikh Sukerchakia Misl defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Lahore (1759).
299	1760		BC	The Battle of Wandiwash was a battle in India between the French and the British in 1760. The battle was part of the Third Carnatic War fought between the French and British colonial empires, which itself was a part of the global Seven Years' War. It took place it Vandavasi in Tamil Nadu. Having made substantial gains in Bengal and Hyderabad, the British, after collecting a large amount of revenue, were fully equipped to face the French in Wandiwash, whom they defeated. The French, commanded by the Comte de Lally, were burdened by a lack of naval support and funds, and therefore attempted to regain the fort of Vandavasi, now in Tamil Nadu. While attempting to do so, they were attacked by British forces commanded by Sir Eyre Coote, and in the ensuing battle, the French were decisively defeated. (Wandiwash is the Anglicised pronunciation of Vandavasi.) The Battle of Wandiwash resulted in the British capture of Chetpattu (Chetpet), Tirunomalai (Thiruvannaamalai), Tindivanam and Perumukkal. As a consequence of the engagement, the French in South India, under the command of general Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, were then restricted to Pondichéry, where they surrendered on 22 January 1761. The collapse of the French position in India was one of the events that compelled France to sign the Treaty of Paris, reducing the French to little more than traders in India, and effectively ending further French imperial ambitions in that country. Britain, on the other hand, established its supremacy in India over other European powers after this battle.
300	1760		BS	Marathas comprehensively defeat the Nizam. Maratha Empire reaches its zenith.
301	1760	1820	Em	George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820.
302	1760	1799	F	Veerapandiya Kattabomman was an 18th-century Tamil Palayakarrar and chieftain in Tamil Nadu, India. He refused to accept the sovereignty of the British East India Company and waged a war against them. He was captured by the British with the help of the ruler of the kingdom of Pudukottai, Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman, and at the age of 39 he was hanged at Kayathar on 16 October 1799.
303	1761		BS	The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 at Panipat, about 97 km (60 miles) north of Delhi, between the Maratha Empire and the invading Afghan army (of Ahmad Shah Durrani), supported by four Indian allies, the Rohillas under the command of Najib-ud-daulah, Afghans of the Doab region, and the Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daula. This began 40 years of anarchy in northwestern India and cleared the way for British supremacy. It was the last major battle between South Asian-headed military powers until the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947. To save their kingdom, the Mughals once again changed sides and welcomed the Afghans to Delhi. The Mughals remained in nominal control over small areas of India but were never a force again. The empire officially ended in 1857 when its last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was accused of being involved in the Indian Rebellion and exiled. The Marathas' expansion was delayed due to the battle, and the damage done to the Maratha morale from the initial defeat caused infighting to break out within the empire. They recovered their position under the next Peshwa Madhavrao I and were back in control of the north, finally occupying Delhi by 1771. However, after the death of Madhavrao, due to infighting and external conflicts with the East India Company, their political status as an empire only officially ended in 1818 after three wars against the forces of the East India Company. Meanwhile, the Sikhs—whose rebellion was the original reason Ahmad invaded—were left largely untouched by the battle. They soon retook Lahore. When Ahmad Shah returned in March 1764 he was forced to break off his siege after only two weeks due to a rebellion in Afghanistan. He returned again in 1767 but was unable to win any decisive battle. With his own troops complaining about not being paid, he eventually lost the region to the Sikh Khalsa Raj, who remained in control until 1849 when it was annexed by the East India Company. Ref: The First Battle of Panipat on 21 April 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi dynasty. It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire and the end of the Delhi Sultanate. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in the Indian subcontinent which were introduced by Mughals in this battle. Ref: The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556, between the Hindu emperor of north India, Hemu, and the forces of the Mughal emperor Akbar. Hemu had conquered the states of Delhi and Agra a few weeks earlier by defeating the Mughals led by Tardi Beg Khan at the Battle of Delhi and proclaimed himself Raja Vikramaditya at a coronation in Purana Quila in Delhi. Akbar and his guardian Bairam Khan who, after learning of the loss of Agra and Delhi, marched to Panipat to reclaim the lost territories. The two armies clashed at Panipat not far from the site of the First Battle of Panipat of 1526. Hemu and his forces held the numerical superiority. However, Hemu was wounded by an arrow in the middle of the battle and fell unconscious. Seeing their leader going down, his army panicked and dispersed. Unconscious and almost dead, Hemu was captured and subsequently beheaded by Bairam Khan. The battle ended in a decisive Mughal victory.
304	1761		BS	The Battle of Sialkot (1761) was fought between Durrani Empire and Sukerchakia Misl of Dal Khalsa in 1761. Timur Shah Durrani advanced with his troops to punish the Sikhs but he was repulsed in the battle fought at Chenab River. Following repulsion, Timur Shah Durrani withdrew under siege to Sialkot, northeast of Punjab capital of Lahore. He was further attacked by the Sikhs at Sialkot. The attack was so ferocious that Timur Shah Durrani lost most of his men in the attack. But he, along with his remaining army, continued to battle the Sikhs. The Sikhs were very effective in the battle as they were using guerilla warfare hit-and-run tactics on the Afghan army. Soon, the Sikhs surrounded Sialkot and started a blockade from supplies coming from Kabul to Sialkot. The blockade was very effective as it started to starve the Afghan army who were running low on food. The food shortage made the Durranis desperate to escape from Sialkot. Soon, Timur Shah Durrani found an opening and led his army out of Sialkot. His tired and weary army was starved into surrendering and they quickly withdrew. However the Sikhs did not chase them. Instead, they captured Sialkot. The Afghans along with Timur Shah Durrani had ran off to Kabul therefore the battle was a clear victory for the Sikhs. After defeat at Sialkot, the Afghans were defeated by the Sikhs at the Battle of Gujranwala (1761) in the same year.
305	1761		BS	The Battle of Gujranwala (1761) was fought between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Confederacy on September 1761. Ahmad Shah Durrani raided India in 1761 and defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat in January 1761. He then returned to Kabul and appointed Khawaja Abid Khan the Afghan Governor of Lahore. He wished to defeat the Sikhs in order to secure Afghan positions in the entire Punjab region but was defeated by a Sikh army under Charat Singh in the Battle of Sialkot (1761). As soon as Nur-ud-din arrived on the banks of the Chenab, he came into conflict with Sardar Charat Singh of the Sukerchakia Misl. Charat Singh, anticipating the trouble, had ready moved from his headquarters at Gujranwala to arrest the further progress of the Afghan general. He was assisted by the other Sikh Misldars who had made a common cause with him. Thus assuming the defensive with his army of trained men, Charat Singh awaited the onslaught of the Afghans whom after a battle of considerable duration he repulsed. He followed up his victory by maintaining a vigorous pursuit of the fugitives. The Afghans, about 12,000 in number, fleeing pellmell, took refuge in the stronghold of Sialkot. The town was immediately besieged and the strictness of the watch was such as supplies gave out and the garrison was brought to the verge of starvation. Nur-ud-din, finding his men demoralized and starving, abandoned them to their fate and disguised as a beggar sought refuge in flight. The garrison immediately surrendered, and were allowed to depart in peace. This victory over the well-trained troops of the greatest soldier of the day placed Charat Singh in the front rank of the Sikh leaders, while the booty of Sialkot brought him a quantity of artillery and baggage. He had also brought a handful of Punjabi Muslim women with him as war booty in which many of these women were to be sold into the Heera Mandi. When all was over, Charat Singh made a triumphant entry into his capital, Gujranwala.
306	1761		BS	Hyder Ali became dalwai Dalavayi of Mysore by force in 1761 displacing the Wadiyar dynasty which had previously ruled the Kingdom.
307	1761	1787	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#Post-Mughal rule: Battle of Mangrol (1761) – Madho Singh of Jaipur fought Malhar Rao Holkar. The Jaipur army had 10,000 men while the Holkar army had 6,000 men from Indore and 3,000 men supplied by the Rao of Kota. After a 2-day battle the Jaipur army was completely destroyed. However Malhar Rao was not able to plunder Dhundhar for long as he was recalled to Bundelkhand because of rebellions and threats of invasion by Shuja-Ud-Daula of Awadh. Battle of Maonda and Mandholi (1767) – Jaipur forces defeat the forces of Bharatpur. Battle of Kama (1768) – Madho Singh I invaded Bharatpur at the head of 16,000 men where he defeated jat leader Jawahar Singh again on 29 February 1768. Battle of Tunga or Battle of Lalsot (1787) – Combined forces of Jaipur and Jodhpur Vs Maratha forces of Mahadaji Shinde. The bloody three-day battle at Tunga ended in a stale-mate.
308	1762		BS	Vadda Ghalughara: Vadda Ghalughara (The Great Massacre}} ) was the mass-murder of the unarmed Sikhs by the Afghan forces of the Durrani Empire during the years of Afghan influence in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent owing to the repeated incursions of Ahmad Shah Durrani in February 1762. It is distinguished from the Chhota Ghalughara (the Smaller Massacre). Mostly non-combatants, were killed in the event, and an estimated that 10,000 to 20,000 Sikhs were killed on 5 February 1762. The Vadda Ghalūghārā was a dramatic and bloody massacre during the campaign of Afghanistan's (Durrani Empire) provincial government based at Lahore to wipe out the Sikhs, an offensive that had begun with the Mughals and lasted several decades.
309	1763		BC	The Patna massacre of 1763 was the killing of 45 members of the East India Company, mainly English, on 6 October 1763, in Patna, India, on the order of Nawab Mir Qasim. These men had been imprisoned by Mir Qasim since William Ellis' failed attempt to seize Patna for the East India Company on 25 June and in its aftermath. Following Mir Qasim's defeat, a pillar was erected over the site of the well into which their bodies were thrown and over the houses where the massacre was committed, but nowadays a hospital stands over where the monument was 200 sepoys, previously in the pay of the East India Company, and also imprisoned after the failed seizure of Patna and its aftermath, were also killed for refusing to join the ranks of Mir Qasim, though they are not traditionally included in the massacre narrative. Doctor William Fullerton, a Scottish surgeon in the East India Company, survived the Patna Massacre due to the intercession of Ghulam Hussain Khan, and may have been the only survivor of the massacre.
310	1763		BE	The Treaty of Paris (1763), also known as the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War. The signing of the treaty formally ended conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America (the Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in the United States), and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe. Great Britain and France each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but Great Britain gained much of France's possessions in North America. Additionally, Great Britain agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World. The treaty did not involve Prussia and Austria as they signed a separate agreement, the Treaty of Hubertusburg, five days later.
311	1763	10 Aug	BS	Maratha Empire led by Madhavrao I defeats the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Rakshasbhuvan and gains territory.
312	1763	25 Dec	E	Suraj Mal dies.
313	1764		BC	The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22/23 October 1764, between the forces under the command of the British East India Company, led by Hector Munro, and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal till 1764; the Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-Daula; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II accompanied by Raja Balwant Singh of Kashi. The battle was fought at Buxar, a "small fortified town" within the territory of Bihar, located on the banks of the Ganga river about 130 kilometres (81 mi) west of Patna; it was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. The war had been brought to an end by the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765.
314	1765		Ad	Panchayati raj: In the time of the Rigveda (1700 BC), evidences suggest that self-governing village bodies called 'sabhas' existed. With the passage of time, these bodies became panchayats (council of five persons). Panchayat were functional institutions of grassroots governance in almost every village. The Village Panchayat or elected council had large powers, both executive and judicial. The British were not generally concerned with local administration, but left that to the local rulers, and thus didn't interfere with existing panchayati systems, nor induce the rulers to consider more democratic institutions at the local level. The rulers were interested in the creation of 'controlled' local bodies, which could help them in their trading interests by collecting taxes for them.
315	1765		Ad	Panchayati raj: The panchayat was destroyed by the East India Company when it was granted the office of Diwan in 1765 in Bengal by the Mughal Emperor as part of reparation after his defeat at Buxar. As Diwan the Company took two decisions. The first was that it abolished the village land record office and created a company official called Patwari. The Patwari became the official record keeper for a number of villages. The second was the creation of the office of magistrate and the abolition of village police. The magistrate carried out policing functions through the Darogha who had always been a state functionary under the Faujdar. The primary purpose of these measures was the collection of land revenue by fiat. The depredations of the Patwari and the Darogha are part of our folklore and it led to the worst famine in Bengal. The effects of the famine lingered right to the end of the 18th century. These two measures completely disempowered the village community and destroyed the panchayat. After 1857 the British tried to restore the panchayat by giving it powers to try minor offences and to resolve village disputes. But these measures never restored the lost powers of the village community."
316	1765		Co	French colonization (French India): In 1765 Pondichéry was returned to France in accordance with a 1763 peace treaty with Britain. Governor Jean Law de Lauriston set to rebuild the town on its former layout and after five months 200 European and 2000 Tamil houses had been erected. In 1769 the French East India Company, unable to support itself financially, was abolished by the French Crown, which assumed administration of the French possessions in India. During the next 50 years, Pondichéry changed hands between France and Britain with the regularity of their wars and peace treaties.
317	1765	1809	F	Velu Thampi Dalawa (6 May 1765 – 1809) Thampi Chempakaraman Velayudhan of Thalakulam (1765–1809) was the Dalawa or Prime Minister of the Indian kingdom of Travancore between 1802 and 1809 during the reign of Bala Rama Varma Kulasekhara Perumal. He is best known for being one of the earliest individuals to rebel against the British East India Company's supremacy in India. He is simply referred as Velu Thampi. In the famous Battle of Quilon, Velu Thampi led a battalion of 30,000 soldiers and attacked a local garrison of the British.
318	1765		P	The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on 12 August 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Robert Clive, of the East India Company, in the aftermath of the Battle of Buxar of 22 October 1764. The treaty was handwritten by I'tisam-ud-Din, a Bengali Muslim scribe and diplomat to the Mughal Empire. The Treaty marked the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of British rule in India. Based on the terms of the agreement, Alam granted the East India Company Diwani rights, or the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern province of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa. These rights allowed the Company to collect revenue directly from the people of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. In return, the Company paid an annual tribute of twenty-six lakhs of rupees (equal to 260,000 pounds sterling) while securing for Shah Alam II the districts of Kora and Allahabad. The tribute money paid to the emperor was for the maintenance of the Emperor's court in Allahabad. The accord also dictated that Shah Alam be restored to the province of Varanasi as long as he continued to pay a certain amount of revenue to the Company. Awadh was returned to Shuja-ud-Daulah, but Allahabad and Kora were taken from him. The Nawab of Awadh Shuja ud Daulah also had to pay fifty lakhs of rupees as war indemnity to the East India Company. Moreover, the two signed an alliance by which the Company promised to support the Nawab against outside attacks provided he paid for services of the troops sent to his aid. This alliance made the Nawab dependent on the Company. This was a turning point in Indian history. After the 1765 Treaty of Allahabad, the British built their garrison at the Allahabad Fort which became their military headquarters after they took over the city in 1801.
319	1765		P	Weakened Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II issues a diwani that replaces his own revenue officials in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa with the East India Company's.
320	1767		BC	First Anglo-Mysore War begins, in which Hyder Ali of Mysore defeats the combined armies of the East India Company, the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad. The First Anglo–Mysore War (1766–1769) was a conflict in India between the Sultanate of Mysore and the East India Company. The war was instigated in part by the machinations of Asaf Jah II, the Nizam of Hyderabad, who sought to divert the company's resources from attempts to gain control of the Northern Circars. Hyder Ali, apparently emboldened by the agreement with the British, engaged in war with the Marathas in 1770, and asked the British support them if and when the Marathas penetrated Mysorean territory. The British refused to assist him, even though they were also drawn into conflict with the Marathas in the 1770s. Hyder's battles did not fully end until 1779, when the Marathas negotiated an alliance with him and the Nizam for united action against the British. This led to the beginning of the Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1780. This conflict devastated much of the Carnatic, and also failed to decisively resolve differences between Mysore and the British. Resolution occurred in 1799 with the defeat and killing of Hyder's son Tipu Sultan, and the restoration of the Wodeyars as British clients.
321	1767		BC	Victory and occupation of the Kathmandu Valley by Gorkha king, Prithvi Narayan Shah, starting with the Battle of Kirtipur, resulted in the shift of the capital of his kingdom from Gorkha to Kathmandu, and subsequently the empire that he and his descendants built came to be known as Nepal (Battle of Kathmandu). Also, the invasion of the wealthy Kathmandu Valley provided the Gorkha army with economic support for furthering their martial ambitions throughout the region.
322	1767		T	The Survey of India is India's central engineering agency in charge of mapping and surveying. Set up in 1767 to help consolidate the territories of the British East India Company, it is one of the oldest Engineering Departments of the Government of India. Its members are from Survey of India Service cadre of Civil Services of India and Army Officers from the Indian Army Corps of Engineers. It is headed by the Surveyor General of India. The history of the Survey of India dates back to the 18th Century. "First modern scientific survey of India" was undertaken by W. Mather in 1793–96 on instructions of Superintendent of Salem and Baramahal, Col. Alexander Read. The present Dharmapuri district, Krishnagiri district and North Arcot in western Tamil Nadu were then called Baramahal.
323	1769		BS	Prithvi Narayan Shah, ruler of Gorkha principality, conquers Nepal Valley; moves capital to Kathmandu, establishing present-day Hindu nation of Nepal.
324	1769		BC	In 1766 war with the British broke out and Hyder Ali's forces came close to capturing Madras, before his attacks began to falter. The war ended three years later with the Treaty of Madras in April 1769. This provided the mutual restoration of all conquests and for mutual aid and alliance in a defensive war.
325	1770	1832	B	Bank of Hindostan (1770–1832), a now defunct bank, is considered as among the first modern banks in Colonial India. It was established by the agency house of Alexander and Co.. In India, the paper currency was first issued during British East India Company rule. The first paper notes were issued by the private banks such as Bank of Hindustan and the presidency banks during late 18th century. Via the Paper Currency Act of 1861, the British Government of India was conferred the monopoly to issue paper notes in India. The first bank of India was the “Bank of Hindostan”, established in 1770 and located in the then, Indian capital, Calcutta. However, this bank failed to work and ceased operations in 1832. It was liquidated in 1830–32.
326	1770		E	Great Bengal famine of 1770, estimated to have caused the deaths of about 10 million people. Warren Hastings's 1772 report estimated that a third of the population in the affected region starved to death. The famine is attributed to failed monsoon and exploitative policies of the East India Company.
327	1771		P	Marathas recapture Delhi: Capture of Delhi (1771) is the battle where the forces of Mahadji Shinde captured Delhi and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II was restored to the throne. Marathas capture Delhi by defeating Afghans under Najib ad-Dawlah (Najib Khan). With this battle they regained their lost supremacy (Maratha Resurrection) in North India after the Third Battle of Panipat and conquered much of the lost territories which they lost after the Third Battle of Panipat. In the Third Battle of Panipat, the Maratha Empire suffered a serious blow at the hands of the Muslim axis of the Durrani Empire, Nawab of Awadh, and Rohillas under Najib ad-Dawlah. After the death of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao Bhat, Madhavrao I became Peshwa under the regency of Raghunathrao Bhat. Mahadji's victory over Jats of Mathura, Rajputs of Rajasthan and Pashtun-Rohillas of Rohilkhand (in the western part of present-day Uttar Pradesh state) re-established the Marathas in the northern India.
328	1772	1947	Ad	List of capitals of India#Modern period: From 1772 to 1911, Calcutta was the capital of British India. The East India Company (EIC), formally (1600–1708) Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies, or (1709–1873) United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies, landed in Surat in 1608 to open their first ‘factory’, and by 1623 had established factories at Broach, Agra, and Masulipatam (Machilipatnam). The Company was soon attracted to Bengal given the flourishing prosperity and agricultural riches of the region. Also, The Company needed a port to conduct their trade out of, so Calcutta emerged as the best choice. Calcutta (Kolkata) eventually became the capital of British India and remained the capital till 1911. Lahore was the capital of the Sikh Empire. In 1858, Allahbad (now Prayagraj) became the capital of India for a day when it also served as the capital of North-Western Provinces. On this day, the East India Company handed over the nation's administration to the British monarchy in the city.
329	1772	1947	Ad	List of capitals of India#Modern period: Between 1864 and 1939, Shimla also served as the summer capital of the British Raj. The British authorities preferred to administer the nation from the cool confines of this beautiful hill station during the summer months when the Gangetic plains become unbearably hot. On 12 December 1911, King George V and Queen Mary visited Delhi. It is during this Delhi Durbar that the British monarch announced that the Raj intended to move its capital from Calcutta to Delhi and that the latter would be remodelled. On February 13, 1931, Delhi was formally inaugurated as the capital of India by Lord Irwin, Viceroy of British India. Apart from the fact that Calcutta represented the eastern extreme of a sprawling country making it difficult to administer, the growing resistance to the British in Bengal made the move an imperative one. Not only was Delhi’s location central, it also held a great cultural significance having been the capital of the Pandavas themselves (as the ancient city of Indraprastha).
330	1772	1833	F	Birth of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833) was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a social-religious Reform movement in the Indian subcontinent. He was given the title of Raja by Akbar II, the Mughal emperor. His influence was apparent in the fields of Politics, Public administration, Education reforms and religion. He was known for his efforts to abolish the practices of Sati (practice) and Child marriage in India. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered to be the "Father of the Bengal Renaissance" by many historians. In 2004, Roy was ranked number 10 in BBC's poll of the Greatest Bengali of all time. The List includes .... Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Politicain) Rabindranath Tagore (Author) Kazi Nazrul Islam (author) A. K. Fazlul Huq (Politician) Subhas Chandra Bose (Politician) Begum Rokeya (Social Reformer) Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (Scientist) Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani (Politician) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (Social Reformer) Raja Ram Mohan Roy (Social Reformer) Syed Mir Nisar Ali Titumir (Rebel Activist) Lalon Shah (Philosopher) Satyajit Ray (Filmmaker) Amartya Sen (Economist) Bengali language movement Martyrs (University Students) Muhammad Shahidullah (Educationist) Swami Vivekananda (Religious Leader) Atiśa Dipankara (Religious Preacher) Ziaur Rahman (Military Personnel) Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (Politician)
331	1772	1785	G	Warren Hastings – Governor Was the first Governor of Bengal (Presidency of Fort William, India). In 1750 he joined the British East India Company as a clerk and sailed out to India, reaching Calcutta in August 1750. In 1814 he made a Privy Counsellor. Following occured during his tenure as Governor .... Zamindars were given judicial powers; establishment of civil and criminal courts in each district. In 1781, he founded the Calcutta Madrasa, for promotion of Islamic studies. The Aliah University (AU) is one of the oldest modern-style educational institutes in Asia, and first in India. It was set up in October 1780 by Warren Hastings, the British Governor general of East India Company near Sealdah in Calcutta. A number of titles were used for it, such as Islamic College of Calcutta, Calcutta Madrasah, Calcutta Mohammedan College and Madrasah-e-Aliah. Of these, Calcutta Mohammedan College was that used by Warren Hastings He founded The Asiatic Society of Bengal with William Jones (philologist) in 1784. Warren Hastings was known for his expansionist policy. His administration witnessed the Rohilla War, the First Anglo-Maratha War and the Second Anglo-Mysore War. The First Rohilla War (1774) : Rohilkand was a small kingdom situated in between Oudh and the Marathas. Its ruler was Hafiz Rahmat Khan. He concluded a defensive treaty in 1772 with the Nawab of Oudh fearing an attack by the Marathas. But no such attack took place. But, the Nawab demanded money. When Rahmat Khan evaded, the Nawab with the help of the British invaded Rohilkand. Warren Hastings, who sent the British troops against Rohilkhand, was severely criticized for his policy on the Rohilla affair.
332	1772		P	British establish their capital in Calcutta.
333	1773		Ad	Regulating Act of 1773 The Regulating Act of 1773 (formally, the East India Company Act 1772) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to overhaul the management of the East India Company's rule in India. The Act did not prove to be a long-term solution to concerns over the company's affairs; Pitt's India Act was therefore subsequently enacted in 1784 as a more radical reform. It marked the first step towards parliamentary control over the company and centralised administration in India.
334	1773		E	Narayanrao Peshwa is murdered by his uncle Raghunathrao's wife in front of Raghunathrao.
335	1773		P	British East India Company obtains monopoly on the production and sale of Opium in Bengal. Lord North's Regulating Act of 1773 passed in Parliament. Warren Hastings appointed as first Governor-General of India.
336	1774		Ad	Supreme Council of Bengal was the highest level of executive government in British India from 1774 until 1833: the period in which the East India Company, a private company, exercised political control of British colonies in India. It was formally subordinate to both the East India Company's Court of Directors (board) and to the British Crown. The Supreme Council was established by the British government, under Regulating Act of 1773. It was to consist of five members, including the Governor General, and was appointed by the Court of Directors (board) of the East India Company. At times it also included the British military Commander-in-Chief of India (although this post was usually held concurrently by the Governor General). Hence the council was also known as Governor-General-in-Council. The Saint Helena Act 1833 (Charter Act of 1833) formally separated the East India Company from political control, and established the new Council of India.
337	1774		E	Chief Justice of the Maratha Empire, Ram Shastri passes death sentence against the ruling Peshwa Raghunathrao for murdering his nephew.
338	1775	1782	BC	The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) was the first of three Anglo-Maratha Wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India. The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai. The Treaty of Salbai, was signed on 17 May 1782, and was ratified by The British Governor-General in Bengal, Warren Hastings in June 1782 and by Nana Phadnavis in February 1783. The treaty ended the First Anglo-Maratha War, restored the status quo, and established peace between the two parties for 20 years.
339	1775	1783	BE	The American Revolution takes place. The American colonists prevail in the war, and Britain recognizes the United States as an independent nation.
340	1775	1783	W	The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or the American War of Independence, was initiated by delegates from thirteen American colonies of British America in Congress against Great Britain over their objection to Parliament's taxation policies and lack of colonial representation. From their founding in the 1600s, the colonies were largely left to govern themselves. The cost of victory in the 1754 to 1763 French and Indian War and the 1756 to 1763 Seven Years' War left the British government deeply in debt; the colonies, where the war was fought, equipped and populated the British forces there at the cost of millions of their own funds. Washington expressed astonishment that the Americans had won a war against a leading world power, referring to the American victory as "little short of a standing miracle". The conflict between British subjects with the Crown against those with the Congress had lasted over eight years from 1775 to 1783. The last uniformed British troops departed their last east coast port cities in Savannah, Charleston, and New York City, by November 25, 1783. That marked the end of British occupation in the new United States.
341	1776		P	Thanjavur (Tanjore, in south India) was taken by Lord Wellesley (Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley) in 1776
342	1777		Ad	Indian Army Corps of Engineers: The Indian Army Corps of Engineers provides combat engineering support, develops infrastructure for armed forces and other defence organisations and maintains connectivity along the borders, besides helping the civil authorities during natural disasters. College of Military Engineering, Pune (CME) is the premier technical and tactical training institution of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps consists of three groups of combat engineers, namely .... The Madras Sappers, The Bengal Sappers and The Bombay Sappers. It has a long history dating back to the mid-18th century. The earliest existing subunit of the Corps (18 Field Company) dates back to 1777 while the Corps officially recognises its birth as 1780 when the senior-most group of the Corps, the Madras Sappers were raised. A group is roughly analogous to a regiment of the Indian infantry, each group consisting of a number of engineer regiments. The engineer regiment is the basic combat engineer unit, analogous to an infantry battalion. Besides the combat engineers, the Corps mans and operates major engineering organisations such as the Military Engineer Services, the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), the Married Accommodation Project and the Survey of India.
343	1777	1858	F	Kunwar Singh (13 November 1777– 26 April 1858; also known as Babu Kunwar Singh and Kuer Singh) was a leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He belonged to a family of the Ujjainiya clan of the Parmar Rajputs of Jagdispur, currently a part of Bhojpur district, Bihar, India. At the age of 80, he led a selected band of armed soldiers against the troops under the command of the British East India Company. He was the chief organiser of the fight against the British in Bihar. He is popularly known as Veer Kunwar Singh.
344	1777		N	First newspaper published in Bombay by Rustom Kersaspjere.
345	1778	1829	F	Kittur Chennamma (23 October 1778 – 2 February 1829) was the Indian queen (rani) of Kittur, a princely state in present-day Karnataka. She led an armed rebellion against the British East India Company in 1824 in defiance of the doctrine of lapse in an attempt to maintain Indian control over the region, but was defeated and died imprisoned. One of the first female rulers to rebel against British rule, she has become a folk hero in Karnataka and symbol of the independence movement in India. Along with her lieutenant Sangolli Rayanna, Chennamma employed the guerrilla warfare technique and fought fiercely, taking many British soldiers by surprise. She led an armed force against the British East India Company in 1824 in defiance of the doctrine of lapse in an attempt to maintain Indian control over the region, but was defeated in the third war and died imprisoned.
346	1779		BC	Maratha sardar Mahadji Shinde routs the East India Company army at the Battle of Wadgaon. War ends with the restoration of status quo as per Treaty of Salbai.
347	1780	1784	BC	Second Anglo-Mysore War begins. The Second Anglo–Mysore War was a conflict between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company from 1780 to 1784. At the time, Mysore was a key French ally in India, and the conflict between Britain against the French and Dutch in the American Revolutionary War sparked Anglo–Mysorean hostilities in India. The great majority of soldiers on the company side were raised, trained, paid and commanded by the company, not the British government. However, the company's operations were bolstered by Crown troops sent from Britain, and by troops sent from Hanover, which was also ruled by Britain's King George III. Following the British seizure of the French port of Mahé in 1779, Mysorean ruler Hyder Ali opened hostilities against the British in 1780, with significant success in early campaigns. As the war progressed, the British recovered some territorial losses. Both France and Britain sent troops and naval squadrons from Europe to assist in the war effort, which widened later in 1780 when Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic. In 1783 news of a preliminary peace between France and Britain reached India, resulting in the withdrawal of French support from the Mysorean war effort. The British consequently also sought to end the conflict, and the British government ordered the Company to secure peace with Mysore. This resulted in the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore, restoring the status quo ante bellum under terms that company officials, such as Warren Hastings, found extremely unfavourable.
348	1780	29 Jan	N	Hicky's Bengal Gazette or the Original Calcutta General Advertiser, English, Weekly Hicky's Bengal Gazette or the Original Calcutta General Advertiser was an English-language weekly newspaper published in Kolkata (then Calcutta), the capital of British India. It was the first newspaper printed in Asia, and was published for two years, between 1780 and 1782, before the East India Company seized the newspaper's types and printing press. Founded by James Augustus Hicky, a highly eccentric Irishman who had previously spent two years in jail for debt, the newspaper was a strong critic of the administration of Governor General Warren Hastings. The newspaper was important for its provocative journalism and its fight for free expression in India. Hicky began publication of Hicky's Bengal Gazette on 29 January 1780, having first printed a prospectus announcing that he would begin printing a newspaper. The idea of printing a newspaper in India had been floated twelve years earlier by the Dutch Adventurer William Bolts, but Hicky was the first to execute the concept. Hicky's newspaper was printed once a week on Saturday, and retailed for Re 1. Its circulation was estimated to be around four hundred copies per week, although possibly more. Hicky's Bengal Gazette ceased publication on 30 March 1782 when its types were seized by an order of the Supreme Court. The next week, its types and printing press were publicly auctioned and sold to The India Gazette. The newspaper became famous not only among the British soldiers posted in India at that time but also inspired Indians to write newspapers of their own.
349	1780	18 Nov	N	The India Gazette; or, Calcutta Public Advertiser, English, Weekly Published in Calcutta, the capital of British India. It was the second newspaper printed in India. Founded by Bernard Messink and Peter Reed, two East India Company employees, the paper was a strong supporter of the administration of the Governor General Warren Hastings, and a rival to India's first newspaper Hicky's Bengal Gazette. It was founded on 18 November 1780.
350	1780		T	Mysorean rockets were an Indian military weapon, the first iron-cased rockets successfully deployed for military use. The Mysorean army, under Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, used the rockets effectively against the British East India Company during the 1780s and 1790s. Their conflicts with the company exposed the British to this technology, which was then used to advance European rocketry with the development of the Congreve rocket in 1805. The Mysoreans successfully used these iron-cased rockets against the larger forces of the British East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars.
351	1781		BC	Hyder Ali's son, Tipu Sultan, defeats British forcses.
352	1781		BC	Maratha Empire defeats forces of the British East India Company in the Battle of Bhorghat.
353	1782	1831	F	Syed Mir Nisar Ali (27 January 1782 – 19 November 1831), better known as Titumir, was a Bengali peasant-leader, who developed a strand of Muslim nationalism coupled with agrarian and political consciousness. He is famed for having built a large bamboo fort (Basher Kella in Bengali) in Narikelberia village, to resist the British, which passed onto Bengali folk legend. Although originating in West Bengal (present-day India), he is a celebrated figure in Bangladesh. He led a campaign against the British-rule in India, during the 19th century. After the storming of the fort by British soldiers, Titumir died of his wounds on 19 November 1831.
354	1782		P	In 1782 Hyder Ali suddenly died and Tipu Sultan became king of Mysore.
355	1782	Bombay	T	The Hornby Vellard was a project to build a causeway uniting all seven islands of Bombay into a single island with a deep natural harbour. The project was started by the governor William Hornby in 1782 and all islands were linked by 1838. The word vellard appears to be a local corruption of the Portuguese word vallado meaning fence or embankment. The purpose of this causeway was to block the Worli creek and prevent the low-lying areas of Bombay from being flooded at high tide. The cost was estimated at about ₹100,000. It was completed in 1784 and was one of the first major civil engineering projects that transformed the original seven islands of Bombay into one island. According to some accounts, Hornby ordered the work to be started after the East India Company turned down his proposal; and continued as Governor till the end of his term in 1785, ignoring the suspension notice sent to him.
356	1783	1785	G	Charles Joseph Patissier, Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau (8 February 1718 or 8 February 1720 – 7 January 1785) or Charles Joseph Patissier de Bussy was the Governor General of the French colony of Pondicherry from 1783 to 1785. He served with distinction under Joseph François Dupleix in the East Indies, receiving the Order of Saint Louis. He contributed to the recovery from Britain of Pondicherry in 1748, and was named in 1782 to lead all French military forces beyond the Cape of Good Hope. He coordinated his operations with Pierre André de Suffren and fought against the British during the Indian campaigns of the American War of Independence.
357	1784	Calcutta	A	The Asiatic Society is an organisation founded during the British Raj in India to enhance and further the cause of "Oriental research", in this case, research into India and the surrounding regions. It was founded by the philologist William Jones on 15 January 1784 in a meeting presided over by Justice Robert Chambers in Calcutta, the then capital of the British Raj. At the time of its foundation, this Society was named as Asiatick Society. In 1825, the society was renamed as "The Asiatic Society". In 1832 the name was changed to The Asiatic Society of Bengal and again in 1936 it was renamed as The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. Finally, on 1 July 1951, the name of the society was changed to its present one. The Society is housed in a building at Park Street in Kolkata (Calcutta). The Society moved into this building during 1808. In 1823, the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta was formed and all the meetings of this society were held in the Asiatic Society.
358	1784		BC	The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784. It was signed in Mangalore and brought an end to the Second Anglo-Mysore War. The Second Anglo-Mysore War broke out for a number reasons, primarily though it was because Hyder Ali the de facto ruler of Mysore considered the British (since they provided no aid in Mysore’s defensive war with the Maratha’s) in breach of the treaty of April 1769. The great advantage of the treaty to Tipu Sultan (which allowed him to claim victory) was the psychological impact of the actual treaty on the British. The Commissioner for the British East India Company in Madras had to go to Mangalore, a recent reconquest of Tipu's, on the opposite coast of India, to sign the treaty. The humiliation of the Treaty (coupled with the recent loss of the Thirteen Colonies, in America) made the British determined to defeat and humble Tipu Sultan. The Treaty of Mangalore in Britain was seen by many as the beginning of the end of the British East India Company. As a result, stock prices in the Company dived and the British East India Company began to fail. This was of great concern to the British government since its trade represented a sixth of the British national income. It was decided to fix the problems through what is now called Pitt's India Act. This act solved the issues of corruption and it invested powers in the Governor-general to act in the interest of King and Country to stop an issue like the Treaty of Mangalore from happening again.
359	1784	4 Mar	N	The Calcutta Gazette, English Calcutta Gazette was an English newspaper in Bengal founded by a colonial officer Francis Gladwin in 1784. It was one of the first newspapers in India. Calcutta Gazette was founded by Francis Gladwin, an officer in the British East India Trading company and an orientalist. Its first issue was published on 4 March 1784. The newspaper became an important medium for the publication of public information. The Gazette initially charged the government for advertisements but stopped after the government provided the Gazette with free postal circulation and free postage. The government withdrew this in 1787. In January 1787, Francis Gladwin gave control of the company to Arthur Muir, Herbert H. Harrington and Edmond Morris. The three were civilians involved with the newspaper. In June 1815 the Government Gazette was created by the Bengal Military Orphan Society. All government advertisements were diverted to the Government Gazette from the Calcutta Gazette. Private advertisers also left the newspaper and advertising revenue declined. Employees at the newspaper went on strike. In June 1818 the Calcutta Gazette was sold to the owner of the Calcutta Morning Post, Heatly. On 29 September 1818 Heatly stopped publication of the Calcutta Gazette in favor of a new newspaper founded by James Silk Buckingham called the Calcutta Journal.
360	1784		P	William Pitt the Younger passes the Pitt's India Act 1784 to bring the East India Company under Parliament's control. Judge and linguist Sir William Jones (philologist) founds The Asiatic Society (The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal).
361	1785	1786	G	Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet (c. 1745 – 12 January 1821), from Sleat, Isle of Skye, Scotland, was a Scottish administrator in India. He was the acting Governor-General of Bengal from 1785 to 1786.
362	1785	12 Oct	N	Madras Courier, English It was the first newspaper to be published in Madras, Madras Presidency, British India and one of the first in India. It was the leading newspaper of its time and was the officially recognized newspaper for printing Government notifications. It first appeared in the English language on 12 October 1785. It was started by Richard Johnston. Hugh Boyd was its first Editor. The paper ceased publishing on 19 January 1819.
363	1786		A	Sir William Jones uses the Rig Veda term Aryan ("noble") to name the parent language (now termed Indo-European) of Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and Germanic tongues.
364	1786		Ad	District collectors in Bengal were made responsible for settling the revenue and collecting it.
365	1786	1793	G	Lord Cornwallis – Governor: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, introduced .... Permanent Settlement of Bengal (also called Zamindari system). It was an agreement between East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land. Police reforms according to which each district was divided into 400 square miles and placed under a police superintendent. Civil Services in India.
366	1786		P	In 1786 Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis was made a Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. The same year he accepted appointment as Governor-General and commander in chief in India. He had in 1782 been offered the governor-generalship only, but refused the post until he also received military command as well. [Cornwallis surrendered after about three weeks' siege to General Washington and the French commander, the Comte de Rochambeau, on 19 October 1781. Cornwallis, apparently not wanting to face Washington, claimed to be ill on the day of the surrender, and sent Brigadier General Charles O'Hara in his place to surrender his sword formally. Washington had his second-in-command, Benjamin Lincoln, accept Cornwallis's sword. Cornwallis returned to Britain with Benedict Arnold, and they were cheered when they landed in Britain on 21 January 1782. His surrender did not mark the end of the war, though it ended major fighting in the American theatre. Because he was released on parole, Cornwallis refused to serve again until the war came to an end in 1783.]
367	1787		BE	British Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade is formed, marking the beginning of the end of slavery.
368	1787	1858	F	Ahmadullah Shah: Leader of various battles for freedom like Battle of Chinhat, Siege of Lucknow, Capture of Lucknow, Chapati Movement. Ahmadullah Shah (1787 – 5 June 1858) famous as Maulavi of Faizabad, famous freedom fighter and was a leader of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah was known as the Lighthouse of Rebellion in Awadh region. British officers like George Bruce Malleson and Thomas Seaton made mentions about the courage, valour, personal and organizational capabilities of Ahmadullah. G. B. Malleson mentions Ahmadullah repeatedly in the History of Indian Mutiny, a book written in 6 volumes covering Indian revolt of 1857. Thomas Seaton describes Ahmadullah Shah as: A man of great abilities, of undaunted courage, of stern determination, and by far the best soldier among the rebels. — Thomas Seaton, With being a practicing Muslim, he was also an epitome of religious unity and Ganga-Jamuna culture of Faizabad. In the rebellion of 1857, royalties like Nana Sahib and Khan Bahadur Khan fought alongside Ahmadullah. The British could never catch Maulavi alive. The price of 50,000 pieces of silver was announced to capture him. Finally the king of Powayan Raja Jagannath Singh killed Maulvi, beheaded and presented his head to the British for which Raja Jagannath was paid the announced prize. Next day, the head of Maulvi was hanged at Kotwali.
369	1787	1795	P	British Parliament impeaches Warren Hastings, Governor-General of Bengal (1774–85), for misconduct. The Impeachment of Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Bengal, was attempted between 1787 and 1795 in the Parliament of Great Britain. Hastings was accused of misconduct during his time in Calcutta, particularly relating to mismanagement and personal corruption. The impeachment prosecution was led by Edmund Burke and became a wider debate about the role of the East India Company and the expanding empire in India. The trial became a debate between two radically opposed visions of empire—one represented by Hastings, based on ideas of absolute power and conquest in pursuit of the exclusive national interests of the colonizer, versus one represented by Burke, of sovereignty based on a recognition of the rights of the colonized. Burke brought forward 22 charges against Hastings. The most important of them were related to the Rohilla War, the Case of Nanda Kumar, the treatment of Raja Chait Singh of Benares and the pressures on the Begums of Oudh. The trial did not sit continuously and the case dragged on for seven years. When the eventual verdict was given Hastings was overwhelmingly acquitted. It has been described as "probably the British Isles' most famous, certainly the longest, political trial". Hastings was financially ruined by the impeachment and was left with debts of £70,000. He received pension from the Company and lived till 1818. Hastings held no further public office, but was regarded as an expert on Indian matters and was asked to give evidence to parliament on the subject in 1812. After he had finished giving his testimony, the members all stood up in an almost unprecedented act for anyone other than the royal family.
370	1788		BE	The British Empire gains new settlements in Australia. The empire’s Canadian colonies grow as loyalists from the United States emigrate to Canada after the American Revolution.
371	1789		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India): The Andaman Islands became a British possession.
372	1789		N	Bombay Herald (Bombay Gazette), English Bombay Herald (established in 1789) was among the first English newspapers published from Bombay, India. Initially found in 1789 as the "Bombay Herald", the newspaper's name was changed to "Bombay Gazette" in 1791. It remained the leading paper of the city for a long time and covered important events such as the first session of the Indian National Congress in 1885. The Bombay Gazette and Bombay Courier were the earliest English language Indian newspapers published in Bombay (now Mumbai). The newspaper continued to be published up to the early 1900s. Bombay Gazette started printing paper on silk from 26 April 1841. Surviving copies of the Bombay Gazette can be found in the British Library (Colindale collection). The owners and editors of Bombay Gazette included the British journalist and politician, James Mackenzie Maclean, Adolphus Pope (1821), Fair (1826), Francis Warden (1827), R. X. Murphy (1833), Grattan Geary (1890), Sir Frank Beaman and Galium (1840). It was not unheard of for its proprietors to include British civil servants. In 1911, Sir Pherozeshah Mehta and Benjamin Horniman attempted to purchase Bombay Gazette, to counteract the influence of another newspaper The Times of India, and to give a voice to Indian nationalists, but his attempts were thwarted by one of the directors, Sir Frank Beaman, which led Mehta to establish a separate newspaper, The Bombay Chronicle in 1913.
373	1790	1792	BC	The Third Anglo-Mysore War: The Third Anglo–Mysore War (1790–1792) was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, Kingdom of Travancore, Maratha Empire, and the Nizam of Hyderabad. It was the third of four Anglo–Mysore Wars. Among the preliminary terms that Cornwallis insisted on was that Tipu surrender two of his sons as hostages as a guarantee for his execution of the agreed terms. On 26 February his two young sons were formally delivered to Cornwallis amid great ceremony and gun salutes by both sides. Cornwallis, who was not interested in significantly extending the company's territory, or in turning most of Mysore over to the Mahrattas and Hyderabad, negotiated a division of one half of Mysorean territory, to be divided by the allies, in which the company's acquisition would improve its defences. He later wrote, "If we had taken Seringapatam and killed Tippoo, [...] we must either have given that capital to the Marattas (a dangerous boon) or have set up some miserable pageant of our own, to be supported by the Company's troops and treasures, and to be plundered by its servants." The territories taken deprived Mysore of much of its coastline; Mysore was also obligated to pay some of the allied war costs. On 18 March 1792 Tipu agreed to the terms and signed the Treaty of Seringapatam, ending hostilities.
374	1790	1806	BS	List of battles of Rajasthan#Post-Mughal rule: Battle of Patan (1790) – The Battle of Patan was fought on 20 June 1790 between the Scindias of Gwalior and the Kachwahas of Jaipur, and resulted decisive victory of Maratha forces. The Marathas under Holkar and General de Boigne defeat the Rajputs of Jaipur and Mughals at the Battle of Patan, where 3000+ Rajput cavalry is killed and the entire Mughal unit vanquished. The defeat crushes Rajput hope of independence from external influence. Battle of Merta (1790) – Marathas under Mahadaji Shinde defeated the army of Maharaja Vijay Singh. Battle of Fatehpur (1799) – The Battle of Fatehpur was fought in March 1799 between the Maratha Kingdom of Gwalior supported by General George Thomas and the Rajput Kingdom of Jaipur under Sawai Pratap Singh and Rora Ram Ji Khawas which resulted in a decisive Jaipur victory. Battle of Malpura (1800) – Marathas under Daulat Rao Sindhia defeated Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh. Siege of Mehrangarh (1806) – Man Singh of Marwar defeated the armies of Jaipur, Mewar and Bikaner so comprehensively that Jagat Singh of Jaipur had to pay a sum of Rs. 2,00,000 to secure his safe passage. In honour of Man Singhs victory over Jaipur the Jai Pol, or victory gate was built in the fort in 1808.
375	1791		Ed	Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis#Reforms's attitude toward the lower classes did, however, include a benevolent and somewhat paternalistic desire to improve their condition .... He introduced legislation to protect native weavers who were sometimes forced into working at starvation wages by unscrupulous company employees; Outlawed child slavery; Established in 1791 a Sanskrit college for Hindus that is now the Government Sanskrit College in Benares; Established a mint in Calcutta that, in addition to benefiting the poor by providing a reliable standard currency, was a forerunner of India's modern currency.
376	1792		BC	Britain's Cornwallis defeats Tipu Sahib, Sultan of Mysore and most powerful ruler in South India, main bulwark of resistance to British expansion in India.
377	1792	Calcutta	S	Calcutta Cricket & Football Club (CC&FC) The Calcutta Cricket & Football Club (CC&FC) is a Multisports club based in Kolkata, India. It was founded in 1792 as a cricket institution, adding the football and rugby sections when it merged with Calcutta F.C. in 1965. The Club was founded as the "Calcutta Cricket Club Clippers" by British expatriates who had come over with the British East India Company. It is known to have been in existence by 1792. During its first years of existence, the Calcutta Cricket Club played its home games near river Hooghly but it was not until 1841 when the institution got land to establish its venue. Later it was merged with the Calcutta Football Club (where both footballs, rugby and association were practised) and the Ballygunge Cricket Club over the years to become the "Calcutta Cricket and Football Club" in 1965. Run by the British, Calcutta Football Club was once one of the leading football teams and had a great rivalry specially with Mohun Bagan. Other rivals were Mohammedan Sporting, Aryan and Dalhousie. It has arguably the most picturesque cricket ground in Kolkata. Recent evidence in the form of an article in Hickey's Bengal Gazette, suggests the club existed in 1780 – which would make it the oldest cricket club in the world.
378	1793		Ad	British under Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis introduces the 'Permanent Settlement' of the land revenue system. Its best known provision was the Permanent Settlement (or the zamindari system enacted in 1793), which established a revenue collection scheme that lasted until the 20th century.The Permanent Settlement was introduced first in Bengal and Bihar and later in the south district of Madras and Varanasi. The system eventually spread all over northern India by a series of regulations dated 1 May 1793. These regulations remained in place until the Charter Act of 1833. The system, as codified in these regulations, provided that the East India Company’s service personnel be divided into three branches: Revenue, Judicial, and Commercial. Revenues were collected by zamindars, native Indians who were treated as landowners. This division created an Indian landed class that supported British authority. This “Permanent Settlement” provided the British with an Indian landed class interested in supporting British authority. The higher ranks of the services were restricted to the British, thus depriving the Indians of any responsible office. As a whole, the system gave social and political stability to Bengal at the price of neglecting the rights of the lesser landholders and undertenants and of excluding Indians from any responsible share in the administration. One consequence of the code was that it instituted a type of racism, placing the British as an elite class on top of the complex status hierarchy of caste and religion that existed in India at the time. The system failed in the long run due to operational difficulty as well as because the Permanent Settlement did not take account of the seasonal and precarious nature of Bengali agriculture. The Company also did not understand the structural issues as well as the society. The other two systems prevalent in India were the Ryotwari System and the Mahalwari System.
379	1793	1798	G	John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth (5 October 1751 – 14 February 1834) was a British official of the East India Company who served as Governor-General of Bengal from 1793 to 1798. In 1798 he was created Baron Teignmouth in the Peerage of Ireland. He followed policy of non-intervention. I Introduced Charter Act of 1793.
380	1793	1861	R	Birth of Rani Rashmoni, one of the pioneers of the Bengali Renaissance. Rani Rashmoni (24 September 1793 – 19 February 1861) was the founder of the Dakshineswar Kali Temple, Kolkata and remained closely associated with Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa after she appointed him as the priest of the temple. Her other construction works include the construction of a road from Subarnarekha River to Puri for the pilgrims, Babughat (also known as Babu Rajchandra Das Ghat), Ahiritola Ghat and Nimtala ghat for the everyday bathers at the Ganges. She also offered considerable charity to the Imperial Library (now the National Library of India), the Hindu College (now Presidency University).
381	1793	Calcutta	S	The Calcutta Racket Club is a squash and racquet club in Kolkata, India. It was founded in 1793, making it one of the oldest rackets clubs in the world, and the first in the subcontinent. Of its seven squash courts, two are glass-backed international standard tournament courts.
382	1794		Ed	The College of Engineering, Guindy (CEG) is a public engineering college in Chennai, India and is Asia's oldest technical institution, founded in 1794. It is also the oldest technical institution to be established outside Europe. Due to the growing need for surveyors by the East India Company, the 'School of Survey' was established in a building near Fort St. George on the suggestion of Michael Topping in 1794. This school was one of the first of its kind in the country and it started out with 8 boys. It became the Civil Engineering School in 1858 and was renamed College of Engineering in 1859, with the inclusion of a mechanical engineering course. The college was shifted for a short period to Kalasa Mahal, Chepauk, before settling at its present location in 1920 as College of Engineering, Guindy. College of Engineering, Guindy is one of the first institutes in India to offer degrees in Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Telecommunication, Highway engineering|Highway Engineering and Printing Technology and Materials Science and Engineering.
383	1794		Ed	List of Indian engineering colleges before Independence: 1794 College of Engineering, Guindy 1847 Thomason College od Cicil ENgineering, now Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 1854 College of Engineering, Pune 1856 Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur 1857 University of Bombay, Bombay 1881 Faculty of Technology and Engineerng, Maharaja Sayajirao University, Vadodara 1886 College of Engineering, Bihar, now National Institute of Technology, Patna 1887 Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute, Bombay 1905 Jadavpur University, Calcutta 1911 Indian Institute of Science, Tata Institute, Bangalore 1914 University College of Science and Technology, Rajabazar, Calcutta 1917 College of Engineering, now University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore 1919 Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology, Calcutta 1919 Banaras Engineering Colleg, now Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
384	1794		Ed	List of Indian engineering colleges before Independence: 1920 Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur 1921 PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh 1926 Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 1926 Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 1929 University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad 1929 Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu 1933 Institute of Chemical Technology, Bombay 1939 College of Engineering, Trivandrum 1941 Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology, Calcutta 1941 Delhi Polytechnic, Delhi 1942 Laxminarayan Institute of Technology 1945 Arthur Hope College of Technology, Coimbatore. Now know as Government College of Technology, Coimbatore 1946 JNTU College of Engineering, Anantapur 1946 National Institute of Engineering, Mysore 1947 Government Engineering College, Jabalpur
385	1795	11 Mar	BS	Maratha Empire defeats the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Kharda, Nizam ceded territory.
386	1795	13 Aug	E	Death of Ahilyabai Holkar: Ahilyabai Holkar (31 May 1725 – 13 August 1795) was the hereditary noble sardar of the Maratha Empire, India. Ahilya was born in the village of Chondi in Jamkhed, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. She moved the seat of her kingdom to Maheshwar, south of Indore on the Narmada River. Ahilyabai's husband Khanderao Holkar was killed in the battle of Kumher in 1754. Twelve years later, her father-in-law, Malhar Rao Holkar died. A year after that she took over the affairs of Holkar fief. She tried to protect her land from plundering invaders. She personally led armies into battle. She appointed Tukoji Rao Holkar as the Chief of her militia. Ahilyabai was a great pioneer and builder of Hindu temples. She built hundreds of temples and Dharmashalas throughout India. Her greatest achievement was to rebuild the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in 1780, which was dedicated to Shiva; the presiding deity of the city of Varanasi, one of the holiest Hindu sites of pilgrimage, that had been plundered, desecrated, demolished & converted into Gyanvapi Mosque on the orders of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1696.
387	1796		E	Ching-Thang Khomba moves Manipur's capital to Kangla. Ningthou Ching-Thang Khomba (also Rajarshi Bhagya Chandra, Jai Singh Maharaja) (1748–1799) was a Meitei monarch of the 18th century CE. The inventor of the Ras Lila dance, with his daughter Shija Lailoibi playing as Radha at the first performance, he is a legendary figure in Manipur, and much of his actions as King had been mythologized. He is also credited with spreading Vaishnavism in Manipur State after his grandfather Pamheiba made Hinduism the official religion and for creating a unified Manipur.
388	1798	3 Dec	BS	Fourth Anglo-Mysore War begins. The Fourth Anglo–Mysore War was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore against the British East India Company and the Hyderabad Deccan in 1798–99. This was the final conflict of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. The British captured the capital of Mysore. The ruler Tipu Sultan was killed in the battle. Britain took indirect control of Mysore, restoring the Wodeyar Dynasty to the Mysore throne (with a British commissioner to advise him on all issues). Tipu Sultan's young heir, Fateh Ali, was sent into exile. The Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India covering parts of present Kerala-Karnataka and ceded Coimbatore, Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada to the British. The victors, rather than partitioning the country, forced Tipu's family into exile and restored control of Mysore to the Wodeyars.
389	1798	1831	F	Sangolli Rayanna (15 August 1796 – 26 January 1831) was an Indian military Shetsanadi (Sainik) and warrior in the Kittur princely state of the Karnataka. He was the Shetsanadi of the Kingdom of Kittur ruled at the time by Rani Chennamma and fought the British East India Company till his death. Sangolli Rayanna participated in the 1824 rebellion and was arrested by the British, who released him later. He continued to fight the British and wanted to install the adopted son of King Mallasarja and Rani Chennamma, namely Shivalingappa as the ruler of Kittur. He mobilised local people and started a guerilla type war against the British. He and his guerrilla army moved from place to place, burnt government offices, waylaid British troops and plundered treasuries. Most of his land was confiscated and what remained of it was heavily taxed. He taxed the landlords and built up an army from the masses. The British troops could not defeat him in open battle. Hence, by treachery, he was caught in April 1830 and tried by the British; and sentenced to death. Shivalingappa, the boy who was supposed to be the new ruler, was also arrested by the British. Rayanna was executed by hanging from a Banyan tree about 4 kilometers from Nandagad in Belagavi district on 26 January 1831.
390	1798	1805	G	Richard Colley Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley – Governor. He first made his name as Governor-General of India between 1798 and 1805, and he later served as Foreign Secretary in the British Cabinet and as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was the fifth Governor-General of India (1798–1805). In 1799, while portraying his enemy as a cruel tyrant needing to be put down, he invaded Mysore and defeated Tipu Sultan, the Sultan of Mysore, in a major battle. As Governor-General, he .... Adopted the policy of Subsidiary alliance – a system to keep the Indian rulers under control and to make British the supreme power. Opened College to train the Company’s servants in Calcutta. So, Known as the Father of Civil Services of India. Founded the Fort William College at Calcutta. Subsidiary alliance was introduced by Lord Wellesley in 1798 to bring princely states under the control of the British. In this system, an Indian ruler had to maintain British troops in his state, either by giving some of his territories or by paying for the maintenance of the troops. They had to maintain a British resident at their courts. This system allowed the British to maintain a large army at the expense of the local rulers.
391	1799		BS	The Sikh Khalsa Army (Punjabi: Sikh Khalsa Fauj): Also known as Khalsa or simply Sikh Army was the military force of the Khalsa, formed in 1598 by Guru Hargobind. It was a cavalry unit until the time of Guru Gobind Singh ji. From Maharaja Ranjit Singh on the army was modernized on Franco-British principles. It was divided in three wings: The Fauj-i-Khas (elites), Fauj-i-Ain (regular force) and Fauj-i-Be Qawaid (irregulars). Due to the lifelong efforts of the Maharaja and his European officers, it gradually became a prominent fighting force of Asia.
392	1799		BS	List of battles involving the Sikh Empire#Battles fought by Sikhs: Battle of Rohilla (1621) : Campaign by the Mughal Empire against the growing influence of the Sikhs. Battle of Kartarpur (1635) : Siege of Kartarpur by the Mughal Empire. Battle of Amritsar (1634) : Campaign by Mughal's Mukhlis Khan against Guru Hargobind and the Sikhs in 1628. Battle of Lahira (1634) : Mughal Empire and Sikhs. Battle of Bhangani (1688) : Guru Gobind Singh's (10th Guru) army and Bhim Chand (Kahlur) of Bilaspur near Paonta. Battle of Nadaun (1691) : Raja Bhim Chand of Bilaspur, supported by Guru Gobind Singh and the Mughals under Alif Khan Battle of Guler (1696) : Fought between the armies of Sikh Guru Gobind Singh and Mughal forces aided by Rajas of the Sivalik Hills. Battle of Basoli (1702) : Mughal Empire and Sikhs. Mughals was defeated in the bloody Battle of Nirmohgarh. Battle of Anandpur (1700) : Armies of Sikh Guru Gobind Singh and Mughal forces aided by Nawab of Bahawalpur. Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) : Sikhs and the Mughal Empire. Battle of Anandpur (1701) : Sikhs and Rajas of the Sivalik Hills. First Battle of Chamkaur (1702) : The Khalsa, led by Guru Gobind Singh, and coalition forces of Mughals led by Wazir Khan. First Battle of Anandpur (1704) Second Battle of Anandpur (1704) Battle of Sarsa (1704) Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704) The Khalsa, led by Guru Gobind Singh, and coalition forces of Mughals led by Wazir Khan.
393	1799		BS	List of battles involving the Sikh Empire#Battles fought by Sikhs: Battle of Muktsar (1705) : or Battle of Khidrāne Dee Dhāb took place on 29 December 1705, following the siege of Anandpur. In 1704, Anandpur was under an extended siege by the allied forces of the Mughals and the hill chiefs. Battle of Sonepat (1709) : Sikhs and Mughal Empire Battle of Ambala (1709) : In 1709, Battle of Ambala was fought and Sikhs captured Ambala from Mughals. Battle of Samana (1709) : Banda Singh Bahadur and Wazir Khan Battle of Chappar Chiri (1710) : Sikhs and Mughal Empire Battle of Sadhaura (1710) : Sikhs and Mughal army. It was terrible defeat for Mughals. Battle of Rahon (1710) : Sikhs and Mughals. Battle of Lohgarh (1710) : After Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah's army recaptured Sirhind from the Sikhs, the Mughal army moved towards Lohgarh, where they engaged with the Sikhs. Battle of Jammu (1712) : A surprise attack by Mughal General Zakariya Khan Bahadur, Sikhs were pursued all the way north to Jammu Kapuri expedition : Battle of Jalalabad (1710) : Mughal forces of Jalal Khan and Sikh forces of Banda Singh Bahadur. Siege of Gurdaspur or Battle of Gurdas Nangal (1715) : Major campaign of the new Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.
394	1799		BS	List of battles involving the Sikh Empire#Battles fought by Sikhs: Attack on Nadir Shah (1739) Killing Massa Ranghar Killing Jaspat Rai Siege of Amritsar (1748) Killing Salabat Khan (1644) : In 1644, Amar Singh Rathore was enraged by an attempt by the Mughal emperor to levy a fine on him for an unauthorized absence. In the emperor's presence, he stabbed and killed Salabat Khan, who had been asked to collect the fine. Siege of Ram Rauni (1748) : The Sikhs gathered in Amritsar on Diwali,1748. Adina Beg proceeded towards Amritsar and besieged Ram Rauni. Mir Mannu came down from Lahore with an army to assist Beg in the siege. Jassa Singh used the good offices of Diwan Kaura Mal and had the siege lifted. The fort was strengthened and re-named Ramgarh. Jassa Singh, having been designated the Jathedar of the fort, became popular as Ramgarhia. Skirmish of Gohalwar Battle of Amritsar (1757) Battle of Lahore (1759) : Durrani Empire and Maratha Empire assisted by forces of local Sikh Sukerchakia Misl of Punjab. Battle of Sialkot (1761) : Durrani Empire and Sukerchakia Misl of Dal Khalsa. Battle of Gujranwala (1761) : Durrani Empire and the Sikh Confederacy. Sikh Occupation of Lahore (1761) : Sikhs besieged Lahore after facing no opposition from Durrani forces. Sikh holocaust (1762) or Vadda Ghalughara or Battle of Kup : Mass-murder of unarmed Sikhs by Afghan forces of Durrani Empire during the years of Afghan influence in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. Battle of Harnaulgarh (1762) : Durrani Empire and Sikh Misls of Dal Khalsa. Skirmish of Amritsar (1762) : Vadda Ghalughara, ("The Great Massacre") was the mass-murder of the unarmed Sikhs by the Afghan forces of the Durrani Empire during the years of Afghan influence in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent owing to the repeated incursions of Ahmad Shah Durrani in February 1762. It is distinguished from the Chhota Ghalughara (the Smaller Massacre). Mostly non-combatants, were killed in the event and an estimated that 10,000 to 20,000 Sikhs were killed on 5 February 1762. Battle of Sialkot (1763) : Durrani Empire and Sukerchakia Misl. Battle of Sirhind (1764) : Durrani Empire and Ahluwalia Misl. Rescue of Brahmin Girl (1769)
395	1799		BS	List of battles involving the Sikh Empire#Battles fought by Sikhs: Capture of Delhi and Red Fort (1783) Battle of Amritsar (1797) Battle of Gujrat (1797) Battle of Amritsar (1798) Battle of Kasur Battle of Jammu (1808) Gurkha-Sikh War (1809) : A small conflict between forces of the Gurkha Kingdom of Nepal and Sikh Empire. Battle of Attock (1813) Battle of Multan (1818) Battle of Shopian (1819) Battle of Balakot (1831) Battle of Peshawar (1834) Battle of Jamrud (1837) Sino-Sikh War (1841–1842) Battle of Mudki (1845) Battle of Ferozeshah (1845) Battle of Baddowal (1846)
396	1799		BS	List of battles involving the Sikh Empire#Battles fought by Sikhs: Battle of Aliwal (1846) Battle of Sobraon (1846) Battle of Chillianwala (1849) Battle of Ramnagar (1848) Siege of Multan (1848–1849) Battle of Gujrat (1849)
397	1799		Co	Danish Colonization (Danish_India#The Golden Age of Danish India (1772–1807)): Dispute between Denmark-Norway and Britain over the rights of a neutral nation to carry out trade with foreign colonies to which it did not normally have access during peacetime. Essentially, Britain was trying to prevent Denmark from carrying out the trade of countries Britain was at war with. At the time Denmark-Norway was able to make exorbitant profits from fetching colonial products from French and Dutch possessions in the Indian Ocean and discharging them into the European market through Copenhagen.
398	1799	1849	Dy	The Sikh Empire (also Sikh Khalsa Raj or Sarkar-i Khalsa) was a state originating in the Indian subcontinent, formed under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who established an empire based in the Punjab. The empire existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849 and was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous Sikh misls. At its peak in the 19th century, the Empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west to western Tibet in the east, and from Mithankot in the south to Kashmir in the north. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 3.5 million in 1831 (making it the 19th most populous country at the time), it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.
399	1799		BC	Tipu Sultan is killed in battle against 5,000 British soldiers who storm and raze his capital, Srirangapatnam (Seringapatnam).
400	1799		BC	Polygar Wars: The Polygar Wars or Palaiyakkarar Wars were wars fought between the Polygars (Palaiyakkarars) of the former Tirunelveli Kingdom in Tamil Nadu, India and the British East India Company forces between March 1799 to May 1802 or July 1805. The British finally won after carrying out gruelling protracted jungle campaigns against the Polygar armies. Many lives were lost on both sides and the victory over the Polygars brought large parts of the territories of Tamil Nadu under British control, enabling them to get a strong hold in Southern India. The suppression of the Polygar rebellions of 1799 and 1800-1805 resulted in the liquidation of the influence of the chieftains. Under the terms of the Carnatic Treaty (31 July 1801), the British assumed direct control over Tamil Nadu. The Polygar system which had flourished for two and a half centuries came to a violent end and the company introduced a Zamindari settlement in its place.
401	1800	13 Mar	E	Death of Nana Fadnavis: Nana Phadnavis (also Fadanvis and Furnuwees and abbreviated as Phadnis) (February 12, 1742 – March 13, 1800), born Balaji Janardan Bhanu, was an influential minister and statesman of the Maratha Empire during the Peshwa administration in Pune, India. James Grant Duff states that he was called "the Maratha Machiavelli" by the Europeans.
402	1800		Ed	Fort William College (also known as the College of Fort William) was an academy of oriental studies and a centre of learning, founded on 10 July 1800 by Lord Wellesley, then Governor-General of British India, located within the Fort William complex in Calcutta. Wellesley backdated the statute of foundation to 4 May 1800, to commemorate the first anniversary of his victory over Tipu Sultan at Seringapatam. Thousands of books were translated from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu into English at this institution. This college also promoted the printing and publishing of Urdu books.
403	1800	1835	F	U Tirot Sing (birth date not known – July 17 1835) also known as U Tirot Sing Syiem born in the year 1802 and died in the year 1835, was one of the chiefs of the Khasi people in the early 19th century. He drew his lineage from the Syiemlieh clan. He was Syiem (chief) of Nongkhlaw, part of the Khasi Hills. His surname was Syiemlieh. He was a constitutional head sharing corporate authority with his Council, general representatives of the leading clans within his territory. Tirot Sing declared war and fought against British for attempts to take over control of the Khasi Hills. He died on 17 July 1835.
404	1800		F	Maruthu Pandiyar The Marudhu Pandiyars (Periya Marudhu and Chinna Marudhu) were chieftains of Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, India, towards the end of the 18th century. They were known for fighting against the East India Company. At least 56 years before the Great Rebellion broke out in 1857, the Maruthu brothers, rulers of Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, fought for the independence from the emerging British rule. They waged a war and were successful in capturing three districts. But the British called upon additional troops from Britain and defeated the Maruthu brothers in two successive battles. They along with the war leader Sivagangai and many of their family members, were captured at Cholapuram and were killed at Tiruppattur. They were hanged in the fort of Tirupattur, which is now Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu, on 24 October 1801. The burial of Maruthu Padiyars is located at Sivagangai .
405	1800		S	Polo India is the birthplace of modern polo. The modern game of polo is derived from Manipur, where the game was known as 'Sagol Kangjei', 'Kanjai-bazee', or 'Pulu'. It was the anglicised form of the last, referring to the wooden ball that was used, which was adopted by the sport in its slow spread to the west. The first polo club in India was established at Silchar, Assam in 1834. In 1862, the oldest polo club still in existence, Calcutta Polo Club, was established by two British soldiers, Sherer and Captain Robert Stewart. From the 1800s to the 1910s, a host of teams representing Indian principalities dominated the international polo scene. Prominent teams of the period included Alwar, Bhopal, Bikaner, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Patiala, Jodhpur, Kishengarh and Kashmir. The majority of the Cavalry regiments of the British Army and the British Indian Army also fielded teams, the most prominent amongst them were the Central India Horse (CHI), Prince Albert Victor Own Cavalry (PAVO’s Cav), the Inniskilling Dragoon Guards, the 10th Royal Hussars, the 15th Lancers, and the 17/21st Lancers. The Jaipur team won all the open tournaments in Britain and the Indian Championship in 1933 creating a record that is unlikely to be broken. The team also won the Indian Open Championship every year from 1930 to 1938.
406	1801	12 Apr	BS	Maharaja Ranjit Singh establishes Khalsa rule of Punjab from Lahore. Khalsa army liberates Kashmiri Pandits and invades Afghanistan via the Khyber Pass.
407	1801	1868	Co	Danish Colonization (Danish India#Napoleonic Wars and decline): During the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark-Norway practiced a policy of armed neutrality whilst carrying French and Dutch goods from the Dutch East Indies to Copenhagen. This led to the English Wars during which Britain destroyed the Danish-Norwegian fleet, devastated the Danish East India Company's India trade, and occupied Dansborg and Frederiksnagore from 1801 to 1802, and again, from 1808 to 1815. In 1814 Norway gained independence from Denmark. Italy made an attempt at buying the Nicobar Islands from Denmark between 1864 and 1868. The Italian Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Luigi Torelli started a negotiation that looked promising, but failed due to the unexpected end of his Office and the first La Marmora Cabinet. The negotiations were interrupted and never brought up again. The Danish colonies went into decline, and the British ultimately took possession of them, making them part of British India: Serampore was sold to the British in 1839, and Tranquebar and most minor settlements in 1845 (11 October 1845 Frederiksnagore sold; 7 November 1845 other continental Danish India settlements sold); on 16 October 1868 all Danish rights to the Nicobar Islands, which since 1848 had been gradually abandoned, were sold to Britain.
408	1801	Bombay	R	In Bombay, Siddhivinayak temple built at Prabhadevi. The Shree Siddhivinayak Ganapati Mandir is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shri Ganesh. It is located in Prabhadevi, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was originally built by Laxman Vithu and Deubai Patil on 19 November 1801. It is one of the richest temples in India.
409	1801		W	India invasion fears (The Great Game): At the start of the 19th century, the Indian subcontinent was ruled in part by independent princely states and in part by the company rule of the British East India Company. During the 19th century a political and diplomatic confrontation developed between Britain and Russia over Afghanistan which later became known as "The Great Game". Russia was fearful of British commercial and military inroads into Central Asia, and Britain was fearful of Russia adding the "jewel in the crown", India, to the vast empire that Russia was building in Asia. This resulted in an atmosphere of distrust and the constant threat of war between the two empires. If Russia were to gain control of the Emirate of Afghanistan, it might then be used as a staging post for a Russian invasion of India. Napoleon had proposed a joint Franco-Russian invasion of India to his Imperial Majesty Paul I of Russia. In 1801 Paul, fearing a future action by the British against Russia and her allies in Europe, decided to make the first move towards where he believed the British Empire was weakest. He wrote to the Ataman of the Don Cossacks Troops, Cavalry General Vasily Petrovich Orlov, directing him to march to Orenburg, conquer the Central Asian Khanates, and from there invade India. Paul was assassinated in the same year and the invasion was terminated. Napoleon tried to persuade Paul's son, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, to invade India; however Alexander resisted. In 1807, Napoleon dispatched General Claude Matthieu, Count Gardane on a French military mission to Persia, with the intention of persuading Russia to invade India. In response, Britain sent its own diplomatic missions in 1808, with military advisers, to Persia and Afghanistan under the capable Mountstuart Elphinstone, averting the French and possible Russian threat. However, Britain was left with concerns about being able to defend India.
410	1801		W	India invasion fears (The Great Game): In 1810, Lieutenant Henry Pottinger and Captain Charles Christie undertook an expedition from Nushki (Balochistan) to Isfahan (Central Persia) disguised as Muslims. The expedition was funded by the East India Company and was to map and research the regions of "Beloochistan" (Balochistan) and Persia because of concerns about India being invaded by French forces from that direction. After the disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812 and the collapse of the French army, the threat of a French invasion through Persia was removed.
411	1802	1852	T	Great Trigonometrical Survey (1802–1852) was started by British surveyor Col. William Lambton on 10 April 1802 from St. Thomas Mount in Chennai to foothills of Himalayas. 36 inch huge half ton weight Theodolite was used, which took 57 days to measure the 12-km base line. This 5-decade project was completed under Survey General Lt. George Everest in the year 1852. The Great Trigonometrical Survey was a project which aimed to survey the entire Indian subcontinent with scientific precision. It was begun in 1802 by the British infantry officer William Lambton, under the auspices of the East India Company. Under the leadership of his successor, George Everest, the project was made the responsibility of the Survey of India. Everest was succeeded by Andrew Scott Waugh and after 1861 the project was led by James Walker, who oversaw its completion in 1871. Among the many accomplishments of the Survey were the demarcation of the British territories in India and the measurement of the height of the Himalayan giants: Everest, K2, and Kanchenjunga. The Survey had an enormous scientific impact as well, being responsible for one of the first accurate measurements of a section of an arc of longitude, and for measurements of the geodesic anomaly which led to the development of the theories of isostasy. The native surveyors made use of in the Himalayas, especially in Tibet (where Europeans were not allowed), were called pandits, who included the cousins Nain Singh Rawat and Krishna Singh Rawat. Pioneering mathematician and Surveyor Radhanath Sikdar measured Mount Everest in 1852, with a height of 29,002 feet. Modern measurements indicate the height is 29,037 feet. This is regarded as the beginning of a new age of systematic topographical mapping in India succeeding the classical age, and the founding of one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the world. Surveyor General of India was Colonel Sir George Everest (b.1790-d.1866) under whom GTS was completed and Mount Everest was named in his honour.
412	1803	1805	BC	Second Anglo-Maratha War results in British capture of Delhi and control of large parts of India. The Maratha Empire at that time consisted of a confederacy of 5 major chiefs who were engaged in internal quarrels .... The Peshwa (Prime Minister) at the capital city of Poona, The Gaekwad dynasty chief of Baroda, The Scindia chief of Gwalior, The Holkar chief of Indore, and The Bhonsle chief of Nagpur. Second Anglo-Maratha War#Conclusion@ Several treaties were signed between the Maratha Chiefs and The British .... 31 December 1802 – Treaty of Bassein by Baji Rao of Poona. This treaty would become the "death knell of the Maratha Empire", 17 December 1803 – Treaty of Deogaon by Raghoji II Bhonsale of Nagpur after the Battle of Argaon, 30 December 1803 – Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon by the Daulat Scindia after the Battle of Assaye and Battle of Laswari, 24 December 1805 – The Treaty of Rajghat by Yashwantrao Holkar. Forced Holkar to give up Tonk, Rampura, and Bundi.
413	1803		P	Varanasi in the north was ceded to the British in 1803
414	1803	1899	T	General Sir Arthur Cotton: General Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton KCSI (15 May 1803 – 24 July 1899) was a British general and irrigation engineer. Cotton devoted his life to the construction of irrigation and navigation canals throughout British India. He helped many people by building the Dowleswaram Barrage (Rajamahendravaram), the Prakasam Barrage and the Kurnool Cuddappah Canal (K. C. Canal). His dream was only partially realised, but he is still honoured in parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu for his efforts. The Sir Arthur Cotton Museum has been built in his honour in Rajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh. The museum holds approximately one hundred images and 15 machine tools that Cotton used when constructing the barrage in Andhra Pradesh from 1847 to 1852. He entered the Madras Engineers in 1819 and fought in the First Burmese War. He was knighted in 1861. An evangelist, he was the father of fellow evangelist Elizabeth Hope. He started his career with the Ordnance Survey at Bangor, North Wales, in January 1820, where he was praised for his reports. In 1821 he was appointed for service in India, where he was initially attached to the Chief Engineer to Madras. He was later appointed as an Assistant Engineer to Superintending Engineer of the Tank Department.
415	1803	1899	T	General Sir Arthur Cotton: Cotton conducted a marine survey of the Pamban passage between India and Ceylon. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1828, and was put in charge of investigation for the Cauveri Scheme. He started working to remove the soil settling in Kallanai Dam and with the model of the dam he built the Upper Dam in Cauveri in Mukkombu, near Tiruchirapalli. He constructed the Lower Anaicut Dam in Anaikarai. The success of these projects paved the way for further important projects on the Godavari and Krishna Rivers. Cotton recalled how, from analysing the Kallanai Dam and its foundations, his group learned how to construct foundations in a sandbed. In 1844, Cotton recommended the construction of an "anicut" (a dam made in a stream for maintaining and regulating irrigation) and prepared plans for Visakhapatnam port. In 1847, the work on the Godavari anicut was started. In 1848 he proceeded to Australia due to ill health and handed over the charge to Captain Orr. In 1850 he returned to India and was promoted to the rank of colonel. He succeeded in completing the magnificent project on the Godavari river at Rajamahendravaram in 1852. After completing the Godavari anicut Cotton shifted his attention to the construction of the aqueduct on Krishna River. The project was sanctioned in 1851 and completed by 1855. After completing the Krishna and Godavari anicuts, Cotton envisaged the storage of the Krishna and Godavari river waters. In 1858, Cotton came up with even more ambitious proposals such as connecting all major rivers of India, and interlinking of canals and rivers. He suggested drought-relief measures for Odisha. Arthur Cotton retired from service in 1860 and left India. He was knighted in 1861. He visited India in 1862 and 1863 and offered advice on some river valley projects.
416	1803	1899	T	General Sir Arthur Cotton: His work in India was much appreciated and he was honoured with KCSI (Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India) in 1877. He became a much-revered figure in the state of Andhra Pradesh for his contribution in irrigating the area of land also known as Konaseema. Cotton was hated by his administrative superiors—thanks to his loving attitudes towards the people of India. At one point, impeachment proceedings were initiated by his superiors for his dismissal. Going through the famine and cyclone-ravaged districts of Godavari, Cotton was distressed by the sight of famished people of the Godavari districts. It was then that he put in process his ambitious plans to harness the waters of the Godavari river for the betterment of the community. In 1878, Cotton had to appear before a House of Commons Committee to justify his proposal to build an anicut across the Godavari. A further hearing in the House of Commons followed by his letter to the then Secretary of State for India reveals his ambition to build the anicut across the Godavari. His letter concluded: "My Lord, one day's flow in the Godavari river during high floods is equal to one whole year's flow in the Thames of London". Cotton almost despaired at the British Government's procrastination in taking along this project.
417	1803	1899	T	General Sir Arthur Cotton: According to Gautam Pingle, an Indian policymaker, the idea of interlinking of rivers in India to form a national water grid, an idea which had gained much attention from the Indian government and policy-makers at the turn of the 21st century, was in fact an idea that is more than 120 years old as it was first envisioned by Arthur Cotton.
418	1804	Bombay	A	The Asiatic Society of Mumbai (formerly Asiatic Society of Bombay) is a learned society in the field of Asian studies based in Mumbai, India. It can trace its origin to the Literary Society of Bombay which first met in Mumbai on 26 November 1804, and was founded by Sir James Mackintosh. It was formed with the intention of "promoting useful knowledge, particularly such as is now immediately connected with India". After the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland was established in London in 1823, the Literary Society of Bombay became affiliated with it and was known as the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (BBRAS) since 1830. The Bombay Geographical Society merged with it in 1873, followed by the Anthropological Society of Bombay in 1896. In 1954, it was separated from the Royal Asiatic Society and renamed the Asiatic Society of Bombay.
419	1805	1847	F	Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy (24 November 1806 – 22 February 1847) was an Indian freedom fighter. Son of a former Telugu Palegaadu Mallareddy and Seethamma, Narasimha Reddy was born in Rupanagudi village, Uyyalawada mandal of Kurnool district. He and his commander-in-chief Vadde Obanna were at the heart of the rebellion against the British in 1847, where 5,000 peasants rose up against the British East India Company in Kurnool district. They were protesting against the changes introduced by the British to the traditional agrarian system in the first half of the nineteenth century. These changes include the introduction of the ryotwari system and other attempts to maximize revenue through exploiting lower-status cultivators by depleting their crops and leaving them impoverished. He killed over 3,000 British people during the course of the revolt. Warrants were issued for the arrest of nearly 1,000 of the freedom fighters, of which 412 were released without charge. A further 273 were bailed and 112 were convicted. Reddy, too, was convicted and in his case received the death penalty. On 22 February 1847, he was executed in Koilkuntla in front of a crowd of over 2000 people.
420	1805	1807	G	Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet, GCB (20 January 1763 – 18 December 1846) served as Acting Governor-General of India from the death of Lord Cornwallis in 1805 until the arrival of Lord Minto in 1807. The important event which took place in his time was Mutiny of Vellore in 1806 in which the Indian soldiers killed many English officials. He was appointed to the Bengal Civil Service in 1778, and in 1788 carried into execution the permanent settlement of Bengal. When the Marquess of Cornwallis died in 1805, Sir George Barlow was nominated provisional governor-general, and his passion for economy and retrenchment in that capacity has caused him to be known as the only governor-general who diminished the area of British territory; but his nomination was rejected by the home government, and Lord Minto was appointed. Subsequently, Barlow was created governor of Madras, where his want of tact caused a mutiny of the British officers of the Madras Army in 1809, similar to that which had previously occurred under Robert Clive.
421	1805	1834	Pr	The Ceded and Conquered Provinces constituted a region in northern India that was ruled by the British East India Company from 1805 to 1834; it corresponded approximately—in present-day India—to all regions in Uttar Pradesh state with the exception of the Lucknow and Faizabad divisions of Awadh; in addition, it included the Delhi territory and, after 1816, the Kumaun division and a large part of the Garhwal division of present-day Uttarakhand state. In 1836, the region became the North-Western Provinces (under a Lieutenant-Governor), and in 1904, the Agra Province within the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.
422	1806		P	The Vellore mutiny on 10 July 1806 was the first instance of a large-scale and violent mutiny by Indian sepoys against the East India Company, predating the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by half a century. The revolt, which took place in the South Indian city of Vellore, lasted one full day, during which mutineers seized the Vellore Fort and killed or wounded 200 British troops. The mutiny was subdued by cavalry and artillery from Arcot. Total deaths amongst the mutineers were approximately 350; with summary executions of about 100 during the suppression of the outbreak, followed by the formal court-martial of smaller numbers.
423	1807	1833	BE	Slavery Abolition Act 1833: The slave trade is abolished in British colonial possessions in 1807 and slavery itself in Britain’s dominions by 1833. The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. IV c. 73) abolished slavery in parts of the British Empire. This Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom expanded the jurisdiction of the Slave Trade Act 1807 and made the purchase or ownership of slaves illegal within the British Empire, with the exception of "the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company", Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Saint Helena. The Act was repealed in 1997 as a part of wider rationalisation of English statute law; however, later anti-slavery legislation remains in force.
424	1807		BS	Hari Singh Nalwa, commander of the Sikh Khalsa Army of the Sikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Kasur, the first in a series of battles.
425	1807	1813	G	Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto, PC, FRSE (23 April 1751 – 21 June 1814), known as Sir Gilbert Elliott until 1797, was a British diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1776 and 1795. He was viceroy of the short-lived Anglo-Corsican Kingdom from 1793 to 1796 and went on to become Governor-General of India between July 1807 and 1813. He concluded the Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
426	1808	1877	C	Ardaseer Cursetjee Wadia FRS (6 October 1808 – 16 November 1877) was an Indian Parsi shipbuilder and engineer belonging to the Wadia ship building family. He is noted for having been the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He is also recorded as having introduced several (at the time) novel technologies to the city of Bombay (now Mumbai), including gas lighting, the sewing machine, steam pump-driven irrigation and electro-plating. He was also the first Parsi to have visited America in 1851.
427	1809	25 Apr	BC	The East India Company signs the first Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh. The Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 was an agreement between the British East India Company and Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader who founded the Sikh empire. Among the outcomes was that Singh gained a carte blanche to further consolidate his territorial gains north of the Sutlej river at the expense both of other Sikh chiefs and their peers among the other dominant communities. It was a pact between Charles T. Metcalfe and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) was a Sikh warrior who had been establishing a kingdom in what was at that time northern India. He had established a capital at Lahore in 1799 when he defeated Zaman Shah, an Afghan leader, and this emphasised his status among the Sikhs. He proclaimed himself maharajah of the Punjab in 1801 and expanded his territories to such an extent that by 1808 he had control of an area bounded by Gujarat, Ludhiana and Multan. He had Malwa, on the south side of the Sutlej river, as his next target but the Sikh chiefs in that area appealed to the British for protection. The protection was forthcoming and the British, who until recently had been occupied in Hindustan obtaining victory in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, attempted to resolve the issue using diplomacy. This failed, Singh invaded Malwa in September 1808 and in February 1809 the British successfully attacked Singh's forces there. Realising his relative military weakness, Singh conceded with the Treaty of Amritsar. They promised that they will not interfere his affairs . Although the terms of the treaty prevented Singh from any further territorial expansion south of the Sutlej, they also permitted him complete freedom of action to the north of it. This enabled him to extract tribute from less powerful chieftains, including Jats and other Sikhs, and ultimately to gain control of areas such as Peshawar and Kashmir. The unification of these territories, which was aided by him Westernising his armies, formed the Sikh empire that last until British subjugation in 1849.
428	1809		BS	The Gurkha–Sikh War was a small conflict between the forces of the Gurkha Kingdom of Nepal and the Sikh Empire in 1809 under Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
429	1810	Bombay	T	On 19 June 1810, in Bombay, HMS Minden floated, first Royal Navy ship built outside the British Isles and from the deck of which the lyrics of "The Star-Spangled Banner" (US National Anthem) would be composed.
430	1810		Tr	Jamsetjee Bomanjee Wadia of the Wadia Group built the ship HMS Minden (1810). She was launched from the Duncan Docks on 19th June, 1810 in Bombay, India, and was built of teak. She was named after the German town Minden and the Battle of Minden of 1759. HMS Minden (1810)#Service history: Minden sailed from Bombay on 8 February 1811 on her first cruise, under the command of Edward Wallis Hoare, and manned by the crew of the Russell. In March she sailed from Madras to take part in the invasion of Java. On 29 July two of her boats, under the command of Lieutenant Edmund Lyons, with only 35 officers and men aboard, attacked and captured the fort covering the harbour of Marrack, to the westward of Batavia. The Naval General Service Medal with the clasp "30 July Boat Service 1811" was issued to survivors of this action in 1848. The Dutch and French forces in Java surrendered in September. Minden then sailed for the UK and escorted convoys to the East Indies, the Cape of Good Hope, South America, and the coast of Africa. Minden saw service during the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake Bay. Some accounts state that Francis Scott Key was aboard Minden when he wrote the poem "Defense of Fort M'Henry", which became the lyrics for "The Star-Spangled Banner". In late July 1816 Minden sailed from Plymouth Sound, as part of an Anglo-Dutch fleet that made an attack on Algiers on 27 August. The Naval General Service Medal with the clasp "Algiers" was issued to survivors of this battle in 1848. Minden then sailed for the East Indies, and was reported to be at Trincomalee in 1819. In July 1830 Minden was at Plymouth. She was commissioned there on 19 March 1836 and sailed for the Tagus joining the British squadron. In 1839 she was at Malta, returning to Plymouth in early 1840.
431	1811	28 Oct	E	The death of Yashwantrao Holkar Yashwant Rao Holkar (1776-1811), belonging to the Holkar dynasty of the Maratha Empire was the Maharaja of the Maratha Empire. He was a gifted military leader and educated in accountancy as well as literate in Persian and Marathi.
432	1812	1892	F	Maulvi Liaquat Ali Captured Khusro Bagh in Allahabad and declared "independence" of India. Maulvi Liaquat Ali was a Muslim religious leader from Allahabad (Prayagraj), in the state of Uttar Pradesh in present-day India. He was one of the leaders in the revolt against the British in 1857, in what is now known as the First Indian war of Independence, or the uprising of 1857. This war was also known as the First War of Independence. As one of the most prominent leaders, Maulvi Liaqat Ali belonged to Village Mahgaon in Pargana Chail of District Prayagraj. He was a religious teacher, an upright pious Muslim, and a man of great courage and valour. His family traced their descent from the Zainabi Jafri branch of Hashmis which had their offshoots at Jaunpur and other places. He was a humble and simple man but when he took the reins of the freedom struggle, he became a dreadful enemy of the British. The Zamindars of Chail were his relatives and followers, and they supported Maulvi with their men and ammunition. Consequently, it was with great difficulty that the British regained control of the city of Allahabad after the Maulvi captured the Khusro Bagh and declared the independence of India Khusro Bagh became the headquarters of the sepoys under Maulvi Liaquat Ali who took charge as the Governor of liberated Allahabad. however, the Mutiny was swiftly put down and Khusro Bagh was retaken by the British in two weeks. He escaped from Allahabad after the British recaptured the city, but was caught after 14 years in September 1871 at Byculla railway station in Mumbai. He was tried and sentenced to death, but died in captivity in Rangoon on 17 May 1892. He had married and had a daughter. Her descendants and further generations are still found in and around Pargana Chail and some migrated to Pakistan after independence.
433	1813	13 Jul	BS	Dewan Mokham Chand and Hari Singh Nalwa, commanders of the Sikh Khalsa Army of the Sikh Empire defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Attock.
434	1813	1858	Ec	Three phases of British exploitation of India: The 2nd phase coincided with the ‘Industrial revolution in England (1813– 1858) — It was the age of Free Trade capitalist exp1oitation. The English manufacturers were given, a boost by the Charter Act of 1813. Indian markets were opened up for English imports and India became a source of raw materials. It is popularly said that this was the period when ‘the home-land of cotton was inundated with cotton (from abroad.)’. The cotton manufacturers of Lancashire benefitted the most and in the next ‘thirty years’ time Indian cotton industry was destroyed. The constant drain was affecting the purchasing power of the Indians and this would have blocked India as the market for English products. To resolve this, commercialization of agriculture was introduced (though this alone was not the reason for commercialization of agriculture) Laying of the railways from 1850s under Lord Dalhousie opened the interior markets of India for English products and enhanced the capacity of India as a source of raw materials for the English industries. Also see Sn: 202, 426 and 1558
435	1813	1823	G	Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings, KG, PC (English: /ˈrɔːrdɒn/; 9 December 1754 – 28 November 1826), styled The Honourable Francis Rawdon from birth until 1762, Lord Rawdon between 1762 and 1783, The Lord Rawdon from 1783 to 1793 and The Earl of Moira between 1793 and 1816, was an Anglo-Irish politician and military officer who served as Governor-General of India from 1813 to 1823. He had also served with British forces for years during the American Revolutionary War and in 1794 during the War of the First Coalition. He took the additional surname "Hastings" in 1790 in compliance with the will of his maternal uncle, Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon. He was appointed Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, effectively the Governor-General of India, on 11 November 1812. His tenure as Governor-General was a memorable one, overseeing .... The victory in the Gurkha War (1814–1816). The final conquest of the Marathas in 1818. He confirmed the purchase of Singapore from the Sultan of Johor, by Sir Stamford Raffles, in January 1819. He also .... Ended the policy of non-intervention, which was followed by Sir John Shore. Abolished the censorship of press. Introduced Ryotwari and Mahalwari system in Bombay.
436	1813		Tr	HMS Cornwallis (1813) a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 12 May 1813 at Bombay. She was built of teak. HMS Cornwallis was the ship on which the Treaty of Nanking, ceding Hong Kong to England, was signed. The Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–1842) between the United Kingdom and China on 29 August 1842. It was the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties.
437	1814	1816	BC	The Anglo-Nepalese War (1 November 1814 – 4 March 1816), also known as the Gurkha War, was fought between the Gurkhas of the Gorkha Kingdom (present-day Nepal) and the British forces of the East India Company (EIC, present-day India). Both sides had ambitious expansion plans for the mountainous north of the Indian subcontinent. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816 AD, which ceded some Nepalese controlled territory to the EIC. The British war effort was led by the East India Company and supported by a coalition of native states; the Garhwal Kingdom, the Patiala State and the Kingdom of Sikkim against the Kingdom of Gorkha. The Kingdom of Gorkha's war effort was led mostly by the Thapa Kaji.
438	1814		BC	During the war in Nepal in 1814, in which the British attempted to annex Nepal into the Empire, Army officers were impressed by the tenacity of the Gurkha soldiers and encouraged them to volunteer for the East India Company. Gurkhas served as troops of the Company in .... The Pindaree War (Third Anglo-Maratha War) of 1817, Bharatpur, Nepal in 1826, The First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846 and The Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1848. During the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857, the Gurkha regiments remained loyal to the British, and became part of the British Indian Army on its formation. The 2nd Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) and the 60th Rifles famously defended Hindu Rao's house.
439	1814	1859	F	Tatya Tope (1814 – 18 April 1859) Tantia Tope was one of the Indian rebellions of 1857. He served as a general and led a group of Indian soldiers against the British. He was an ardent follower of Nana Sahib of Bithoor (Bithur) and continued to fight on his behalf when Nana was forced to retreat by the British army. Tantia even forced General Charles Ash Windham to retreat from Kanpur and helped Rani of Jhansi to retain Gwalior.
440	1814	1859	F	Tatya Tope Tantia Tope also spelled as Tatya Tope (16 February 1814 – 18 April 1859), was a general in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and one of its notable leaders. Despite lacking formal military training, Tantia Tope is widely considered as the best and most effective rebel general. Born as Ramachandra Panduranga Yawalkar to a Marathi Deshastha Brahmin family, in Yeola, (near Nasik). Tantia took on the title Tope, meaning commanding officer. His first name Tantia means General. A personal adherent of Nana Saheb of Bithur, he progressed with the Gwalior contingent after the British reoccupied Kanpur (then known as Cawnpore) and forced General Windham to retreat from the city. Later on, Tantia Tope came to the relief of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi and with her seized the city of Gwalior. However, he was defeated by General Napier's British Indian troops at Ranod and after a further defeat at Sikar, he abandoned the campaign. According to an official statement, Tantia Tope's father was Panduranga, an inhabitant of Jola Pargannah, Patoda Zilla Nagar, in present-day Maharashtra. Tope was a Maraṭha Vashista Brahman by birth. In a government letter, he was said to be the minister of Baroda, while he was held identical to Nana Saheb in another communication. A witness at his trial described Tantia Tope as "a man of middling stature, with a wheat complexion and always wearing a white chukri-dar turban". Tantia Tope was executed by the British Government at Shivpuri on 18 April 1859.
441	1814	15 Jan	R	"Atmiya Sabha" is established by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Atmiya Sabha was a philosophical discussion circle in India. The association was started by Ram Mohan Roy in 1814 in Kolkata (then Calcutta). They used to conduct debate and discussion sessions on philosophical topics, and also used to promote free and collective thinking and social reform. The foundation of Atmiya Sabha in 1814 is considered as the beginning of the modern age in Kolkata. In 1823, the association became defunct.
442	1815		BC	The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli, Soogoulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 2 December 1815 and ratified by 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and Raj Guru Gajaraj Mishra with Chandra Shekhar Upadhaya for Nepal following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16. The treaty represented a Nepali Peace collaboration to the British and contained the cession of Nepal's western territory to the British East India Company. As per the treaty, Nepal lost all Sikkim (including Darjeeling), the territories of Kumaon and Garhwal and Western Terai. The Mechi River became the new eastern border and the Mahakali river the western boundary of the kingdom.
443	1815		T	Shimla (earlier spelt Simla) came into existence when the ‘Gurkha wars’ ended in 1815–16 and the victorious British decided to retain certain pockets as military outposts and sanatoriums. The first house in Shimla was built in 1822 and is known as ‘Kennedy House’, the residence of Captain Charles Pratt Kennedy, the then political officer to the Hill State. In 1864, Shimla was officially declared the summer capital of British India – a status it retained up to India’s independence in 1947. The decision on Partition was taken in this city in 1947. The historic Indo-Pak Shimla accord was also signed here on 3 July 1972. A remarkable feature of Shimla is its railway station at an altitude of 2075 metres (6820 ft) and nestled in forests of deodar, pine, asphodel, hyacinth, celandine, fir, Himalayan oak, carmine & rhododendron trees. It was constructed in 1903 under the supervision of the then Chief Engineer and agent of the Kalka–Shimla railway (KSR) H S Harington. The scenic Kalka Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge track, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records for the steepest rise in altitude in a distance of 96 km.
444	1816		Co	French colonization (French India): In 1816, after the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, the five establishments of Pondichéry, Chandernagore, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam and the lodges at Machilipatnam, Kozhikode and Surat were returned to France. Pondichéry had lost much of its former glory, and Chandernagore dwindled into an insignificant outpost to the north of the rapidly growing British metropolis of Calcutta. Successive governors tried, with mixed results, to improve infrastructure, industry, law and education over the next 138 years.
445	1816	1872	F	Ram Singh Kuka (3 February 1816 – 18 January 1872) Ram Singh Kuka was a social reformer. He is credited as being the first British Indian to use non-cooperation and boycott of British goods and services as a political tool. Like Mahadev Govind Ranade, he too, understood the importance of social reforms in order to stand strong against the British rule. Hence Ram Singh Kuka gave much importance to social reforms.
446	1817	1818	BC	Third Anglo-Maratha War, also known as the Pindari War. After the Second Anglo-Maratha War, Shinde and Holkar had lost many of their territories to the British. They encouraged the Pindaris, who were mostly cavalry to raid the British territories. The Pindaris frequently raided villages in Central India – the result was that Central India was being rapidly reduced to the condition of a desert because the peasants were unable to support themselves on the land. They had no option but to join the robber bands or starve. Pindari raids on British territory followed in 1816 and 1817. Francis Rawdon-Hastings saw that there could not be peace or security in India until the predatory Pindaris were extinguished. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1819) was the final and decisive conflict between the British East India Company (EIC) and the Maratha Empire in India. The war left the Company in control of most of India. It began with an invasion of Maratha territory by British East India Company troops, and although the British were outnumbered, the Maratha army was decimated. The troops were led by Governor General Hastings, supported by a force under General Thomas Hislop. Operations began against the Pindaris, a band of Muslim mercenaries and Marathas from central India. British victories were swift, resulting in the breakup of the Maratha Empire and the loss of Maratha independence. The Peshwa was defeated in the battles of Khadki and Koregaon. Several minor battles were fought by the Peshwa's forces to prevent his capture. The Peshwa was eventually captured and placed on a small estate at Bithur, near Kanpur. Most of his territory was annexed and became part of the Bombay Presidency.
447	1817		BC	The Battle of Kirkee (Battle of Khadki), also known as or The Battle of Ganeshkhind, took place at modern day Khadki, India on 5 November 1817 between the forces of the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire under the leadership of Mudhoji II Bhonsle (Appasaheb Bhonsle). The Company forces achieved a decisive victory, and Khadki later became a military cantonment under the British rule.
448	1817		BC	The Paika Rebellion, also called the Paika Bidroha. It was an armed rebellion against Company rule in India in 1817. In September 1804, the King of Khordha, Kalinga was deprived of the traditional rights of Jagannath Temple which was a serious shock to the King and the people of Odisha. Consequently, in October 1804 a group of armed Paiks attacked the British at Pipili. This event alarmed the British force. Jayee Rajguru, the chief of Army of Kalinga requested all the kings of the state to join hands for a common cause against the British. Rajguru was killed on 6 December 1806. After Rajguru's death, Bakshi Jagabandhu commanded an armed rebellion. The Paikas rose in rebellion under their leader Bakshi Jagabandhu and, projecting Lord Jagannath as the symbol of Odia unity, the rebellion quickly spread across most of Odisha before being put down by the Company's forces. It is considered by some to be the first Indian armed movement to gain independence, replacing the prevailing view of the first one being the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
449	1817	20 Jan	Ed	Presidency University, Kolkata, formerly known as Hindu College and Presidency College, is a public state university located in College Street, Kolkata. Established in 1817, it is probably the oldest institution in the India to have no religious connection.
450	1817	Calcutta	Ed	Presidency University, Kolkata: The college was formally opened on Monday, 20 January 1817 with 20 'scholars'. The foundation committee of the college, which oversaw its establishment, was headed by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. The newly established college mostly admitted Hindu students from affluent and progressive families, but also admitted non-Hindu students such as Muslims, Jews, Christians and Buddhists
451	1818		BC	The Battle of Koregaon (also called the Battle of Koregaon Bhima) was fought on 1 January 1818 between the British East India Company and the Peshwa faction of the Maratha Confederacy, at Koregaon Bhima. A 28,000-strong force led by Peshwa Baji Rao II whilst on their way to attack the company-held Pune, were unexpectedly met by an 800-strong Company force that was on its way to reinforce the British troops in Pune. The Peshwa dispatched around 2,000 soldiers to attack the force which sought entrenchment in Koregaon. Led by Captain Francis Staunton, the Company troops defended their position for nearly 12 hours, before the Peshwa's troops ultimately withdrew, fearing the imminent arrival of a larger British force. The battle was part of the Third Anglo Maratha war, a series of battles that culminated in the defeat of the Peshwa rule and subsequent rule of the British East India Company in nearly all of Western, Central and Southern India. There is a "victory pillar" (obelisk) in Koregaon commemorating the battle. Neither side achieved a decisive victory in the battle. Shortly after the battle, Mountstuart Elphinstone described it as a "small victory" for the Peshwa. Nevertheless, the East India Company government praised the bravery of its troops, who could not be overpowered despite being outnumbered. Notwithstanding this, the battle being one of the last ones to be fought in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, is since recognised as a Company victory after the war ended with Peshwa's defeat.
452	1818		BC	Rasalgad Fort. This fort was in the captivity of Morè (clan) of Javli from whom Shivaji Maharaj captured this fort. In 1818 British forces captured it from the Peshwas
453	1818	March–June	BS	Sikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire and captures Multan after the Siege of Multan (1818).
454	1818	31 Dec	BC	The Third Anglo-Maratha War ends with the defeat of Bajirao II and the end of the Maratha Empire, leaving the East India Company with control of almost the whole of India.
455	1818		D	The Nassak Diamond (also known as the Nassac Diamond and the Eye of the Idol) is a large, 43.38 carats (8.676 g) diamond that originated as a larger 89 carat diamond in the 15th century in India. Found in Golconda mines of Kollur and originally cut in India, the diamond was the adornment in the Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple, near Nashik, in the state of Maharashtra, India from at least 1500 to 1817. The British East India Company captured the diamond through the Third Anglo-Maratha War and sold it to British jewellers Rundell and Bridge in 1818. Rundell and Bridge recut the diamond in 1818, after which it made its way into the handle of the 1st Marquess of Westminster's dress sword.
456	1818		N	Calcutta Journal, English James Silk Buckingham (25 August 1786 – 30 June 1855) was a Cornish-born British author, journalist and traveller, known for his contributions to Indian journalism. He was a pioneer among the Europeans who fought for a liberal press in India. In 1821, his Travels in Palestine was published, followed by Travels Among the Arab Tribes in 1825. After years of wandering he settled in India, where he established a periodical, the Calcutta Journal, in 1818. This venture at first proved highly successful, but in 1823 the paper's outspoken criticisms of the East India Company led to the expulsion of Buckingham from India and to the suppression of the paper by John Adam, the acting governor-general in 1823. His case was brought before a select committee of the House of Commons in 1834, and a pension of £500 a year was subsequently awarded to him by the East India Company as compensation.
457	1819		Ed	The Hon Mountstuart Elphinstone FRSE (6 October 1779 – 20 November 1859) was a Scottish statesman and historian, associated with the government of British India. He later became the Governor of Bombay (now Mumbai) where he is credited with the opening of several educational institutions accessible to the Indian population. Besides being a noted administrator, he wrote books on India and Afghanistan. In 1819, Elphinstone was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Bombay, a post he held until 1827. During his tenure, he greatly promoted education in India, at a time when opinion in Britain was against educating the "natives". He may fairly be regarded as the founder of the system of state education in India. One of his principal achievements was the compilation of the "Elphinstone code". He also returned many lands that had appropriated by the British to the Raja of Satara. Spurred on by his advanced views, the wealthy native inhabitants of Bombay founded, by public subscriptions, the Elphinstone College in his honour. One of his principal achievements was the compilation of the "Elphinstone code". The Elphinstone code of the year 1827 introduce a uniform scheme of criminal law and after six years in 1833 an Act was passed providing for the enactment of laws. The first law commission was appointed with the law member of the Governor general in council. Elphinstone was a great believer in education at a time when opinion in Britain was against educating the ‘natives’. He belonged to the ‘Liberal School’, which stood for the introduction of Western ideas and values but only if integrated with traditional institutions and people’s sentiments. With this template of integrating old and the new, Elphinstone’s next major contribution was the foundation of schools and colleges and the present system of higher education in Maharashtra dates back to Elphinstone’s minutes of 1823, which stressed the need for establishing schools for teaching English and the European sciences. Along with educated Indians, he started the ‘Native School and School Book Committee’ to raise funds for the purpose.
458	1819		N	Sambad Kaumudi, Bengali, Weekly Ceased publication in 1836. Sambad Kaumudi was a Bengali weekly newspaper published from Kolkata in the first half of the 19th century by Ram Mohan Roy. It was a noted pro-Reformist publication that actively campaigned for the abolition(stop) of the Sati Pratha. In the prospectus for the Sambad Kaumudi, published in English and Bengali in November 1821, Ram Mohan appealed to his countrymen to lend him "the support and patronage of all who feel themselves interested in the moral and intellectual improvement of our countrymen". In the same prospectus, he further stated that religious, moral and political matters, domestic occurrence, foreign as well as local intelligence including original communications on various hitherto unpublished interesting local topics, etc. would be published in the Sambad Kaumudi every Tuesday. Although Ram Mohan Roy was the owner, Kaumudi was actually published in the name of Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay. The latter soon found Ram Mohan's ideas too radical and parted company to start a rival newspaper called Samachar Chandrika, which became an organ of orthodox Hinduism. According to different source, Kaumudi was started by Tarachand Dutta and Bhabani Charan Bandopadhyay.
459	1819		T	Malabar Hill is a hillock and upmarket residential neighbourhood in South Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Malabar Hill is the most exclusive residential area in Mumbai. Malabar Hill is the location of the Walkeshwar Temple, founded by the Silhara kings. The original temple was destroyed by the Portuguese, but rebuilt again in 1715 by Rama Kamath, and by 1860, 10 to 20 other temples were built in the region. Mountstuart Elphinstone built the first bungalow in Malabar Hill while he was Governor of Bombay, between 1819 and 1827. Following his example, the place soon became an affluent locality, as it remains today.
460	1820		Ad	The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system in British India, introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820 based on system administered by Captain Alexander Read in the Baramahal District. It allowed the government to deal directly with the cultivator ('ryot') for revenue collection and gave the peasant freedom to cede or acquire new land for cultivation. The peasant was assessed for only the lands that he cultivated.
461	1820		C	Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar CIE (26 September 1820 – 29 July 1891), born Ishwar Chandra Bandyopadhyay, was an Indian educator and social reformer. His efforts to simplify and modernise Bengali prose were significant. He also rationalised and simplified the Bengali alphabet and type, which had remained unchanged since Charles Wilkins and Panchanan Karmakar had cut the first (wooden) Bengali type in 1780. He is considered the "father of Bengali prose". He was the most prominent campaigner for Hindu widow remarriage, petitioning the Legislative council despite severe opposition, including a counter petition (by Radhakanta Deb and the Dharma Sabha) which had nearly four times as many signatures. Even though widow remarriage was considered a flagrant breach of Hindu customs and was staunchly opposed, Lord Dalhousie personally finalised the bill and the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 was passed. He so excelled in his undergraduate studies of Sanskrit and philosophy at Sanskrit College in Calcutta, that Cambridge mathematician Anil Kumar Gain (who founded Vidyasagar University) gave him the honorific title "Vidyasagar" ("Ocean of Knowledge"; from Sanskrit, Vidya "knowledge" and Sagar "ocean").
462	1820		E	First Indian immigrants arrive in the US.
463	1820	1830	Em	George IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from the death of his father, King George III, on 29 January 1820 until his own death ten years later. From 1811 until his accession, he served as regent during his father's final mental illness.
464	1820	1879	F	Begum Hazrat Mahal (1820 – 7 April 1879) Also called as Begum of Awadh, was the second wife of Nawab of Awadh Wajid Ali Shah. She rebelled against the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She finally found asylum in Nepal onto Hallaur, she died in 1879 Nepal. After her husband had been exiled to Calcutta, she took charge of the affairs in the state of Awadh and seized control of Lucknow. She made her son, Prince Birjis Qadr, the Wali (ruler) of Awadh; However, she was forced to abandon this role after a short reign. Working along with leaders like Nana Saheb and Maulavi of Faizabad, Begum Hazrat Mahal rebelled against the British during the revolt of 1857. She rebelled against the demolition of temples and mosques before retreating to Nepal.
465	1820	1927	T	Irrigation Systems completed before Independence …. 1820 Western Yamuna Canal system, Haryana 1856 Upper Gang Canal system, Uttar Pradesh 1859 Upper Bari Doab Canal, Punjab 1873 Sirhind Canal, Punjab 1874 Sone Canal system, Bihar 1880 Lower Gang Canal system, Uttar Pradesh 1880 Eastern Yamuna Canal system, Uttar Pradesh 1889 Cauvery Delta system, Tamil Nandu 1890 Godavari Delta system, Andhra Pradesh 1898 Krishna Delta system, Andhra Pradesh 1926 Sarda Canal system, Uttar Pradesh 1927 Gang Canal, Rajasthan
466	1822		Ad	The Mahalwari system was introduced by Holt Mackenzie in 1822. The other two systems were the Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793 and the Ryotwari system in 1820. It covered the states of Punjab, Awadh and Agra, parts of Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh. During the 1800s, the British established control over the administrative machinery of India. The System of Land Revenue acted as a chief source of income of the British. Land was one of the most important source of income for the British. Thus, they used land to control the entire Revenue system, strengthening their economic condition in India. The word "Mahalwari" is derived from the Hindi word Mahal, which means house, district, neighbourhood or quarter. This system consisted of landlords or lambardars claiming to represent entire villages or even groups of villages. Along with the village communities, the landlords were jointly responsible for the payment of the revenues. But, there was individual responsibility. The land included under this system consisted of all land of the villages, even the forestland, pastures etc. This system was prevalent in the parts of Uttar Pradesh, the North Western province, parts of Central India and Punjab.
467	1822		N	Mirat-ul-Akhbar, Persian, Weekly Mirat-ul-Akhbar (Persian: Mirror of News) was a Persian language journal founded and edited by Raja Rammohan Roy. The newspaper was first published on 12 April 1822. It was published on a weekly basis on Fridays. The newspaper folded on 4 April 1823.
468	1822		N	The Bombay Samachar, Gujarati and English, Daily. is the oldest continuously published newspaper in India. Established in 1822 by Fardunjee Marzban, it is published in Gujarati and English. The Bombay Samachar, Asia's oldest continuously published newspaper, was first published on the first of July 1822 and comprised three small quarto sheets. 10 inches by 8 inches, and a half sheet supplement in all containing 14 pages of printed matter. A weekly till 1832, a bi-weekly till 1855 and a daily since then, it continued to grow and has gone on to become one of Western India's premier newspapers, well read by a large segment of Gujarati-speaking people both in India and abroad. The founder, a Parsi scholar and priest by the name of Fardunjee Marzban, was a pioneer not only of journalism in Western India but of all Gujarati printed literature. He founded the first native press in 1812 and in 1814 brought out a Gujarati Calendar, fully 6 years before the first Bengali calendar was printed and published in Calcutta. He then went on to bring out his Newspaper, the Bombay Samachar, in 1822.
469	1822		N	The Bombay Samachar, Gujarati and English, Daily. Fardunjee Marzban must have started all his concerns in auspicious moments, for all, his press, his calendar and his paper exist to the present day in very good and flourishing condition. Respected by both the British and Indian Government for its fair, frank, objective and critical analysis of events, the Mumbai Samachar played a very important role during India's struggle for independence being often quoted by freedom fighters like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and others. From its inception the editorial policy was to objectively report events in a fair and honest manner and not to sensationalize news, sobriety and independence of views being a characteristic which still stands. Another notable feature of this paper which holds good to this day is the policy to allow numerous small advertisers to advertise their products on the front page rather than allow only one advertiser to occupy what is commonly referred to as solus position.
470	1822	Bombay	N	First vernacular language newspaper in Bombay, Bombay Samachar published by Fardunjee Marzban. India's oldest newspaper still being published.
471	1823	Calcutta	A	The Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta was a society of British officials, mostly physicians, formed on March 1, 1823. The society published a quarterly journal and met at the Asiatic Society. The journal published articles on diseases prevailing in India and their links with environment and sanitation. Prominent members included Sir James Ranald Martin who was instrumental in publishing medico-topographical reports of British India and establishing links between environment and health, and deforestation and William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, who published one of the first medical uses of marijuana in the journal of the society. There are few records of the journal after 1857. The society was also referred to as Medical and Physical Society of Bengal and Calcutta Medical and Physical Society.
472	1823	14 Mar	BS	Sikh Empire defeats the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Nawab of Amb to annex Peshawar Valley.
473	1823		Ed	Oldest Medical Colleges (List of medical colleges in India before independence): 1823 Ecole de Medicine de Pondicherry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, JIPMER 1835 Calcutta Medical College, Calcutta, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 1835 Madras Medical College, Madras 1846 Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad 1900 Christian Medical College, Vellore 1911 King George's Medical University, Lucknow 1925 Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna
474	1823	1828	G	William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, GCH, PC (14 January 1773 – 13 March 1857) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator. He was Governor-General of India between 1823 and 1828. His tenure was known for .... First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) and Mutiny of Barrackpur (1824)
475	1824	1948	Co	British rule in Burma: British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the successive three Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. The region under British control was known as British Burma. Various portions of Burmese territories, including Arakan (Rakhine State) or Tenasserim were annexed by the British after their victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War; Lower Burma was annexed in 1852 after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The annexed territories were designated the minor province (a chief commissionership) of British India in 1862. After the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885, Upper Burma was annexed, and the following year, the province of Burma in British India was created, becoming a major province (a lieutenant-governorship) in 1897. This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma began to be administered separately by the Burma Office under the Secretary of State for India and Burma. British rule was disrupted during the Japanese occupation of much of the country during World War II. Burma achieved independence from British rule on 4 January 1948. Burma is sometimes referred to as "the Scottish Colony" owing to the heavy role played by Scotsmen in colonising and running the country, one of the most notable being Sir James Scott. Anglo-Burmese Wars: The Anglo-Burmese Wars were a clash between two expanding empires, the British Empire against the Konbaung Dynasty that became British India‘s most expensive and longest war, costing 5–13 million pounds sterling (£400 million – £1.1 billion as of 2019) and spanning over 6 years. There have been three Burmese Wars or Anglo-Burmese Wars: First Anglo-Burmese War (1824 to 1826) Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852 to 1853) Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885)
476	1824	1859	F	Nana Sahib (19 May 1824 – 24 September 1859) Born as Dhondu Pant, was an Indian Peshwa of the Maratha empire, aristocrat and fighter, who led the rebellion in Kanpur (Kanpur) during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. As the adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II, Nana Saheb believed that he was entitled to a pension from the East India Company, but the underlying contractual issues are rather murky. The Company's refusal to continue the pension after his father's death, as well as what he perceived as high-handed policies, compelled him to revolt and seek independence from company rule in India. He forced the British garrison in Kanpur to surrender, then executed the survivors, gaining control of Kanpur for a few days, sending a hard-hitting message to the British camp. He later disappeared, after his forces were defeated by a British force that recaptured Kanpur. He went to the Nepal Hills in 1859, where he is thought to have died. Nana Sahib was also known as an able administrator and is said to have led around 15,000 Indian soldiers.
477	1824	1883	R	Dayananda Saraswati (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883) was an Indian philosopher, social leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a reform movement of the Vedic dharma. He was the first to give the call for Swaraj as "India for Indians" in 1876, a call later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak. Denouncing the idolatry and ritualistic worship, he worked towards reviving Vedic ideologies. Subsequently, the philosopher and President of India, S. Radhakrishnan called him one of the "makers of Modern India", as did Sri Aurobindo. He was a sanyasi (ascetic) from boyhood and a scholar. He believed in the infallible authority of the Vedas. Dayananda advocated the doctrine of Karma and Reincarnation. He emphasized the Vedic ideals of brahmacharya, including celibacy and devotion to God. Among Dayananda's contributions were his promoting of the equal rights for women, such as the right to education and reading of Indian scriptures, and his commentary on the Vedas from Vedic Sanskrit in Sanskrit as well as in Hindi.
478	1825		BC	Battle between British East India Company and Bharatpur State (December 1825 – January 1826).
479	1825	1917	C	Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) also known as the "Grand Old Man of India" and "Unofficial Ambassador of India" was an Indian political leader, merchant, scholar and writer who was a Liberal Party Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom House of Commons between 1892 and 1895 and the first Asian to be a British MP other than the Anglo-Indian MP David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre, who was disenfranchised for corruption after nine months in office. Naoroji is renowned for his work in the Indian National Congress, of which he was one of the founding members and thrice — in 1886, 1893, and 1906 — elected president. His book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India brought attention to his theory of the Indian "wealth drain" into Britain. He was also a member of the Second International along with Kautsky and Plekhanov.
480	1825		E	Indian indenture system: First massive migration of Indian workers from Madras to Reunion and Mauritius. This immigrant Hindu community builds their first temple in 1854. The Indian indenture system was a system of indentured servitude, by which more than one million Indians were transported to labour in European colonies, as a substitute for slave labour, following the abolition of the trade in the early 19th century. The system expanded after the abolition of slavery in the British Empire in 1833, in the French colonies in 1848, and in the Dutch Empire in 1863. Indian indentureship lasted till the 1920s. This resulted in the development of a large Indian diaspora in the Caribbean, Natal (South Africa), Réunion, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Myanmar, to Fiji, as well as the growth of Indo-Caribbean, Indo-African, Indo-Fijian, Indo-Malaysian, and Indo-Singaporean populations.
481	1825	1917	F	Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) Credited with establishing the Indian National Congress, Dadabhai Naoroji is remembered as one of the most prominent members to have participated in the independence movement. In one of the books published by him, he wrote about the colonial rule of the British which was precisely aimed at looting wealth from India.
482	1826	Bombay	T	The Colaba Observatory also known as the Bombay Observatory, was an astronomical, timekeeping, geomagnetic and meteorological observatory located on the Island of Colaba, Mumbai (Bombay), India. The Colaba Observatory was built in 1826 by the East India Company for astronomical observations and time-keeping, with the purpose to provide support to British and other shipping which used the port of the then-named Bombay. The 165-year-old building served as office space for the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism. The recording of geomagnetism and meteorological observations was started at the observatory in 1841 by Arthur Bedford Orlebar, who was then Professor of Astronomy at Bombay’s Elphinstone College. Magnetic measurements between the years of 1841 and 1845 were intermittent; following 1845 they became bi-hourly, then hourly.
483	1827	Calcutta	A	The Bengal Club is a social club in Kolkata, West Bengal. It was opened in 1827 as the Calcutta United Service Club. The club's first President was Lt. Col. The Hon. J. Finch. The club-house was in a building in Esplanade West, erected in 1813 and has been catering elites since 1827. The club was established in 1827 as a gentlemen's club for British officers. In 1959, membership of Indians was permitted.
484	1827		Ad	The "Elphinstone Code" of the year 1827 compiled by Mountstuart Elphinstone introduces a uniform scheme of criminal law and after six years in 1833 an Act was passed providing for the enactment of laws. The Elphinstone Code of 1827 was a formal and ordered set of Regulations (about thirty in number) drafted upon a uniform system – an improvement in certain details upon the Cornwallis Code of 1793. It contained Regulation XIV of 1827, dealing with criminal law, which remained in force until it was superseded by the Indian Penal Code of 1860.
485	1827	1890	C	Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (11 April 1827 – 28 November 1890) was an Indian social activist, thinker, anti-caste social reformer and writer from Maharashtra. His work extended to many fields, including eradication of untouchability and the caste system and for his efforts in educating women and exploited caste people. He and his wife, Savitribai Phule, were pioneers of women's education in India. Phule started his first school for girls in 1848 in Pune at Tatyasaheb Bhide's residence or Bhidewada. He, along with his followers, formed the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Truth Seekers) to attain equal rights for people from exploited castes. People from all religions and castes could become a part of this association which worked for the upliftment of the oppressed classes. Phule is regarded as an important figure in the social reform movement in Maharashtra. He was bestowed with honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: "great-souled", "venerable") title by Maharashtrian social activist Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar in 1888.
486	1827	1857	F	Mangal Pandey (19 July 1827 – 8 April 1857) Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played a key part in the events immediately preceding the outbreak of the Indian rebellion of 1857. He was a sepoy (infantryman) in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) regiment of the British East India Company. Early martyr of Indian rebellion. Pandey was a soldier of the British Indian army, but rebelled against it. Mangal Pandey is said to have played a key role in inspiring Indian soldiers to start the great rebellion of 1857. Working as a soldier for the British East India Company, Pandey started firing at English officials and caught them unawares. His attack is regarded as the first step of the Indian rebellion that started in 1857. He was executed on 8 April 1857 in Barrackpore.
487	1828	1894	C	Nilmani Mitra (1 January 1828 – 24 August 1894) was an Indian civil engineer and architect, who designed the famous mansions of 19th century Kolkata. He was the pioneer behind the Bengali settlement in Madhupur.
488	1828	1858	F	Rani Lakshmi Bai (Rani of Jhansi) (19 November 1828 – 18 June 1858), was an Indian queen of the Maratha princely state of Jhansi in North India currently present in Jhansi district in Uttar Pradesh, India. She was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and became a symbol of resistance to the British Raj for Indian nationalists. One of the key members of India's first war of independence, Rani Lakshmi Bai went on to inspire thousands of women to join the fight for freedom. On 23 March, 1858 Lakshmi Bai defended her palace and the entire city of Jhansi when it was threatened to be captured by British troops led by Sir Hugh Rose. Rani Lakshmi Bai was killed in a cavalry action near Kotah-ke-Serai on 17 June. Rani Laxmi Bhai was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and became a symbol of resistance to the British Raj for Indian nationalists.
489	1828	1835	G	Lord William Bentinck – Governor General of India Lord William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck (Lord William Bentinck) was British Soldier and Statesman. He was first Governor-General of India. Everyone else before him was the governor of Bengal (Fort William). During his time as Governor General .... He carried out social reforms such as abolition of Sati Pratha with the help of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Suppression of Thuggee. Established first Medical College in Calcutta. He made English as the language of higher education. He also suppressed female infanticide and child sacrifice.
490	1828		R	Raja Ram Mohan Roy founds Adi Brahmo Samaj in Calcutta, first movement to initiate socio-religious reform. Influenced by Islam and Christianity, he denounces polytheism, idol worship; repudiates the Vedas, avataras, karma and reincarnation, caste and more. Adi Dharm refers to the religion of Adi Brahmo Samaj the first development of Brahmoism and includes those Sadharan Brahmo Samajists who were reintegrated into Brahmoism after the second schism of 1878 at the instance of Hemendranath Tagore. This was the first organised casteless movement in British India and reverberated from its heart of Bengal to Assam, Bombay State (Maharashtra and Gujarat), Punjab and Madras, Hyderabad, and Bangalore.
491	1829		BC	The Kol uprising, Kol rebellion, also known in British records as the Kol mutiny was a revolt of the adivasi Kol people of Chhota Nagpur during 1829-1839 as a reaction to economic exploitation brought on by the systems of land tenure and administration that had been introduced by the East India Company. The Kol people were joined by other communities including the Mundas, Oraons, Hos leading to some authors also calling it the Munda uprising. British historiography described the Kol uprising as banditry. In 1831, the Kol tribesmen of Chhota Nagpur, who were upset over exploitation by agents of the East India Company (EIC), rose in revolt against the EIC. The rebel kols were under the leadership of Buddhu Bhagat, Joa Bhagat, Madara Mahato and others. The Kols grew restive over the increasing encroachment on tribal territories by the non-tribals like Hindu, Muslim and Sikhs. The new non-tribal landlords resorted to forced labour, fines, and often confiscated their cattle.
492	1829	Calcutta	Ed	The Senate of Serampore College (University) is located in Serampore in West Bengal, India. Serampore was granted the status of university in 1829, making it India's first institution to have the status of a university. The college was founded by the missionaries Joshua Marshman, William Carey and William Ward (the Serampore trio), to give an education in arts and sciences to students of every "caste, colour or country" and to train a ministry for the growing Church in India.
493	1829		R	Dharma Sabha was formed in 1829 in Calcutta by Radhakanta Deb. The organization was established mainly to counter the ongoing social reform movements led by protagonists such as Raja Ram Mohun Roy and Henry Derozio. More specifically, the impetus of forming the organization came from a new law enacted by the colonial British rule which banned the practice of sati in the country; the focus of the new association was to repel the law which was seen as an intrusion by the British into the religious affairs of the indigenous people by some sections of the Hindu community. Dharma Sabha filed an appeal in the Privy Council against the ban on Sati by Lord William Bentinck as it went against the assurance given by George III of non-interference in Hindu religious affairs; however, their appeal was rejected and the ban on Sati was upheld in 1832. The Dharma Sabha campaigned against the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 and submitted a petition against the proposal with nearly four times more signatures than the one submitted for it by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.However Lord Dalhousie personally finalized the bill despite the opposition and it being considered a flagrant breach of Hindu customs as prevalent then, and it was passed by Lord Canning. The organization soon morphed into a 'society in defense of Hindu way of life or culture' which then turns as a think tank for RSS.
494	1829	Calcutta	S	The Royal Calcutta Golf Club, founded in 1829, is the oldest golf club outside the British Isles. It was variously located in Dum Dum and Maidan, but finally settled down in Tollygunge and was conferred the epithet "Royal' by George V at the Delhi Durbar in 1911.
495	1830	Calcutta	Ed	Scottish Church College is a college affiliated by Calcutta University, India. It offers selective co-educational undergraduate and postgraduate studies and is the oldest continuously running Christian liberal arts and sciences college in India. Former names .... 1830: General Assembly's Institution 1843: Free Church Institution 1863: Duff College 1908: Scottish Churches College 1929: Scottish Church College
496	1830	1837	Em	William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover.
497	1830		T	Grand Trunk Road: In the 1830s the East India Company started a program of metalled road construction, for both commercial and administrative purposes. The road, now named Grand Trunk Road, from Calcutta, through Delhi, to Kabul, Afghanistan was rebuilt at a cost of £1000/mile. A Public Works Department along with a training institute (the erstwhile Thomason College of Civil Engineering) which is now known as the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee was founded, to train and employ local surveyors, engineers, and overseers, to perform the work, and in future maintain it and other roads. The road is mentioned in a number of literary works including those of Foster and Rudyard Kipling. Kipling described the road as: "Look! Look again! and chumars, bankers and tinkers, barbers and bunnias, pilgrims – and potters – all the world going and coming. It is to me as a river from which I am withdrawn like a log after a flood. And truly the Grand Trunk Road is a wonderful spectacle. It runs straight, bearing without crowding India's traffic for fifteen hundred miles – such a river of life as nowhere else exists in the world."
498	1830	1895	W	"The Great Game" was a political and diplomatic confrontation that existed for most of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century between the British Empire and the Russian Empire, over Afghanistan and neighbouring territories in Central and South Asia. It also had direct consequences in Persia and British India. Britain was fearful of Russia invading India to add to the vast empire that Russia was building. As a result, there was a deep atmosphere of distrust and the talk of war between the two major European empires. Britain made it a high priority to protect all the approaches to India, and the "great game" is primarily how the British did this. Some historians have concluded that Russia had no plans involving India, as the Russians repeatedly stated to the British. The Great Game began on 12 January 1830 when Lord Ellenborough, the President of the Board of Control for India, tasked Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General, with establishing a new trade route to the Emirate of Bukhara. Britain intended to gain control over the Emirate of Afghanistan and make it a protectorate, and to use the Ottoman Empire, the Persian Empire, the Khanate of Khiva, and the Emirate of Bukhara as buffer states between both empires. This would protect India and also key British sea trade routes by stopping Russia from gaining a port on the Persian Gulf or the Indian Ocean. Russia proposed Afghanistan as the neutral zone. The results included the failed First Anglo-Afghan War of 1838, the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845, the Second Anglo-Sikh War of 1848, the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878, and the annexation of Kokand by Russia. Historians consider the end of the Great Game to be the 10 September 1895 signing of the Pamir Boundary Commission protocols, when the border between Afghanistan and the Russian empire was defined. The 1901 novel Kim by Rudyard Kipling made the term popular and introduced the new implication of great power rivalry. It became even more popular after the 1979 advent of the Soviet–Afghan War.
499	1831	6 May	BS	Sikh Empire defeats the Mujahideen forces of Syed Ahmad Barelvi in the Battle of Balakot.
500	1831	3 Jan	C	Savitribai Phule (3 January 1831 – 10 March 1897) was an Indian social reformer, educationalist, and poet from Maharashtra. She is regarded as the first female teacher of India. Along with her husband, Jyotirao Phule, she played an important and vital role in improving women's rights in India. She is regarded as the mother of Indian feminism. Phule and her husband founded one of the first Indian girls' school in Pune, at Bhide wada in 1848. She worked to abolish the discrimination and unfair treatment of people based on caste and gender. She is regarded as an important figure of the social reform movement in Maharashtra. A philanthropist and an educationist, Phule was also a prolific Marathi writer.
501	1832		T	Infrastructure and Railroad: Railroads were introduced to India for quicker and more efficient access to trade. Unfortunately, they had the unintended consequence of exacerbating both environmental and economic conditions that proved damaging in times of famine. The initial advocates for developing railways were mercantile firms in London and Manchester with trading ambitions in India. The goals of the plan to introduce railways were to lower transport costs and to give English merchants easier access to raw cotton from India. Also, the railway would simultaneously open the Indian market to British manufactured products such as cotton textiles. Initially, neither the railways promoter nor the East India Company envisioned much of a demand for passenger traffic. Railway construction started in 1853, with two “experimental” lines beginning in Bombay and Calcutta, and accelerated quickly following the Indian Mutiny, the first Indian war of independence, and the transfer of the government of India from the East India Company to direct rule by the British Crown.
502	1832		T	Infrastructure and Railroads: A British plan for railway development in India was first initiated in 1832, but the core of the pressure for building railways came from London in the 1840s. In the year 1844, private entrepreneurs were permitted to launch a railway system by Lord Hardinge, who was the Governor-General of India. The railway age dawned in India on 16 April 1853, when the first train ran from Bombay’s Bori Bunder to Thane, a distance of 21 miles, marked by a 21-gun salute. The mileage of India’s rail network grew from 838 miles in 1860 to 15,842 miles in 1880, mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. Most of the rail construction was made by Indian companies under the supervision of British engineers. They built a railway system of strong bridges and a mixture of broad-meter and narrow-gauge tracks. By 1901 India had a rail network covering 25,373 miles. The common people of India did not see the railroad as a wonderful invention or great convenience; they even referred to it as the Great Rakasha or Rakas (ghost). While the railway conveyed the huge might and power of the British and boosted India’s efforts at commercial modernization, it did little to help local people in times of famine.
503	1832		T	Infrastructure and Railroads: Indeed, scholars point out that the railroads were designed to serve altogether different goals than the needs of the local population, and as an unintended side effect, they created a trade system that boosted grain prices beyond what poor workers could afford. Instead of feeding the population of inland provinces, the railroads served to carry grain away from the regions where it was needed most, so that it could be stored near port cities for export. Beyond all of this, railways were noted as the carriers of epidemic diseases such as cholera and influenza. Their greatest impact of railroads on the famines, therefore, may have been neither the ability to transport commodities over long distances nor their impact on the Indian economy, but rather the way they catalyzed the natural processes of the spread of diseases, a process magnified immensely in the context of famine. Indeed, railroads serve as a telling example of the misalignment between colonial development and the environmental factors of famine. For while railroad development was undertaken with enthusiasm by colonial industrialists, irrigation projects drew comparatively little investment. Until March 1902, large tracts of country were without irrigation facilities. Irrigation was only carried out by means of canals in Bengal, Agra and Oudh, Punjab, Bombay, and Madras provinces, and expenditures on irrigation were much lower than major industrialization projects.
504	1832		T	Infrastructure and Railroads: British colonial authorities argued that it was the climate and failure of rains that caused failure of crops and famine. Similarly, some scholars have argued, for example, that the famines were caused by environmental factors such as scarcity of water and poor soil quality, and that this guaranteed that investments in agriculture were excessively risky. Seen through the lens of economic goals, this comes as little surprise, just as the enthusiastic development of railroads appears as a logical means for pursuing colonial economic goals. But infrastructure development always involves a process of overlaying human technologies upon natural systems and landscapes. The combination of robust investment in railroads and meager development of irrigation systems, together with natural systems involving repeated droughts and opportunistic disease vectors, contributed to the destruction of India’s nineteenth century famines.
505	1832		Tr	The first railway proposals for India were made in Madras in 1832.
506	1833		Ad	The Saint Helena Act 1833 or the Charter Act of 1833 (3 & 4 Will 4 c 85) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. As this Act was also intended to provide for an extension of the royal charter granted to the East India Company, it is also called the Charter Act of 1833. This Act extended the charter by 20 years. It contained the following provisions: It redesignated the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India. Under this provision Lord William Bentinck became the first Governor-General of India in the last of 1833. It deprived the Governors of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers. For the first time, the Governor-General's Government was known as the 'Government of India' and his council as the 'India Council'. The Governor-General and his executive council were given exclusive legislative powers for the whole of British India. It ended the activities of the British East India Company as a commercial body and it became a purely administrative body. In particular, the Company lost its monopoly on trade with China and other parts of the Far East. It attempted to introduce a system of open competitions for the selection of civil servants. However this provision was negated after opposition from the Court of Directors who continued to hold the privilege of appointing Company officials. Control of the island of Saint Helena is transferred from the East India Company to the Crown. With the exception of section 112, vesting Saint Helena in the monarchy, the act was repealed by the Government of India Act 1915.
507	1833	Bombay	R	Christ Church in Byculla, Mumbai, is affiliated to the Church of North India and was built in 1833 as an Anglican church. The church's establishment has been the subject of a myth that it was built to suit the convenience of the Governor of Bombay, Mountstuart Elphinstone, who reportedly had to earlier travel from his central Bombay residence in Parel to St Thomas Cathedral in South Bombay. Elphinstone had already left India in 1829. The church was, in fact, built during the governorship of John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare, who laid the foundation stone in July, 1832. Along with the Church of St Andrew and St Columba in South Bombay, Christ Church was one of the last 19th-century churches in the city to be built in the Neoclassical style, as Gothic Revival emerged as the preferred style thereafter. It was built by a Portuguese architect called Augusto. The first service was held on 10 August, 1833, but the church was only consecrated in December 1835 by Revd. Daniel Wilson, the then Bishop of Calcutta.
508	1833		W	Slavery is abolished in British Commonwealth countries, giving impetus to abolitionists in United States.
509	1834	Bombay	Ed	Elphinstone College is one of the constituent colleges of Dr. Homi Bhabha State University, a state cluster university. Established in 1834, it is one of the oldest colleges in Mumbai. It played a major role in shaping and developing the educational landscape of the city. It also played a pivotal role in the inception of the University of Mumbai. The College enjoys a sea of Notable Alumnus. This includes the likes of Revolutionaries such as B. R. Ambedkar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Virchand Gandhi, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Nanabhai Haridas, Kashinath Trimbak Telang, and Jamsetji Tata and teachers include Dadabhai Naoroji. It played a key role in the spread of education in Mumbai. By the 19th century, Mumbai was a prosperous center for maritime trade and commerce. In 1824, an English school was set up by the Bombay Native Education Society for Indian students. In 1827, a resolution was passed that an institution for the promotion of education should be established under Bombay Native Education Society and be designated as "Elphinstone College" (distinct from High School). This was named after Mountstuart Elphinstone, the departing Governor of the Bombay Presidency, who was responsible for beginning higher education in the city. An exuberant amount of Rs. 2,29,636.00 was collected by public subscription to fund teaching professorships in the English language and the Arts, Science, and Literature of Europe. The college was formally constituted in 1835. The classes commenced in 1836, at Town Hall, with the first two professors: Arthur Bedford Orlebar(Natural Philosophy – i.e. Science) and John Harkness (General Literature – i.e Classics).In 1840, the professors' classes were amalgamated with the Society's High School to form the Elphinstone Native Education Institution. In 1845, the name was shortened to Elphinstone Institution. Elphinstone College became a distinct institution, separated from the high school, on 1 April 1856. This year is officially considered to be the year of the establishment of Elphinstone College. The college was affiliated with the University of Mumbai in 1860.
510	1834		S	Polo in India: The first polo club in India was established at Silchar, Assam in 1834.
511	1835		Ad	Civil service jobs in India are opened to Indians.
512	1835		E	Indian indenture system: Mauritius receives 19,000 migrant indentured labourers from India. Workers continued to be shipped to Mauritius till 1922.
513	1835		Ed	Civilizing mission: The civilizing mission is a political rationale for military intervention and for colonization purporting to facilitate the modernization and the Westernization of indigenous peoples, especially in the period from the 15th to the 20th centuries. As a principle of European culture, the term was most prominently used in justifying French colonialism in the late-15th to mid-20th centuries. The civilizing mission was the cultural justification for the colonial exploitation of French Algeria, French West Africa, French Indochina, Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese Mozambique and Portuguese Timor, among other colonies. The civilizing mission also was a popular justification for the British, German, and U.S. colonialism. The western European colonial powers claimed that, as Christian nations, they were duty-bound to disseminate Western civilization to what Europeans perceived as the heathen and primitive cultures of the Eastern world. In addition to economic exploitation and imposition of imperialist government, the ideology of the civilizing mission required the cultural assimilation of "primitive peoples", as the nonwhite Other, into the colonial subaltern of eastern Europe. Civilising mission, is a rationale for intervention or colonization, purporting to contribute to the spread of civilization and used mostly in relation to the colonization and Westernization of indigenous peoples in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its advocates postulated a duty of Europeans to help “backwards” peoples “civilize.” In India, the British "Civilising mission" focused largely on educational reforms designed to speed up modernization and reduce administrative charges. Colonial authorities fervently debated the question of the best policy. The orientalists believed that education should happen in Indian languages while the utilitarians (also called anglicists) strongly believed that traditional India had nothing to teach regarding modern skills and the best education would happen in English. One of the most influential reformers was Thomas Babington Macaulay, who in 1835 authored “Minute on Indian Education". In it, he urged the Governor-General to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver “useful learning,” which to Macaulay was synonymous with Western culture. He argued that Sanskrit and Persian were no more accessible than English to the speakers of the Indian vernacular languages and existing Sanskrit and Persian texts were of little use for “useful learning.”
514	1835		Ed	English Education Act 1835#Macaulay's "Minute Upon Indian Education": Thomas Babington Macaulay’s text largely coincided with Governor-General Lord William Bentinck’s views and Bentinck’s English Education Act 1835 closely matched Macaulay’s recommendations. Under Macaulay, thousands of elementary and secondary schools were opened, typically with all-male student bodies. However, Macaulay’s views enjoyed little support in London and subsequent Governors-General took a more conciliatory approach to existing Indian education. Missionaries opened their own schools that taught Christianity and the 3-Rs (reading, writing, and arithmetic). Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857. The government opened 186 universities and colleges of higher education by 1911. All these benefits, however, went to the Indian elites and middle classes, who were expected to serve as loyal supporters of the British rule in India. The “Civilising mission” rhetoric continued, but soon became an alibi for British misrule and racism without the pretense that Indian progress was ever a goal. Those who advocated actual reforms became less influential. The British assumed Indians had to be ruled by heavy hand, with democratic opportunities postponed indefinitely.
515	1835	1836	G	Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe, GCB PC (30 January 1785 – 5 September 1846), known as Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt between 1822 and 1845, was a British colonial administrator. He held appointments including acting Governor-General of India, Governor of Jamaica and Governor General of the Province of Canada. He held the Governor-General of India post temporarily and removed restriction on Vernacular press.
516	1835		P	English Education Act 1835: Macaulay's "Minute Upon Indian Education" furthers Western education in India. English is made official government and court language. In discussions leading up to the Act Thomas Babington Macaulay produced his famous Memorandum on (Indian) Education which was scathing on the inferiority (as he saw it) of native (particularly Hindu) culture and learning. He argued that Western learning was superior, and currently could only be taught through the medium of English. There was therefore a need to produce—by English-language higher education—"a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect" who could in their turn develop the tools to transmit Western learning in the vernacular languages of India. Among Macaulay's recommendations were the immediate stopping of the printing by the East India Company of Arabic and Sanskrit books and that the Company should not continue to support traditional education beyond "the Sanskrit College at Benares and the Mahometan College at Delhi" (which he considered adequate to maintain traditional learning).
517	1836	1842	G	George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland, GCB, PC (25 August 1784 – 1 January 1849) was an English Whig politician and colonial administrator. He was thrice First Lord of the Admiralty and also served as Governor-General of India between 1836 and 1842. First Afghan War was fought in his reign.
518	1836		Pr	The North-Western Provinces was an administrative region in British India. The North-Western Provinces were established in 1836, through merging the administrative divisions of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces. In 1858, the nawab-ruled kingdom of Oudh was annexed and merged with the North-Western Provinces to form the renamed North-Western Provinces and Oudh. In 1902, this province was reorganized to form the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Allahabad served as its capital from 1858, when it also became the capital of India for a day. The province included all divisions of the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh with the exception of the Lucknow Division and Faizabad Division of Awadh. Among other regions included at various times were: the Delhi Territory, from 1836 until 1858, when the latter became part of the Punjab Province of British India; Ajmer and Merwara, from 1832 and 1846, respectively, until 1871, when Ajmer-Merwara became a minor province of British India; and the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories from 1853 until 1861, when they were absorbed into the Central Provinces. The North Western Provinces was governed by a Lieutenant-Governor, who was appointed by the East India Company from 1836 to 1858, and by the British Government from 1858 to 1902. In 1856, after the annexation of Oudh State, the North Western Provinces became part of the larger province of North Western Provinces and Oudh. In 1902, the latter province was renamed the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh; in 1904, the region within the new United Provinces corresponding to the North Western Provinces was renamed the Agra Province.
519	1836		R	Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (18 Feb 1836 – 16 August 1886), born Gadadhar Chattopadhyaya, was an Indian Hindu mystic, saint, and religious leader in 19th century Bengal. Sri Ramakrishna experienced spiritual ecstasies from a young age, and was influenced by several religious traditions, including devotion toward the Goddess Kali, Tantra, Bhakti and Advaita Vedanta. As a priest at the Dakshineshwar Kali Temple, his mystical temperament and ecstasies gradually gained him widespread acknowledgement, attracting to him various spiritual teachers, social leaders, and lay followers; he eventually taught disciples, who would later form the monastic Ramakrishna Order. He was generally revered by Bengali elites and within religious circles, which led his chief disciple Swami Vivekananda to found the Ramakrishna Math, which provides spiritual training for monastics and householder devotees and the Ramakrishna Mission to provide charity, social work and education.
520	1837		Ad	Britain formalizes emigration of Indian indentured laborers to supply cheap labor under a system more morally acceptable to British Christian society than slavery, illegal in the British Empire since 1833.
521	1837	18 Feb	BS	Hari Singh Nalwa, commander of the Sikh Khalsa Army defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Jamrud and extends the frontier of Sikh Empire to beyond the Indus River right up to the mouth of the Khyber Pass.
522	1837		P	Thuggee: Kali-worshipping thugs suppressed by the British.
523	1837		Tr	The country's first train, Red Hill Railway (built by Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-building), ran from Red Hills to the Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837.
524	1838		E	British Guyana receives its first 250 Indian laborers.
525	1838		N	The Times of India, English, Daily 1838 – The Times of India issued its first edition on 3rd November, as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce. 1861 – The first edition of The Times of India was published by Robert Knight. Up to 1947 this newspaper continued to support the causes of Britishers. Times of India has grown to be the biggest English daily in the country. The Times of India is an Indian English-language daily newspaper and digital news media owned and managed by The Times Group. It is the third-largest newspaper in India by circulation and largest selling English-language daily in the world. It is the oldest English-language newspaper in India, and the second-oldest Indian newspaper still in circulation, with its first edition published in 1838. It is nicknamed as "The Old Lady of Bori Bunder", and is an Indian "newspaper of record". Near the beginning of the 20th century, Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, called The Times of India "the leading paper in Asia". In 1991, the BBC ranked The Times of India among the world's six best newspapers.
526	1838	Bombay	N	First edition of Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce launched.
527	1839		P	Preacher William Howitt attacks British rule in India. William Howitt (18 December 1792 – 3 March 1879), was a prolific English writer on history and other subjects.
528	1839	1842	W	The First Opium War, also known as the Opium War or the Anglo-Chinese War, was a series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty of China. The immediate issue was Chinese official seizure of opium stocks at Canton to stop the banned opium trade, and threatening the death penalty for future offenders. The British government insisted on the principles of free trade, equal diplomatic recognition among nations, and backed the merchants' demands. The British navy defeated the Chinese using technologically superior ships and weapons, and the British then imposed a treaty that granted territory to Britain and opened trade with China. In the 18th century the demand for Chinese luxury goods (particularly silk, porcelain, and tea) created a trade imbalance between China and Britain. European silver flowed into China through the Canton System, which confined incoming foreign trade to the southern port city of Canton. To counter this imbalance, the British East India Company began to grow opium in Bengal and allowed private British merchants to sell opium to Chinese smugglers for illegal sale in China. The influx of narcotics reversed the Chinese trade surplus, drained the economy of silver, and increased the numbers of opium addicts inside the country, outcomes that seriously worried Chinese officials. In 1842, the Qing dynasty was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanking —the first of what the Chinese later called the Unequal Treaty. In the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue, the Qing empire also recognised Britain as an equal to China and gave British subjects extraterritorial privileges, opened five treaty ports to British merchants, and ceded Hong Kong Island to the British Empire. In 1844, the United States and France concluded similar treaties with China, the Treaty of Wanghia and Treaty of Whampoa, respectively.
529	1839	1842	W	The First Anglo-Afghan War, also known by the British as the Disaster in Afghanistan, was fought between the British Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842. Initially, the British successfully intervened in a succession dispute between emir Dost Mohammad (Barakzai) and former emir Shah Shujah (Durrani), whom they installed upon conquering Kabul in August 1839. The main British Indian force occupying Kabul along with their camp followers, having endured harsh winters as well, was almost completely annihilated during its 1842 retreat from Kabul. The British then sent an Army of Retribution to Kabul to avenge the destruction of their previous forces, defeating the Afghans and having demolished parts of the capital. After recovering prisoners, they withdrew from Afghanistan by the end of the year. Dost Mohammed returned from exile in India to resume his rule. It was one of the first major conflicts during the Great Game, the 19th century competition for power and influence in Central Asia between Britain and Russia.
530	1839		W	The First Anglo-Afghan War#Battle honour: The battle honour of 'Afghanistan 1839' was awarded to all units of the presidency armies of the East India Company that had proceeded beyond the Bolan Pass, by gazette of the governor-general, dated 19 November 1839, the spelling changed from 'Afghanistan' to 'Affghanistan' by Gazette of India No. 1079 of 1916, and the date added in 1914. All the honours awarded for this war are considered to be non-repugnant. The units awarded this battle honour were: 4th Bengal Irregular Cavalry – 1st Horse 5th Madras Infantry Poona Auxiliary Horse – Poona Horse Bombay Sappers & Miners – Bombay Engineer Group 31st Bengal Infantry 43rd Bengal Infantry 19th Bombay Infantry 1st Bombay Cavalry – 13th Lancers 2nd, 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry – mutinied in 1857 2nd, 3rd Companies of Bengal Sappers and Miners – mutinied in 1857 16th, 35th, 37th, 48th Bengal Infantry – mutinied in 1857 42nd Bengal Infantry (5th LI) – disbanded 1922
531	1840		BE	New Zealand becomes officially British, after which systematic colonization there follows rapidly. Partly owing to pressure from missionaries, British control is later extended to Fiji, Tonga, Papua, and other islands in the Pacific Ocean.
532	1840		W	Joseph de Goubineau (1816-1882), French scholar, writes The Inequality of Human Races. Proclaims the "Aryan race" superior to other great strains and lays down the aristocratic class-doctrine of Aryanism that later provides the basis for Adolf Hitler's Aryan racism.
533	1842	1926	C	Nawab Syed Hussain Bilgrami, Imad-ul-Mulk Bahadur, CSI (1842–1926) was an Indian civil servant, politician, educationalist and an early leader of the All India Muslim League.
534	1842	1901	F	Mahadev Govind Ranade (18 January 1842 – 16 January 1901) Popularly referred to as Justice Ranade, was an Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author. He was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress party and owned several designations as member of the Bombay legislative council, member of the finance committee at the centre, and judge of the Bombay High Court, Maharashtra. As a well known public figure, his personality as a calm and patient optimist influenced his attitude towards dealings with Britain as well as reform in India. During his life he helped to establish the Vaktruttvottejak Sabha, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Maharashtra Granthottejak Sabha, and the Prarthana Samaj, and edited a Bombay Anglo-Marathi daily paper, the Induprakash, founded on his ideology of social and religious reform. He was given the title of Rao Bahadur.
535	1842	1856	G	James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie KT PC (22 April 1812 – 19 December 1860), also known as Lord Dalhousie, styled Lord Ramsay until 1838 and known as The Earl of Dalhousie between 1838 and 1849, was a Scottish statesman and colonial administrator in British India. He served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856. Opened first Railway line from Bombay to Thane in 1853. Opened first Telegraph line from Calcutta to Agar in 1853. Introduced Doctrine of lapse captured Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854). Many bridges were constructed and started Grand Trunk Road. Established Postal system which made communication easier. In 1854, Wood's despatch was passed, which provided the proper system of education from School to University. Widow Remarriage Bill was passed.
536	1843		N	Mangaluru Samachara, Kannada, Daily Mangaluru Samachara or Mangalooru Samachara which literally means "The news of Mangalore" is the first newspaper published in Kannada. It was produced by a German, Rev. Hermann Friedrich Mögling of the Basel Mission beginning in 1843. The paper was printed using stone slabs, which exist to this day in the Basel Mission Printing Press in Balmatta, Mangalore. It was a very difficult task to publish a newspaper at that time because there was no simple way of communicating news and other written words to the general public. In 1836 a diminutive German arrived on the shores of Mangalore armed with the Bible, seeking to spread the message of the Gospel. Seven years later, in 1843, the Christian missionary had mastered Kannada well enough to launch Karnataka’s first vernacular newspaper, Mangalura Samachara. With that enterprising leap in journalism, Hermann Frederick Mogling of the Basel Mission, for which Mangalore was the "most important centre" of its work in India, not just propelled 19th century Karnataka into the world of new, the four-page weekly Mangaluru Samachara even published news on Afghanistan – but took the pioneering step in translating several literary works in Kannada into German.
537	1843	1883	N	Tattwabodhini Patrika ("truth-searching newspaper") was established by Debendranath Tagore on 16 August 1843, as a journal of the Tattwabodhini Sabha, and continued publication until 1883. It was published from Kolkata, India. Its editorial board including Debendranath Tagore, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Akshay Kumar Dutta, Rajnarayan Basu, Rajendralal Mitra and Dwijendranath Tagore. The journal changed the tone of vernacular (Indian language) journalism. From its earliest days, it propagated the positive aspects of the religious scriptures but did not accept their infallibility. It strongly reacted against revelations and miracles.
538	1843		P	The 'Doctrine of lapse' was a policy of annexation initiated by the East India Company in the Indian subcontinent in relation to the princely states, and applied until 1859, two years after Company rule was succeeded by the British Raj. Elements of the doctrine of lapse continued to be applied by the post-independence Indian government to derecognise individual princely families until 1971, when the former ruling families were collectively derecognised. According to the doctrine, any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the East India Company (EIC) (the dominant imperial power in the Indian subsidiary system), would have its princely status abolished (and therefore be annexed into British India) if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir". The latter supplanted the long-established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor. In addition, the EIC decided whether potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine and its applications were widely regarded as illegitimate by many Indians, leading to resentment against the EIC. The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. However, it was articulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company as early as 1847 and several smaller states had already been annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor-General. Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively, though, so it is generally associated with him. Doctrine of lapse#Princely states annexed under the doctrine: Princely State Year Annexed Angul 1848 Arcot 1855 Banda 1858 Guler 1813 Jaintia 1803 Jaitpur 1849 Jalaun 1840 Jaswan 1849 Jhansi 1854 Kachar 1830 Kangra 1846 Kannanur 1819 Kittur 1824 Kodagu 1834 Kozhikode 1806 Kullu 1846 Kurnool 1839 Kutlehar 1825 Makrai 1890 Nagpur 1854 Nargund 1858 Punjab 1849 Ramgarh 1858 Sambalpur 1849 Satara 1848 Surat 1842 Siba 1849 Tanjore 1855 Tulsipur 1854 Udaipur, Chhattisgarh 1854
539	1843	17 Feb	Co	Battle of Miani: British conquer the Sindh region (present day Pakistan). The Battle of Miani (or Battle of Meeanee) was a battle between forces of the Bombay Army of the East India Company, under the command of Charles Napier and the Baluch army of Talpur Amirs of Sindh, led by Mir Nasir Khan Talpur. The battle took place on 17 February 1843 at Miani, Sindh, in what is now modern-day Pakistan. This battle eventually led to the capture of parts of Sindh region, first territorial possession by the East India Company in what is the modern-day nation of Pakistan. According to Nadeem Wagan (a Sindh writer), the primary causes of the battle were the East India Company's desire to expand their possession in South Asia and General Charles Napier's ambitions. The General had held previous position as Governor of the Greek island of Kefalonia with very limited scope for glory. The Talpur kingdom of Sindh was inefficiently and loosely governed by the Amirs and a relatively easy target as opposed to the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab. Napier moved his army aggressively from the East India Company's Bombay Presidency area and entered the Sindh border. Negotiations ensued between the Talpur Amir in Hyderabad and Napier. An agreement was reached after the Amir gave significant concessions. Napier then started to move his army back towards Bombay and the Amir disbanded his army that had been mobilised. However, Napier was firmly determined in conquering Sindh and Hyderabad. While moving towards Bombay and giving the impression of keeping the agreement that had been reached, he suddenly turned back towards Hyderabad on the pretext of hostile intentions by the Amir and marched with great speed towards the capital.
540	1844		A	Started in 1844, Higginbotham's is an Indian bookstore chain and publisher based in the city of Chennai. The company's first bookstore at Mount Road, Chennai is India's oldest bookshop in existence. The company's second bookstore in Bangalore, located at M. G. Road, opened in 1905 and is the oldest existing bookstore in the city. Since 1949, Higginbotham's has been owned by the Amalgamations Group. An English librarian named Abel Joshua Higginbotham established Higginbotham's after reportedly arriving in India as a British stowaway. The captain of the ship he was on ejected him from the ship at Madras port, after he was discovered on board. In the 1840s, he found employment as a librarian with a bookstore named Weslyan Book Shop run by Protestant missionaries. However, the store suffered heavy losses and the missionaries who ran the business decided to sell their shop for a low price. Higginbotham purchased the business, set up his own store and called it "Higginbotham's" in the year 1844. Higginbotham's is, therefore, India's oldest bookstore in existence. It soon gained a reputation for quality. John Murray, in his Guidebook to the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay in 1859, describes Higginbotham's as the "premier bookshop of Madras". In March 1859, in a letter to Lord Macaulay, Lord Trevelyan, the Governor of Madras wrote: Among the many elusive and indescribable charms of life in Madras City, is the existence of my favourite book shop 'Higginbotham's' on Mount Road. In this bookshop I can see beautiful editions of the works of Socrates, Plato, Euripides, Aristophanes, Pindar, Horace, Petrarch, Tasso, Camoyens, Calderon and Racine. I can get the latest editions of Victor Hugo, the great French novelist. Amongst the German writers, I can have Schiller and Goethe. Altogether a delightful place for the casual browser and a serious book lover
541	1844	1922	C	Er.Ing. Himmatlal Dhirajram Bhachech, Rao Bahadur – (1844–1922) was a Civil Engineer in the PWD (Public Works Department) of British India. Himmatlal worked as engineer in the PWD for many years. In 1892 he was credited with the re-building of the Ellis Bridge of Ahmadabad, which was originally built in 1869. Himmatlal reconstructed the bridge at a cost of only Rs.407,000/-which was significantly below projected budget of Rs. 500,000/- that led the British government to suspect he was using poor quality building materials. An inquiry committee eventually recognized his construction as better than the original work and subsequently honored him for saving the country money. Er.Ing.Himmatlal was honored in 1893 with title of 'Rao Bahadur' by the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne. He was president of Ahmadabad Municipalityin the 1890s and consulted in the construction of Gujarat College; Ahemedabad in 1897. Er.Ing.Himmatlal Dhirajram Bhachech died on September 30, 1922.
542	1845	1846	BC	The First Anglo-Sikh War: Was fought between the Sikh Empire and the East India Company in 1845 and 1846 in and around the Ferozepur district of Punjab. It resulted in defeat and partial subjugation of the Sikh kingdom and cession of Jammu and Kashmir as a separate princely state under British suzerainty. 18 December 1845 : The Battle of Mudki, was fought on 18 December 1845, between the forces of the East India Company and part of the Sikh Khalsa Army, the army of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab. The British army won an untidy encounter battle, suffering heavy casualties. 21 and 22 December 1845 : The Battle of Ferozeshah, was fought on 21 December and 22 December 1845 between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire, at the village of Ferozeshah in Punjab. The British were led by Sir Hugh Gough and Governor-General Sir Henry Hardinge, while the Sikhs were led by Lal Singh. The British emerged victorious. Lal Singh's and Tej Singh's desertion of their armies and refusal to attack when opportunity offered seem inexplicable. 28 January 1846 : The Battle of Aliwal was fought on 28 January 1846 between British and Sikh forces in northern India (now Punjab). The British were led by Sir Harry Smith, while the Sikhs were led by Ranjodh Singh Majithia. Britain's victory in the battle is sometimes regarded as the turning point in the First Anglo-Sikh War. 10 February 1846 : The Battle of Sobraon was fought on 10 February 1846, between the forces of the East India Company and the Sikh Khalsa Army, the army of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab. The Sikhs were completely defeated, making this the decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
543	1845	1846	BC	The First Anglo-Sikh War:: 9 March 1846 : Treaty of Lahore – the Sikhs were made to surrender the Jullundur Doab between the Beas River and Sutlej River. The Lahore Durbar ceded Kashmir, Hazarah and all the forts, territories, rights and interests in the hill countries situated between the Rivers Beas and Indus to the East India Company (EIC), as equivalent to ten million of rupees. It was a peace treaty marking the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War. The Treaty was concluded, for the British, by the Governor-General Sir Henry Hardinge and two officers of the East India Company and, for the Sikhs, by the seven-year-old Maharaja Duleep Singh Bahadur and seven members of Hazara, the territory to the south of the river Sutlej and the forts and territory in the Jalandhar Doab between the rivers Sutlej and Beas. In addition, controls were placed on the size of the Lahore army and thirty-six field guns were confiscated. The control of the rivers Sutlej and Beas and part of the Indus passed to the British, with the proviso that this was not to interfere with the passage of passenger boats owned by the Lahore Government. Also, provision was made for the separate sale of all the hilly regions between River Beas and Indus, including Kashmir, by the East India Company at a later date to Gulab Singh, the Raja of Jammu. Later by a separate Treaty of Amritsar (1846), the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, purchased Kashmir from the EIC for a payment of 7.5 million rupees and was granted the title Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. The treat was executed by the British East India Company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu after the First Anglo-Sikh War, established the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under the suzerainty of the British Indian Empire. The treaty was executed on 16 March 1846. It formalised the arrangements in the Treaty of Lahore between the British East India Company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu after the First Anglo-Sikh War. By Article 1 of the treaty, Gulab Singh acquired "all the hilly or mountainous country with its dependencies situated to the eastward of the River Indus and the westward of the River Ravi including Chamba and excluding Lahul, being part of the territories ceded to the British Government by the Lahore State according to the provisions of Article IV of the Treaty of Lahore, dated 9th March, 1846." Under Article 3, Gulab Singh was to pay 75 lakhs (7.5 million) of Nanak Shahi rupees (the ruling currency of the Sikh Empire) to the British Government, along with other annual tributes. The Treaty of Amritsar marked the beginning of Dogra rule in Kashmir. The Sikh empire was until then one of the few remaining kingdoms in India after the rise of the company and the fall of the Mughal empire. Although the Sikh Army was weakened by the war, resentment at British interference in the government led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War within three years.
544	1845		E	Trinidad receives its first 197 Indian immigrant laborers.
545	1845	Bombay	Ed	The Grant Government Medical College, Bombay, is a public medical college, affiliated to the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences. Founded in 1845, it counts among the premier medical institutions in India and one of the oldest institutions teaching Western medicine in South Asia.
546	1845	1883	F	Vasudev Balwant Phadke (4 November 1845 – 17 February 1883) also known as ‘Father Of Indian Armed Rebellion’ was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary who sought India's independence from colonial rule. Phadke was moved by the plight of the farming community and believed that Swaraj was the only remedy for their ills. With the help of the Koli, Bhil, Mahar, Mang, Ramoshi and Dhangar communities in the region, he formed a revolutionary group of the Ramoshi people. The group started an armed struggle to overthrow the colonial government, launching raids on wealthy European businessmen to obtain funds for the purpose. Phadke came to prominence when he got control of the city of Pune for a few days after catching colonial soldiers off-guard during one such surprise attack. Phadke was one of the earliest persons to graduate from a British-established institution in Bombay presidency. In 1860, along with fellow social reformers and revolutionaries Laxman Narhar Indapurkar and Waman Prabhakar Bhave, Phadke co-founded the Poona Native Institution (PNI) which was later renamed as the Maharashtra Education Society (MES). Through the PNI, he went on set up Bhave School in Pune.
547	1845	1883	F	Vasudev Balwant Phadke's plans to organise several simultaneous attacks against the colonial government nationwide were met with very limited success. He once had a direct engagement with the colonial army in the village of Ghanaur, whereafter the government offered a bounty for his capture. Not to be outdone, Phadke in turned offered a bounty for the capture of the Governor of Bombay, announced a reward for the killing of each European, and issued other threats to the government. He then fled to Hyderabad State to recruit Rohilla and Arabs into his organisation. A British Major, Henry William Daniell and Abdul Haque, Police Commissioner to the Nizam of Hyderabad, pursued the fleeing Phadke day and night. The British move to offer a bounty for his capture met with success: someone betrayed Phadke, and he was captured in a temple after a fierce fight at the district of Kaladgi on 20 July 1879 while he was on his way to Pandharpur. From here he was taken to Pune for trial. Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi, also known as Sarvajanik Kaka, defended his case. Phadke and his comrades were housed in the district session court jail building, near Sangam bridge, which now happens to be the state C.I.D. building. His own diary provided evidence to have him sentenced for life. Phadke was transported to jail at Aden, but escaped from the prison by taking the door off from its hinges on 13 February 1883. He was soon recaptured and then went on a hunger strike, dying on 17 February 1883.
548	1845		Tr	In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built by Arthur Cotton at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, to supply stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River.
549	1846		Ad	British forcibly separate Kashmir from the Sikhs and sell it to the Maharaja of Jammu for pounds 1,000,000.
550	1846	Bombay	T	In Bombay, Mahim Causeway between Salsette and Mahim completed. The Mahim Causeway is a vital link road connecting South Mumbai with its northern suburbs. The causeway links the neighbourhoods of Mahim to the south with Bandra to the north. The Mahim Causeway was built between 1841 and 1846 to connect the island of Salsette with Mahim. The swampy area between the two islands made travel dangerous and thus a need for a causeway arose. The British East India Company, who governed Bombay at that time, refused to fund the project. This led Lady Jeejeebhoy, wife of the first baronet Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, to donate the entire amount of Rs.1,57,000/- on the condition that the government would not charge a toll for its use or disturb the Koli community who lived around the area The Mahim causeway forms the link between Swami Vivekanand Road and L.J.Road, being the stretch between Bandra masjid and Mahim church (St. Michael's). It is not to be confused with the Bandra-Worli Sea Link, a major infrastructural project opened on 30 June 2009 which is designed to ease traffic across the causeway by building another bridge across the Mahim Bay.
551	1847		C	1st October, Annie Wood (Besant) was born in Clapham, London, UK. Annie Besant (née Wood; 1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a British socialist, theosophist, women's rights activist, writer, orator, educationist, and philanthropist. Regarded as a champion of human freedom, she was an ardent supporter of both Irish and Indian self-rule. She was a prolific author with over three hundred books and pamphlets to her credit. As an educationist, her contributions included being one of the founders of the Banaras Hindu University. She also became involved in politics in India, joining the Indian National Congress. When World War I broke out in 1914, she helped launch the Home Rule League to campaign for democracy in India, and dominion status within the British Empire. This led to her election as president of the Indian National Congress, in late 1917. In the late 1920s, Besant travelled to the United States with her protégé and adopted son Jiddu Krishnamurti, who she claimed was the new Messiah and incarnation of Buddha. Krishnamurti rejected these claims in 1929. After the war, she continued to campaign for Indian independence and for the causes of theosophy, until her death in 1933. In particular she attacked the status of the Church of England as a state-sponsored faith. Passed away on 20 September 1933 (aged 85), in Adyar, Chennai, India.
552	1847		Ed	Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (abbreviated IIT Roorkee or IITR) is a premier public technical and research university located in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. It is formerly known as University of Roorkee (1949–2001) and Thomason College of Civil Engineering (1847–1949). Established in 1847 in British India by the then lieutenant governor, Sir James Thomason, it is the oldest technical institution in Asia. It was given university status in 1949 and was converted into an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in 2001
553	1847		Ed	St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School is a Christian mission school in the city of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was founded in the year 1847, in the East India Company rule in India by British Indian Army this school was started for the purpose of British Indian Army European Soldiers Children Educational purpose St. Aloysius' was the first English medium school in the Andhra Pradesh. During the Colonial period, it was the only English-medium education school between Chennai and Kolkata.
554	1847	1907	F	Kali Charan Banerjee (1847–1902), spelt also as Kalicharan Banerji or K.C. Banerjea or K.C. Banurji, a Bengali convert to Anglican Church, was the founder of Calcutta Christo Samaj, a Christian parallel to Brahmo Samaj. K.C. Banerji was also one of the pioneers of Indian Christian movement, founder of the movement for emancipation, and was the finest orator in the whole assembly of Congress sessions. He being a fine orator and representative of Bengali Christian community, he joined the Indian National Congress(Congress) in 1885, and regularly addressed the Congress annual sessions in moulding the policy of national movement. Rev. Kalicharan Banerji along with G.C. Nath from Lahore, and Peter Paul Pillai from Madras(present Chennai), represented Indian Christians at the four sessions of the Congress between 1888 and 1891, and became a prominent leader in the Congress in the early years of formation. Gandhi, having told his Christian friends in South Africa that he would meet the Christian Indians and acquaint himself with their condition; accordingly, Gandhi while taking shelter at Gokhale's residence, decided to visit Babu Kalicharan Banerji, whom Gandhi held high regard as he took a prominent part in Congress in spite of isolating himself from Hindus and Mussalmans.
555	1847	1933	F	Annie Besant (1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) Being a British, Annie Besant advocated Indian self-rule and eventually became a prominent freedom fighter. After becoming a part of the Indian National Congress, she was made the President of INC in 1917. After acting as one of the key members in establishing ‘Home Rule League’ (Indian Home Rule movement), she even founded a Hindu school in Benares to achieve her goal of freeing India from the clutches of her countrymen.
556	1847	Calcutta	S	The Royal Calcutta Turf Club (RCTC), a horse racing organisation is the oldest turf club in India, and one of the most beautiful and largest in the world. Encompassing a significant area of the Maidan, it was founded in 1847, and is distinguished for its "Monsoon Track" – one of the fastest draining tracks in the world. It was conferred the epithet "Royal" by George V in 1912. The organisation was founded in Calcutta, British India (now Kolkata). Horse events and sports were initially organised for the British cavalry at Akra before they were moved to the Maidan. The RCTC became the foremost horse-racing organization in India during the British Raj. At one time it was the governing body for nearly all racecourses in the subcontinent, defining and applying the rules governing the sport. During its heyday, RCTC-organised races were among the most important social events of the bigwigs' calendar and were opened by the Viceroy of India. Still a private club, the RCTC operates Kolkata Race Course in the Maidan. The club also held polo matches during the late 19th century, and hosted English-style gambling; the Calcutta Derby Sweeps, organised by the RCTC, was the world's largest sweepstake in the 1930s. After the closure of the Tollygunge racecourse, a new racecourse was opened by the club in Barrackpore during the 1920s; it was unsuccessful due to poor attendance.
557	1848	1849	BC	The Second Anglo-Sikh War (First War of Sikh Independence): Was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company that that took place in 1848 and 1849. It resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the Punjab and what subsequently became the North-West Frontier Province, by the East India Company. 22 November 1848 : The Battle of Ramnagar (sometimes referred to as Battle of Rumnuggur) was fought on 22 November 1848 between British East India Company and Sikh Empire forces during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The British were led by Sir Hugh Gough, while the Sikhs were led by Raja Sher Singh Attariwalla. The Sikhs repelled an attempted British surprise attack. Jan-1849 : The Battle of Chillianwala was fought in January 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War in the Chillianwala region of Punjab (Mandi Bahauddin), now part of modern-day Pakistan. The battle was one of the bloodiest fought by the British East India Company. Both armies held their positions at the end of the battle and both sides claimed victory. The battle was a strategic check to immediate British ambitions in India and a shock to British military prestige. 21 February 1849 : The Battle of Gujrat was a decisive battle in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, fought on 21 February 1849, between the forces of the East India Company, and a Sikh army in rebellion against the Company's control of the Sikh Empire, represented by the child Maharaja Duleep Singh who was in British custody in Lahore. The Sikh army was defeated by the British regular and Bengal Army forces of the British East India Company. After it capitulated a few days later, the Punjab was annexed to the East India Company's territories and Duleep Singh was deposed.
558	1848	1849	BC	The Second Anglo-Sikh War (First War of Sikh Independence): 12 March 1849 : Chattar Singh and Sher Singh surrendered to Sir Walter Gilbert near Rawalpindi. Some 20,000 men (mainly irregular cavalry) laid down their arms. The Afghan contingent hastily withdrew through Attock and Peshawar, which the British reoccupied. Dost Mohammad Khan later signed a treaty acknowledging British possession of these cities. 30 March 1849 : Duleep Singh held his last court at Lahore, at which he signed away all claims to the rule of the Punjab. Lord Dalhousie proclaimed annexation of the Punjab on 29 March 1849. His foreign secretary, Henry Meirs Elliot, arrived at Lahore to obtain the signatures of the members of the Council of Regency and of the minor king, Maharaja Duleep Singh. A darbar was held in the Lahore Fort and, with the British troops lined up on his right and his helpless Sardars on his left, the young Duleep Singh affixed his signatures to the document which deprived him of his crown and kingdom. The Sikh Wars gave the two sides a mutual respect for each other's fighting prowess (although the war itself had been unchivalrously fought; the Sikhs took no prisoners at the Battle of Chillianwala, and the British had taken no prisoners at Gujrat). There was an increased recruitment of people from various communities of the Punjab in the Punjab Irregular Force under British command. These recruits fought for the East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, against the mutineers and other opponents (mostly high-caste Hindus from Eastern provinces, and forces or loyalists of Shia, Maratha and Mughal rulers).
559	1848		Ed	India’s first school for girls was set up at Bhide Wada, Pune, on January 1, 1848. It was the courageous initiative of Savitribai Phule and her associate, Fatima Begum, who set up the first school for girls in India. The aim was to free girls from social slavery and ignorance. They faced immense opposition and even abuse, but continued steadfast amidst adversity, and continued to run the school. Savitribai Phule was the wife of the radical social reformer Mahatma Jyotiba Phule. The school was named ‘Bhide School’, after the owner of the property, Tatyarao Bhide. He gave some rooms to Mahatma Phule at his Bhide wada, to start the first school for girls.
560	1848	1934	F	Madhusudan Das (28 April 1848 – 4 February 1934) was an Indian lawyer and social reformer, who founded Utkal Sammilani in 1903 to campaign for the unification of Odisha along with its social and industrial development. He was one of the main persons, helping in the creation of Orissa Province (present-day Odisha, India), which was established on 1 April 1936. He was also the first graduate and advocate of Orissa. He is also known as Kulabruddha (Grand Old Man), Madhu Babu, and Utkala Gouraba (Pride of Utkal). In Odisha, his birthday is celebrated as the Lawyers' Day on 28 April.
561	1848	1925	F	Surendranath Banerjee (10 November 1848 – 6 August 1925) Was one of the earliest Indian political leaders during the British Rule. He founded a nationalist organization called the Indian National Association, through which he led two sessions of the Indian National Conference in 1883 and 1885, along with Anandamohan Bose. Banerjee later became a senior member of the Indian National Congress. Surendranath repudiated Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, unlike Congress, and with many liberal leaders he left Congress and founded a new organisation named Indian National Liberation Federation in 1919. He was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress.
562	1849		D	Kohinoor (Koh-i-Noor): The Koh-i-Noor (/ˌkoʊɪˈnʊər/; lit. "Mountain of light"), also spelt Kohinoor and Koh-i-Nur, is one of the largest cut diamonds in the world, weighing 105.6 carats (21.12 g). It is part of the British Crown Jewels. Possibly mined in Kollur Mine, India, during the period of the Kakatiya dynasty, there is no record of its original weight – but the earliest well-attested weight is 186 old carats (191 metric carats or 38.2 g). It was later acquired by Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji. The diamond was also part of the Mughal Peacock Throne. It changed hands between various factions in south and west Asia, until being ceded to Queen Victoria after the British annexation of the Punjab in 1849, during the reign of eleven-year-old emperor Maharaja Duleep Singh under the shadow influence of the British ally Gulab Singh the 1st Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, who had previously been in possession of the stone. Dalhousie commissioned Theo Metcalfe, a junior assistant magistrate in Delhi with a taste for gambling and parties, to undertake some research on the gem. Koh-i-Noor#Acquisition by Queen Victoria: On 29 March 1849, following the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Kingdom of Punjab was formally annexed to Company rule, and the Last Treaty of Lahore was signed, officially ceding the Koh-i-Noor to Queen Victoria and the Maharaja's other assets to the company. Article III of the treaty read: “ The gem called the Koh-i-Noor, which was taken from Shah Sooja-ool-moolk by Maharajah Ranjeet Singh, shall be surrendered by the Maharajah of Lahore to the Queen of England [sic]. ” The lead signatory of the treaty for the eleven-year-old Maharaja Duleep Singh was his commander-in-chief Tej Singh, a loyalist of Maharaja Gulab Singh who had previously been in possession of the Koh-i-noor and gained Kashmir from the Sikh empire, via treaty with Britain, following the First Anglo-Sikh War. The Governor-General in charge of the ratification of this treaty was the Marquess of Dalhousie. The manner of his aiding in the transfer of the diamond was criticized even by some of his contemporaries in Britain. Although some thought it should have been presented as a gift to Queen Victoria by the East India Company, it is clear that Dalhousie believed the stone was a spoil of war, and treated it accordingly, ensuring that it was officially surrendered to her by Duleep Singh, the youngest son of Ranjit Singh. The presentation of the Koh-i-Noor by the East India Company to the queen was the latest in a long history of transfers of the diamond as a coveted spoil of war. Duleep Singh had been placed in the guardianship of Dr John Login, a surgeon in the British Army serving in the Presidency of Bengal. Duleep Singh would move to England in 1854. The diamond was shipped to Britain on a ship where cholera broke out and supposedly the keeper of the diamond lost it for some days and it was returned to him by his servant. The diamond was handed to Queen Victoria in July 1850. The governments of India, Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan have all claimed rightful ownership of the Koh-i-Noor and demanded its return ever since India gained independence from the UK in 1947. The British government insists the gem was obtained legally under the terms of the Last Treaty of Lahore and has rejected the claims.
563	1849		D	Kohinoor (Koh-i-Noor): This diamond—known as ‘Babur’s Diamond’ before 1739—was acquired from the Kakatiya dynasty by Allauddin Khilji. When Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur, it was apparently handed over to Humayun by the mother of Ibrahim Lodi to guarantee the family’s safety. However, other sources say that it was gifted to Humayun by the Gwalior Royal Family. Thereafter, it was presented by Humayun to the Persian Shah Tamasp (to garner his support to regain Hindustan), who then gave it to the Deccan Kingdom as a gift. It came back to the Mughals during Shah Jahan’s reign, via a Persian diamond dealer Mir Jumla, and remained with the Mughal emperors until 1739. It is rumoured that Nadir Shah was tipped off that the emperor Muhammad Shah was hiding the diamond in his turban. Nadir Shah then invited the emperor to a customary turban-exchange ceremony to foster eternal supportive ties between the two empires. He could not believe his eyes when he found the diamond concealed within the layers of the turban, and exclaimed, ‘Koh-i-Noor!’ (‘Mountain of Light!’). Since then, it has been known by that name. After Nader Shah was assassinated, the diamond fell into the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali of Kabul. After Abdali, it was ceded by the Afghans to Sikh King Ranjit Singh of Punjab. On his death-bed in 1839, Ranjit Singh willed the Koh-i-Noor to the Jagannath Temple at Puri. The British East India Company acquired it from his son (Duleep Singh) in 1843. It is said that the diamond was kept by John Lawrence, who had absent-mindedly put the box in his coat pocket. When Governor General Dalhousie asked for it to be sent from Lahore to Mumbai, Lawrence asked his servant to find it; while rummaging through his wardrobe, the servant replied, “there is nothing here, Sahib, but a bit of glass!” The Koh-i-Noor was transported to England aboard HMS Madea, with Dalhousie carrying it personally. It was cut and put in a crown by the crown jewellers Garrard & Co.; Queen Mary wore this crown to the Delhi Coronation Durbar in 1911.
564	1849		Tr	The Great Indian Peninsula Railway (reporting mark GIPR) was a predecessor of the Central Railway (and by extension, the current state-owned Indian Railways), whose headquarters was at the Boree Bunder in Mumbai (later, the Victoria Terminus and presently the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus). The Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company was incorporated on 1 August 1849 by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company Act 1849 (12 & 13 Vict. c.83) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It had a share capital of 50,000 pounds. On 21 August 1847 it entered into a formal contract with the East India Company for the construction and operation of a railway line, 56 km long, to form part of a trunk line connecting Bombay with Khandesh and Berar and generally with the other presidencies of India. The Court of Directors of the East India Company appointed James John Berkeley as Chief Resident Engineer and Charles Buchanan Ker and Robert Wilfred Graham as his assistants. It was India's first passenger railway, the original 21 miles (33.8 km) section opening in 1853, between Bombay (Mumbai) and Tanna (Thane). On 1 July 1925 its management was taken over by the Government. On 5 November 1951 it was incorporated into the Central Railway.
565	1850		Ad	First English translation of the Rig Veda by Horace Hayman Wilson, first holder of Oxford's Boden Chair, founded "to promote the translation of the Scriptures into English, so as to enable his countrymen to proceed in the conversion of the natives of India to the Christian religion."
566	1850		Ec	Three phases of British exploitation of India: The 3rd phase- Finance-Imperialism from the latter half of the nineteenth century onwards- This phase saw export of capital from India and also chains of British-controlled banks, export-import firms and managing agency houses. The manner in which Railways were developed is a fine example of finance imperialism. Also see Sn: 202, 315 and 1558
567	1850	1861	T	List of dams and reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh (pre-independence): 1850 Dowleswaram Barrage, Godavari River, Irrigation & Water Supply 1855 Prakasam Barrage, Krishna River, Irrigation & Water Supply 1861 Sunkesula Barrage, Tungabhadra River, Irrigation & Water Supply
568	1851		A	Sir M. Monier-Williams (1819-99) publishes English-Sanskrit Dictionary. His completed Sanskrit-English Dictionary is released in 1899 after three decades of work.
569	1851		T	British India's first telegraph line and office was opened in October 1851, between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour along the busy shipping route on the Hooghly. By March 1854, there were 800 miles of telegraph lines between Calcutta and Agra and this was further connected to Bombay and Madras.
570	1851		T	Telegraph was first installed in 1851 and a trans-India telegraph was completed three years later in 1854. The first official telegraph line that connected then Calcutta and Diamond Harbour opened in October 1851. In 1856 the British completed a 4000-mile Indian telegraph system. It connected Calcutta, Agra, Bombay, Peshawar, and Madras. The telegraph was the brainchild of a visionary inventor named William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, and it secured England's grip on India. O'Shaughnessy an Irish physician famous for his wide-ranging scientific work in pharmacology, chemistry, and inventions related to telegraphy and its use in India, had gone to India in 1833 as a 24-year-old assistant surgeon with the East India Company. There he began experimenting with electricity. He invented an electric motor and a silver chloride battery. Then, in 1839, he set up a 13½-mile-long demonstration telegraph system near Calcutta. That was only two years after Samuel Morse (Samuel Finley Breese Morse, April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) built his famous demonstration system in the United States. But O'Shaughnessy was unaware of Morse's work. His telegraph used a different code and, at first, he transmitted the message by imposing a series of tiny electric shocks on the operator's finger. He also came up with another unique invention. He used a 2½-mile stretch of the Hooghly River, in place of wire, to complete the circuit. O'Shaughnessy is known for: Medical cannabis; Intravenous therapy; Telegraphy; Forensic chemistry. O'Shaughnessy died on 8 January 1889 at the age of 80 in Southsea, Portsmouth, United Kingdom Samuel Morse died in New York City at the age of 80 on April 2, 1872.
571	1851		T	Telegraph: O'Shaughnessy published a pamphlet about the system, but he failed to ignite any interest in telegraphy. Finally, in 1847, Lord Dalhousie took over as Governor-General of India. Dalhousie showed real vision in developing public works. He initiated roads, canals, steamship service to England, the Indian railway, and a postal system. Of course it was Dalhousie who saw the potential of O'Shaunessy's telegraph. He authorized O'Shaughnessy to build a 27-mile line near Calcutta. That was running so successfully by 1851 that Dalhousie authorized him to build a full trans-India telegraph. O'Shaughnessy finished it three years later. It was an amazing triumph over technical and bureaucratic problems. By then O'Shaughnessy knew about the new English and American telegraph systems, but that was more hindrance than help. It simply meant he had to invent his own equipment to avoid patent disputes. He also had to work with local materials, environments, and methods of construction. He had to invent his own signal transmitter and create his own means for stringing lines. While the system was still under construction, it helped the British in the Crimean War. Three years later, the full system so networked British rule that it was decisive in putting down the Sepoy Uprising. One captured rebel, being led to the gallows, pointed to a telegraph line and bravely cried, "There is the accursed string that strangles us." O'Shaughnessy showed what one person can do by trusting the creative ability that's there to claim. He stands as a reminder that one person can make a difference.
572	1851		Tr	In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built by Proby Cautley in Roorkee to transport construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River.
573	1852		T	First adhesive stamps in Asia: The first adhesive postage stamps in Asia were issued in the Indian district of Scinde in July 1852 by Henry Bartle Frere, chief commissioner of the region. Frere was an admirer of Rowland Hill, the English postal reformer who had introduced the Penny Post. The Scinde stamps became known as "Scinde Dawk"; "Dawk" is the Anglicised spelling of the Hindustani word Dak or ("post"). These stamps, with a value of ​1⁄2-anna, were in use until June 1866. The first all-India stamps were issued on 1 October 1854.
574	1852		W	The Church of St. John the Evangelist located in Navy Nagar, Mumbai, India, more commonly known as the Afghan Church, was dedicated in 1852 as a memorial to the dead of the First Anglo-Afghan War.
575	1853		N	Gujarat Mitra, Gujarati, Daily Guajratmitra is a leading daily newspaper of Surat and Gujarat in India. It is published from Surat, in Gujarati. It is one of the oldest newspapers of India.
576	1853		T	First railway established between Mombay and Thane.
577	1853		Tr	India's first passenger train, operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and hauled by three steam locomotives (Sahib, Sindh and Sultan), ran for 34 kilometres (21 mi) with 400 people in 14 carriages on 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge track between Bori Bunder (Bombay) and Thane on 16 April 1853.
578	1853	Bombay	Tr	16 April 1853 First railway line in India between Mumbai and Thane.
579	1853		W	Max Muller (1823-1900), German Christian philologist and Orientalist, advocates the term Aryan to name a hypothetical primitive people of Central Asia, the common ancestors of Hindus, Persians and Greeks. Muller speculates that this "Aryan race" divided and marched west to Europe and east to India and China around 1500 bce. Their language, Muller contends, developed into Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, German, etc., and all ancient civilizations descended from this Aryan race.
580	1854	1936	C	Sir Rajen Mookerjee KCIE KCVO (or Sir Rajendra Nath Mookerjee) (23 June 1854–15 May 1936) was a pioneering Bengali Indian industrialist.
581	1854		Ed	College of Engineering, Pune (COEP), is a college affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Established in 1854, it is the 3rd oldest engineering college in India, after College of Engineering, Guindy, Chennai (1794) and IIT Roorkee (1847).
582	1854	Bombay	Ed	Wood's despatch: Sir Charles Wood, the President of the Board of Control, played an important role in spreading English learning and female education in India. When in 1854 he sent a dispatch to Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor-General of India, Wood suggested that primary schools must adopt vernacular languages, high schools must adopt Anglo-vernacular language and at college-level English should be the medium of education. This is known as Wood's despatch. Vocational and women's education were also stressed upon. One of the most favourable steps taken was to create an English class among Indian people to be used as workforce in the company's administration. In accordance with "Wood's despatch", in 1854, The University of Mumbai was established in 1857 after presentation of a petition from the Bombay Association to the British colonial government in India. The University of Mumbai was modeled on similar universities in the United Kingdom, specifically the University of London. Wood's despatch recommended there in that: English education will enhance the moral character of Indians and thus supply EIC with civil servants who can be trusted. An education department was to be set up in every province. Universities on the model of the London university be established in big cities such as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. At least one government school be opened in every district. Affiliated private schools should be given grant in aid. The Indian natives should be given training in their mother tongue also. Provision was made for a systematic method of education from primary level to the university level. The government should support education for women. The medium of instruction at the primary level was to be vernacular while at the higher levels it would be English. Promotion and stress on teachers’ training at all levels.
583	1854	1927	F	Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah (7 July 1854 – 20 September 1927) A co-founder of Ghadar Party (Ghadar Movement) that operated from San Francisco, Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah was one of those revolutionaries who fought for the freedom of India from overseas. He was associated with a leading daily in England, through which he published fiery articles, propagating the idea of independent India. Known with his honorific as Maulana Barkatullah, he was an Indian revolutionary with sympathy for the Pan-Islamic movement. Barkatullah was born on 7 July 1854 at Itwra Mohalla Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh, India. He fought from outside India, with fiery speeches and revolutionary writings in leading newspapers, for the independence of India. He did not live to see India independent. He died at San Francisco in 1927 and buried at Sacramento City Cemetery California. In 1988, Bhopal University was renamed Barkatullah University in his honour. He was also Prime Minister of first Provisional Government of India established at Afghanistan in 1915.
584	1854		T	A Central Public Works Department was created in India in 1854, with responsibility for the construction of roads, canals and other civil engineering projects. It experienced difficulties in recruiting suitably qualified staff from the United Kingdom, and in 1868 a scheme was proposed for a dedicated training college in England. The chief advocate of this scheme, and effective founder of the college, was Sir George Tomkyns Chesney. The India Office bought the Cooper's Hill estate for £55,000 in 1870; and the college was formally opened on 5 August 1872, with Chesney as its first President. CPWD consists of three wings in execution field: B&R (Buildings and Roads) E&M (Electrical and Mechanical) Horticulture
585	1854		T	Central Public Works Department: Centralized public works in India can be traced to efforts of Lord Dalhousie and Sir Arthur Cotton in the mid 19th century. Sir Arthur Cotton sums up the early policy of the East India Company rulers thus, Public works have been almost entirely neglected throughout India. The motto hitherto has been: Do nothing, have nothing done, let nobody do anything. Bear any loss, let the people die of famine, let hundreds of lakhs be lost in revenue for want of water or roads, rather than do anything. – Arthur Cotton (1854) Lord Dalhousie established the Central Public Works Department, and irrigation projects were among the earliest to be started. Public Works Department was formally established in the year 1854 in the sixth year of Lord Dalhousie's tenure as Governor General. In the minutes of meeting held on 12 July 1854 the Governor General resolved that a central agency be provided by creating an office of Secretary to the Government of India in Department of Public Works. Colonel W.E. Baker of the Bengal Engineers was accordingly appointed first Secretary to the Department of Public Works, this is the genesis of the Central Public Works Department.
586	1854	1 Apr	T	The Department of Posts (DoP), trading as India Post, is a government-operated postal system in India, which is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Communications. Generally called "the Post Office" in India, it is the most widely distributed postal system in the world. Warren Hastings had taken initiative under East India Company to start the Postal Service in the country in 1788. It was initially established under the name "Company Mail". It was later modified into a service under the "Crown" in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie. Dalhousie introduced uniform postage rates (universal service) and helped to pass the India Post Office Act 1854 which significantly improved upon 1837 Post Office act which had introduced regular post offices in India. It created the position Director General of Post for the whole country.
587	1854	Bombay	T	In Bombay, First cotton mill started.
588	1854		Tr	The Thane viaducts, India's first railway bridges, were built over the Thane creek when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to Callian (present day Kalyan) in May 1854. The construction of this portion was difficult as it involved two-line viaducts over the estuary and two tunnels. Thane railway bridge or Thane railway viaduct is the oldest rail bridge constructed on this creek. The bridge lies between Thane and Parsik tunnel, Kalwa. It has two sections, a smaller section built of stones and concrete and a longer section built of stone and concrete but with a steel girder in middle. A parallel railway bridge lies on the harbour line of Mumbai suburban railway. On 12 May 1856 the line was extended to Campoolie (present day Khopoli) via Padusdhurree (present day Palasdari) and on 14 June 1858 Khandala-Poona (present day Pune) section was opened to traffic. The Padusdhurree-Khandala section involved the difficult crossing of the Bhore Ghat (present day Bhor Ghat) and it took another five years for completion. During this period, the 21 km gap was covered by palanquin, pony or cart through the village of Campoolie (Khopoli). The Kassarah (present day Kasara) line was opened on 1 January 1861 and the steep Thull ghat (present day Thal Ghat) section up to Egutpoora (present day Igatpuri) was opened on 1 January 1865 and thus completed the crossing of the Sahyadri (Western Ghats).
589	1854		Tr	Eastern India's first passenger train ran 39 km (24 mi) from Howrah, near Calcutta, to Hoogly on 15 August 1854.
590	1854		Tr	Former Railway Companies. There were close to 214 railway companies in India during the British Raj.
591	1855	1856	F	Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu were the leaders of the Santhal rebellion (1855–1856), the rebellion (sometimes referred to as the Sonthal rebellion) in present-day Jharkhand and Bengal (Purulia and Bankura) in eastern India against both the British colonial authority and the corrupt zamindari system. In 1855, Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu led a group of 10,000 Santal people in a revolt. The movement, which came to be known as the Santhal rebellion, took the British by surprise. The movement was so successful that the British government had no choice but to announce a bounty of Rs. 10,000 to those who were willing to capture Sidhu and his brother Kanhu. It started on June 30, 1855 and on November 10, 1855 martial law was proclaimed which lasted until January 3, 1856 when martial law was suspended and the movement was brutally ended by troops loyal to the British. The rebellion was led by the four Murmu Brothers – Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand and Bairab. On 30 June 1855, the Santal rebel leaders, Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu (related as brother) along with Chand and Bairab, mobilized about 10,000 Santals and declared a rebellion against British colonists. The Santals initially gained some success but soon the British found out a new way to tackle these rebels. Instead, they forced them to come out of the forest. In a conclusive battle which followed, the British, equipped with modern firearms and war elephants, stationed themselves at the foot of the hill. When the battle began, the British officer ordered his troops to fire without loading bullets. The Santals, who did not suspect this trap set by the British war strategy, charged with full potential. This step proved to be disastrous for them. As soon as they neared the foot of the hill, the British army attacked with full power and this time they were using bullets. Although the revolution was suppressed, it marked a great change in the colonial rule and policy. The day is still celebrated among the Santal community.
592	1855	31 May	R	Rani Rashmoni builds the Dakshineswar Kali Temple.
593	1856		A	Catholic missionary Bishop Caldwell coins the term Dravidian to refer to South Indian Caucasian peoples.
594	1856		Ad	Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856: The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856, also Act XV, 1856, enacted on 26 July 1856, legalised the remarriage of Hindu widows in all jurisdictions of India under East India Company rule. It was drafted by Lord Dalhousie and passed by Lord Canning before the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It was the first major social reform legislation after the abolition of sati by Lord William Bentinck. To protect what it considered family honour and family property, upper-caste Hindu society had long disallowed the remarriage of widows, even child and adolescent ones, all of whom were expected to live a life of austerity and abnegation. The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856, provided legal safeguards against loss of certain forms of inheritance for remarrying a Hindu widow, though, under the Act, the widow forsook any inheritance due her from her deceased husband. Especially targeted in the act were Hindu child widows whose husbands had died before consummation of marriage. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was the most prominent campaigner. He petitioned the Legislative council, but there was a counter petition against the proposal with nearly four times more signatures by Radhakanta Deb and the Dharma Sabha. But Lord Dalhousie personally finalised the bill despite the opposition and it being considered a flagrant breach of Hindu customs as prevalent then.
595	1856	1926	F	Swami Shraddhanand (22 February 1856 – 23 December 1926), also known as Mahatma Munshi Ram Vij, was an Indian Independence activist and an Arya Samaj Sannyasa who propagated the teachings of Dayananda Saraswati. This included the establishment of educational institutions, like the Gurukul Kangri University, and played a key role on the Sangathan (consolidation and organization) and the Shuddhi (purification), a Hindu reform movements in the 1920s. Gurukul Kangri University (Deemed to be University) was founded on 4 March 1902 by the Arya Samaj sannyasi Swami Shraddhanand, who was a follower of Dayananda Saraswati, with the sole aim to revive the ancient Indian Gurukula system of education. This institution was established with the objective of providing an indigenous alternative to Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay's education policy by imparting education in the areas of Vedic literature, Indian philosophy, Culture of India, modern sciences, and research.
596	1856	1920	F	Bal Gangadhar Tilak (23 July 1856 – 1 August 1920) Born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, he was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and an independence activist. He was one third of the Lal Bal Pal triumvirate. Tilak was the first leader of the Indian independence movement. The British colonial authorities called him "The father of the Indian unrest". He was also conferred with the title of "Lokmanya", which means "accepted by the people (as their leader)". Mahatma Gandhi called him "The Maker of Modern India". Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj ("self-rule") and a strong radical in Indian consciousness. He is known for his quote in Marathi: "Swarajya is my birthright and I shall have it!". He formed a close alliance with many Indian National Congress leaders including Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghose, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the most prominent freedom fighters of India who inspired thousands with the slogan – “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”. As a form of protest against the British, Tilak established schools and published rebellious newspapers.
597	1856	1928	F	Narayana Guru (20 August 1856 – 20 September 1928) was a philosopher, spiritual leader and social reformer in India. He was born into a family that belonged to the Ezhava caste. He led a reform movement against the injustice in the caste-ridden society of Kerala in order to promote spiritual enlightenment and social equality.
598	1856	1862	G	Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning, KG, GCB, KSI, PC (14 December 1812 – 17 June 1862), also known as The Viscount Canning and Clemency Canning was an British statesman and Governor-General of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the first Viceroy of India after the transfer of power from the East India Company to the Crown of Queen Victoria in 1858 after the rebellion was crushed. Canning is credited for .... Ensuring that the administration and most departments of the government functioned normally during the rebellion and took major administrative decisions even when peak of the Rebellion in 1857. Establishing of the first three modern Universities in India, the University of Calcutta, University of Madras and University of Bombay based on Wood's despatch. Passing the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 which was drafted by his predecessor Lord Dalhousie before the rebellion. Passing The General Service Enlistment Act Of 1856. It required every Indian soldier to go overseas for deployment if required. It was one of the main causes for the Uprising of 1857, as it was a taboo for Brahmins in those days to cross the seas, it was known as Samudrolanghana or Sagarollanghana. After the rebellion he presided over a smooth transfer and reorganisation of government from the East India company to the crown, Drafting the Indian Penal Code in 1860 based on the code drafted by Macaulay and which came into force in 1862. Meeting the rebellion '"with firmness, confidence, magnanimity and calm" as per his biographer. Being very firm during the rebellion but after that he focused on reconciliation and reconstruction rather than retribution and issued a clemency proclamation.
599	1856		Pr	The Oudh State, also Kingdom of Oudh, or Awadh State was a princely state in the Awadh region of North India until its annexation by the British in 1856. The name Oudh, now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of the state, also written historically as Oude. As the Mughal Empire declined and decentralized, local governors in Oudh began asserting greater autonomy, and eventually Oudh matured into an independent polity governing the fertile lands of the Central and Lower Doab. With the British East India Company entering Bengal and decisively defeating Oudh at the Battle of Buxar in 1764, Oudh fell into the British orbit. Oudh State#British annexation: On 7 February 1856 by order of Lord Dalhousie, General of the East India Company, the king of Oudh (Wajid Ali Shah) was deposed, and its kingdom was annexed to British India under the terms of the Doctrine of lapse on the grounds of alleged internal misrule. Between 5 July 1857 and 3 March 1858 there was an upheaval by the son of the deposed king joining the Indian Rebellion of 1857. At the time of the rebellion, the British lost control of the territory; they reestablished their rule over the next eighteen months, during which time there were massacres such as those that had occurred in the course of the Siege of Cawnpore. After Oudh's territory was merged with the North Western Provinces, it formed the larger province of North Western Provinces and Oudh. In 1902, the latter province was renamed the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, and in 1904 the region within the new United Provinces, corresponding to the former North Western Provinces and Oudh, was renamed the Agra Province.
600	1856		Tr	The first passenger train in South India ran 97 km (60 mi) from Royapuram-Vyasarpadi (Madras) to Wallajah Road (Arcot) on 1 July 1856.
601	1856		Tr	The Calcutta and Burmah Steam Navigation Company was formed in 1856 out of Mackinnon, Mackenzie & Co, a trading partnership of the Scots William Mackinnon and Robert Mackenzie, to carry mail between Calcutta and Rangoon. It became British India SN Co in 1862. Under the hand of Lord Inchcape, who had become chairman in 1913, the company became part of the P&O group of companies in 1914 through a complex amalgamation, but continued with its own identity and organisation for another nearly 60 years until 1972, when it was entirely absorbed into P&O. British India Steam Navigation Company#Fleet & Routes: As one of the largest shipowners of all time, the company owned more than 500 ships and managed 150 more for other owners. At its height in 1922, BI had more than 160 ships in the fleet, many built on Clydeside, Scotland. The main shipping routes of the line were: Britain to India, Australia, Kenya, Tanganyika. The company ran services from India to Pakistan, Ceylon, Bay of Bengal, Singapore, Malaya, Java, Thailand, Japan, Persian Gulf, East Africa and South Africa. BI had a long history of service to the British and Indian governments through trooping and other military contracts. In the last decade of its operational existence BI carried thousands of school children on educational cruises.
602	1856	1860	W	The Second Opium War, also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war pitting the British Empire and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted from 1856 to 1860. It was the second major war in the Opium Wars, fought over issues relating to the exportation of opium to China, and resulted in a second defeat for the Qing dynasty. The agreements of the Convention of Peking led to the ceding of Kowloon Peninsula as part of Hong Kong.
603	1856	1857	W	The Anglo–Persian War or Anglo-Iranian War lasted between November 1, 1856 and April 4, 1857 and was fought between the British Empire and Iran, which was ruled by the Qajar dynasty. The war had the British oppose an attempt by Iran to press its claim on the city of Herat. Though Herat had been part of Iran under the Qajar dynasty when the war broke out, it had declared itself independent under its own rebellious emir and placed itself under the protection of the British in India and in alliance with the Emirate of Kabul, the predecessor of the modern state of Afghanistan. The British campaign was successfully conducted under the leadership of Major General Sir James Outram in two theatres: on the southern coast of Iran near Bushehr and in southern Mesopotamia. The war resulted in the Persians withdrawing from Herat and signing a new treaty to surrender its claims on the city and in the British withdrawing from southern Iran.
604	1857		BC	Siege of Cawnpore (5–25 June 1857) The Siege of Cawnpore was a key episode in the Indian rebellion of 1857. The besieged Company forces and civilians in Cawnpore (now Kanpur) were unprepared for an extended siege and surrendered to rebel forces under Nana Sahib, in return for a safe passage to Allahabad. However, their evacuation from Cawnpore turned into a massacre, and most of the men were killed. As an East India Company rescue force from Allahabad approached Cawnpore, 120 British women and children captured by the Sepoy forces were killed in what came to be known as the Bibighar Massacre, their remains being thrown down a nearby well in an attempt to hide the evidence. Following the recapture of Cawnpore and the discovery of the massacre, the angry Company forces engaged in widespread retaliation against captured rebel soldiers and local civilians. The murders greatly embittered the British rank-and-file against the Sepoy rebels and inspired the war cry "Remember Cawnpore!".
605	1857	1859	BE	Deep resentment toward British policies leads to a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion by the sepoys (native Indian soldiers employed by the East India Company) against British rule in India. Although the rebellion is stopped, it reveals the limits of the company’s power. After the Indian Mutiny the British government takes direct rule of India, beginning the period of the British raj. As a result, the company is dissolved, and India becomes an official British colony.
606	1857	1858	BC	List of battles of Rajasthan#Post-Mughal rule: Battle of Auwa (8 September 1857) – Kushal singh Rathore, a noble of Jodhpur joined the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British Empire, around 5,000 Rajputs of Pali joined him. The British asked raja Takht Singh to deal with him, however most of the Rathore nobles refused to fight with a fellow clansmen for foreigners. Kushal Singh thus defeated a force of local levies raised by Raja Takht Singh of Jodhpur. Siege of Auwa (1857–1858) – Kushal Singh killed captain Mason and hung his head on his fort gate for insulting him, he then defeated a British army of 2,000 men under brigadier Lawrence. Another army of 30,000 men under colonel Holmes forced Kushal Singh to retreat to his fort in Auwa. Holmes besieged the Auwa fort and breached it after 6 months of siege. Kushal Singh was able to escape to Udaipur. Auwa was then confiscated by the British until the death of Kushal Singh in 1864.
607	1857	1914	C	Bipradas Pal Chowdhury (1857 – 25 October 1914) was a Bengali industrialist and distinguished landlord. His father was prominent Zamindar Madhusudan Pal Chowdhury. He completed F.A from the Presidency College Calcutta in 1873 and went to England for studying Civil Engineering. Returning from England, Pal Chowdhury made factories of Brass and a tannery. He was interested to produce Swadeshi articles and took part in independent capitalist development in Bengal. After that he entered in Tea business and form Gayabari Tea estate near Darjeeling competing with British businessman. He was a man of modern, enlightened concept. Pal Chowdhury also donated lots of land for expansion of railway line in Nadia.
608	1857		Ed	University of Madras is considered to be the first college of the country, to provide individual courses in mechanical engineering. The University of Madras or Madras University is a public state university in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Established in 1857, it is one of the oldest universities in India, incorporated by an Act of Legislative Council of India under the British government. University of Madras is the alma mater of two Indian Physics Nobel Laureates, C. V. Raman and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, five Presidents of India, including A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, and several notable mathematicians including Srinivasa Ramanujan.
609	1857	1930	F	Shyamji Krishna Varma (4 October 1857 – 30 March 1930) Shyamji Krishna Varma was an Indian revolutionary fighter, an Indian patriot, lawyer and journalist who founded the Indian Home Rule Society, India House and The Indian Sociologist in London. A graduate of Balliol College, Krishna Varma was a noted scholar in Sanskrit and other Indian languages. He pursued a brief legal career in India and served as the Divan of a number of Indian princely states in India. He had, however, differences with Crown authority, was dismissed following a supposed conspiracy of British colonial officials at Junagadh and chose to return to England. An admirer of Dayanand Saraswati's approach of cultural nationalism, and of Herbert Spencer, Krishna Varma believed in Spencer's dictum: "Resistance to aggression is not simply justified, but imperative". In 1905 he founded the India House and The Indian Sociologist, which rapidly developed as an organised meeting point for radical nationalists among Indian students in Britain at the time and one of the most prominent centres for revolutionary Indian nationalism outside India. Krishna Varma moved to Paris in 1907, avoiding prosecution.
610	1857		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Threats to Hindu–Muslim unity) In the Indian Rebellion of 1857, many Hindus and Muslims in India joined together as Indians to fight against the British East India Company. The British government became concerned about this rise in Indian nationalism therefore; according to some writers, they tried to stir up communalistic feelings among Hindus and Muslims so that they might not again unite to try and overthrow crown rule. For example, Theodore Beck, the principal of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, had told Syed Ahmad Khan that Muslims should have no sympathy with the objectives of the Indian National Congress and "that Anglo-Muslims unity was possible, but Hindu–Muslims unity was impossible". The author of Composite Nationalism and Islam, Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, a Deobandi Muslim scholar and proponent of a united India, argued that the British government were attempting to "scare Muslims into imagining that in a free India Muslims would lose their separate identity, and be absorbed into the Hindu fold", a threat that "aim[ed] at depoliticizing the Muslims, weaning them away from struggle for independence". In the eyes of Madani, support for a two-nation theory resulted in the entrenchment of British imperialism.
611	1857		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Threats to Hindu–Muslim unity) In the same vein, Kashmiri Indian politician and Supreme Court judge Markandey Katju wrote in The Nation: Up to 1857, there were no communal problems in India; all communal riots and animosity began after 1857. No doubt even before 1857, there were differences between Hindus and Muslims, the Hindus going to temples and the Muslims going to mosques, but there was no animosity. In fact, the Hindus and Muslims used to help each other; Hindus used to participate in Eid celebrations, and Muslims in Holi and Diwali. The Muslim rulers like the Mughals, Nawab of Awadh and Murshidabad, Tipu Sultan, etc were totally secular; they organised Ramlilas, participated in Holi, Diwali, etc. Ghalib’s affectionate letters to his Hindu friends like Munshi Shiv Naraln Aram, Har Gopal Tofta, etc attest to the affection between Hindus and Muslims at that time. In 1857, the ‘Great Mutiny’ broke out in which the Hindus and Muslims jointly fought against the British. This shocked the British government so much that after suppressing the Mutiny, they decided to start the policy of divide and rule (see online “History in the Service of Imperialism” by B.N. Pande). All communal riots began after 1857, artificially engineered by the British authorities. The British collector would secretly call the Hindu Pandit, pay him money, and tell him to speak against Muslims, and similarly he would secretly call the Maulvi, pay him money, and tell him to speak against Hindus. This communal poison was injected into our body politic year after year and decade after decade.. On the other hand, Ajay Verghese says that the conflicts between the Hindu-Muslim population existed long before arrival of the British to the Indian subcontinent; he says that in places where British had less influence (like the princely states), the number of communal riots was more frequent as compared to places which were directly under British rule (like British Indian provinces).
612	1857	10 May	P	Indian Rebellion of 1857: (10 May 1857 – 20 June 1858) The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Delhi (that area is now Old Delhi). It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region, and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858. On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859. Its name is contested, and it is variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and the First War of Independence. The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, as well as scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule. The final spark was provided by the ammunition for the new Enfield P-53 rifle. To load the rifle, sepoys had to bite the cartridge open to release the powder, but the grease used on these cartridges was rumored to include tallow derived from beef, offensive to Hindus, and pork, offensive to Muslims. While the Company was quick to reverse the effects of the policy to quell the unrest, this convinced many sepoys that the rumors were true and their fears were justified. Civilians developed their own grievances against the Company. The nobility felt it interfered with a traditional system of inheritance through the Doctrine of Lapse. Rural landlords lost half their landed estates to peasant farmers as a result of the land reforms in the wake of annexation of Oudh. Some historians have suggested that heavy land-revenue assessment in some areas resulted in many landowning families losing their land or going into great debt. Many Indians rose against the British; however, many also fought for the British, and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule. Violence, which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty, was inflicted on both sides, on British officers, and civilians, including women and children, by the rebels, and on the rebels, and their supporters, including sometimes entire villages, by British reprisals; the cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation.
613	1857		P	Indian Rebellion of 1857: Timeline of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 A timeline of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 which began as a mutiny of sepoys of British East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the town of Meerut, and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India. Events of 1857 Date Event 26 February Sepoys of the 19th Native Infantry at Berhampur (West Bengal) refuse rifle practice 29 March At Barrackpore, in Bengal, Mangal Pandey wounds two British mutiny of 34th Native Infantry 31 March 19th Native Infantry disbanded. 8 April Pandey hanged at Barrackpore 24 April Troopers of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry at Meerut refuse orders to fire greased cartridges 2 May Unrest at Ambala, 48th Mutiny at Lucknow 6 May Part of the 34th Native Infantry disbanded at Barrackpore 8 May Troops of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry found guilty by court-martial and given severe sentences 10 May Mutiny and Murders at Meerut, troops head towards Delhi 11 May Europeans, and Christians slaughtered in Delhi 13 May Bahadur Shah II proclaimed new Mughal emperor. British disarm the garrison at Lahore 17 May Delhi Field Force, under George Anson, advances from Ambala 22 May Peshawar garrison disarmed 20–23 May Part of 9th Native Infantry mutiny at Agra 27 May Anson dies of cholera;replaced by Major-General Sir Henry Barnard 30 May Mutinies at Muttra and Lucknow 31 May Rohilkhand and Bhurtpore Army mutinies 4 June Jhansi state captured by rebels and handed over to Rani of Jhansi 5 June Cawnpore 2nd Cavalry Mutinies 6 June Cawnpore Siege begins, Mutiny at Allahabad 7 June Wilson and Barnard meet at Alipur 8 June Battle of Badli-ki-Serai; Massacre at Jhansi 11 June Lucknow Police rebel; Neill arrives at Allahabad 25 June Nana Sahib offers terms at Cawnpore 27 June Satichaura Ghat Massacre at Cawnpore 30 June British defeat at Chinhat; Lucknow Residency besieged 1 July Mutiny at Indore 2 July Arrival of Bakht Khan at Delhi 4 July Sir Henry Lawrence dies at Lucknow 5 July General Barnard dies of cholera;Major-General Thomas Reed succeeds as commander of the Delhi Field Force 7 July Allan attacks Delhi leading to the Slaughter of Delhi 12 July Brigadier-General Sir Henry Havelock defeats rebels at Fatehpur, en route to Cawnpore 15 July Allan goes to Barrackpore and assembles a large standing army of nearly 6000 men and prepares for battle 15 July Havelock defeats rebels at Aong and Pandu Nadi, near Cawnpore. 16 July Nana Sahib defeated in first battle for Cawnpore 17 July Sir Archdale Wilson replaces the ailing Reed as commander of the Delhi Field Force 27 July Ammunition is blocked from reaching citizens instead it is re routed to Barrackpore 29 July Havelock's victory at Unao 30 July First relief of Arrah fails 31 July Lord Canning issues his controversial 'Clemency' resolution, by which he advises against the execution of mutineers not convicted of murder 3 August Siege of Arrah ends after action by Major Vincent Eyre 5 August Havelock's victory at Bashiratganj 13 August Havelock withdrawal to Cawnpore ;Colin Campbell, Anson's successor as Commander-in-Chief of India,arrives at Calcutta 14 August John Nicholson arrives at Delhi Ridge 16 August Havelock victory at Bithur 17 August Major William Hobson defeats a large body of rebel cavalry near Rohtak 4 September Siege train, proceeding from Punjab, arrives in the British camp outside Delhi 5 September Battle of Suppression starts thousands are slaughtered as Allan moves to Jharkhand 14 September Wilson's assault on Delhi begins, Nicholson wounded 19 September Havelock and Outram march to Lucknow 20 September Delhi captured and cleared of rebel troops 21 September William Hodson captures King of Delhi 22 September Hodson executes Mughal princes 23 September Nicholson dies of wounds 25 September First relief of Lucknow 10 October Agra mutineers defeated 9 November Kavanagh escapes from Lucknow 14–17 November Second relief of Lucknow by Campbell 19 November Women and children evacuated from Lucknow 22 November British withdraw from Lucknow 24 November Havelock dies of dysentery 26–28 November Windham defeated at second battle of Cawnpore 29 November Campbell reaches Cawnpore to join Windham 6 December Tantia Tope defeated at third battle of Cawnpore Sources: www.britishempire.co.uk and Saul David, The Indian Mutiny Events of 1858 Date Event 6 January Campbell reoccupies Fategarh 16 January Hugh Rose begins campaign in central India February Campbell opens separate campaign for reconquest of Oudh 3 February Rose relieves Saugor after a seven-month siege 2 March Campbell returns to Lucknow 21 March Last rebels removed from Lucknow 1 April Dividing his force,Rose defeats a numerically superior army under Tatya Tope on the river Betwa 3 April Jhansi captured and sacked 15 April Walpole defeated at Ruiya 23 April Rose enters Kalpi 5 May Campbell victory at Bareilly 7 May Rose defeats large force under Tantia Topi and the Rani of Jhansi at Kutch 22 May Rose wins at Kalpi;end of operations in Rohilkhand; start of guerrilla warfare 28 May Rao Sahib, Tantia Topi, the Rani of ]hansi and the Nawab of Banda enter Gwalior State with the remnants of their force and seize Gwalior on 1 June 5 June Death of the Maulvi 12 June James Hope Grant wins at Nawabganj in the final decisive battle in Oudh 17 June Battle of Kotah-ki-Serai, death of Rani of Jhansi 19 June Battle of Gwalior 2 August Queen Victoria approves bill transferring administration of India from the East India Company to the Crown 1 November Royal Proclamation replacing East India Company with British Government and offering unconditional pardon to all not involved in murder or the protection of murderers Source: www.britishempire.co.uk Events of 1859 Date Event 4 January Various Oudh leaders, including Nana Sahib, forced into the Nepal Terai by Hope Grant 7 January Operations in Oudh declared officially over. 29 March Bahadur Shah found guilty 7 April Tatya Tope betrayed to the British, 18 April Tatya Tope executed. 8 July Peace officially declared. Source: www.britishempire.co.uk
614	1857		P	Indian Rebellion of 1857: Result : Rebellion stopped; End of the Mughal Empire; End of East India Company, Control taken by the British Crown. Territorial changes : British Indian Empire created out of former-East India Company territory, some land returned to native rulers, other land confiscated by the Crown. In general, the rebels were disorganized, had differing goals, were poorly equipped, led, and trained, and had no outside support or funding. The rebellion and its aftermath resulted in the deaths of more than 100,000 Indians. The alleged killings of women and children by the rebels left many British soldiers seeking revenge. Most of the British press and British public, outraged by the stories of alleged rape and the killings of civilians and wounded British soldiers, did not advocate clemency of any kind. The rebellion also transformed both the native and European armies of British India.
615	1857		P	Government of India Act 1858 In the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government nationalized the EIC. The Crown took over its Indian possessions, its administrative powers and machinery, and its armed forces. The EIC was officially dissolved in 1858 and the rebellion also led the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. The country was thereafter directly governed by the Crown as the new British Raj. The Government of India Act 1858 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (21 & 22 Vict. c. 106) passed on 2 August 1858. Its provisions called for the liquidation of the British East India Company (who had up to this point been ruling British India under the auspices of Parliament) and the transference of its functions to the British Crown. Lord Palmerston, then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, introduced a bill for the transfer of control of the Government of India from the East India Company to the Crown, referring to the grave defects in the existing system of the government of India. However, before this bill was to be passed, Palmerston was forced to resign on another issue. Later Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby (who would later become the first Secretary of State for India), introduced another bill which was originally titled as "An Act for the Better Governance of India" and it was passed on 2 August 1858. This act provided that India was to be governed directly and in the name of the Crown. The Government of India Act 1858, passed on August 2, made changes in the governance of India at three levels: In the imperial government in London, In the central government in Calcutta, and In the provincial governments in the presidencies (and later in the provinces). In London, it provided for a cabinet-level Secretary of State for India and a fifteen-member Council of India. In Calcutta, the Governor-General remained head of the Government of India, commonly called the Viceroy. If the Government of India needed to enact new laws, it followed the decisions of a Legislative Council, half of which consisted of British officials with voting power and half comprised Indians and domiciled Britons in India who served only in an advisory capacity. All laws enacted by Legislative Councils in India required the final assent of the Secretary of State in London. This prompted Sir Charles Wood, the second Secretary of State, to describe the Government of India as “a despotism controlled from home.” Provisions of the Bill: The Company's territories in India were to be vested in the Queen, the Company ceasing to exercise its power and control over these territories. India was to be governed in the Queen's name. The Queen's Principal Secretary of State received the powers and duties of the Company's Court of Directors. A council of fifteen members was appointed to assist the Secretary of State for India. The council became an advisory body in Indian affairs. For all the communications between Britain and India, the Secretary of State became the real channel. The Secretary of State for India was empowered to send some secret despatches to India directly without consulting the Council. He was also authorised to constitute special committees of his Council. The Crown was empowered to appoint a Governor-General and the Governors of the Presidencies. An Indian Civil Service was to be created under the control of the Secretary of State. Hereto all the property and other assets of the East India Company were transferred to the Crown. The Crown also assumed the responsibilities of the Company as they related to treaties, contracts, and so forth. The Act ushered in a new period of Indian history, bringing about the end of Company rule in India. The era of the new British Raj would last until the Partition of India in August 1947, when the territory of the British Raj was granted dominion status as the Dominion of Pakistan and the Dominion of India.
616	1857		P	Even the Baburnama, the record of Babur's rule, could not throw much light on the issue as the 20-odd pages dealing with the episode were 'missing' from the original held in the British Museum. The clever British saw great potential in the Ayodhya dispute to continue with their 'divide and rule' policy and the pages of Baburnama going missing is par for the course for British intrigue. The British government changed its policies and it was decided to create a rift between the Hindu and the Muslim community, who revolted unitedly in 1857. It was under this policy, Ibrahim Lodi’s Inscription on Babari mosque was dismantled. Anton Führer, late director of Archeological Survey of India's translation of that inscription was also in the files of Archeological Survey of India. No one thought to delete it. What they forgot to remove though, were the pages of Baburnama that provide the evidence that Babar went to Awadh but not Ayodhya ...and after that, the rulers and HR Neville at their behest prepared the Faizabad gazette and maliciously noted that Babur stayed in Ayodhya for one week and destroyed the Ram Mandir.
617	1858		Ad	As per the Regulating Act of 1773, the post of Governor general came into existence. Earlier, the Governor General of Bengal was appointed by East India Company. After the adoption of Government of India Act 1858, Governor-General of India become Viceroy of India.
618	1858		Ad	Secretary of State for India: His (or Her) Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for India, known for short as the India Secretary or the Indian Secretary, was the British Cabinet minister and the political head of the India Office responsible for the governance of the British Indian Empire (usually known simply as 'the Raj' or British India), Aden, and Burma. The post was created in 1858 when the East India Company's rule in Bengal ended and India, except for the Princely States, was brought under the direct administration of the government in Whitehall in London, beginning the official colonial period under the British Empire. In 1937, the India Office was reorganised which separated Burma and Aden under a new Burma Office, but the same Secretary of State headed both departments and a new title was established as "His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for India and Burma". The India Office and its Secretary of State were abolished in August 1947, when the United Kingdom granted independence in the Indian Independence Act, which created two new independent dominions, India and Pakistan. Burma soon achieved independence separately in early 1948.
619	1858	1947	Ad	Indian Civil Service: The Indian Civil Service (ICS), for part of the 19th century officially known as the Imperial Civil Service, was the elite higher civil service of the British Empire in British India during British rule in the period between 1858 and 1947. Its members ruled over more than 200 million people in the British Raj. They were ultimately responsible for overseeing all government activity in the 250 districts that comprised British India. They were appointed under Section XXXII(32) of the Government of India Act 1858, enacted by the British Parliament. The ICS was headed by the Secretary of State for India, a member of the British cabinet. At first almost all the top thousand members of the ICS, known as "Civilians", were British, and had been educated in the "best" British schools. By 1905, five per cent were from Bengal. In 1947 there were 322 Indians and 688 British members; most of the latter left at the time of partition and independence. Until the 1930s the Indians in the service were very few and not a single Indian was allowed to occupy a high-ranked post. British historian Martin Wainwright notes that by the mid-1880s, "the basis of racial discrimination in the sub-continent had solidified". At the time of the creation of India and Pakistan in 1947, the outgoing Government of India's ICS was divided between India and Pakistan. Although these are now organised differently, the contemporary Civil Services of India, the Central Superior Services of Pakistan, Bangladesh Civil Service and Myanmar Civil Service are all descended from the old Indian Civil Service. Historians often rate the ICS, together with the railway system, the legal system, and the Indian Army, as among the most important legacies of British rule in India.
620	1858	1947	Ad	Civil Services of India: During the British raj, Warren Hastings laid the foundation of civil service and Charles Cornwallis reformed, modernised, and rationalised it. Hence, Charles Cornwallis is known as 'the Father of civil service in India'. Cornwallis introduced two divisions of the Indian Civil service—covenanted and uncovenanted. The covenanted civil service consisted of only Europeans (i.e., British personnel) occupying the higher posts in the government. The uncovenanted civil service was solely introduced to facilitate the entry of Indians at the lower rung of the administration. With the passing of the Government of India Act 1919, the Imperial Services headed by the Secretary of State for India were split into two—the All India Services and the Central Services. The All India and Central Services (Group A) were designated as Central Superior Services as early as 1924. From 1924 to 1934, the administration of India consisted of 10 All India Services and 5 central departments, all under the control of the Secretary of State for India, and 3 central departments under joint Provincial and Imperial Control.
621	1858	Bombay	B	The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China opens its Bombay branch. The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China was a bank incorporated in London in 1853 by Scotsman James Wilson, under a Royal charter from Queen Victoria.
622	1858		BC	The Central Indian campaign of 1858: The Central India Campaign was one of the last series of actions in the Indian rebellion of 1857. A small British and Indian Army (from the Bombay Presidency) overcame a disunited collection of states in a single rapid campaign, although determined rebels continued a guerrilla campaign until the spring of 1859. Gwalior : The rebels captured Gwalior, but there was no looting, other than from Scindia's treasury to pay the rebel troops. The rebels now wasted time celebrating and proclaiming the renewed rebellion. Rose had offered to remain in the field until his replacement arrived, and on 12 June, he recaptured Morar, in spite of the great heat and humidity. Rani Lakshmi Bai was killed in a cavalry action near Kotah-ke-Serai on 17 June, 1858. Over the next two days, most rebels abandoned Gwalior while the British recaptured the city, although there was some desperate resistance before the fort fell. Most of the rebel leaders now surrendered or went into hiding, but Tatya Tope remained in the field. Aided by monsoon rains which delayed his pursuers, Tatya continued to dodge around Central India. Other leaders joined him, among them Rao Sahib, Man Singh, and Firuz Shah (who had been fighting in Rohilkhand). Eventually in April 1859, Tatya Tope was betrayed by Man Singh, and hanged.
623	1858		BC	The Central Indian campaign of 1858: Indian historians criticise the conduct of the Indian princes, most of whom were self-interested or effete, and the lack of leadership among the sepoys. In the East India Company's Army, no Indian soldier could attain a rank greater than that equivalent to a subaltern or senior warrant officer. Most of the sepoys' officers were elderly men who had attained their rank through seniority while seeing little action and receiving no training as leaders. The rebellion therefore depended on charismatic leaders such as Tatya Tope and Rani Lakshmi Bai, who nevertheless were regarded with jealousy and animosity by many other princes. In many cases, the defenders of cities and fortresses fought well at first but were demoralised when relieving forces were defeated, and then abandoned easily defended positions without fighting. By contrast, Durand, Rose, and their principal subordinates had acted quickly and decisively. Many of their forces came from the Bombay Army, which was not disaffected to the same degree as the Bengal Army.
624	1858	1937	C	Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS(30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937) was a biologist, physicist, botanist and an early writer of science fiction. He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. IEEE named him one of the fathers of radio science. Bose is considered the father of Bengali science fiction, and also invented the crescograph, a device for measuring the growth of plants. A crater on the moon has been named in his honour. He founded Bose Institute, a premier research institute of India and also one of its oldest. Established in 1917, the Institute was the first interdisciplinary research centre in Asia. He served as the Director of Bose Institute from its inception until his death.
625	1858	1957	Co	British Raj: The British Raj (literally, "rule" in Sanskrit and Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown primarily on the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India. The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage or paramountcy, called the princely states. The region was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially. Formally, India was not a colony but a separate realm sharing a Monarch (the King-Emperor or Queen-Empress) with Britain. Thus, though ruled by a British Viceroy, "India" was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945. In both World Wars, Britain's declaring war on Germany did not automatically apply to India and a separate declaration of war by India was needed. The Indian Army was a completely distinct armed force – British-commanded but separate from the British Army and with its own chain of command.
626	1858	18 Jun	F	Rani of Jhansi, Rani Lakshmibai died
627	1858	1932	F	Bipin Chandra Pal (7 November 1858 – 20 May 1932) Bipin Chandra Pal was an Indian nationalist, writer, orator, social reformer and Indian independence movement freedom fighter. He was one third of the “Lal Bal Pal” triumvirate. Pal was one of the main architects of the Swadeshi movement along with Sri Aurobindo. He also opposed the partition of Bengal by the British colonial government. He, along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, spearheaded many revolutionary activities. For this reason, he is called as the ‘Father of Revolutionary Thoughts.’
628	1858	8 Apr	P	India Under British Rule: Queen Victoria's Proclamation taking over in the name of the Crown the governance of India from the East India Company. Civil service jobs in India are opened to Indians. Because of the sepoy rebelion the East India Company's powers were taken over by the British government and India became a part of the British empire. The British Raj (from rāj, literally, "rule" in Sanskrit and Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India. The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage or paramountcy, called the princely states. The region as a whole was never officially referred to as the Indian Empire. Minto Park, officially Madan Mohan Malaviya Park, is a park in Allahabad. It is located in the southern part of the city along the banks of Yamuna river. The park is a historical site for in 1858 Earl Canning read out the declaration of Queen Victoria's Proclamation which resulted in the complete transfer of control over India from The East India Company to the government of Britain. The park is named after Earl of Minto who, in 1910, laid a stone memorial with a four-lion symbol on the park.
629	1858	1947	Pr	Presidencies, Provinces, Princely States, (Presidencies and provinces of British India): Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the company's remaining powers were transferred to the Crown. Under the British Raj (1858–1947), administrative boundaries were extended to include a few other British-administered regions, such as Upper Burma. Increasingly, however, the unwieldy presidencies were broken up into "Provinces". Princely state: A princely state, also called a native state, feudatory state or Indian state (for those states on the subcontinent), was a vassal state under a local or indigenous or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj. Though the history of the princely states of the subcontinent dates from at least the classical period of Indian history, the predominant usage of the term princely state specifically refers to a semi-sovereign principality on the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by a local ruler, subject to a form of indirect rule on some matters. The imprecise doctrine of paramountcy allowed the government of British India to interfere in the internal affairs of princely states individually or collectively and issue edicts that applied to all of India when it deemed it necessary. A princely state was a semi-sovereign principality during the British Raj that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by a local ruler. The princely states varied greatly in status, size, and wealth. Their courts existed under the authority of the respective rulers. The British controlled the external affairs of the princely states absolutely. As the states were not British possessions, however, they retained control over their own internal affairs, subject to a degree of British influence which in many states was substantial.
630	1858	Calcutta	S	The Calcutta Rowing Club (CRC) located in Kolkata, India, was founded in 1858 and is one of the oldest rowing clubs of its kind outside the United Kingdom.
631	1858		T	India complete first 200 miles of railway track. By 1869, 5,000 miles of steel track have been completed by British railroad companies. In 1900, total track is 25,000 miles, and by World War I, 35,000 miles. By 1970, at 62,136 miles, it has become the world's greatest train system. Unfortunately, this development depletes India's forest lands.
632	1858	1947	Ad	Posts[838] and the British Raj (1858–1947) The British Raj was instituted in 1858, when the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown. A number of acts were enacted during the British Raj to expand and regulate posts and telegraphs service: The Government Savings Bank Act, 1873 (5 of 1873), passed by the legislature 28 January 1873, was enacted in 1881. On 1 April 1882, Post Office Savings Banks opened throughout India (except in the Bombay Presidency). In Madras Presidency, it was limited; in the Bengal Presidency, no POSBs were established in Calcutta or Howrah. Postal life insurance began on 1 February 1884 as a welfare measure for the employees of the Posts & Telegraphs Department as Government of India dispatch No. 299 dated 18 October 1882 to the Secretary of State. The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 The Indian Post Office Act, 1898, passed by the legislature on 22 March 1898, became effective on 1 July 1898 regulating postal service. It was preceded by Act III of 1882 and Act XVI of 1896. The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933 The world's first official airmail flight took place in India on 18 February 1911, a journey of 18 kilometres (11 mi) lasting 27 minutes. Henri Pequet, a French pilot, carried about 15 kilograms (33 lb) of mail (approximately 6,000 letters and cards) across the Ganges from Allahabad to Naini; included in the airmail was a letter to King George V of the United Kingdom. India Post inaugurated a floating post office in August 2011 at Dal Lake in Srinagar, Kashmir. Telegraphy and telephony made their appearance as part of the postal service before becoming separate departments. One unique telegraph office was established and operated in the capital of Lhasa until the People's Republic of China's annexation of Tibet. It is one of the Floating Wonders of India. The Posts and Telegraphs departments merged in 1914, dividing again on 1 January 1985.
633	1859	18 Apr	F	Death of Tatya Tope
634	1959		W	The British felt threatened by the construction of the Suez Canal (1859–1869) by Ferdinand de Lesseps in Egypt. They tried to oppose its completion by diplomatic pressures and by promoting revolts among workers. The Suez Canal was successfully built by the French, but became a joint British-French project in 1875. Both nations saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia.
635	1860		A	Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande (10 August 1860 – 19 September 1936) was an Indian musicologist who wrote the first modern treatise on Hindustani classical music, an art which had been propagated for acenturies mostly through oral traditions. During those earlier times, the art had undergone several changes, rendering the raga grammar documented in scant old outdated texts. Ragas used to be classified into Raga (male), Ragini (female), and Putra (children). Bhatkhande reclassified them into the currently used thaat system. He noted that several ragas did not conform to their description in ancient Sanskrit texts. He explained the ragas in an easy-to-understand language and composed several bandishes which explained the grammar of the ragas. He borrowed the idea of lakshan geet from the Carnatic music scholar Venkatamakhin.
636	1860	1962	C	September 15 is Engineer’s Day in India, marked on the birth anniversary of the celebrated engineer and civil servant Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya (M. Visvesvaraya) (15 September 1860 – 14 April 1962). Sir M. (Mokshagundam) Visvesvaraya KCIE FASc, more commonly known as "Sir MV" (15 September 1860 – 14 April 1962), was an Indian civil engineer, statesman and the 19th Diwan of Mysore, serving from 1912 to 1919. He pursued his degree from one of the best and the 3rd oldest engineering college in Asia, College of Engineering, Pune. He received India's highest honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1955. He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the British Indian Empire (KCIE) by King George V for his contributions to the public good. His birthday, 15 September, is celebrated as Engineers' Day in India, Sri Lanka and Tanzania in his memory. He was the Chief Engineer of Krishna Raja Sagara dam in the north-west suburb of Mysuru city, and also served as one of the Chief Engineers of the flood protection system for the city of Hyderabad. The Krishna Raja Sagara dam, constructed under MV's supervision, created the biggest reservoir in Asia at the time. Jawaharlal Nehru and Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya both received their Bharat Ratna the same year, 1955
637	1860		E	SS Truro and SS Belvedere dock in Durban, South Africa, carrying first indentured servants from Madras and Calcutta to work sugar plantations. The Indian indenture system was a system of indentured servitude, by which more than one million Indians were transported to labour in European colonies, as a substitute for slave labour, following the abolition of the trade in the early 19th century. The system expanded after the abolition of slavery in the British Empire in 1833, in the French colonies in 1848, and in the Dutch Empire in 1863. Indian indentureship lasted till the 1920s. This resulted in the development of a large Indian diaspora in the Caribbean, Natal (South Africa), Réunion, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Myanmar, to Fiji, as well as the growth of Indo-Caribbean, Indo-African, Indo-Fijian, Indo-Malaysian, and Indo-Singaporean populations.
638	1860	Calcutta	Ed	St. Xavier's College, Kolkata is a private higher education college in Kolkata, India. The college was founded in 1860 by the Jesuits, an all-male Catholic religious order formed by Saint Ignatius of Loyola. The college is named after Francis Xavier, the 16th century Spanish Jesuit saint who travelled to India. The founder of the college is Fr. Henri Depelchin . He had overseen most of the ground work, during the foundation years. In 2006, it became the first autonomous college in West Bengal, India, and is affiliated to the University of Calcutta. Sans Souci theatre : 30 Park Street (now Mother Teresa Sarani), Kolkata-700016, was where the Sans Souci theatre was located, before 1843. A fire broke out in 1843, leaving nothing but ashes. This same address was later bought by 7 Jesuits, who had arrived from Belgium. It is here, that the present day campus stands tall.
639	1860	1954	F	Baba Gurdit Singh (25 August 1860 – 24 July 1954) Baba Gurdit Singh was the central figure in the Komagata Maru incident of 1914, one of several incidents in the history of early 20th century involving exclusion laws in both Canada and the United States designed to keep out immigrants of only Asian origin. Singh was born in 1860 at Sarhali, in Amritsar District of British Punjab province (India). In 1914 he chartered a Japanese ship, the Komagata Maru, to go to Canada, reaching Vancouver on 23 May 1914. The government did not allow the ship to anchor and the ship was attacked by the police at night. The attack was repulsed by the passengers and it created a great stir among Indians in Canada. Baba Gurdit Singh understood that India must take its fight for freedom overseas as well in order to truly succeed. But a law prevented the entry of Asians into countries like Canada and the United States. In order to change this law, Baba Gurdit Singh embarked on a journey to Canada and thus became actively involved in the ‘Komagata Maru incident’.
640	1861	1947	Ad	The Imperial Legislative Council: The Imperial Legislative Council was a legislature for British India from 1861 to 1947. It succeeded the Council of the Governor-General of India, and was succeeded by the Constituent Assembly of India and after 1950, was succeeded by Parliament of India. During the rule of the East India Company, the council of the Governor-General of India had both executive and legislative responsibilities. The council had four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors. The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated. In 1858, the British Crown took over the administration from the East India Company. The council was transformed into the Imperial Legislative Council, and the Court of Directors of the Company, which had the power to elect members of the Governor-General's Council, ceased to have this power. Instead, the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign, and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India.
641	1861		Ad	The Indian High Courts Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 104) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to authorize the Crown to create High Courts in the Indian colony. Queen Victoria created the High Courts in Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay by Letters Patent in 1862. These High Courts would become the precursors to the High Courts in the modern day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The Act was passed after the First War of Independence of 1857 and consolidated the parallel legal systems of the Crown and the East India Company. the Indian High Courts Act 1861 was enacted to create high courts for various provinces and abolished Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay and also the sadar adalats in presidency towns in their respective regions (the Sadar Diwani Adalat and the Sadar Faujdari Adalat at Calcutta; Sadar Diwani Adalat and Sadar Faujdari Adalat at Madras; Sadar Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat at Bombay). These new high courts had the distinction of being the highest courts for all cases till the creation of the Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935. The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeals against judgement of the high courts. The first CJI of India was H. J. Kania. The Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950. It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system. The first proceedings and inauguration, however, took place on 28 January 1950 at 9:45 am, when the judges took their seats. Which is thus regarded as the official date of establishment.
642	1861		B	The Paper Currency Act of 1861 conferred upon Government of India the monopoly of Note Issue bringing to an end note issues of Private and Presidency Banks. Paper currency in India owed much to the intellectual stimulus and personal dynamism of Sir James Wilson (businessman), the first Finance Member in the Executive Council of the Viceroy of India. With the early death of Sir James, the task of issuing Government Paper Money in India devolved upon his successor Samuel Laing who substantially modified Wilson's original proposals. Government of India continued to issue currency notes till the Reserve Bank of India was established on 1st April, 1935. When the one rupee note was reintroduced as a war time measure in August, 1940, it was issued by Government of India with the status of a coin. Government of India continued to issue Rupee one notes till 1994.
643	1861	1941	C	Rabindranath Tagore is born. Born Robindronath Thakur, (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941) was a Bengali polymath – poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter. He reshaped Bengali literature and music as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse" of Gitanjali, he became in 1913 the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; however, his "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal. He is sometimes referred to as "the Bard of Bengal".
644	1861	1944	C	Acharya Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray (also spelled Prafulla Chandra Rây and Prafulla Chandra Roy) CIE, FNI, FRASB, FIAS, FCS (Bengali: প্রফুল্ল চন্দ্র রায় Praphulla Chandra Rāy; 2 August 1861 – 16 June 1944) was an eminent Bengali chemist, educationist, historian, industrialist and philanthropist. He established the first modern Indian research school in chemistry (post classical age) and is regarded as the father of chemical science in India. The Royal Society of Chemistry honoured his life and work with the first ever Chemical Landmark Plaque outside Europe. He was the founder of Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, India's first pharmaceutical company. He is the author of A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of Sixteenths Century (1902).
645	1861	1931	F	Motilal Nehru (6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931) Motilal Nehru was an Indian lawyer, activist and politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. He also served as the Congress President twice, 1919–1920 and 1928–1929. He was a member of the Nehru-Gandhi family and the father of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. One of the most prominent leaders of the Indian National Congress, Motilal Nehru was also an important activist and member of Indian National Movement. Twice in his political career, he was elected as the President of Congress. He actively participated in many protests including the Non-Cooperation Movement, during which he was arrested by the British government. Motilal Nehru#Nehru report: Motilal Nehru chaired the famous Nehru Commission in 1928, a counter to the all-British Simon Commission. The Nehru Report, the first constitution written by Indians only, envisioned a dominion status for India within the Empire, akin to Australia, New Zealand and Canada. It was endorsed by the Congress Party, but rejected by more nationalist Indians who sought complete independence. The report was rejected by the Muslim leadership of India, especially MA Jinnah for its unfair rules towards Muslims.
646	1861	1946	F	Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December 1861 – 12 November 1946) Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya was an Indian scholar, educational reformer and politician notable for his role in the Indian independence movement, as the three times president of Indian National Congress and the founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha. He was respectfully addressed as Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and also addressed as "Mahamana". Malaviya strived to promote modern education among Indians and eventually cofounded Banaras Hindu University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, which was created under the B.H.U. Act, 1915. The largest residential university in Asia and one of the largest in the world, having over 40,000 students across arts, commerce, sciences, engineering, linguistic, Ritual medical, agriculture, performing arts, law and technology from all over the world. He was Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University from 1919–1938. He is also remembered for his role in ending the Indian indenture system, especially in the Caribbean. His efforts in helping the Indo-Caribbeans is compared to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts of helping Indian South Africans. Malaviya was one of the founders of Scouting in India. He also founded a highly influential, English-newspaper, The Leader published from Prayagaraj in 1909. He was also the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946. His efforts resulted in the launch of its Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in 1936. An important participant of the Non-Cooperation Movement, Madan Mohan Malaviya served as the President of Indian National Congress on two different occasions. On 25 April, 1932, he was arrested for his participation in the Civil disobedience Movement. Malaviya was also a central figure during the protests against the Simon Commission in 1928.
647	1861	1936	F	Madam Bhikaiji Cama (24 September 1861 – 13 August 1936) was one of the prominent figures in the Indian independence movement. Bhikaiji Cama was born in Bombay (now Mumbai) in a large, affluent Parsi Zoroastrian family. Her parents, Sorabji Framji Patel and Jaijibai Sorabji Patel, were well known in the city, where her father Sorabji—a lawyer by training and a merchant by profession—was an influential member of the Parsi community. She was invited to hoist the flag over the parliament in Germany. Like many Parsi girls of the time, Bhikhaiji attended Alexandra Girls' English Institution. Bhikhaiji was by all accounts a diligent, disciplined child with a flair for languages. On 3 August 1885, she married Rustom Cama, who was the son of K. R. Cama. Her husband was a wealthy, pro-British lawyer who aspired to enter politics. It was not a happy marriage, and Bhikhaiji spent most of her time and energy in philanthropic activities and social work. Bhikhaiji Rustom Cama was one of the greatest women freedom fighters of India who promoted the cause of Indian freedom movement outside India as well. She was the one who first unfurled India’s national flag at an international assembly. She discarded the life of luxury and lived in exile to serve her motherland.
648	1861	1936	Fl	Madam Bhikaiji Cama: In October 1896, the Bombay Presidency was hit first by famine, and shortly thereafter by bubonic plague. Bhikhaiji joined one of the many teams working out of Grant Medical College (which would subsequently become Haffkine's plague vaccine research centre), in an effort to provide care for the afflicted, and (later) to inoculate the healthy. Cama subsequently contracted the plague herself but survived. As she was severely weakened, she was sent to Britain for medical care in 1902. On 22 August 1907, Cama attended the second Socialist Congress at Stuttgart, Germany, where she described the devastating effects of a famine that had struck the Indian subcontinent. In her appeal for human rights, equality and for autonomy from Great Britain, she unfurled what she called the "Flag of Indian Independence". She said "This flag is of India's independence. Behold, it is born. It is already sanctified by the blood of martyred Indian youth. I call upon you, gentlemen, to rise and salute the flag of Indian independence. In the name of this flag, I appeal to lovers of freedom all over the world to cooperate with this flag in freeing one-fifth of the human race." It has been speculated that this moment may have been an inspiration to African American writer and intellectual W. E. B. Du Bois in writing his 1928 novel Dark Princess. Cama's flag, a modification of the Calcutta Flag, was co-designed by Cama, and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, and would later serve as one of the templates from which the current national flag of India was created.
649	1861	Bombay	R	Magen David Synagogue (Byculla) is an Orthodox Sephardi synagogue located in Byculla, India. It is believed to be one of the oldest ones in the city. David Sassoon, a Baghdadi Jew, built the Magen David Synagogue in 1861 in Byculla, where the family first lived. Erected in 1864, the synagogue was constructed by David Sassoon in Victorian style for the growing population of Baghdadi Jews who had fled from persecution by the governor and Wali of Baghdad Dawud Pasha. By 1910, the Jewish community in the neighbourhood of Byculla had increased to the extent that the synagogue could no longer service all the devotees and the synagogue was extended with the help of Jacob, David Sassoon's grandson.
650	1862	Calcutta	Ad	The Calcutta High Court: The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in India. It is located in B.B.D. Bagh, Kolkata, West Bengal. It has jurisdiction over the state of West Bengal and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The High Court building's design is based on the Cloth Hall, Ypres, in Belgium. The Calcutta High Court is one of the three High Courts in India established at the Presidency Towns by Letters patent granted by Queen Victoria, bearing date 26 June 1862, and is the oldest High Court in India. It was established as the "High Court of Judicature at Fort William" on 1 July 1862 under the High Courts Act, 1861, which was preceded by the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William. The neo-Gothic High Court building was constructed in 1872, ten years after the establishment of the court itself. The design, by then government architect Walter Granville, was loosely modelled on the 13th-century Cloth Hall at Ypres, Belgium. In 1977 another building named High Court Centenary Building or annexed building was inaugurated to reduce the pressure.
651	1862		BE	Fort George, Bombay was an extension to the fortified walls of Bombay (now Mumbai) built in 1769; it was in the present-day Fort area, to the east of the site of the former Dongri Fort. The hill on which the Dongri fort stood was razed, and in its place Fort George was built. In 1862, the fort was demolished.
652	1862		G	James Bruce, Viceroy : James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine, KT, GCB, KSI, PC (20 July 1811 – 20 November 1863) was a British colonial administrator and diplomat. He served as Governor of Jamaica (1842–1846), Governor General of the Province of Canada (1847–1854), and Viceroy of India (1862–1863). In 1857, he was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China and the Far East to assist in the process of opening up China and Japan to Western trade. In 1860, during the Second Opium War in China, in retaliation for the torture and execution of almost twenty European and Indian prisoners, he ordered the destruction of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing, an architectural wonder with immeasurable collections of artworks and historic antiques, inflicting invaluable loss of cultural heritage. Subsequently, he compelled the Qing dynasty to sign the Convention of Peking, adding Kowloon Peninsula to the British crown colony of Hong Kong.
653	1862	Calcutta	S	Calcutta Polo Club: Calcutta Polo Club is a polo club located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was established in 1862 and is considered as the oldest polo club of the world in existence. In 1862 the Calcutta Polo Club was established by two British soldiers, Captain Robert Stewart and (later Major General) Joe Sherer. They were inspired by the game in Manipur and later they spread the game to their peers in England. The club runs the oldest and first ever Polo Trophy, the Ezra Cup (1880), besides other old ones such as the Carmichael Cup (1910) and the Stewarts Cup (1932). In earlier days matches were played between various royal dynasties of India. Kolkata has yet another polo club in the Fort William Polo Club.
654	1863		Bu	The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation, Limited, often simply called the Bombay Burmah Trading Company (BBTC) is a corporation that was formed in 1863 by the Wallace Brothers of Scotland. India's second oldest publicly quoted company, BBTC was established to engage in the Burmese tea business through the initial step of taking over the Burmese assets of William Wallace. The company’s founding occurred when the six Wallace Brothers, originally members of a Scottish merchant house in Edinburgh, first arrived in Bombay (now Mumbai) in the 1840s. A Bombay partnership was formed in 1848 as “Wallace Bros & Co”. In the mid-1850s the Wallaces set up a business in Rangoon, shipping tea to Bombay. In 1863 the business was floated as “The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation”. Its equity was held by both Indian merchants along with the Wallace Brothers, who had the controlling interests. By the 1870s the company was a leading producer of teak in Burma and Siam, as well as having interests in cotton, oil exploration and shipping. British motivations for the third Anglo-Burmese War were partly influenced by concerns of the BBTC. The Burmese state's conflict with the BBTC furnished British leaders with a pretext for conquest. Bombay Burmah Trading Corp. was formed to encourage the teak business. Gradually, it expanded its trading all over Asia. In 1913, it turned to tea plantations, its current business. It is a leading company of the Wadia Group.
655	1863	1902	C	Swami Vivekananda is born. Swami Vivekananda (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk. He was a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world, and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century. He was a major force in the contemporary Hindu reform movements in India, and contributed to the concept of nationalism in colonial India. Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission. He is perhaps best known for his speech which began with the words "Sisters and brothers of America ...", in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.
656	1863		Ed	Visva-Bharati University is a central research university and an Institution of National Importance located in Shantiniketan, West Bengal, India. It was founded by Rabindranath Tagore who called it Visva-Bharati, which means the communion of the world with India. Until independence it was a college. Soon after independence, the institution was given the status of a central university in 1951 by an act of the Parliament. The origins of the institution date back to 1863 when Debendranath Tagore was given a tract of land by the zamindar of Raipur, Birbhum, zamindar of Kirnahar and he set up an ashram at the spot that has now come to be called chatim tala at the heart of the town. The ashram was initially called Brahmacharya Ashram, which was later renamed Brahmacharya Vidyalaya. It was established with a view to encouraging people from all walks of life to come to the spot and meditate. In 1901 his youngest son Rabindranath Tagore established a co-educational school inside the premises of the ashram. From 1901 onwards, Tagore used the ashram to organise the Hindu Mela, which soon became a centre of nationalist activity. Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan is not only the oldest school of the university but also the oldest institution on which the university was subsequently built. It is the university school of Santiniketan. Initially called Ashram Vidyalaya it was later called Santiniketan Vidyalaya. It was started by Tagore in 1901.
657	1863		Ed	Institutes and centres of Visva-Bharati University .... Kala Bhavana (Institute of Fine Arts), 1919 Palli Samgathana Vibhaga (Institute of Rural Reconstruction), 1922 Siksha Satra It was founded in 1924. It was later shifted to Sriniketan in 1927. The students are from the neighbouring villages. Sangit Bhavana (Institute of Dance, Drama & Music), 1933 Cheena Bhavana (Institute of Chinese Language and Culture), 1937 Hindi Bhavana, 1939 Rabindra Bhavana (Institute of Tagore Studies and Research), 1942
658	1863		R	"Prarthana Samaj" established earlier known as "Atmiya Sabha", "Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq" was started. Prarthana Samaj or "Prayer Society" in Sanskrit, was a movement for religious and social reform in Bombay, India, based on earlier reform movements. Prarthana Samaj was founded by the Dadoba Pandurang and his brother Atmaram Pandurang in 1863 when Keshub Chandra Sen visited Maharashtra, with an aim to make people believe in one God and worship only one God. It became popular after Mahadev Govind Ranade joined. The main reformers were the intellectuals who advocated reforms of the social system of the Hindus. It was spread to southern India by noted Telugu reformer and writer, Kandukuri Veeresalingam. The movement was started as a movement for religious and social reform in Maharashtra and can be seen much more alike Brahmo Samaj. The precursor of the Prarthana Samaj in Mumbai was the Paramahamsa Sabha, a secret society for the furtherance of liberal ideas by Ram Balkrishna Jaykar and others in Mumbai. It was secret in order to avoid the wrath of the powerful and orthodox elements. Beyond religious concerns, the primary focus of the Prarthana Samaj was on social and cultural reform.
659	1864	1930	C	Joseph Baptista or Joseph "Kaka" Baptista (17 March 1864 – 1930) was an Indian politician and activist from Bombay (today known as Mumbai), closely associated with the Lokmanya Tilak and the Home Rule Movement.He was the first president of indian home rule league established in 1916. He was elected as the Mayor of Bombay in 1925. He was given the title Kaka that means "uncle".
660	1864	1924	C	Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee CSI, FRSE, FRAS, FPSL, MRIA (anglicised, originally Asutosh Mukhopadhyay, also anglicised to Asutosh Mookerjee) (29 June 1864 – 25 May 1924) was a prolific Bengali educator, jurist, barrister and mathematician. He was the first student to be awarded a dual degree (MSc in Mathematics and MSc in Physics) from Calcutta University. Perhaps the most emphatic figure of Indian education, he was a man of great personality, high self-respect, courage and towering administrative ability. The second Indian Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta for four consecutive two-year terms (1906–1914) and a fifth two-year term (1921–23), Mukherjee was responsible for the foundation of the Bengal Technical Institute in 1906, which later known as Jadavpur University and the University College of Science (Rajabazar Science College) of the Calcutta University in 1914.
661	1864		Ad	In 1864, Shimla was declared as the summer capital of British India. After independence, the city became the capital of Punjab and was later made the capital of Himachal Pradesh.
662	1864	1869	G	John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence, GCB GCSI PC (4 March 1811 – 27 June 1879), known as Sir John Lawrence, Bt., between 1858 and 1869, was an English-born Ulsterman who became a prominent British Imperial statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869. On 12 January 1864, Lawrence returned to India, succeeding Lord Elgin as Viceroy of India. His stated ambitions as Viceroy were to consolidate British power and to improve the ‘condition of the people’. One of his first acts was to ban the Hindu practice of throwing their dead into the Hooghly River. To enable Lawrence to claim both his annuity from the East India Company and his full salary as Viceroy, the Salary of Sir J. Lawrence Act 1864 was passed in March 1864. Major events during his tenure were .... High Court was established at Calcutta, Bombay, Madras in 1865. Created Indian Forest Department. Opened telegraph line with Europe. Introduced various reforms and became the member of Punjab Board of Administration after second Sikh war. He was known as the Savior of Punjab.
663	1864	Calcutta	S	Eden Gardens is a cricket ground in Calcutta. Established in 1864, it is the oldest cricket stadium in India. Eden Gardens is one of only two 100,000 seater amphitheatres for the game of cricket (the other being Melbourne Cricket Ground). The stadium was established in 1864. It takes its name from the Eden Gardens, one of the oldest parks in Kolkata, adjacent to the stadium, designed in 1841 and named after the Eden sisters of Lord Auckland, the then Governor-General of India. Initially it was named 'Auckland Circus Gardens' but later changed to 'Eden Gardens' by its makers inspired by Garden of Eden in the Bible. According to popular culture, Babu Rajchandra Das, the then zamindar (landlord) of Kolkata, had gifted one of his biggest gardens besides river Hooghly, to Viceroy Lord Auckland Eden and his sister Emily Eden after they helped him by saving his 3rd daughter from a fatal disease. From then onwards the garden's name was changed from Mar Bagan to Eden Gardens. The cricket grounds were built between Babughat and Fort William. The stadium is in the B. B. D. Bagh area of the city, near the State Secretariat and opposite to the Calcutta High Court. The gardens house a transported Burmese pagoda of exquisite design. The pavilion was built in 1871 and the 1st first class match played in the season of 1911–12. The first recorded Test at the venue was held in 1934 between England and India,
664	1864	Bombay	Tr	The Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (later merged with other railways to form Western Railway) is extended to Bombay.
665	1864	1876	W	The International Workingmen's Association (IWA), often called the First International (1864–1876), was an international organisation which aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist groups and trade unions that were based on the working class and class struggle. It was founded in 1864 in a workmen's meeting held in St. Martin's Hall, London. Its first congress was held in 1866 in Geneva. In Europe, a period of harsh reaction followed the widespread Revolutions of 1848. The next major phase of revolutionary activity began almost twenty years later with the founding of the IWA in 1864. At its peak, the IWA reported having 8 million members while police reported 5 million. In 1872, it split in two over conflicts between statist and anarchist factions and dissolved in 1876. The Second International was founded in 1889.
666	1865		B	Pre-Indepence Banks in India: During the Pre Independence period over 600 banks had been registered in the country, but only a few managed to survive. 1865 Allahabad Bank, 1894 Punjab National Bank, 1906 Bank of India, 1906 Central Bank of India, 1908 Bank of Baroda, 1911 Central Bank of India Reasons as to why many major banks failed to survive during the pre-independence period are .... Indian account holders had become fraud-prone, Lack of machines and technology, Human errors & time-consuming, Fewer facilities, Lack of proper management skills.
667	1865		B	Allahabad Bank (The oldest joint stock bank in India): On 24 April 1865, a group of Europeans founded Allahabad Bank in Allahabad. By the end of the 19th century it had branches at Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Nainital, Calcutta, and Delhi. In the early 20th century, with the start of Swadeshi movement, Allahabad Bank witnessed a spurt in deposits. In 1920, P & O Banking Corporation acquired Allahabad Bank with a bid price of ₹436 (US$6.10) per share. In 1923 the bank moved its head office and the registered office to Calcutta for reasons of both operational convenience and business opportunities. Then in 1927 Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China (Chartered Bank) acquired P&O Bank. However, Chartered Bank continued to operate Allahabad Bank as a separate entity. Allahabad Bank opened a branch in Rangoon (Yangon). At some point, Chartered Bank amalgamated Allahabad Bank's branch in Rangoon with its own. In 1963 the revolutionary government in Burma nationalized the Chartered Bank's operations there, which became People's Bank No. 2. On 19 July 1969, the Indian Government nationalised Allahabad Bank, along with 13 other banks.
668	1865		Bu	Shapoorji Pallonji & Company Private Limited trading as Shapoorji Pallonji Group: The company was founded as a partnership firm Littlewood Pallonji, in 1865. The first project was the construction of a pavement on the Girgaum Chowpatty, followed by being part of the construction of a reservoir on Malabar Hill which supplied water to Mumbai for over 100 years. The company also built the Brabourne stadium in Mumbai and the Jawaharlal Nehru stadium in Delhi.
669	1865	1928	F	Lala Lajpat Rai (28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928) Lala Lajpat Rai (28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928) was an Indian independence activist. He played a pivotal role in the Indian Independence movement. He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari. He was one of the three Lal Bal Pal triumvirates. He was also associated with activities of Punjab National Bank and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages of death in 1894. He died a few weeks after sustaining severe injuries during a baton charge by police when he led a peaceful protest march against the all-British Simon Commission, a commission constituted by the United Kingdom for Indian constitutional reform. He was a part of the famous triumvirate called ‘Lal Bal Pal.’
670	1865		N	The Pioneer (India), English, Daily The Pioneer is an English language daily newspaper in India. It is published from multiple locations in India, including Delhi. It is the second oldest English language newspaper in India still in circulation after The Times of India. The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in 1865, by George Allen, an Englishman who had great success in the tea business in north-east India in the previous decade. It was brought out three times a week from 1865 to 1869 and daily thereafter. In 1866, a supplement, the Pioneer Mail, consisting of "48 quarto-size pages", mostly of advertisements, was added to the publication. In 1872, Alfred Sinnett became the editor of the newspaper. Although he was later to be known for his interest in theosophy, he oversaw the transformation of the newspaper to one of exercising great influence in British India. In 1874, the weekly Pioneer Mail became the Pioneer Mail and India Weekly News and began to also feature short stories and travel writings. Author Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936), in his early 20s, worked at the newspaper office in Allahabad as an assistant editor from November 1887 to March 1889. In July 1933, The Pioneer was sold to a syndicate and moved from Allahabad to Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, at which time the Pioneer Mail and India Weekly News ceased publication.
671	1866		Ad	The Allahabad High Court or the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad is the high court based in Allahabad (Prayagraj) that has jurisdiction over the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was established on 17 March 1866, making it one of the oldest high courts to be established in India. Allahabad became the seat of Government of North-Western Provinces and a High Court was established in 1834 but was shifted to Agra within a year. In 1869 it shifted back to Allahabad. The former High Court was located at the Accountant General's office at the University of Allahabad complex. It was founded as the High Court of Judicature for the North-Western Provinces at Agra on 17 March 1866 by the Indian High Courts Act 1861 replacing the old Sadr Diwani Adalat. Sir Walter Morgan, Barrister-at-Law and Mr. Simpson were appointed the first Chief Justice and the first Registrar respectively of the High Court of North-Western Provinces. The location High Court for the North-Western Provinces was shifted from Agra to Allahabad in 1869 and the name was correspondingly changed to the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad from 11 March 1919. On 2 November 1925, the Oudh Judicial Commissioner's Court was replaced by the Oudh Chief Court at Lucknow by the Oudh Civil Courts Act of 1925, enacted by the United Provinces Legislature with the previous sanction of the Governor General the passing of this Act.
672	1866		Bu	In 1866, German-born pharmacist Henri Nestlé developed farine lactée (flour with milk) in Vevey, Switzerland, for infants. World War I brought good business because of demand for its condensed milk. It survived the Great Depression because of its iconic Nescafé coffee.
673	1866		Co	Deobandi, is an Islamic revivalist movement within Sunni (primarily Hanafi) Islam that formed around the Darul Uloom Islamic seminary in the town of Deoband, India, where the name derives from, during the late 19th century. The seminary was founded by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and several other figures in 1866, eight years after the Indian Rebellion of 1857-58; the Deobandi movement's political wing, Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the Indian independence movement through its propagation of the doctrine of composite nationalism.
674	1866		E	Orissa famine of 1866: At least a million and a half Indians die in the Orissa Famine. The Orissa famine of 1866 affected the east coast of India from Madras northwards, an area covering 180,000 miles and containing a population of 47,500,000; the impact of the famine, however, was greatest in Orissa, now Odisha, which at that time was quite isolated from the rest of India. In Odisha, one third of the population died due to famine. Like all Indian famines of the 19th-century, the Orissa famine was preceded by a drought: the population of the region depended on the rice crop of the winter season for their sustenance; however, the monsoon of 1865 was scanty and stopped prematurely. In addition, the Bengal Board of Revenue made incorrect estimates of the number of people who would need help and was misled by fictitious price lists. Consequently, as the food reserves began to dwindle, the gravity of the situation was not grasped until the end of May 1866, and by then the monsoons had set in. Lessons learnt from this famine by the British rulers included "the importance of developing an adequate network of communications" and "the need to anticipate disaster". Indian Famine Codes were slowly developed which were "designed to be put into place as soon as a failure of the monsoon, or other warning-signal, indicated a probable shortage". One early success of this new approach was seen in the Bihar famine of 1873-74 when the famine relief under Sir Richard Temple resulted in the avoidance of almost all mortality. The famine also served to awaken educated Indians about the effect that British rule was having on India. The fact that during the Orissa famine India exported more than 200 million pounds of rice to Great Britain even while more than one million succumbed to famine outraged Indian nationalists. Dadabhai Naoroji used this as evidence to develop the Drain Theory, the idea that Britain was enriching itself by "sucking the lifeblood out of India".
675	1866		O	Opposition to the partition of India: Deobandi is an Islamic revivalist movement within Sunni (primarily Hanafi) Islam, formed in 1866. Muslims of the Deobandi school of thought "criticized the idea of Pakistan as being the conspiracy of the colonial government to prevent the emergence of a strong united India" and helped to organize the Azad Muslim Conference to condemn the partition of India. They also argued that the economic development of Muslims would be hurt if India was partitioned, seeing the idea of partition as one that was designed to keep Muslims backward. They also expected "Muslim-majority provinces in united India to be more effective than the rulers of independent Pakistan in helping the Muslim minorities living in Hindu-majority areas." Deobandis pointed to the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which was made between the Muslims and Qureysh of Mecca, that "promoted mutual interaction between the two communities thus allowing more opportunities for Muslims to preach their religion to Qureysh through peaceful tabligh". Deobandi scholar Sayyid Husain Ahmad Madani argued for a united India in his book Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam (Composite Nationalism and Islam), promulgating the idea that different religions do not constitute different nationalities and that the proposition for a partition of India was not justifiable, religiously.
676	1867		Tr	Allahabad–Jabalpur section: The Allahabad-Jubbulpore (present day Jabalpur) branch line of the East Indian Railway had been opened in June 1867
677	1868	1936	C	Ardeshir Burjorji Sorabji Godrej (1868–1936) known as Ardeshir Godrej was an Indian businessman. With his brother Pirojsha Burjorji Godrej, he co-founded the Godrej Brothers Company (Godrej family), the precursor of the modern Godrej Group.
678	1868	1927	F	Hakim Ajmal Khan (11 February 1868 – 29 December 1927) Better known as Hakim Ajmal Khan, was a physician in Delhi, India, and one of the founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia University. He also founded another institution, Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College, better known as Tibbia College, situated in Karol Bagh, Delhi. He was the only muslim to chair a session of the Hindu Mahasabha. He became the university's first chancellor in 1920 and remained in office until his death in 1927. Hakim Ajmal Khan changed from medicine to politics after he started writing for the Urdu weekly Akmal-ul-Akhbar launched by his family. Khan also headed the Muslim team who met the Viceroy of India in Shimla in 1906 and presented him with a memorandum written by the delegation. At the end of December 1906, he actively participated at the Dhaka founding of the All India Muslim League on 30 December 1906. At a time when many Muslim leaders faced arrest, Khan approached Mahatma Gandhi for help in 1917, thereafter uniting with him and other Muslim leaders such as Maulana Azad, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jouhar and Maulana Shaukat Ali in the well-known Khilafat movement. Khan was also the sole person elected to the Presidency of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League and the All India Khilafat Committee. Before he died of heart problems on 29 December 1927, Hakim Ajmal Khan had renounced his government title, and many of his Indian followers awarded him the title of Masih-ul-Mulk (Healer of the Nation). He was succeeded to the position of Jamia Millia Islamia Chancellor by Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari. Ajmaline, a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent and Ajmalan a parent hydride, are named after him.
679	1868		N	Amrita Bazar Patrika: Amrita Bazar Patrika was one of the oldest daily newspapers in India. Originally published in Bengali script, it evolved into an English format published from Kolkata and other locations such as Cuttack, Ranchi and Allahabad. The paper discontinued its publication in 1991 after 123 years of publication. It debuted on 20 February 1868. It was started by Sisir Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh, sons of Hari Naryan Ghosh, a rich merchant from Magura, in District Jessore, in Bengal Province of British Empire in India. The family had constructed a Bazaar and named it after Amritamoyee, wife of Hari Naryan Ghosh. Sisir Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh started Amrita Bazar Patrika as a weekly first. It was first edited by Motilal Ghosh, who did not have a formal university education. It had built its readership as a rival to Bengalee which was being looked after by Surendranath Banerjee. After Sisir Ghosh retired, his son Tushar Kanti Ghosh became editor for the next sixty years, running the newspaper from 1931 to 1991. Amrita Bazaar Patrika was the oldest Indian-owned English daily. It played a major role in the evolution and growth of Indian journalism and made a striking contribution to creating and nurturing the Indian freedom struggle. In 1920, Russian Communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin described ABP as the best nationalist paper in India. ABP was born as a Bengali weekly in February 1868 in the village of Amrita Bazaar in Jessore District (now located in modern-day Bangladesh). It was started by the Ghosh brothers (Sisir Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh) to fight the cause of peasants who were being exploited by indigo planters. Sisir Kumar Ghosh was the first editor. The Patrika operated out of a battered wooden press purchased for Rs 32. In 1871, the Patrika moved to Calcutta (now Kolkata), due to the outbreak of plague in Amrita Bazaar. Here it functioned as a bilingual weekly, publishing news and views in English and Bengali. Its anti-government views and vast influence among the people was a thorn in the flesh of the government. Lord Lytton, the Viceroy of India promulgated the Vernacular Press Act on 1878 mainly against ABP.
680	1868		N	Amrita Bazar Patrika: The Patrika became a daily in 1891. It was the first Indian-owned English daily to go into investigative journalism. During the tenure of Lord Lansdowne, a Patrika journalist rummaged through the waste paper basket of the Viceroy's office and pieced together a torn up letter detailing the Viceroy's plans to annexe Kashmir. ABP published the letter on its front page, where it was read by the Maharaja of Kashmir, who immediately went to London and lobbied for his independence. The Patrika had many brushes with Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India at the time of the Partition of Bengal (1905). It referred to him as 'Young and a little foppish, and without previous training but invested with unlimited powers.' Because of such editorials, the Press Act of 1910 was passed and a security of Rs 5,000 was demanded from ABP. Motilal Ghosh was also charged with sedition but his eloquence won the case. After this, the Patrika started prefacing articles criticising the British government with ridiculously exuberant professions of loyalty to the British crown. When Subhas Chandra Bose and other students were expelled from Calcutta Presidency College (Presidency University, Kolkata), the Patrika took up their case and succeeded in having them re-admitted.
681	1868		N	Amrita Bazar Patrika: Even after Motilal Ghosh's death in 1922, the Patrika kept up its nationalist spirit. Higher securities of Rs 10,000 were demanded from it during the Salt Satyagraha. Its editor Tushar Kanti Ghosh (son of Sisir Kumar Ghosh) was imprisoned. The Patrika contributed its share to the success of its freedom movement under the leadership of Gandhi and suffered for its views and actions at the hands of the British rulers. The Patrika espoused the cause of communal harmony during the Partition of India. During the great Calcutta killings of 1946, the Patrika left its editorial columns blank for three days. When freedom dawned on 15 August 1947, the Patrika published in an editorial: It is dawn, cloudy though it is. Presently sunshine will break.
682	1868		Tr	Great Indian Peninsula Railway#Bombay to Madras, (Bombay to Madras Railway): Beyond Callian, the south-east main line proceeded over Bhor Ghat to Poona, Sholapore (present day Solapur) and Raichore (present day Raichur), where it joined the Madras Railway. By 1868, route kilometerage was 888 km and by 1870, route kilometerage was 2,388.
683	1869	1948	F	Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist, who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, and in turn inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific "Mahātmā" (Sanskrit: "great-souled", "venerable"), first applied to him in 1914 in South Africa, is now used throughout the world. Mahatma Gandhi led the Indian independence movement and was successful in freeing India from the clutches of the British. He employed non-violence and engaged in various movements as part of his inspiring protest against the British rule. He went on to become the most significant freedom fighter and hence is called as the ‘Father of the Nation.’
684	1869	1925	F	Chittaranjan Das (5 November 1869 – 16 June 1925) Popularly called "Deshbandhu" (Friend of the Nation), he was an Indian freedom fighter, political activist and lawyer during the Indian independence movement and founder-leader of the Swaraj Party (Independence party) in Bengal during the period of British colonial rule in India. His name is abbreviated as "C. R. Das". A lawyer by profession, Chittaranjan is credited for successfully defending Aurobindo Ghosh when the latter was charged under a criminal case by the British. Chittaranjan Das is best known for mentoring Subhas Chandra Bose.
685	1869	1951	F	Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, popularly known as Thakkar Bapa (29 November 1869 – 20 January 1951) was an Indian social worker who worked for upliftment of tribal people in Gujarat state in India. He became a member of the Servants of India Society founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905. In 1922, he founded the Bhil Seva Mandal. Later, he became the general secretary of the Harijan Sevak Sangh founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932 . The Bharatiya Adimjati Sevak Sangh was founded on 24 October 1948 on his initiative. When Indian constitution was in process, Kenvi visited remotest and most difficult parts of India and conducted probe into the situation of tribal and Harijan people. He added valuable inputs in the process of constitution. Mahatma Gandhi would call him 'Bapa'.
686	1869	1944	F	Kasturba Gandhi (11 April 1869 – 22 February 1944) Kasturbai "Kasturba" Mohandas Gandhi, born Kasturbai Gokuldas Kapadia (11 April 1869 – 22 February 1944) was an Indian political activist. She married Mohandas Gandhi in 1883. In association with her husband and son, she was involved in the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. She was very influenced by her husband Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, a.k.a. Mahatma Gandhi. National Safe Motherhood Day is observed on April 11 every year. Best known as the wife of Mahatma Gandhi, Kasturba was an ardent freedom fighter. Alongside Gandhi, Kasturba actively participated in almost all the independence movements, becoming one of the important activists. She was arrested on several occasions for her participation in nonviolent protests and Quit India movement.
687	1869	1872	G	Lord Mayo – Viceroy Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo, , KP, GCSI, PC (21 February 1822 – 8 February 1872), styled Lord Naas between 1842 and 1867, called Lord Mayo in India, was a statesman, Viceroy of India and prominent member of the British Conservative Party from Dublin, Ireland. During his tenure as Viceroy, he .... Started financial decentralization in India. Established Rajkot College in Kathiawar and Mayo College in Ajmer for Indian princess. Held First Census of India in 1871. Organized Statistical Survey of India. He was the only Viceroy who was murdered in office by a pathan in Andaman in 1872. While visiting the convict settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands in 1872 for the purpose of inspection, he was assassinated by Sher Ali Afridi, an Afghan convict who used a knife. Mayo's body was brought home to Ireland and buried at the medieval ruined church in Johnstown, County Kildare, near his home at Palmerstown House. Afridi was hanged on March 11, 1872.
688	1869		W	The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The canal is part of the Silk Road that connects Europe with Asia. Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it officially opened on 17 November 1869. The canal offers watercraft a more direct route between the North Atlantic and northern Indain oceans via the Mediterranean and Red seas, thus avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans and reducing the journey distance from the Arabian Sea to London, for example, by approximately 8,900 kilometres (5,500 mi).
689	1870	1933	C	R. N. Arogyasamy Mudaliar (Diwan Bahadur Rayapuram Nallaveeran Arogyaswamy Mudaliar) (18 April 1870 – 30 January 1933) was an Indian politician and civil engineer who served as the Minister of Excise, Medical Administration and six other departments in the Madras Presidency from 1926 to 1928.
690	1870	1942	F	Matangini Hazra (17 November 1870 – 29 September 1942) was an Indian revolutionary who participated in the Indian independence movement until she was shot dead by the British Indian police in front of the Tamluk Police Station (of erstwhile Midnapore District) on 29 September 1942. She was affectionately known as Gandhi buri, Bengali for old lady Gandhi. As part of the Quit India Movement, members of the Congress planned to take over the various police stations of Medinipore district and other government offices. This was to be a step in overthrowing the British government in the district and establishing an independent Indian state. Hazra, who was 72 years at the time, led a procession of six thousand supporters, mostly women volunteers, with the purpose of taking over the Tamluk police station. When the procession reached the outskirts of the town, they were ordered to disband under Section 144 of the Indian Penal Code by the Crown police. As she stepped forward, Hazra was shot once. Apparently, she had stepped forward and appealed to the police not to open fire at the crowd. The Biplabi newspaper of the parallel Tamluk National Government commented: Matangini led one procession from the north of the criminal court building; even after the firing commenced, she continued to advance with the tri-colour flag, leaving all the volunteers behind. The police shot her three times. She continued marching despite wounds to the forehead and both hands. As she was repeatedly shot, she kept chanting Vande Mataram, "hail to the Motherland". She died with the flag of the Indian National Congress held high and still flying.
691	1870	1898	F	Damodar Hari Chapekar (1870–1898) (Chapekar brothers) During the bubonic plague that hit Pune in the year 1896, the British administration came up with a special committee to minimize the damage caused by the dreaded disease. The committee was headed by an officer named W. C. Rand. The Chapekar Brothers, Damodar Hari Chapekar (25 June 1869 – 18 April 1898), Balkrishna Hari Chapekar (1873 – 12 May 1899, also called Bapurao) and Vasudeo Hari Chapekar (1880 – 8 May 1899), also spelt Wasudeva or Wasudev, were involved in the assassination of Walter Charles Rand, the British Plague Commissioner of Pune. A Special Plague Committee was formed, under the chairmanship of Walter Charles Rand, an Indian Civil Services officer. Troops were brought in to deal with the emergency. The measures employed included entry into private houses, stripping and examination of occupants (including women) by British officers in public, evacuation to hospitals and segregation camps and preventing movement from the city. These measures were considered oppressive by the populace of Pune and complaints were ignored by Rand. On 22 June 1897, the Diamond Jubilee of the coronation of Queen Victoria, Rand and his military escort Lt. Ayerst were shot while returning from the celebrations at Government House. Both died, Ayerst on the spot and Rand of his wounds on 3 July. The Chapekar brothers and two accomplices were charged with the murders in various roles, as well as the shooting of two informants and an attempt to shoot a police officer. All three brothers were found guilty and hanged, an accomplice was dealt with similarly, and another, then a schoolboy, was sentenced to ten years' rigorous imprisonment.
692	1870	1968	F	Sohan Singh Bhakna (1870–1968) Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna (22 January 1870 – 21 December 1968) was an Indian revolutionary, the founding president of the Ghadar Party, and a leading member of the party involved in the Ghadar Conspiracy of 1915, which was aimed at initiating a pan-Indian attack to end the British rule. Tried at the Lahore Conspiracy trial, Sohan Singh served sixteen years of a life sentence for his part in the conspiracy before he was released in 1930. He later worked closely with the Indian labour movement, devoting considerable time to the Kisan Sabha and the Communist Party of India.
693	1870		Fl	Indian Reform Association: The Indian Reform Association was formed on 29 October 1870 with Keshub Chunder Sen as president. It represented the secular side of the Brahmo Samaj and included many who did not belong to the Brahmo Samaj. The objective was to put into practice some of the ideas Sen was exposed to during his visit to Great Britain. David Kopf says that Sen was enthusiastic about the Unitarian social gospel, which he observed first hand during his trip abroad. He seemed convinced that the reform efforts he witnessed in Britain could be duplicated in India. The Indian Reform Association was formed to promote "the social and moral reformation of the natives of India". The comprehensive objective of the Association was to be served through five departments of activity – Cheap literature, Female improvement, Education, Temperance, and Charity.
694	1870		Fl	Vande Mataram (also pronounced Bande Mataram; transl. Mother, I bow to thee) is a poem written in Sanskrit by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1870s, which he included in his 1882 Bengali novel Anandamath. The poem was first sung by Rabindranath Tagore in the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. The first two verses of the song were adopted as the National Song of India in October 1937 by the Congress Working Committee prior to the end of colonial rule in August 1947. It played a vital role in the Indian independence movement, first sung in a political context by Rabindranath Tagore at the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. It became a popular marching song for political activism and Indian freedom movement in 1905. Spiritual Indian nationalist and philosopher Shri Aurobindo referred it as "National Anthem of Bengal". The song and the novel containing it was banned by the colonial government, but workers and the general public defied the ban (with many being imprisoned repeatedly for singing it in public); with the ban being overturned by the Indian government after the country gained independence from colonial rule in 1947. A rare painting of the national song, Vande Mataram, was published in 1923.
695	1870		N	Sulabh Samachar was a Bengali weekly, published from Calcutta, a pioneering journalistic venture in 19th century Bengal. Sulabh Samachar was started on 16 November 1870. It was priced one pice (the smallest unit of currency). Umanath Gupta was the first editor of this cheap journal for the information of the masses. At the time there were about a dozen similar pice newspapers in Calcutta. The weekly dealt with diverse subjects such as the miserable condition of the peasants, the administrative system, measures for the uplift of the common people and their education, abuses of the zamindari system and exploitation by the zamindars, abuses of the British administration, importance of science and scientific explanations in elementary form, diseases of the human body and their remedies, and prices of commodities, apart from general news from urban and rural areas.
696	1870	Bombay	T	Bombay Port Trust formed. Mumbai Port Trust (also known as the Bombay Port Trust) is a port which lies midway on the West coast of India, on the natural deep-water harbour of Mumbai (Bombay) in Maharashtra.The harbour spread over 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi) is protected by the mainland of Konkan to its east and north and by the island city of Mumbai to its west. The harbour opens to the south to the Arabian Sea. Mumbai Harbour has been used by ships and boats for centuries. It was used by the Maratha Navy, as well as the British and Portuguese colonial navies. In 1652, the Surat Council of the East India Company, realising the geographical advantage of the Port, urged its purchase from the Portuguese. Their wish was gratified nine years later when, under the Marriage Treaty between Charles II of Great Britain and the Infant Catherine of Portugal, the ‘Port and Island of Bombay’ were transferred to the king of Great Britain The first of the present-day docks of the Port were built in the 1870s. Bombay Port Trust (BPT) was established as a corporation on 26 June 1873. BPT's founding chairman was Colonel J.A. Ballard. Port development was undertaken by the civil engineering partnership Sir John Wolfe-Barry and Lt Col Arthur John Barry as Joint Consulting Engineers to the Bombay Port Trust at the end of the nineteenth century. From its establishment, the port has been the gateway to India, and was a primary factor in the emergence of Mumbai as the commercial capital of India. The port and the corporation took their present names in the 1990s
697	1870		Tr	Great Indian Peninsula Railway#Bombay to Calcutta (Bombay to Calcutta Railway): Beyond Callian, the north-east main line proceeded over the Thull ghat to Bhosawal (present day Bhusawal). From Bhosawal, there was a bifurcation. One passed through great cotton district of Oomravuttee (present day Amravati) and was extended up to Nagpore (present day Nagpur) and then to Raj-nandgaon in Drug district (Present day Durg). The other was extended up to Jubbulpore (present day Jabalpur) to connect with the Allahabad-Jubbulpore branch line of the East Indian Railway which had been opened in June 1867. Hence it became possible to travel directly from Bombay to Calcutta. The Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line was officially opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Verne's book Around the World in Eighty Days. Although, in the novel it is erroneously claimed that the line passes through Aurangabad, which is, again erroneously claimed as the capital of the Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgeer. At that time period, line had not reached Aurangabad but rather moved northward after reaching Bhusawal towards Jabalpur. At the opening ceremony, the Viceroy Lord Mayo concluded that “it was thought desirable that, if possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country should be covered with a network of lines in a uniform system”.
698	1871		Ad	Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) enacted by British rule in India, which named over 160 communities "Criminal Tribes", i.e. hereditary criminals. It was repealed in 1949, after Independence of India. Various pieces of legislation in India during British rule since the 1870s were collectively called the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA). They criminalized entire communities by designating them as habitual criminals. Under these acts, ethnic or social communities in India which were defined as "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences" such as thefts, were systematically registered by the government. Since they were described as "habitually criminal", restrictions on their movements were also imposed. Adult male members of such groups were forced to report weekly to the local police. The first CTA, the Criminal Tribes Act 1871, applied mostly in North India. This Act was extended to the Bengal Presidency and other areas in 1876, and, finally, with the Criminal Tribes Act 1911, to Madras Presidency. The Act went through several amendments in the next decade, and, finally, the Criminal Tribes Act 1924 incorporated all of them. At the time of Indian independence in 1947, thirteen million people in 127 communities faced search and arrest if any member of the group was found outside the prescribed area. The Act was repealed in August 1949 and former "criminal tribes" were denotified in 1952, when the Act was replaced with the Habitual Offenders Act 1952 of Government of India, and in 1961 state governments started releasing lists of such tribes.
699	1871		Co	French colonization (French India): By a decree of 25 January 1871, French India was to have an elective general council (conseil général) and elective local councils (conseil local). The results of this measure were not very satisfactory, and the qualifications for and the classes of the franchise were modified. The governor resided at Pondichéry and was assisted by a council. There were .... Two Tribunaux d'instance (Tribunals of first instance) at Pondichéry and Karikal, One Cour d'appel (Court of Appeal) at Pondichéry and Five Justices de paix (Justices of the Peace). Agricultural production consisted of rice, peanuts, tobacco, betel nuts and vegetables.
700	1871	1951	F	Hemchandra Kanungo Das (12 June 1871 – 8 April 1951) was an Indian nationalist and a member of the Anushilan Samiti. Kanungo travelled to Paris in 1907, where he learnt the technique of assembling Picric acid bombs from exiled Russian revolutionaries. Kanungo's knowledge was disseminated throughout Indian nationalist organisations in the Raj and abroad. In 1908, Kanungo was one of the principal co-accused with Aurobindo Ghosh in the Alipore Bomb Case (1908–09). He was sentenced to transportation for life in the Andamans, but was released in 1921. He was probably the first revolutionary from India who went abroad to obtain military and political training. He obtained training from the Russian emigre in Paris. He returned to India in January 1908. He opened a secret bomb factory "Anusilonee Somitee" at Maniktala near Kolkata, founder members of which were Hemchandra Kanungo, Aurobindo Ghosh (Sri Aurobindo) and his brother, Barindra Kumar Ghosh. He was one of the creators of the Calcutta flag, based on which the first flag of independent India was raised by Bhikaiji Cama on 22 August 1907 at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, Germany.
701	1871	1940	F	Charles Freer Andrews (12 February 1871 – 5 April 1940) Charles Freer Andrews was an Anglican priest and Christian missionary, educator and social reformer, and an activist for Indian Independence. He became a close friend of Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi and identified with the Indian liberation struggle. He was instrumental in convincing Gandhi to return to India from South Africa, where Gandhi had been a leading light in the Indian civil rights struggle. C. F. Andrews was affectionately dubbed Christ's Faithful Apostle by Gandhi, based on his initials, C.F.A. For his contributions to the Indian independence movement, Gandhi and his students at St. Stephen's College, Delhi, named him Deenabandhu, or "Friend of the Poor". Andrews had been involved in the Christian Social Union since university, and was interested in exploring the relationship between a commitment to the Gospel and a commitment to justice, through which he was attracted to struggles for justice throughout the British Empire, especially in India. In 1904 he joined the Cambridge Mission to Delhi and arrived there to teach philosophy at St. Stephen's College, where he grew close to many of his Indian colleagues and students. Increasingly dismayed by the racist behaviour and treatment of Indians by some British officials and civilians, he supported Indian political aspirations, and wrote a letter in the Civil and Military Gazette in 1906 voicing these sentiments. Andrews soon became involved in the activities of the Indian National Congress, and he helped to resolve the 1913 cotton workers' strike in Madras.
702	1871		T	Yerwada Central Jail was built in 1871 by the British, when it was outside the city limits of Pune. Under British rule, the jail housed many Indian freedom fighters including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Netaji Subhas Bose, Joachim Alva and Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bhuralal Ranchhoddas Sheth. In 1924, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was also kept in the jail. Mahatma Gandhi spent several years in Yerwada Jail during India's freedom struggle, notably in 1932 and later in 1942 during the Quit India movement, along with many other freedom fighters. During his 1932 imprisonment, which started after his arrest in January 1932, Gandhi went on an indefinite fast to protest against the Communal Award for depressed classes on 20 September 1932,. He discontinued his fast after signing an agreement called the Poona Pact, with the leader of depressed classes, Dr. Ambedkar in the jail on 24 September 1932. Gandhi was released from the jail in May 1933.
703	1871		Tr	The Indus Valley State Railway: Indus Valley State Railway (reporting marks IVSR) was a railway founded in 1871 to provide a rail link between Kotri and Multan and to replace the Indus Steam Flotilla. The opening of the line thus connected Karachi with Lahore. The survey of the Indus Valley railway line began in 1869 and was undertaken by John Brunton, the Chief Resident Engineer of Scinde Railway, and assisted by his son William Arthur Brunton. The Empress Bridge, opened in 1878, carried the IVSR over the Sutlej River near Bahawalpur. The Indus and Sutlej rivers were seen as major impediments in the expansion of the railways. The IVSR had reached Rohri in 1879 and a steam ferry would transport eight wagons at a time across the Indus River between from Rohri to Sukkur. This was found to be cumbersome and time-consuming. The opening of Lansdowne Bridge in 1889 solved this bottleneck, as rail traffic could now travel from Karachi uninterrupted to Lahore. The Indus Valley State Railway was merged in 1886 to form the North Western State Railway. Today, this line forms a section of the Karachi-Peshawar Railway Line.
704	1872		BC	Sher Ali Afridi, also called Shere Ali, is known for killing Lord Mayo, the Viceroy of India, on 8 February 1872. He was a prisoner on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands at the time, sentenced for murder. In a family feud, he killed one of his relatives named Hydur at Peshawar in broad daylight and although he pleaded innocence, he was sentenced to death on 2 April 1867. On appeal, his sentence was reduced by a judge, Colonel Pollock, to life imprisonment and he was deported to Kala Pani or the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, to serve his sentence. He was permitted to work as a barber at Port Blair as he was acknowledged to have behaved well since his arrival. Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo, Viceroy of India from 1869, was visiting the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in February 1872. The island group was then used as a British penal colony for convicts from India, both criminals and political prisoners. Lord Mayo was involved in drafting the regulations of Port Blair, the principal town of the islands. On 8 February, when the Viceroy had almost completed his inspection and was returning at 7:00 PM to his boat, where Lady Mayo was also waiting, Sher Ali Afridi appeared from the dark and stabbed him. Sher Ali was immediately arrested by twelve security personnel. Lord Mayo soon bled to death. This incident, which attracted much attention to the island group, happened at the foot of Mount Harriet. Sher Ali Afridi was condemned to death and was hanged on the gallows of Viper Island prison, on 11 March 1872.
705	1872	1936	F	V.O. Chidambaram Pillai (5 September 1872 – 18 November 1936) Valliyappan Ulaganathan Chidambaram, popularly known by his initials, V.O.C. (spelled Va Voo Cee in Tamil), also known as Kappalottiya Tamizhan or "The Tamil Helmsman", was an Indian freedom fighter and leader of Indian National Congress. Founder of Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company in 1906 to compete against the monopoly of the British India Steam Navigation Company (BISNC). He launched the first indigenous Indian shipping service between Tuticorin and Colombo with the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company (SSNC), competing against British ships. Tuticorin Port Trust, one of India's thirteen major ports, is named after him. At one time a member of the Indian National Congress, he was later charged with sedition by the British government and sentenced to life imprisonment, and his barrister license was revoked.
706	1872	1957	F	Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu (23 August 1872 – 20 May 1957): Pantulu was an Indian politician and freedom fighter, chief minister of the Madras Presidency, and subsequently became the first chief minister of the new Andhra state, created by the partition of Madras State along linguistic lines. He was also known as Andhra Kesari (Lion of Andhra).
707	1870	1950	F	Sri Aurobindo (born Aurobindo Ghose; 15 August 1872 – 5 December 1950) was an Indian philosopher, yogi, maharishi, poet, and Indian nationalist.He was also journalist, editing newspapers like Bande Mataram. He joined the Indian movement for independence from British colonial rule, till 1910 was one of its influential leaders and then became a spiritual reformer, introducing his visions on human progress and spiritual evolution. Aurobindo studied for the Indian Civil Service at King's College, Cambridge, England. After returning to India he took up various civil service works under the Maharaja of the Princely state of Baroda and became increasingly involved in nationalist politics in the Indian National Congress and the nascent revolutionary movement in Bengal with the Anushilan Samiti. He was arrested in the aftermath of a number of bomb outrages linked to his organization in a public trial where he faced charges of treason for Alipore Conspiracy. However Sri Aurobindo could only be convicted and imprisoned for writing articles against British colonial rule in India. He was released when no evidence could be provided, following the murder of a prosecution witness, Narendranath Goswami, during the trial. During his stay in the jail, he had mystical and spiritual experiences, after which he moved to Pondicherry, leaving politics for spiritual work. At Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo developed a spiritual practice he called Integral Yoga. The central theme of his vision was the evolution of human life into a divine life in divine body. He believed in a spiritual realisation that not only liberated but transformed human nature, enabling a divine life on earth. In 1926, with the help of his spiritual collaborator, Mirra Alfassa (referred to as "The Mother"), Sri Aurobindo Ashram was founded. His main literary works are The Life Divine, which deals with theoretical aspects of Integral Yoga; Synthesis of Yoga, which deals with practical guidance about Integral Yoga; and Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol, an epic poem. For Anushilan Samiti, the incarceration of many of its prominent leaders led to a decline in the influence and activity of the Manicktolla branch, and its activities were overtaken by what emerged to be called the Jugantar branch under the leadership of Bagha Jatin.
708	1872	1944	F	Ubaidullah Sindhi: Buta Singh Uppal, later known as Ubaidullah Sindhi (10 March 1872 – 21 August 1944) was a political activist of the Indian independence movement and one of its vigorous leaders. According to Dawn, Karachi, Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi struggled for the independence of British India and for an exploitation-free society in India. He was also Home Minister of first Provisional Government of India established in Afghanistan in 1915. Involved in Silk Letter Conspiracy.
709	1872	1940	F	Surendranath Tagore (1872–1940) was a Bengali author, literary scholar, and translator. He is particularly noted for translating a number of works of Rabindranath Tagore to English. Involved in the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, in opposition to the Partition of Bengal (1905).
710	1872	1876	G	Thomas George Baring, Viceror : Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook, GCSI, PC, FRS (22 January 1826 – 15 November 1904) was a British Liberal statesman. Gladstone appointed him Viceroy of India 1872–1876. His major accomplishments came as an energetic reformer who was dedicated to upgrading the quality of government in the British Raj. He began large scale famine relief, reduced taxes, and overcame bureaucratic obstacles in an effort to reduce both starvation and widespread social unrest. He served as First Lord of the Admiralty between 1880 and 1885. The Ghanta Ghar Multan, or Clock Tower of Multan, was named 'Northbrook Tower'. It is located in the center of Multan in Punjab province, Pakistan.
711	1872		P	First British census conducted in India. While it has been undertaken every 10 years, beginning in 1872 under british Viceroy Lord Mayo, the first complete census was taken in 1881. The Census of India prior to independence was conducted periodically from 1865 onward to 1941. The censuses were primarily concerned with administration and faced numerous problems in their design and conduct ranging from absence of house numbering in hamlets to cultural objections on various grounds to dangers posed by wild animals to census personnel. The censuses were designed more for social engineering and to further the British agenda for governance rather than to uncover the underlying structure of the population. The sociologist Michael Mann says that the census exercise was "more telling of the administrative needs of the British than of the social reality for the people of British India". The difference of the nature of Indian society during the British Raj from the value system and the societies of the West were highlighted by the inclusion of "caste", "religion", "profession" and "age" in the data to be collected, as the collection and analysis of this information had a considerable impact on the structure and political overtones of Indian society.
712	1872		P	Caste and religion still form the most significant social constructs in India and the former, in particular, has been influenced by the Raj census efforts. Although there were certainly some enumerations of caste prior to the arrival of the British, some modern academics, such as Bernard Cohn (anthropologist) and Nicholas Dirks have argued that the British, through their census and other works, effectively created the caste system as it exists today. Census of India prior to independence: 1872 Census of india 1881 Census of India 1891 Census of India 1901 Census of India 1911 Census of India 1921 Census of India 1931 Census of India 1941 Census of India
713	1872	Calcutta	S	Calcutta Football Club (founded 1872). In the early days, football was played only among army teams, but gradually it spread among the masses, credit of which goes to Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari. The Calcutta FC was the first club which was established in 1872. The Indian Football Association was founded in 1893, but none of its board members was Indians. Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari (1869–1940) was known as the "Father of Indian Football" for his role in introducing football as a teenager in the year 1877 at Hare School, Calcutta. It was he who mobilized his classmates and started playing the game at the Hare School compound. Attracted by the enthusiasm of the boys in the school, the European teachers of the school and adjacent colleges encouraged Nagendra Prasad and his companions to promote the game among students in and around Calcutta. The Boys' Club, founded by Nagendra Prasad around this time, was the first Indian initiative at football organization.
714	1872	1906	T	The Royal Indian Engineering College (or RIEC) was a British college of Civil Engineering run by the India Office to train civil engineers for service in the Indian Public Works Department. It was located on the Cooper's Hill estate, near Egham, Surrey. It functioned from 1872 until 1906, when its work was transferred to India. The college was colloquially referred to as Cooper's Hill and I.C.E. College (I.C.E. being an acronym for Indian Civil Engineering). A Public Works Department was created in India in 1854, with responsibility for the construction of roads, canals and other civil engineering projects. It experienced difficulties in recruiting suitably qualified staff from the United Kingdom, and in 1868 a scheme was proposed for a dedicated training college in England. The chief advocate of this scheme, and effective founder of the college, was Sir George Tomkyns Chesney. The India Office bought the Cooper's Hill estate for £55,000 in 1870; and the college was formally opened on 5 August 1872, with Chesney as its first President. The college educated about 50 students a year, who paid fees of £150 each. The curriculum included pure and applied mathematics, construction, architectural design, surveying, mechanical drawing, geometry, physics, geology, accounts, Hindustani, and the history and geography of India. By the late 1870s the college was training more civil engineers than were required in India; but, rather than scaling down its activities, Chesney broadened them. From 1878, the college began to train candidates for the Indian Telegraph Department. From 1881, it began to train candidates for non-Indian services, such as the Royal Engineers, the Egyptian Government, and the Uganda Railway. In 1885, the first forestry school in England was established at Cooper's Hill, with William Schlich as the founding director. In the face of competition from new training facilities for engineers elsewhere (notably at the new "redbrick" universities), the college closed on 13 October 1906.
715	1873	1874	E	Bihar famine of 1873–74: The Bihar famine of 1873–1874 (also the Bengal famine of 1873–1874) was a famine in British India that followed a drought in the province of Bihar, the neighboring provinces of Bengal, the North-Western Provinces and Oudh. It affected an area of 140,000 square kilometres (54,000 sq mi) and a population of 21.5 million. The relief effort—organized by Sir Richard Temple, the newly appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal—was one of the success stories of the famine relief in British India; there was little or no mortality during the famine. The famine proved to be less severe than had originally been anticipated, and 100,000 tons of grain was left unused at the end of the relief effort. According to some, the total government expense was 50 percent more than the total budget of a similar relief effort during the Maharashtra famine of 1973 (in independent India), after adjusting for inflation. Since the expenditure associated with the relief effort was considered excessive, Sir Richard Temple was criticized by British officials. Taking the criticism to heart, he revised the official famine relief philosophy, which thereafter became concerned with thrift and efficiency. The relief efforts in the subsequent Great Famine of 1876–78 in Bombay and South India were therefore very modest, which led to excessive mortality.
716	1873	1938	F	Shaukat Ali (politician) (10 March 1873 – 18 November 1938) He was an Indian Muslim leader of the Khilafat Movement. He was the elder brother of the renowned political leader Mohammad Ali Jouhar. One of the prominent Muslim leaders of the Khilafat Movement, Shaukat Ali was instrumental in forming the political policy of the Muslims by publishing revolutionary magazines. Maulana, "Shaukat Ali", his brother "Mohammad Ali Jauhar" and their mother "Abadi Bano Begum (Bi Amman)", played an incredible role in the freedom movement of India against the British Imperialism. These brave freedom fighters were unmitigated champions of Hindu-Muslim unity who endorsed the Hindus and the Muslims to fight together in the struggle for independence from the British forgetting their religious feelings and thinking only they are Indians, they were the ambassadors of Hindu-Muslim Unity. Khilafat Movement: Shaukat Ali helped his younger brother Mohammad Ali Jouhar publish the Urdu weekly Hamdard and the English weekly Comrade. In 1915 he published an article which said Turks were right to fight the British. These two weekly magazines played a key role in shaping the political policy of Muslim India back then. In 1919, while jailed for publishing what the British charged as seditious materials and organizing protests, he was elected as the last president of the Khilafat conference. He was re-arrested and imprisoned from 1921 to 1923 for his support to Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1919–1922). His fans accorded him and his brother the title of Maulana. In March 1922, he was in Rajkot jail and was later released in 1923. Nehru Report: While still a supporter of Congress and its non-violent ethos, Ali even surpassed some of his colleagues in also providing support to the revolutionary independence movement. To this end, he supplied guns to Sachindranath Sanyal. He opposed the 1928 Nehru Report. Instead, he demanded separate electorates for Muslims and finally the Khilafat Committee rejected the Nehru Report. Shaukat Ali attended the first and second Round Table Conferences (India) in London in 1930-31. His brother Jouhar died in 1931, and Shaukat Ali continued on and organized the World Muslim Conference in Jerusalem. In 1936, Ali became a member of the All India Muslim League and became a close political ally of and campaigner for Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the future founder of Pakistan. He served as member of the 'Central Assembly' in British India from 1934 to 1938. He travelled all over the Middle East, building support for India's Muslims and the struggle for independence from the British rule in India.
717	1873	1933	F	Vithalbhai Patel (27 September 1873 – 22 October 1933) A co-founder of Swaraj Party, Vithalbhai Patel was a fierce independence activist and elder brother of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Vithalbhai became a close associate of Subhas Chandra Bose and even called Gandhi a failure. When his health was fast deteriorating, he bequeathed his property, which amounted to a whopping Rs. 120,000, to Subhas Chandra Bose for his revolutionary activities. While Vithalbhai was in London, the relationship between the British Empire and Ireland began to deteriorate. The outlaw Eamon De Valera came into power and refused to pay the annuity. The British cabinet was interested in devising ways to protect Ireland from slipping out of British hands. De Valera wanted Vithalbhai to act as an arbitrator between the British Empire and Ireland in the dispute on the Irish Question. Patel's health worsened in Europe. As his last political act, Patel signed a statement written by Bose which proclaimed Gandhi as a failed leader and called for a militant form of non-cooperation. On his deathbed he left a will of sorts, bequeathing three-quarters of his money to Bose to use in promoting India’s cause in other countries. When Vallabhbhai Patel saw a copy of the letter in which his brother had left a majority of his estate to Bose, he asked a series of questions: Why was the letter not attested by a doctor? Had the original paper been preserved? Why were the witnesses to that letter all men from Bengal and none of the many other veteran freedom activists and supporters of the Congress who had been present at Geneva where Vithalbhai had died? Patel may even have doubted the veracity of the signature on the document. The case went to court and after a legal battle that lasted more than a year, the courts judged that Vithalbhai’s estate could only be inherited by his legal heirs, that is, his family. Patel promptly handed the money over to the Vithalbhai Memorial Trust Vitthalbhai died in Geneva, Switzerland, on 22 October 1933. His body was embalmbed in Geneva and transported to Bombay on S. S Narkunda. and was cremated in Bombay on 10 November in front of a crowd of over 3 lakh people.
718	1873		Fl	Bharat Mata (Mother India in English) is the national personification of India as a mother goddess. She is usually depicted as a woman clad in a saffron sari holding the Indian national flag, and sometimes accompanied by a lion. The concept of bharat mata as the personification of the Indian subcontinent came into existence starting in the late 19th century, especially after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British. Bharat Mata as a concept was first perceived to be an image of the land of India prominently by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in his book Anandamath in 1880 and by Abanindranath Tagore through a 1905 painting. The concept of bhārat mātā as the personification of the Indian subcontinent came into existence starting in the late 19th century, especially after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British. Bhārat Mātā as a concept was first perceived to be an image of the land of India prominently by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in his book Anandamath in 1880 and by Abanindranath Tagore through a 1905 painting. The image of Bhāratmātā formed with the Indian independence movement of the late 19th century. A play by Kiran Chandra Bannerjee, Bhārat Mātā, was first performed in 1873. The play, set during the 1770 Bengal famine, depicts a woman and her husband who go to the forest and encounter rebels. A priest takes them to a temple where they are shown Bharat Mata. Thus they are inspired and lead a rebellion which results in the defeat of the British. The Manushi magazine story traces origin to a satirical work Unabimsa Purana or The Nineteenth Purana by Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay which was first published anonymously in 1866.
719	1873		Fl	Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-seekers' Society) was a social reform society founded by Jyotirao Phule in Pune, Maharashtra, on 24 September 1873. It espoused a mission of education and increased social rights and political access for underprivileged groups, focused especially on women, Shudras, and Dalits, in Maharashtra. Jyotirao's wife Savitribai was the head of women's section of the society. The Samaj disbanded during the 1930s as leaders left to join the Indian National Congress party under Mahatma Gandhi.
720	1873	1896	T	List of dams and reservoirs in Haryana (pre-independence) : 1873 Tajewala Barrage, Sahibi River 1876 Pathrala Barrage, Somb River 1896 Ottu Barrage, Ghaggar-Hakra River
721	1873		Tr	Trams in Kolkata: The first horse-drawn trams in India ran for 2.4 miles (3.9 km) between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street on 24 February 1873. The service was discontinued on 20 November of that year. The Calcutta Tramway Company was formed and registered in London on 22 December 1880. Meter-gauge horse-drawn tram tracks were laid from Sealdah to Armenian Ghat via Bowbazar Street, Dalhousie Square, and Strand Road. The route was inaugurated by the Viceroy, Lord Ripon, on 1 November 1880. Timeline: 1873 – Opening of horse tram as meter gauge, closure in the same year. 1880 – Final opening of horse tram as a permanent system. Calcutta Tramways Company was established. 1881 – Dalhousie Square – Lalbazar – Bowbazar – Lebutala – Sealdah Station route opened (Later route 14). 1882 – Esplanade – Wellington Square – Bowbazar – Boipara – Hatibagan – Shyambazar Junction route opened (Later route 5). 1882 – Steam locomotives were deployed experimentally to haul tram cars. In the next year a new route opened for steam tram service towards Khidirpur. 1883 – Esplanade – Racecourse – Wattganj – Khidirpur route opened (Later route 36) 1884 – Wellington Square – Park Street route opened (Later route 21 & 22 after extension) 1900 – Nimtala – Companybagan route opened (non-revenue service only). 1900 – Electrification of the tramway and conversion of its tracks to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge) began. 1902 – The first electric tramcar in Calcutta ran from Esplanade to Kidderpore on 27 March 1902
722	1873		Tr	Trams in India: Trams in India were established in the late-19th century. Horse-drawn trams were introduced in Kolkata in 1873; electric trams began in Chennai in 1895, and trams were also introduced in Mumbai, Kanpur, and Delhi. They were discontinued in all Indian cities between 1933 and 1964, except for Kolkata.
723	1874		C	Darogha Ubbas Alli (aka Darogha Abbas Ali) was a 19th-century Indian engineer and photographer. Following his retirement as a municipal engineer in Lucknow, Alli began photographing the city and its surroundings in the 1870s. He published fifty of these photographs in an album named The Lucknow Album in 1874. In 1880, he produced another photographic album, titled An Illustrated Historical Album of Rajas and Taaluqdars of Oudh, comprising images of the landed gentry of Oudh.
724	1874	Bombay	Ed	In Bombay, St. Peters School was set up by the Cowley Fathers at Dockyard.
725	1874		Tr	Trams in Bombay: A mass public-transport system for Mumbai (then Bombay) was proposed in 1865 by an American company, which applied for a licence to operate a horse-drawn tram system. Although a licence was granted, the project was never realised due to the city's economic depression. The Bombay Tramway Company was set up in 1873. After a contract was signed between the Bombay Tramway Company, the municipality and the Stearns and Kitteredge company, the Bombay Presidency enacted the Bombay Tramways Act, 1874 licensing the company to run a horsecar tram service in the city. On 9 May, 1874, the first horse-drawn carriage made its début in the city, plying the Colaba–Pydhone via Crawford Market, and Bori Bunder to Pydhonie via Kalbadevi routes. The initial fare was three annas (15 paise pre-decimalisation), and no tickets were issued. As the service became increasingly popular, the fare was reduced to two annas (10 pre-decimalisation paise). Later that year, tickets were issued to curb increasing ticket-less travel. Stearns and Kitteredge reportedly had a stable of 1,360 horses over the lifetime of the service.
726	1874		Tr	Trams in Bombay: In 1899, the Bombay Tramway Company applied to the municipality to operate electric trams. In 1904, the British Electric Traction Company applied for a license to supply electricity to the city with the Brush Electrical Engineering Company its agent. It received the Bombay electric license on 31 July, 1905, signed by Bombay Tramways Company, the Bombay Municipality and the Brush Electrical Company. In 1905, the Bombay Electric Supply and Tramway Company (BEST) was formed. BEST received a monopoly on electric supply and an electric tram service in the city, and bought the Bombay Tramway Company's assets for ₹9,850,000. Two years later, the first electric tram debuted in the city. Later that year, a 4,300 kilowatts (5,800 hp) steam power generator was commissioned at Wari Bunder. In 1916, a power purchase from Tata Power (a private company) began, and by 1925, all power generation was outsourced from Tata. To ease rush-hour traffic, double-decker trams were introduced in September, 1920. The trams met travellers' needs until the betterment of the city's train network, and the service closed on 31 March, 1964.
727	1875		E	Deccan Riots: In May and June 1875, peasants of Maharashtra in some parts of Pune and Ahmednagar districts revolted against increasing agrarian distress. The Deccan Riots of 1875 targeted conditions of debt peonage (kamiuti) to moneylenders. The rioters' specific purpose was to obtain and destroy the bonds, decrees, and other documents in the possession of the moneylenders. The peasants began a systematic attack on the moneylenders’ houses and shops. They seized and publicly burnt debt bonds and deeds signed under pressure, in ignorance, or through fraud and other documents dealing with their debts. They socially boycotted the moneylenders. Within days the disturbances spread to other villages of the Poona and Ahmednagar districts, although there was no anti-colonial consciousness among them.
728	1875		Ed	Minto Circle, officially Syedna Tahir Saifuddin School (STS School), is a semi-residential high school under Aligarh Muslim University at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. The school was established as "Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School" by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1875, which later evolved as Aligarh Muslim University. It is one of the five senior secondary schools run by the university.
729	1875		Ed	Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College was founded in 1875 by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, initially as a primary school, with the intention of taking it to a college level institution, known as Muhammedan Anglo Oriental Collegiate School. Its given Urdu name was Madrasatul Uloom Musalmanan-e-Hind. It started operations on Queen Victoria's 56th birthday, 24 May 1875. It was established as Madrasatul Uloom Musalmanan-e-Hind in 1875, and after two years it became Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College. The statesman Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded the predecessor of Aligarh Muslim University, the Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College, in 1875 having already established two schools. These were part of the movement of Muslim awakening associated with Syed Ahmad Khan which came to be known as Aligarh Movement. He considered competence in English and "Western sciences" necessary skills for maintaining Muslims' political influence, especially in Northern India. Khan's image for the college was based on his visit to Oxford and Cambridge and he wanted to establish an education system similar to the British model.
730	1875	1900	F	Birsa Munda (15 November 1875 – June 9 1900) was an Indian tribal freedom fighter, religious leader, and folk hero who belonged to the Munda tribe. He spearheaded a tribal religious millenarian movement that arose in the Bengal Presidency (now Jharkhand) in the late 19th century, during the British Raj, thereby making him an important figure in the history of the Indian independence movement. The revolt mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon. His portrait hangs in the Indian Parliament Museum; he is the only tribal leader to have been so honored. Principally a religious leader, Birsa Munda used the religious beliefs of his tribe in order to revolt against the government of British. He implemented guerrilla warfare techniques to upset the rhythm of the British troops. Birsa Munda's slogan threatening the British Raj—Abua raj ete jana, maharani raj tundu jana ("Let the kingdom of the queen be ended and our kingdom be established")—is still remembered in areas of Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh. It is said that around 7000 men and women assembled around Christmas of 1899, to herald the Ulgulaan (revolution) which soon spread to Khunti, Tamar, Basia, and Ranchi. The Anglican Mission at Murhu and the Roman Catholic Mission at Sarwada were the main targets. The Birsaits openly declared that the real enemies were the British and not Christian Mundas and called for a decisive war against the British. For two years, they attacked places loyal to the British. On 5 January 1900, Birsa's followers killed two constables at Etkedih. On 7 January, they attacked Khunti Police station, killed a constable, and razed the houses of local shopkeepers. The commissioner, A. Fobes, and deputy commissioner, H.C. Streattfield, rushed to Khunti with an army of 150 to crush the rebellion. The British administration set a reward of Rs 500 for Birsa. The British forces attacked Munda guerillas at Dumbari Hill, indiscriminately firing on and killing hundreds of people. Birsa escaped to the hills of Singhbhum. He was arrested at Jamkopai forest in Chakradharpur on 3 February 1900. According to Deputy commissioner Ranchi, vide letter, 460 tribals were made accused in 15 different criminal cases, out of which 63 were convicted. One was sentenced to death, 39 to transportation for life and 23 to imprisoned for terms up to fourteen years. There were six deaths, including that of Birsa Munda in the prison during trials. Birsa Munda died in jail on 9 June 1900. After his death, the movement faded out. In 1908, the colonial government introduced the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (CNT), which prohibits the transfer of tribal land to non-tribals.
731	1875	1950	F	Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950), popularly known as Sardar Patel, was an Indian statesman. He served as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was an Indian barrister, and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress who played a leading role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation. He was one of the conservative members of the Indian National Congress. In India and elsewhere, he was often called Sardar, meaning "chief" in Hindi, Urdu, and Persian. He acted as Home Minister during the political integration of India and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. He was a successful lawyer. He subsequently organised peasants from Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against the British Raj, becoming one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He was appointed as the 49th President of Indian National Congress, organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937 while promoting the Quit India Movement. For his role in the Bardoli Satyagraha, Patel came to be known as Sardar. As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organised relief efforts for refugees fleeing to Punjab and Delhi from Pakistan and worked to restore peace. He led the task of forging a united India, successfully integrating into the newly independent nation those British colonial provinces that formed the Dominion of India. Besides those provinces that had been under direct British rule, approximately 565 self-governing princely states had been released from British suzerainty by the Indian Independence Act of 1947. Patel persuaded almost every princely state to accede to India. His commitment to national integration in the newly independent country was total and uncompromising, earning him the sobriquet "Iron Man of India". He is also remembered as the "patron saint of India's civil servants" for having established the modern all-India services system. He is also called the "Unifier of India".
732	1875	1951	F	Syed Fazl-ul-Hasan (14 October 1875 – 13 May 1951), known by his pen-name Hasrat Mohani, was an Indian activist, freedom Fighter in the Indian independence movement and a noted poet of the Urdu language. He coined the notable slogan Inquilab Zindabad (translation of "Long live the revolution!") in 1921. Together with Swami Kumaranand, he is regarded as the first person to demand complete independence for India in 1921 at the Ahmedabad Session of the Indian National Congress. He was among the founders of the Communist Party of India at Kanpur in 1925. He was also imprisoned for promoting anti-British ideas, especially for publishing an article against British policies in Egypt, in his magazine 'Urdu-e-Mualla'. Afterwards, unlike some Urdu poets like Josh Malihabadi and many Muslim leaders, he chose to live in India rather than move to Pakistan after independence (1947) to represent left over Indian Muslims on various platforms. In recognition for his efforts, he was made a member of the constituent assembly which drafted the Indian constitution. But unlike other members, he never signed it.
733	1875		N	The Statesman (India), English, Daily: The Statesman is an Indian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper founded in 1875 and published simultaneously in Kolkata, New Delhi, Siliguri and Bhubaneswar. It incorporates and is directly descended from "The Friend of India", founded in 1818. It is owned by The Statesman Ltd and headquartered at Statesman House, Chowringhee Square, Kolkata, with its national editorial office at Statesman House, Connaught Place, New Delhi. It is a member of the Asia News Network.
734	1875		R	The Arya Samaj was founded by the sannyasi (ascetic) Dayananda Saraswati. Founded: April 10, 1875, Girgaon, Bombay, India. Motto: "Make the world noble!" Purposes: Education, Spirituality, Religious studies Arya Samaj (Hindi: आर्य समाज, "Noble Society") is a monotheistic Indian Hindu reform movement that promotes values of based on the belief in the infallible authority of the Vedas. The samaj was founded by Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati on 10 April 1875. Members of the Arya Samaj reject idolatry. Arya Samaj was the first Hindu organization to introduce proselytization in Hinduism. Members of the Arya Samaj believe in one God and reject the worship of idols Was founded 6 years after Gandhi's birth.
735	1875		R	Theosophical Society : The Theosophical Society, founded in 1875, is a worldwide body with the aim to advance the ideas of Theosophy in continuation of previous Theosophists, especially the Greek and Alexandrian Neo-Platonic philosophers dating back to 3rd century AD. It also encompasses wider religious philosophies like Vedānta, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Qabbalah, and Sufism. The Theosophical Society functions as a bridge between East and West, emphasizing the commonality of human culture. The term "theosophy" comes from the Greek theosophia, which is composed of two words: theos ("god", "gods", or "divine") and sophia ("wisdom"). Theosophia, therefore, may be translated as "wisdom of the gods", "wisdom in things divine", or "divine wisdom". The Theosophical Society was officially formed in New York City, United States, on 17 November 1875 by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Colonel Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge, and 16 others.
736	1876		A	Max Muller, pioneer of comparative religion as a scholarly discipline, publishes 50-volume Sacred Books of the East, English translations of Indian-Oriental scriptures.
737	1876		E	Great Famine of 1876–1878 mishandled by Viceroy Lord Lytton.
738	1876		E	Muhammad Ali Jinnah (born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the Dominion of Pakistan's first Governor-General until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as the Quaid-i-Azam ("Great Leader") and Baba-i-Qaum ("Father of the Nation"). His birthday is observed as a national holiday in Pakistan.
739	1876	1901	Em	Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than any previous British monarch. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, Parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India.
740	1876	1880	G	Lord Lytton – Viceroy Edward Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton, GCB, GCSI, GCIE, PC (8 November 1831 – 24 November 1891) was an English statesman, Conservative politician, and poet (who used the pseudonym Owen Meredith). He served as Viceroy of India between 1876 and 1880—during his tenure Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India—and as British Ambassador to France from 1887 to 1891. His tenure as Viceroy was controversial for its ruthlessness in both domestic and foreign affairs: especially for his handling of the Great Famine of 1876–78, and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Lytton's policies were alleged to be informed by his Social Darwinism. His son Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton, who was born in India, later served as Governor of Bengal and briefly as acting Viceroy. The senior earl was also the father-in-law of the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, who designed New Delhi. During his tenure as Viceroy .... The Delhi Durbar was held on January 1 1877, to decorate Queen Victoria with the title of Kaiser-i-hind. Statutory Civil Service in 1879. It was also laid down that the candidates had to appear and pass the civil services examination which began to be held in England. The maximum age for these candidates were reduced from 21 to 19 years. Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878.
741	1876	1901	P	Queen Victoria (1819–1901) is proclaimed Empress of India. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides. She wrote of "her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war", and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state "should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration". At her behest, a reference threatening the "undermining of native religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom. In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He .... Passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. Pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.
742	1876	1934	T	List of dams and reservoirs in Tamil Nadu (pre-independence): 2nd Century AD Kallanai Dam (built by Chola), Kaveri 17th Centuiry AD Kodiveri Dam, Bhavani river 1876 Puzhai Reservoir, Bhavani River 1906 Pechiparai Reservoir, Kodayar River 1934 Mettur Dam, Kaveri
743	1876		T	Nain Singh Rawat (21 October 1830 – 1 February 1882) : Rai Bahdur Nain Singh (21 October 1830 – 1 February 1882), also known as Nain Singh Rawat, was one of the first Indian explorers (dubbed "pundits") employed by the British to explore the Himalayas and Central Asia. He came from the Johar Valley in Kumaon. He surveyed the trade route through Ladakh to Tibet, determined the location and altitude of Lhasa in Tibet, and surveyed a large section of Brahmaputra. He walked "1,580 miles, or 3,160,000 paces, each counted". In May 1877, Singh was awarded the Royal Geographic Society's Patron's Medal "for his great journeys and Surveys in Tibet and along the Upper Brahmaputra, he has determined the position of Lhasa, and positive knowledge of the map of Asia". Henry Yule received the award on Singh's behalf and in his acceptance speech said that "[Singh's] observations have added a larger amount of important knowledge to the map of Asia than those of any other living man."
744	1877	1947	A	Lifetime of Sri Lanka's Ananda Coomaraswamy, foremost interpreter of Indian art and culture to the West.
745	1877		Ad	The Delhi Durbar (meaning "Court of Delhi") was an Indian imperial-style mass assembly organized by the British at Coronation Park, Delhi, India, to mark the succession of an Emperor or Empress of India. Also known as the Imperial Durbar, it was held three times, in 1877, 1903, and 1911, at the height of the British Empire. The 1911 Durbar was the only one that a sovereign, George V, attended. The term was derived from the common Mughal term durbar. The Delhi Durbar of 1877: Called the "Proclamation Durbar", the Durbar of 1877, for which the organisation was undertaken by Thomas Henry Thornton, was held beginning on 1 January 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as Empress of India by the British. The 1877 Durbar was largely an official event and not a popular occasion with mass participation like later durbars in 1903 and 1911. It was attended by the 1st Earl of Lytton—Viceroy of India, maharajas, nawabs and intellectuals. This was the culmination of transfer of control of British India from the East India Company to the Crown.
746	1877		C	Mir Ahmed Ali, Nawab Ali Nawaz Jung Bahadur (born on 11 July 1877) was chief engineer during the rule of Nizam of Hyderabad. He was responsible for major irrigation works, buildings and bridges in Hyderabad State such as Osman Sagar, Nizam Sagar Himayat Sagar and Ali Sagar reservoir of Nizamabad district, also named after him. He served as a chairman of National Planning Committee on River training and Irrigation.
747	1877	1946	F	Bhulabhai Desai (13 October 1877 – 6 May 1946) Bhulabhai Desai was an Indian independence activist and acclaimed lawyer. He is well-remembered for his defence of the three Indian National Army soldiers accused of treason during World War II, and for attempting to negotiate a secret power-sharing agreement with Liaquat Ali Khan of the Muslim League. Desai-Liaquat pact : While Mohandas Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee had been arrested during the Quit India movement, from 1942 to 1945, Desai was one of few Congress leaders free. While pressing demands for the immediate release of political prisoners, Desai began secretive talks with Liaquat Ali Khan, the second-most important leader of the Muslim League. However this assertion has been seriously challenged by other eminent people like Sir Chiman Lal Setalwad who have stated that Gandhi had full knowledge of the ongoing negotiations. It was their intention to negotiate an agreement for a future coalition government, which would enable a united choice for Hindus and Muslims for the independent Government of India. In this deal, Liaquat gave up the demand for a separate Muslim state in turn for parity of Muslims-to-Hindus in the council of ministers. Conceding the League as the representative of Muslims and giving a minority community equal place with the majority Hindus, Desai attempted to construct an ideal Indian alliance that would hasten India's path for freedom while ending the Quit India struggle. While Desai was working without the knowledge of Gandhi, Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru or any other Congress leader, Khan had kept the deal a secret from his superior, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. When a press report leaked the prospective deal in 1945, the respective parties were alarmed. While Desai presented full information to Gandhi, Jinnah and the League outrightly rejected any agreements, and Liaquat Ali Khan denied that such a pact was being negotiated. Desai's assertion that a deal had been reached was ridiculed by the League, while Congress leaders were angry at him for conducting such negotiations without informing them. Bhulabhai Desai would lead a major effort in March 1945 to get the House to defeat the unpopular war budget, but he had lost political standing in his own party owing to the fallout of the Desai-Liaquat pact. He was not given a ticket to contest elections for the Constituent Assembly of India on grounds of his ill-health, but also due to feelings in the Congress that Desai had been advancing his own power and popularity while the Congress leadership was imprisoned. This should be kept in mind that at that time many a proceedings of the Indian National Congress were shrouded in secrecy and people like Sir Chiman Lal Setalwad have time and again asserted that Gandhi had full knowledge of the Desai-Liaquat pact and was in fact the silent force behind the negotiations. It is also a matter worth note that when Desai was on his death bed, Gandhi went to meet him and did not speak a single word citing his "Maunvrata" (a fast wherein people do not speak for a designated period of time). INA soldiers trial : When three captured Indian National Army (INA) officers, Shahnawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sahgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon were put on trial for treason, the Congress formed a Defence committee composed of 17 advocates including Bhulabhai Desai. The court-martial hearing began in October 1945 at the Red Fort. Bhulabhai was the leading counsel for the defence. Undeterred by poor health, Bhulabhai made an emphatic and passionate argument in defence of the charged soldiers. He worked for three months at a stretch. He cited international law in his arguments, arguing that the accused were entitled to take up arms to gain independence for their country under the order of the Provisional Government which Subhas Bose had established and which had the recognition of a few sovereign governments, and that the Indian Penal Code did not apply to their case. The judge nevertheless pronounced the three officers guilty and sentenced them to transportation for life. The accused were however released and during the course of the trials reignited the Indian freedom struggle leading to complete independence in 1947.
748	1877		T	Victoria Bridge, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh On River Beas was built by Raja Vijay Sen at a cost of Rs 1 lakh in 1877 to connect Old Mandi with New Mandi town. Design of the bridge was exactly like Victoria Bridge in Bath, England, buit across Avon river in 1836.
749	1877		T	The Punalur Suspension Bridge located in Punalur is the oldest motorable Bridge in Kerala, which was built by Travancore Government and is now a historical attraction. The bridge has a length of 400 feet (120 m). The suspension bridge was built to prevent wild animals from crossing into the town from the forest area of old Kattupathanapuram. The Punalur Suspension Bridge is the first motorable bridge in South India. The suspension bridge crossing the river is the only suspended-deck type in south India. Built in 1877 by Albert Henry across the Kallada River, this huge bridge was suspended by two spans and was used for vehicular movement. Construction took more than six years. It is said that after completion of the bridge people hesitated to walk over the bridge. In order to prove the strength of the bridge the engineer and his family passed under the bridge in a country boat while six elephants were walking over it. Now the bridge is of historical interest and is a major tourist attraction.
750	1878	1972	F	C. Rajagopalachari (10 December 1878 – 25 December 1972) informally called Rajaji or C.R., was an Indian statesman, writer, lawyer, and independence activist. Rajagopalachari was the last Governor-General of India, as India soon became a Republic in 1950. He was also the first Indian-born governor-general, as all previous holders of the post were British nationals. He also served as leader of the Indian National Congress, Premier of the Madras Presidency, Governor of West Bengal, Minister for Home Affairs of the Indian Union and Chief Minister of Madras state. Rajagopalachari founded the Swatantra Party and was one of the first recipients of India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna. He vehemently opposed the use of nuclear weapons and was a proponent of world peace and disarmament. During his lifetime, he also acquired the nickname 'Mango of Salem'.
751	1878		N	The Hindu, English, Daily: The Hindu is an English-language daily newspaper owned by The Hindu Group, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It began as a weekly in 1878 and became a daily in 1889. It is one of the Indian newspapers of record and the second most circulated English-language newspaper in India, after The Times of India. The Hindu was founded in Madras on 20 September 1878 as a weekly newspaper, by what was known then as the Triplicane Six consisting of 4 law students and 2 teachers:- T. T. Rangacharya, P. V. Rangacharya, D. Kesava Rao Pantulu and N. Subba Rao Pantulu, led by G. Subramania Iyer (a school teacher from Tanjore district) and M. Veeraraghavacharyar, a lecturer at Pachaiyappa's College. Started in order to support the campaign of Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer for a judgeship at the Madras High Court and to counter the propaganda against him carried out by the Anglo-Indian press, The Hindu was one of the newspapers of the period established to protest the policies of the British Raj. About 100 copies of the inaugural issue were printed at Srinidhi Press, Georgetown, on one rupee and twelve annas of borrowed money. Subramania Iyer became the first editor and Veera Raghavacharya, the first managing director of the newspaper.
752	1878		N	Vernacular Press Act : In British India, the Vernacular Press Act (1878) was enacted to curtail the freedom of the Indian press and prevent the expression of criticism toward British policies—notably, the opposition that had grown with the outset of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80). The Act was proposed by Lord Lytton, then Viceroy of India, and was unanimously passed by the Viceroy's Council on 14 March 1878. The act excluded English-language publications as it was meant to control seditious writing in 'publications in Oriental languages' everywhere in the country, except for the South. Thus the British totally discriminated against the (non-English language) Indian Press. The act empowered the government to impose restrictions on the press in the following ways: Modelled on the Irish press act, this act provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the Vernacular press. From now on the government kept regular track of Vernacular newspapers. When a report published in the newspaper was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned. It elicited strong and sustained protests from a wide spectrum of the Indian populace. General threats to the Indian language press included: Subversion of democratic institutions Agitations and violent incidents False allegations against British authorities or individuals Endangering law and order to disturb the normal functioning of the state Threats to internal stability Any one or more of the above were punishable by law, but no redress could be sought in any court in the land. The succeeding administration of Lord Ripon (governed 1880–84), reviewed the developments consequent upon the Act and finally withdrew it (1881). However, the resentment it produced among Indians helped fuel India's growing independence movement. The Indian Association, which is generally considered to be one of the precursors of the Indian National Congress, was one of the Act's biggest critics. The crucial demand for a judicial trial in case of an accusation of sedition against an editor was never conceded by the government. However, in October 1878 the act was modified in minor respect; the submission of proofs before publication was no longer insisted upon, although the bail-bond remained.
753	1878	1880	W	The Second Anglo-Afghan War was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880, when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty, the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan. The war was part of the Great Game between the British and Russian empires. The war was split into two campaigns – the first began in November 1878 with the British invasion of Afghanistan. The British were quickly victorious and forced the Amir – Sher Ali Khan to flee. Ali's successor Mohammad Yaqub Khan immediately sued for peace and the Treaty of Gandamak was then signed on 26 May 1879. The British sent an envoy and mission led by Sir Louis Cavagnari to Kabul but on 3 September this mission was massacred and the conflict was reignited by Ayub Khan which led to the abdication of Yaqub. The second campaign ended in September 1880 when the British decisively defeated Ayub Khan outside Kandahar. A new Amir – Abdur Rahman Khan selected by the British, ratified and confirmed the Gandamak treaty once more. When the British and Indian soldiers had withdrawn, the Afghans agreed to let the British attain all of their geopolitical objectives, as well as create a buffer between the British Raj and the Russian Empire.
754	1879		Bu	Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Company Limited (Bombay Dyeing) is the flagship company of the Wadia Group, engaged primarily in the business of Textiles. Bombay Dyeing is one of India's largest producers of textiles. Products : Bed linen, Towels, Furnishings
755	1879		E	The Leonidas (ship), first emigrant ship to Fiji, adds 498 Indian indentured labourers to the nearly 340,000 already working in other British empire colonies. (Named after king Leonidas I of Sparta) was a labour transport ship (schooner) that played an important role in the history of Fiji. She had been earlier used to carry indentured labourers to the West Indies, having transported 580 Indian indentured labourers to St Lucia in 1878. Captained by McLachlan, the ship departed from Calcutta, India on 3 March 1879 and arrived at Levuka, Fiji, on 14 May that year. The indentured labourers who disembarked were the first of over 61,000 to arrive from the Indian Sub-continent over the following 37 years, forming the nucleus of the Fiji Indian community that now numbers close to forty percent of Fiji's population.
756	1879	1915	F	Bagha Jatin, born Jatindranath Mukherjee (7 December 1879 – 10 September 1915), was an Indian freedom fighter. Involved in The Howrah-Sibpur conspiracy case, Hindu-German Conspiracy. He was the principal leader of the Jugantar party that was the central association of revolutionary freedom fighters in Bengal. Inspired by Swami Vivekananda, Jatin expressed his ideals in simple words: "Amra morbo, jaat jagbe" — "We shall die to awaken the nation". It is corroborated in the tribute paid to Jatin by Charles Tegart, the Intelligence Chief and Police Commissioner of Bengal: "Though I had to do my duty, I have a great admiration for him. He died in an open fight." Later in life, Tegart admitted: "Their driving power (...) immense: if the army could be raised or the arms could reach an Indian port, the British would lose the War". Professor Tripathi analysed the added dimensions revealed by the Howrah Case proceedings: acquire arms locally and abroad; raise a guerrilla; create a rising with Indian soldiers; Jatin Mukherjee's action helped improve (especially economically) the people's status. "He had indeed an ambitious dream."
757	1879	1949	F	Sarojini Naidu (née Chattopadhyay; 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949) was an Indian political activist and poet. A proponent of civil rights, women's emancipation, and anti-imperialistic ideas, she was an important figure in India's struggle for independence from colonial rule. Naidu's work as a poetess earned her the sobriquet 'the Nightingale of India', or 'Bharat Kokila' by Mahatma Gandhi because of colour, imagery and lyrical quality of her poetry. Born in a Bengali family in Hyderabad, Naidu was educated in Madras, London and Cambridge. Following her time in England, where she worked as a suffragist, she was drawn to Indian National Congress' movement for India's independence from British rule. She became a part of the Indian nationalist movement and became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and his idea of swaraj. She was appointed as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1925 and later became the Governor of the United Provinces in 1947, becoming the first woman to hold the office of Governor in the Dominion of India. Naidu's poetry includes both children's poems and others written on more serious themes including patriotism, romance, and tragedy. Published in 1912, "In the Bazaars of Hyderabad" remains one of her most popular poems. She married Govindarajulu Naidu, a general physician, and had five children with him. She died of a cardiac arrest on 2 March 1949.
758	1879	1941	F	Herabai Tata (1879–1941) was an Indian women's rights activist and suffragist. Married in 1895, Tata's husband was progressive and supported the education of his wife and daughter, hiring tutors to help her with her schooling. In 1909, Tata, who was Parsi, developed an interest in Theosophy and within a few years made the acquaintance of Annie Besant. Around the same time, in 1911, she met Sophia Duleep Singh, a British suffragist with Indian heritage, who influenced her development as a suffragist. A founding member and the general secretary of the Women's Indian Association, she became one of the women who petitioned for enfranchisement before the Montagu-Chelmsford investigation in 1917.
759	1879	1973	F	Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973): Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy, commonly known as Periyar or Thanthai Periyar, was an Indian social activist and politician who started the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam. He is known as the 'Father of the Dravidian movement'. He rebelled against Brahminical dominance and gender and caste inequality in Tamil Nadu. E.V. Ramasamy joined the Indian National Congress in 1919, but resigned in 1925 when he felt that the party was only serving the interests of Brahmins. He questioned the subjugation of non-Brahmin Dravidians as Brahmins enjoyed gifts and donations from non-Brahmins but opposed and discriminated against non-Brahmins in cultural and religious matters. In 1924, E.V. Ramasamy participated in non-violent agitation (satyagraha) in Vaikom, Travancore. From 1929 to 1932 Ramasamy made a tour of British Malaya, Europe, and Soviet Union which influenced him. In 1939, E.V. Ramasamy became the head of the Justice Party, and in 1944, he changed its name to Dravidar Kazhagam. The party later split with one group led by C. N. Annadurai forming the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949. While continuing the Self-Respect Movement, he advocated for an independent Dravida Nadu (land of the Dravidians). E.V. Ramasamy promoted the principles of rationalism, self-respect, women’s rights and eradication of caste. He opposed the exploitation and marginalisation of the non-Brahmin Dravidian people of South India and the imposition of what he considered Indo-Aryan India.
760	1879	1950	Tr	In 1879, the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established which built several railway lines across the then Hyderabad State with Kacheguda railway station serving as its headquarters. Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway (NGSR) was a railway company operating in India from 1879 to 1950. It was owned by the Nizams of Hyderabad State, and its full name was His Exalted Highness, The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway. The company began with a line built privately by the HEH, the Nizam, which was owned and operated by the company under a guarantee from the Hyderabad State, much to the dismay of the British authorities. Capital for the line was raised by issuing redeemable mortgage debentures. The Nizam's railway was eventually consolidated with the Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railway (HGVR). In 1951, both the NGSR and the HGVR were nationalised and merged into Indian Railways.
761	1880	1936	C	Munshi Premchand, (31 July 1880 - 8 October 1936) : Dhanpat Rai Srivastava, better known by his pen name Munshi Premchand, was an Indian writer famous for his modern Hindustani literature. He is one of the most celebrated writers of the Indian subcontinent, and is regarded as one of the foremost Hindi writers of the early twentieth century. His novels include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah. He published his first collection of five short stories in 1907 in a book called Soz-e Watan. He began writing under the pen name "Nawab Rai", but subsequently switched to "Premchand", Munshi being an honorary prefix. A novel writer, story writer and dramatist, he has been referred to as the "Upanyas Samrat" ("Emperor among Novelists") by writers. His works include more than a dozen novels, around 300 short stories, several essays and translations of a number of foreign literary works into Hindi.
762	1880	1937	F	Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, alias Chatto, (1880 – 2 September 1937, Moscow), was a prominent Indian revolutionary who worked to overthrow the British Raj in India using armed force. He created alliances with the Germans during World War I, was part of the Berlin Committee organising Indian students in Europe against the British, and explored actions by the Japanese at the time. He went to Moscow in 1920 to develop support by the Communists for the Indian movement, including among Asians in Moscow who were working on revolutionary movements. He joined the German Communist Party (KPD). He lived in Moscow for several years in the 1930s. Arrested in July 1937 in Joseph Stalin's Great Purge, Chatto was executed on 2 September 1937. He was the brother of prominent political activist and poet Sarojini Naidu. In January–February 1934, Chatto exchanged letters with Krupskaya (Lenin's widow). On 18 March 1934 he gave a talk about his reminiscences of Vladimir Lenin. He wrote to Georgi Dimitrov, Comintern's Secretary-General, on 9 September 1935: "For three years I have been kept away from active work in the Comintern." Clemens Palme Dutt (the brother of Rajani Palme Dutt), mentioned having seen Chatto for the last time in 1936/37 at the department of ethnography of the Academy of Science in Leningrad. Chattopadhyaya was arrested on 15 July 1937 during the Great Purge of Stalin. His name appeared on a death list among 184 other persons, which was signed on 31 August 1937 by Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov, Zhdanov and Kaganovich. The death sentence was pronounced by Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on 2 September 1937 and Chatto was executed the same day. On 10 July 1938, A. C. N. Nambiar, Chattopadhyaya's brother-in-law, wrote to Nehru about the arrest. He replied on 21 July, agreeing to try to find out about Chattopadhyaya's fate. Chatto was well known in Great Britain and India as a revolutionary. He is believed to have inspired Somerset Maugham's character of "Chandralal" in his short story, "Giulia Lazzari;" (its character of Ashenden was based upon Maugham). The American writer Agnes Smedley, who was involved with Chatto for eight years, used him as a model for the character Ananda in her novel Daughter of Earth.. The Indian revolutionary in Berlin, A C N Nambiar, had married Chatto's sister Suhasini.
763	1880	1961	F	Bhupendranath Datta (4 September 1880 – 25 December 1961) was an Indian revolutionary and later a noted sociologist and anthropologist. He associated Rishi Aurobindo in his political works. In his youth, he was closely associated with the Jugantar movement, serving as the editor of Jugantar Patrika till his arrest and imprisonment in 1907. In his later revolutionary career, he was privy to the Indo-German Conspiracy. His elder brother was Swami Vivekananda. The Asiatic Society today holds the Dr. Bhupendranath Datta memorial lecture in his honour. Datta was a writer too. He wrote several books on Indian culture and society. He wrote a book named "Swami Vivekananda, Patriot-prophet". Bhupendranath Datta was arrested in 1907 for his involvement in the Jugantar Movement and for working as the editor of a revolutionary newspaper called ‘Jugantar Patrika’. Post his release, he joined the Ghadar Party and went on to become the secretary of Indian Independence Committee. Bhupendranath Datta fought for Indian independence from outside the country. Indo-German Conspiracy, member of Anushilan Samiti.
764	1880	1957	F	Amarendranath Chatterjee (1 July 1880 – 4 September 1957) was an Indian independence movement activist. In charge of raising funds for the Jugantar movement, his activities largely covered revolutionary centres in Bihar, Odisha and the United Provinces. Since Sri Aurobindo's retiring to Pondicherry in 1910, Amarendra closely associated with Jatin's followers such as Atulkrishna Ghosh, M.N. Roy and Bepin Ganguli, and served as intermediary between Jatin Mukherjee and Rasbehari Bose, becoming a key-figure in the Indo-German Conspiracy under Jatin during World War I. Two of his faithful lieutenants – Basanta and Manmatha Biswas went to North India to assist Rasbehari in an attempt to murder Lord Hardinge; immediately after Basanta's capital punishment in this connection, Amarendra was blacklisted by the Police.
765	1880	1959	F	Barindra Kumar Ghosh (5 January 1880 – 18 April 1959) Barindra Kumar Ghosh or Barindra Ghosh, or, popularly, Barin Ghosh was an Indian revolutionary and journalist. He was one of the founding members of Jugantar Bengali weekly, a revolutionary outfit in Bengal. Barindra Ghosh was a younger brother of Sri Aurobindo. A key founding member of Jugantar Party, Barindra Kumar Ghosh carried out many revolutionary activities including the famous Alipore bombing. He even published a weekly named ‘Jugantar’ that propagated anti-British and revolutionary ideas. He also formed a group that was responsible in making bombs and other ammunition in a secret place.
766	1880	1967	F	Pandurang Mahadev Bapat, popularly known as Senapati Bapat (12 November 1880 – 28 November 1967) After earning a scholarship to study engineering in Britain, Senapati Bapat focused on bomb-making skills instead of learning engineering. He returned to India with his newly acquired skill and became one of the members who were involved in the Alipore bombing case. Senapati Bapat is also credited for educating his countrymen about the British rule as many of them hadn’t even realized that their country was being ruled by the British.
767	1880	1884	G	George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (Lord Rippon) – Viceroy When Gladstone returned to power in 1880 he appointed Ripon Viceroy of India, an office he held until 1884. During his time in India, Ripon .... Introduced Legislation in 1883 (the "Ilbert Bill", named for his secretary, Courtenay Ilbert), that would have granted native Indians more legal rights, including the right of Indian judges to judge Europeans in court. Though progressive in its intent, the legislation was scuppered by Europeans living in India who did not want to be tried by a native judge. In this Ripon was supported by Florence Nightingale, Was backed by Nightingale in his efforts to obtain a Bengal land tenancy bill (eventually the Bengal Tenancy Act 1885) that would improve the situation of the peasants. Rpealed the controversial Vernacular Press Act of 1878 passed by Lytton, in 1882. Raised age for the entry in Civil Service exam to 21 years. Passed First Factory act in 1881, it prohibited the child labour. Passed Local Self Government act in 1882. Promoted the Indian Famine Codes. Was also instrumental in supporting Dietrich Brandis to reorganize the Madras Forest Department and expand systematic forest conservancy in India.
768	1880	1884	G	George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (Lord Rippon) – Viceroy In 1883, Lord Ripon joined a shooting party organised by the Maharaja of Darbhanga which had a total bag of 1683, including 4 tigers, 47 buffaloes, 280 pigs and 467 deer. The remainder being ″small game″. There was some criticism at ″... such wholesale destruction, particularly as it happens to be the breeding season.″ He is still revered in Madras, India as "Lord Ripon engal appan" meaning: Lord Ripon, our father. The Corporation of Chennai's Ripon Building was named for him, as well as the town of Riponpet in the Shivamogga district in the state of Karnataka. In Calcutta, the Ripon Street was named for him. The Ghanta Ghar Multan or Clock Tower of Multan in Pakistan was named Ripon Building and hall of same building was named Ripon Hall. The Ripon Club in Mumbai (formerly Bombay) founded in 1884 by the Parsis for their community members, was named after him.
769	1880	1908	W	George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (Lord Rippon) – (1884 to 1908) Lord Ripon also became a supporter of Home Rule for Ireland. In Gladstone's 1886 government he was First Lord of the Admiralty, and in the government of 1892 to 1895 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies. When the Liberals again returned to power in 1905 under Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, he took office, aged 78, as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords. In 1908, he declined to remain as Lords leader when H. H. Asquith became Prime Minister in April, and he resigned as Lord Privy Seal in October. As noted by Neil Smith, Ripon's liberalism had roots in the mid-nineteenth century, but his political views “shifted with the times.” According to Smith “he was greatly interested in labour questions, deeply sympathetic to labour aspirations and believed the state might interfere with wages and that the state had a duty to deal with unemployment".
770	1881	1970	F	Bhavabhushan Mitra (1881– 27 January 1970) Bhavabhushan Mitra took part in many Indian independence movements including the famous Non Cooperation Movement and Quit India Movement. He was also a prominent social worker who sought a few important changes in the Indian society in order to achieve complete independence from the British rule. He was also arrested for his revolutionary activities. Ghadar Mutiny
771	1881	2 Feb	N	The Tribune (Chandigarh), English, Daily The Tribune is an Indian English-language daily newspaper published from Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Bathinda, Chandigarh and New Delhi. It was founded on 2 February 1881, in Lahore, Punjab (now in Pakistan), by Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia, a philanthropist, and is run by a trust comprising five persons as trustees. It is a major Indian newspaper with a worldwide circulation.
772	1881		N	Kesari (newspaper), Marathi Kesari (Marathi: Sanskrit for Lion) is a Marathi newspaper which was founded in 1881 by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader of the Indian Independence movement. The newspaper was used as a spokes piece for the Indian national freedom movement, and continues to be published by the Kesari Maratha Trust and Tilak's descendants. Bal Gangadhar Tilak used to run his two newspapers, Kesari, in Marathi and Mahratta (Run by Kesari-Maratha Trust) in English from Kesari Wada, Narayan Peth, Pune. The newspapers were originally started as a co-operative by Chiplunkar, Agarkar and Tilak.
773	1881		P	The first synchronous Census of India was taken under British rule on February 17, 1881, by Sir William Chichele Plowden, Census Commissioner of India. Since then, censuses have been undertaken uninterruptedly once every ten years. In this census, the main emphasis was not only laid on complete coverage but also on the classification of demographic, economic and social characteristic took in the entire continent of British India (except Kashmir). The first complete census of India was conducted in 1830 by Henry Walter in Dacca (now Dhaka). In this census the statistics of the population with sex, broad age group, and the houses with their amenities were collected. Second Census was conducted in 1836–37 by Fort St.George.
774	1881	Bombay	R	St. Anne's Church: Byculla is home to St. Anne's Church in Mazagon. The present structure of St Anne's Church was erected in 1881 on top of the foundation of the small chapel that was originally built in 1787. The original chapel was erected by an Armenian woman called Rose Nesbit. The land on which the chapel (and now St Anne's Church) was built was her farmland, on the Island of Mazagon where she lived with her parents.
775	1881		T	The Hanging Gardens of Mumbai, also known as Pherozeshah Mehta Gardens, are terraced gardens perched at the top of Malabar Hill, on its western side, just opposite the Kamala Nehru Park. They provide sunset views over the Arabian Sea and feature numerous hedges carved into the shapes of animals. The park was laid out in 1881 by Ulhas Gokhale over Bombay's main reservoir, some say to cover the water from the potentially contaminating activity of the nearby Towers of Silence. When seen from the air, the walkway inside the park (Hanging Gardens Path), spell out the letters PMG (Pherozeshah Mehta Gardens) in cursive.
776	1882	1963	F	Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya (16 October 1882-7 March 1963) was an important leader in Revolutionary movement for Indian independence or a radical Indian nationalist noted for his role in the Indo-German Conspiracy (Hindu–German Conspiracy) of World War I. Born in "Chunta" in the district of Tripura, India, Bhattacharya in his youth became involved with the works of the Anushilan Samiti. In 1910, Abinash Bhattacharya proceeded to Germany to qualify as a Chemist at Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. He obtained his PhD in Chemistry from there. Bhattacharya became one of the Key founding member of the Berlin Committee, which during the war came to be involved in a number of failed plans for nationalist revolution within India and mutiny in the Indian Army. He returned to India in 1914 and founded a chemical factory known as "Techno Chemical Laboratory and Works Limited" in Calcutta. He is known as "Pioneer in Industrial Chemistry".
777	1882	1921	F	Subramania Bharati (11 December 1882 – 11 September 1921) A poet by profession, Subramania Bharati used his literary skills to inspire thousands of Indians during the independence movement. His works were often impassioned and patriotic in nature. In 1908, Bharati had to flee to Puducherry when the British government issued an arrest warrant against him. A prominent member of the Indian National Congress, Bharati continued his revolutionary activities from Puducherry. The Bharathiyar Illam Chennai is the house of the greatest Tamil Poet, Subramania Bharati. The works of this poet is considered to be exceptional. Bharathiyar Illlam is now one of the popular tourist attractions of Madras.
778	1883	1909	F	Madan Lal Dhingra (8 February 1883 – 17 August 1909) One of the earliest revolutionaries who sacrificed his life for the sake of his motherland, Madan Lal Dhingra served as an inspiration to other important revolutionaries, such as Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Azad. When he was studying Mechanical Engineering in England, Dhingra murdered Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie for which he was sentenced to death. Several weeks before assassinating Curzon Wyllie, Dhingra had tried to kill George Curzon, Viceroy of India. He had also planned to assassinate the ex-Governor of Bengal, Bampfylde Fuller, but was late for a meeting the two were to attend could not carry out his plan. Dhingra then decided to kill Curzon Wyllie. Curzon Wylie had joined the British Army in 1866 and the Indian Political Department in 1879. He was also the head of the Secret Police and had been trying to obtain information about Savarkar and his fellow revolutionaries. Curzon Wyllie was said to have been a close friend of Dhingra's father.
779	1883	1909	F	Madan Lal Dhingra: On the evening of 1 July 1909, Dhingra, along with a large number of Indians and Englishmen had gathered to attend the annual 'At Home' function hosted by the Indian National Association at the Imperial Institute. When Sir Curzon Wyllie, political aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India, was leaving the hall with his wife, Dhingra fired five shots right at his face, four of which hit their target. Cawas Lalcaca (or Lalkaka), a Parsee doctor who tried to save Sir Curzon, died of Dhingra's sixth and seventh bullets, which he fired because Lalcaca had come between them. Dhingra's suicide attempt failed and he was overpowered. He was arrested immediately by the police. Madan Lal Dhingra was hanged on 17 August 1909 at HM Prison Pentonville.
780	1883	1966	F	Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (28 May 1883 – 26 February 1966) The founder of Abhinav Bharat Society and Free India Society, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was an activist and was popularly known as Swatantryaveer Savarkar. Also an eminent writer, Savarkar published a book titled ‘The Indian War of Independence’ that spoke about the struggles of the Indian mutiny of 1857. He formulated the Hindu nationalist philosophy of Hindutva. He was a leading personality in the Hindu Mahasabha. Savarkar joined the Hindu Mahasabha and popularized the term Hindutva (Hinduness), previously coined by Chandranath Basu, to create a collective "Hindu" identity as an essence of Bharat (India). Savarkar was an atheist and also a pragmatic practitioner of Hindu philosophy.
781	1883	30 Oct	R	Maharishi Dayananda Saraswati dies.
782	1883		T	The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, passed in 1883, was intended to give the Central Government power to establish telegraph lines on private as well as public property. At the time the Act was conceived, India was still under the rule of the British Raj. Telegraph was first installed in 1851 and a trans-India telegraph was completed three years later in 1854. The telegraph had become, in the intervening thirty years, an important tool for British dominion over India by quelling rebellions and consolidating information. It was thus important for the British to have control of telegraphy and infrastructure across the subcontinent. The act came into force on 1 October 1885. Since that time, numerous amendments have been passed to update the act to respond to changes in technology.
783	1884	1885	BE	European nations meet in Berlin to divide Africa. Britain wins the most territory, which stretches from South Africa to Egypt.
784	1884	1939	F	Lala Har Dayal (14 October 1884 – 4 March 1939) A revolutionary among Indian nationalists, Lala Har Dayal turned down a lucrative job offer and went on to inspire hundreds of non-resident Indians to fight against the atrocities of the British Empire. In 1909, he served as the editor of Bande Mataram, a nationalist publication founded by the Paris Indian Society.
785	1884	1958	F	Tarak Nath Das (15 June 1884 – 22 December 1958) Tarak Nath Das was a shrewd freedom fighter, who instead of getting himself involved in revolutionary activities, found a more profound way of fighting for the country’s freedom. During a meeting in 1906, Tarak Nath Das, along with Jatindra Nath Mukherjee, decided to fly out to pursue higher education. But the real motive behind his act was to learn military knowledge and to create sympathy among leaders of the Western countries in order to seek their support for a free India.
786	1884	1888	G	Lord Dufferin – Viceroy. (Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava) He possessed enough of his ancestor's literary gifts and political bile to gain a reputation for having "an iron hand inside the velvet glove". He excelled as a diplomat, particularly as British ambassador in St. Petersburg and as governor-general of Canada, leading to his appointment as India's viceroy. The home government expected Dufferin to smooth over the ruffled feathers of the British Indian Civil Service which had revolted against the efforts of his predecessor (Lord Ripon, viceroy 1880–1884) to give Indians an opportunity to gain experience in modern government. Dufferin proved equal to that task. When the short-lived jingoistic Conservative ministry of Lord Randolph Churchill came to power in 1885, Dufferin obediently fulfilled the prime minister's desire to annex Upper Burma, though the high cost of that venture forced Dufferin to drain India's famine fund and to impose an income tax. These steps alienated Western-educated Indians—whose continued loyalty Ripon had wisely identified as the key to the continuance of the Raj—and led directly to the formation of the Indian National Congress. The emergence of the Congress alarmed the home government, which urged Dufferin to find some harmless means of answering its critiques of British Indian administration, such as through the appointment of token Indians to the Council of India. He responded by holding a brief dialogue with Congress cofounder Allan Octavian Hume, but Dufferin's own hatred of nationalism among subject-peoples—borne perhaps of his experiences as a harsh northern Irish landlord—resulted in a deeply racist antipathy for its Indian counterpart. He refused to believe that there was "one Indian fit" for any high public office.
787	1884		T	Postal Life Insurance (PLI) was introduced on 1 February 1884 with the express approval of the Secretary of State (for India) to Her Majesty, the Queen Empress of India. It was essentially a welfare scheme for the benefit of Postal employees in 1884 and later extended to the employees of Telegraph Department in 1888. In 1894, PLI extended insurance cover to female employees of P & T Department at a time when no other insurance company covered female lives. It is the oldest life insurer in this country.
788	1885	1965	F	Ullaskar Dutta (16 April 1885 – 17 May 1965) was an Indian revolutionary associated with Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar of Bengal and was a close associate of Barindra nath Ghosh. Ullaskar was a member of the Jugantar party and he became expert in bomb-making. Khudiram Bose used a bomb manufactured by Ullaskar and Hem Chandra Das in an attempt to murder the venerable magistrate, Kingsford. However, police caught many members of the Jugantar group including Ullaskar Dutta, Barindra Ghosh and Khudiram. In the famous Alipore bomb case (Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others), Ullaskar was arrested on 2 May 1908 and he was sentenced to death by hanging in 1909. Later, on appeal, the verdict was reduced to transportation for life and he was deported to the Cellular Jail in Andaman. Ullaskar was subjected to brutal torture in the Cellular Jail and is said have lost his mental balance. He was set free in 1920 and he returned to Kolkata. Ullaskar was again arrested in 1931 and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. He returned to his home village Kalikachha when colonial rule ended in 1947. After a lonely life of 10 years, he returned to Kolkata in 1957. After returning to Kolkata he married his childhood friend Lila, daughter of Bipin Chandra Pal at that time she was a physically challenged widow woman and went to Silchar, the district town of Cachar District of Assam and spent his later life there. He died on 17 May 1965.
789	1885	1933	F	Jatindra Mohan Sengupta (22 February 1885 – 23 July 1933) A lawyer by profession, Jatindra Mohan Sengupta defended and saved many young revolutionaries from being sentenced to death. He even joined the Indian National Congress and went on to actively take part in the Non-cooperation movement. He was arrested on several occasions before he eventually died while being held as a prisoner in Ranchi.
790	1885	28 Dec	P	Formation of "Indian National Congress". First session held at Bombay on 28th Dec. Attended by 72 delegates. The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians and create a platform for civic and political dialogue between educated Indians and the British Raj. The Indian National Congress was to be a voice of Indian opinion to the British government. From its foundation on 28 December 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume until the time of independence of India on 15 August 1947, the Indian National Congress was considered to be the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, and central and defining influence of the Indian Independence Movement. Indian National Congress was founded initially as a moderate body to press for greater opportunities for all Indians irrespective of religion. Demands include end of discriminatory practices in employment, greater public spending on education and lower taxes on the mass of poverty-stricken peasantry. Within the next few years, the organization decided to advocate in favor of the independence movement. After internal conflicts over how to win independence, the moderate faction advocating gradual reforms won leadership over the radical faction that called for an open rebellion.
791	1885		P	Lord Randolph Churchill becomes Secretary of State for India
792	1885	Bombay	P	In Bombay, Indian National Congress formed at Gowalia Tank Maidan. The Indian National Congress is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. Gowalia Tank Maidan is a park in Tardeo, central Mumbai where Mahatma Gandhi issued the Quit India Movement speech on 8 August 1942 decreeing that the British must leave India immediately or else mass agitations would take place.
793	1885		W	King Leopold II of Belgium born on 9th April. In 1885, Leopold and his army adventured into Congo. And for 23 years until 1908, he hellishly colonized the Congo (now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo and previously known as Zaire) and turned it into his private multi-billion corporation. In the process, he viciously forced the indigenous people to produce massive daily quotas of ivory and later much more massive daily quotas of rubber. Mark Twain sardonically ridiculed the Belgian monarch in King Leopold’s Soliloquy. Arthur Conan Doyle, author of Sherlock Holmes, in 1909 penned The Crime of The Congo to expose Leopold’s brutality as a crime against humanity. Joseph Conrad’s 1902 book, Heart of Darkness, was a fictional but accurate account of Leopold’s barbaric reign and that book was later made into a movie, Apocalypse Now starring Marlon Brando. But the greatest denunciation came from Roger Casement, an Irish nationalist and Easter Rising leader, who (surprisingly) wrote Britain’s official document regarding Leopold’s wickedness in the Congo. That document, dated 1903, is entitled The Casement Report and it goes into gory detail. It’s both a must read and a disturbing read.
794	1886	1969	A	Khan Bahadur Ardeshir Irani (5 December 1886 – 14 October 1969) was a writer, director, producer, actor, film distributor, film showman and cinematographer in the silent and sound eras of early Indian cinema. He was the one of the greatest legend of today's Indian Cinema. He was the director of India's first sound film Alam Ara. He was the producer of India's first colour film Kisan Kanya. He was renowned for making films in Hindi, Telugu language, English language, German language, Indonesian language, Persian language, Urdu and Tamil language. He was a successful entrepreneur who owned film theatres, a gramophone (Phonograph record) agency, and a car agency.
795	1886		Bu	The Burmah Oil Company was a leading British oil business company founded as the Rangoon Oil Company in Glasgow in 1886, by David Sime Cargill to develop oil fields in the Indian subcontinent. In the late 1890s, it passed into the ownership of Sir Campbell Kirkman Finlay, whose family already possessed vast colonial interests through their trading vehicle James Finlay and Co. In the first decade of the 20th century, Burmah Oil created a subsidiary company named Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) – later Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, then British Petroleum and eventually BP. It restricted its downstream interests to the Indian subcontinent, where BP had no business interests. In 1923, the company gave £5,000 (£236,000 in 2011 money) to future Prime Minister Winston Churchill to lobby the British government to allow them sole control over oil resources in Persia. It played a major role in the oil industry in the Indian subcontinent for about a century through its subsidiaries, and in the discovery of oil in the Middle East through its significant influence over British Petroleum. It marketed itself under the BOC brand in Burma, Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) and Assam (in India) and through a joint venture Burmah-Shell with Shell in the rest of India.
796	1886	1911	F	Vanchinathan Iyer (1886 – 17 June 1911), popularly known as Vanchinathan or Vanchi, was an Indian revolutionary. He is best remembered for murdering Robert William Escourt Ashe, also known as Robert Ashe (administrator), the British Tax Collector of Thirunelveli. On 17 June 1911, Vanchi who was 25, assassinated Robert Ashe, the district collector of Tirunelveli, who was also known as Collector Dorai. He shot Ashe at point-blank range when Ashe's train had stopped at the Maniyachi Station, en route to Madras. He committed suicide thereafter. The railway station has since been renamed Vanchi Maniyachchi. For the first time in the history of independent India, a Dalit group paid floral tributes to Ashe. “Since this great Briton was against untouchability and recognised the Dalits as human beings even when the caste-ridden society took all-out measures to oppress them, we pay floral tributes to the slain Collector,” justified members of Aathi Thamizhar Katchi.
797	1886	1945	F	Rash Behari Bose (25 May 1886 – 21 January 1945) Rash Behari Bose was one of the most important revolutionaries who tried to assassinate Lord Hardinge (Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst), the then Viceroy of India. Along with other revolutionaries, Bose is credited for organizing Ghadar Mutiny and the Indian National Army. He was also involved in persuading the Japanese to help the Indians in their struggle for freedom. He was one of the key organisers of the Ghadar Mutiny, and later the Indian National Army. Rash Behari Bose handed over Indian National Army to Subhas Chandra Bose. Following the attempt to assassinate Lord Hardinge, Rash Behari was forced to go into hiding. The attempt was made on 23 December 1912 in Delhi when Lord Hardinge was in a ceremonial procession transferring the capital from Calcutta to New Delhi. He was attacked near the Red Fort by Basanta Kumar Biswas a disciple of Amrendar Chatterjee, but missed the target and failed. The bomb was made by Manindra Nath Nayak. Bose was hunted by the colonial police due to his active participation in the failed assassination attempt directed at the Governor General and Viceroy Lord Charles Hardinge in Delhi. He returned to Dehradun by the night train and joined the office the next day as though nothing had happened. Further, he organized a meeting of loyal citizens of Dehradun to condemn the dastardly attack on the Viceroy. Lord Hardinge, in his My Indian Years, described the whole incident in an interesting way. During the flood relief work in Bengal in 1913, he came in contact with Jatin Mukherjee in whom he "discovered a real leader of men", who "added a new impulse" to Rash Behari's failing zeal. Thus during World War I he became extensively involved as one of the leading figures of the Gadar Revolution that attempted to trigger a mutiny in India in February 1915. Trusted and tried Ghadrites were sent to several cantonments to infiltrate into the army. The idea of the Gadar leaders was that with the war raging in Europe most of the soldiers had gone out of India and the rest could be easily won over. The revolution failed and most of the revolutionaries were arrested. But Rash Behari managed to escape British intelligence and reached Japan in 1915.
798	1886	1973	F	Nellie Sengupta (1886–1973) Born as Edith Ellen Gray, Nellie Sengupta was a British who fought for the independence of the Indians. She married Jatindra Mohan Sengupta and started living in India post her wedding. During the struggle for freedom, Nellie actively participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement and was also imprisoned on many occasions.
799	1886	1979	F	Mahendra Pratap Singh (1 December 1886 – 29 April 1979) was an Indian freedom fighter, journalist, writer, revolutionary, President in the Provisional Government of India, which served as the Indian Government in exile during World War I, and social reformist in the Republic of India. He also formed the Executive Board of India in Japan in 1940 during the Second World War. He also took part in the Balkan War in the year 1911 along with his fellow students of MAO (Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College School). In recognition of his services, the government of India issued postage stamps in his honor. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1932. N.A Nilsson, his nominator, said about him- "Pratap gave up his property for educational purposes, and he established a technical college at Brindaban. In 1913 he took part in Gandhi's campaign in South Africa. He traveled around the world to create awareness about the situation in Afghanistan and India. In 1925 he went on a mission to Tibet and met the Dalai Lama. He was primarily on an unofficial economic mission on behalf of Afghanistan, but he also wanted to expose the British brutalities in India. He called himself the servant of the powerless and weak."
800	1886		T	The Jubilee Bridge (India) is a former rail bridge over the Hooghly River between Naihati and Bandel in West Bengal, India. It provided an important connection between Garifa railway station and Hooghly Ghat railway station. The Jubilee Bridge was opened on 16 February 1885 in the fiftieth, or jubilee, year of the reign of Queen Victoria. Construction began in 1882 and was completed in 1887. The Chief Engineer in charge of construction works was Lt Col Arthur John Barry, nephew of Sir John Wolfe-Barry, project engineer of the London Tower Bridge. The Bridge was designed by Sir Bradford Leslie, Chief Engineer in India and Alexander Meadows Rendel. Its steel was manufactured by Hawks Crawshay of Gateshead in England and James Goodwin of Motherwell in Scotland. Bradford Leslie also designed the floating pontoon bridge across the Hooghly in Calcutta, which was replaced by the Howrah Bridge in 1942 and the Gorai River Railway Bridge near Kushtia in Bangladesh. He was a son of the American painter Charles Robert Leslie, ultimately Professor of Painting at the Royal Academy in London. The Jubilee Bridge is noteworthy in that it is a cantilever truss bridge, constructed entirely by riveting, without any nuts or bolts used in the construction. The Jubilee Bridge was decommissioned from service on 17 April 2016
801	1886		Tr	The Sind–Pishin State Railway (reporting mark SPR) was the name of a broad gauge line that ran between Rohri, Sindh and Chaman, Balochistan. In 1886, the southern section of the Sind–Pishin State Railway was amalgamated with the Kandahar State Railway and several other railways to form the North Western State Railway (NWR). Today the line is still active and part of the Rohri–Chaman Railway Line
802	1887	1920	C	Srinivasa Ramanujan FRS (born Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar; 22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician who lived during the British Rule in India. Though he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics, he made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to mathematical problems then considered unsolvable. Ramanujan initially developed his own mathematical research in isolation: according to Hans Eysenck: "He tried to interest the leading professional mathematicians in his work, but failed for the most part. What he had to show them was too novel, too unfamiliar, and additionally presented in unusual ways; they could not be bothered". Seeking mathematicians who could better understand his work, in 1913 he began a postal partnership with the English mathematician G. H. Hardy at the University of Cambridge, England. In 1919, ill health—now believed to have been hepatic amoebiasis (a complication from episodes of dysentery many years previously)—compelled Ramanujan's return to India, where he died in 1920 at the age of 32. His last letters to Hardy, written in January 1920, show that he was still continuing to produce new mathematical ideas and theorems. His "lost notebook", containing discoveries from the last year of his life, caused great excitement among mathematicians when it was rediscovered in 1976.
803	1887		Ed	The Nizam College is a constituent college of Osmania University established in 1887 during the reign of Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI, in Basheerbagh, Hyderabad. The Nizampur University College was originally the "Mirsarai" of Nawab Safdar Jung Musheer-ud-Daulah Fakhrul-ul-Mulk II the owner of the grand Errum Manzil palace. Fakhar ul mulk and Khan-i-Khanan II, were the son's of Nawab Fakhar-ul-mulk I, a noble of Hyderabad. The founder of the college and of several other educational institutions in the Hyderabad State, was Syed Hussain Bilgrami (Nawab Imad-ul- Mulk), who did pioneering work in the field of education as the Director of Education. He scouted and then appointed Dr. Aghorenath Chattopadhyay (father of Sarojini Naidu, Nightingale of India) as the first Principal of the college. The present building, was a summer palace of Paigah Nawab Mulk Fakrul Bahadur, later he gifted the palace to the college administration.
804	1887	Bombay	Ed	Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI) established. First and only institute offering degree in engineering until 1960. Located in Bombay, it is one of the oldest engineering colleges in Asia. Founded in 1887 and formerly known as the Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute.
805	1887	1910	F	Krishnaji Gopal Karve (1887 – 19 April 1910) was an Indian freedom fighter, a revolutionary. He had completed his B.A.(Hons) and had taken admission to LLB in Mumbai University. He was a member of the Abhinav Bharat Society in Nashik. On 21 December 1909, he along with Anant Laxman Kanhere shot A. M. T. Jackson, the Collector of Nashik. He was sentenced to death in the Bombay high court and hanged in Thane Jail on 19 April 1910.
806	1887	1938	F	George Joseph (activist): George Joseph (5 June 1887 – 5 March 1938) was a lawyer and Indian independence activist. One of the earliest and among the most prominent Syrian Christians from Kerala to join the freedom struggle, Joseph's working life in Madurai and is remembered for his role in the Home Rule agitation and the Vaikom Satyagraha and for his editorship of Motilal Nehru's The Independent (India) and Mahatma Gandhi's Young India.
807	1887	1943	F	S. Satyamurti (19 August 1887 – 28 March 1943) Mayor of Madras, President of the Madras District Congress Party Committee, Advocate of the High Court of Madras, Senior Advocate of the Federal Court of India, Deputy leader of the Congress party, Member of the Indian Legislative Assembly. Sundara Sastri Satyamurti was an important member of the Indian National Congress. Satyamurti actively participated in the protests against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. For his revolutionary activities during the Quit India Movement, he was arrested and tortured by the British soldiers. Satyamurti is also remembered as the mentor of K. Kamaraj, another freedom fighter who later became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.
808	1887	1971	F	Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi (30 December 1887 – 8 February 1971) The founder of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi was an important freedom fighter, who took part in Salt Satyagraha and Quit India Movement. He was arrested on several occasions for his protests. An ardent follower of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Mahatma Gandhi and Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Munshi was an active member of Swaraj Party and Indian National Congress.
809	1887	1954	F	Mandayam Parthasarathi Tirumal Acharya, also known as M. P. T. Acharya (1887 – March 1954) was an Indian nationalist, communist and anarchist who was among the founding members of the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group). In a long political and activist life, Acharya was at various times associated with India House in London and the Hindu-German Conspiracy during World War I when, as a key functionary of the Berlin Committee, he along with Har Dayal sought to establish the Indian Volunteer Corps with Indian prisoners of war from the battlefields of Mesopotamia and Europe. Acharya subsequently moved in 1919 after the end of the war to the Soviet Union, where he was one of the founding members of the Communist Party of India at Tashkent. However, disappointed with the Communist International, Acharya returned to Europe in the 1920s where he was involved with the League against Imperialism and subsequently was involved with the international anarchist movement.
810	1887		N	Deepika (newspaper), Malayalam, Daily Deepika newspaper was started in 1887 as Nasrani Deepika by a Syrian Catholic priest, Nidhirikkal Manikkathanar. Jatiaikya Sangham, an organization formed with the objective of uniting the Pazhayakoor and Puthenkoor communities among the Christians of Kerala, came up with the idea of a newspaper for all the various Christian communities in Kerala. Although this project did not work out, the Catholics in this group sought the permission of Mar Marcelinos, the bishop of Veropoly and started a newspaper. The first issue of the newspaper was published on April 15, 1887. Initially, the newspaper was printed on a wooden printing press at St. Joseph's Printing Press, Mannanam, near Kottayam. The first editor-in-chief was Nidhirikal Manikkathanar. Shortly afterwards, the Nasrani Deepika newspaper split from the Jatiaikya Sangham and was taken over by the Mannanam Ashram, the religious house of the congregation started by St. Kuriakose Elias Chavara.
811	1887	Calcutta	S	The Calcutta Swimming Club (mainly known by its acronym CSC), located on the Strand Road near Babughat in Kolkata, is the oldest swim club in India. The club was built in 1887 under the name Calcutta Swimming Bath by order of the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. The present structure and club were founded by Walter Davis, a partner of Hamilton & Company, who was also the first Secretary of the Club. The Lieutenant Governor of Bengal was the Head of the Club from its inception until 1923 when Mr. N. Hamilton was elected as its first President. The club celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 1937. It was renamed the Calcutta Swimming Club in 1941, in appreciation of its contribution to the war efforts. The club would not accept Indians as members even after independence. This changed in 1964, when Maharaja of Cooch Behar was inducted as its first Indian member.
812	1887		T	Malviya Bridge, inaugurated in 1887 (originally called The Dufferin Bridge), is a double decker bridge over the Ganges at Varanasi. It carries rail track on lower deck and road on the upper deck. It is one of the major bridges on the Ganges and carries the Grand Trunk Road across the river. It has 7 spans of 350 ft and 9 spans of 110 ft and it was the first bridge of its type constructed in the Indian sub-continent by the engineers of Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway (O&R Railway). The engineer in charge of construction of the Dufferin Bridge was Frederick Thomas Granville Walton, who went on to become the Engineer in Chief of the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway company. The bridge was renamed as the Malviya Bridge in 1948 after Madan Mohan Malaviya. As the bridge is near Rajghat, it is also locally known as Rajghat bridge. Malviya Bridge is between Kashi, Varanasi Junction and Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction (Mughalsarai Junction) stations. In Rudyard Kipling's story The Bridge Builders, the bridge is given the name Kashi Bridge, after the nearby city also known as Varanasi. Dufferin Bridge's opening ceremony was delayed because of floods; the Kashi bridge in the story also faces similar problems due to flooding just before it was opened to public
813	1887		Tr	West of India Portuguese Railway (WIPR): In the year 1878, an agreement was signed between the West of India Portuguese Guaranteed Railway Company (WIPR) and Portuguese Government of Portuguese India for construction of Harbour and connected Railway but the railway work started only in 1882. In December 1887, The total length of existing meter gauge railway track in the Goan Territory of 43 km between Mormugao-Sanvordem via Vasco da Gama was inaugurated. In 1888, Mormugao was connected with Southern Mahratta Railway at Caranzol-Castle Rock junction. In 1902, with the metre gauge line on the verge of bankruptcy, the company leased the railway to the Southern Mahratta Railway, which continued to manage railway till 1955.
814	1888		A	Max Muller, revising his stance, writes, "Aryan, in scientific language, is utterly inapplicable to race. If I say Aryas, I mean neither blood nor bones, nor hair nor skull; I mean simply those who spoke the Aryan language."
815	1888		A	Victoria Public Hall, or the Town Hall, is a historical building in Chennai, named after Victoria, Empress of India. It is one of the finest examples of British architecture in Chennai and was built to commemorate the golden jubilee of Queen Victoria. It served as a theatre and public assembly room in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. It now houses the South Indian Athletic Association Club. The Suguna Vilasa Sabha (SVS), founded in 1891, was most closely associated with the hall. It conducted the first evening drama shows in Madras. In October 1906, the play Kaadalar Kangal was staged at the hall. For the next 30 years, the Sabha remained at the hall and later, built its own theatre on acquisition of 36 grounds next to Christ Church on Anna Salai and now functions only as a social club. It was here that the first cinema show was held in Chennai. T. Stevenson, proprietor of the Madras Photographic Store, ran some shows that consisted of ten short films.
816	1888	Bombay	Ad	Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation founded. Formerly and commonly known as the Bombay Municipal Corporation (BMC) is the governing civic body of Bombay. It is India's richest municipal corporation. It was established under the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act 1888.
817	1888	1964	C	Sir Sonti Venkata Ramamurthy, KCIE (1 August 1888 – 19 January 1964), also known as S. V. Ramamurthy was an Indian civil servant who served as Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras Presidency from 1939 to 1943 and as advisor to the Madras government from 1941 to 1945. He was the first Indian to be appointed Chief Secretary of Madras. Ramamurthy also acted as the Governor of Bombay Presidency from 19 May 1947 to 30 May 1947.
818	1888	1970	C	Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970), popularly known as C. V. Raman was an Indian physicist known mainly for his work in the field of light scattering. With his student K. S. Krishnan, he discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes wavelength and amplitude. This phenomenon was a new type of scattering of light and was subsequently termed as the Raman effect (Raman scattering). Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics and was the first Asian person to receive a Nobel Prize in any branch of science. Born to Hindu Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, completing his secondary and higher secondary education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the ages of 11 and 13, respectively. He topped bachelor's degree examination at the University of Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at age 16.
819	1888	1963	F	Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi (August 1888 – 27 August 1963), also known by the honorary title Allama Mashriqi, was a British Indian, and later, Pakistani mathematician, logician, political theorist, Islamic scholar and the founder of the Khaksar movement. Around 1930, he founded the Khaksar Movement, aiming to advance the condition of the masses irrespective of any faith, sect, or religion. A theistic evolutionist who accepted some of Darwin's ideas while criticizing others, he declared that the science of religions was essentially the science of collective evolution of mankind; all prophets came to unite mankind, not to disrupt it; the basic law of all faiths is the law of unification and consolidation of the entire humanity. According to Markus Daeschel, the philosophical ruminations of Mashriqi offer an opportunity to re-evaluate the meaning of colonial modernity and notion of post-colonial nation-building in modern times. Mashriqi is often portrayed as a controversial figure, a religious activist, a revolutionary, and an anarchist; while at the same time he is described as a visionary, a reformer, a leader, and a scientist-philosopher who was born ahead of his time. After Mashriqi resigned from government service, he laid the foundation of the Khaksar Tehrik (also known as Khaksar Movement) around 1930
820	1888	1908	O	Opposition to the partition of India: Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Mashriqi and his Khaskar Tehrik "opposed the partition of India". He stated that the "last remedy under the present circumstances is that one and all rise against this conspiracy as one man. Let there be a common Hindu-Muslim Revolution. ... it is time that we should sacrifice…in order to uphold Truth, Honour and Justice." Mashriqi opposed the partition of India because he felt that if Muslims and Hindus had largely lived peacefully together in India for centuries, they could also do so in a free and united India. Mashriqi saw the two-nation theory as a plot of the British to maintain control of the region more easily, if India was divided into two countries that were pitted against one another. He reasoned that a division of India along religious lines would breed fundamentalism and extremism on both sides of the border. Mashriqi thought that "Muslim majority areas were already under Muslim rule, so if any Muslims wanted to move to these areas, they were free to do so without having to divide the country." To him, separatist leaders "were power hungry and misleading Muslims in order to bolster their own power by serving the British agenda".
821	1888	1953	F	Asaf Ali (11 May 1888 – 2 April 1953) was an Indian independence fighter and noted Indian lawyer. He was the first Indian Ambassador to the United States. He was appointed governer of Odisha for two terms and later, Indian Ambassador to Switzerland. In 1914, the British attack on the Ottoman Empire had a large effect on the Indian Muslim community. Asaf Ali supported the Turkish side and resigned from the Privy Council, England. He saw this as an act of non-cooperation and returned to India in December 1914. Upon his return to India, Asaf Ali became heavily involved in the nationalist movement. Asaf Ali rose to become one of the most respected lawyers in the country. He defended Shaheed Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt as a lawyer, after they threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929, during the passage of a controversial ordinance. In 1945, Ali came to be the convener of the INA defence team established by the Congress for the defense of the officers of the Indian National Army charged with treason later in November 1945. In 1928, he married Aruna Asaf Ali, a marriage that raised eyebrows on the grounds of religion (Asaf Ali was a Muslim while Aruna was a Hindu) and age difference (Aruna was 20 years junior to him). She is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement, 1942. Later Aruna Asaf Ali was honored with India's highest civilian award- Bharat Ratna based on her work.
822	1888	1958	F	Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was an active member of the Indian National Congress and a great freedom fighter. Maulana Azad took part in most of the important movements. He presided over the special session of Congress in September 1923 and at the age of 35 he became the youngest man to be elected as the President of the Congress.
823	1888	1982	F	J. B. Kripalani (11 November 1888 – 19 March 1982) Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani, best known as Acharya Kripalani, was a Gandhian socialist and independence activist. He was one of the most ardent followers of Mahatma Gandhi and was actively involved in many protests led by the father of the nation, including Non-cooperation movement, Civil disobedience, Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) and Quit India Movement.
824	1888	1908	F	Prafulla Chaki (10 December 1888 – 2 May 1908) Prafulla Chaki was a prominent revolutionary who was a part of the Jugantar group. The group was responsible in assassinating many British officials. Prafulla Chaki was given the responsibility of killing famous British officers like Sir Joseph Bampfylde Fuller and Kingsford. Prafulla and Khudiram Bose tried to assassinate the District Judge, Mr. Kingsford by throwing bombs at the carriage in which Kingsford was supposed to travel. The Muzaffarpur killing: Khudiram and Prafulla watched the usual movements of Kingsford and prepared a plan to kill him. On the evening of 30 April 1908, the duo was waiting in front of the gate of European Club for Kingsford's carriage to arrive. When a vehicle came out of the gate, a bomb was thrown into the carriage. There was a mistake towards identification by them, as the vehicle was not carrying Kingsford, but wife and daughter of Mr Pringle Kennedy, a leading pleader at Muzaffarpur Bar. The daughter died soon after and his wife succumbed to her injuries. The revolutionaries fled. Prafulla and Khudiram took separate routes to escape. Prafulla reached Samastipur where he was provided shelter by a railway staff member, Triguna Charan Ghosh. Ghosh also provided him with an inter-class ticket for boarding the night train due for Mokama. Nandalal Banerjee, a police officer travelling in the same compartment grew suspicious of Prafulla and attempted to arrest him on the Mokama railway station platform. But Prafulla committed suicide by shooting himself using his own revolver. His head was severed from his body and sent to Kolkata to be identified by Khudiram who unfortunately got captured. Khudiram was later arrested and hanged to death. Following this incident, inspector Nandalal was assassinated by two young revolutionaries, Srishh Pal and Ranen Ganguly.
825	1888	1894	G	Lord Lansdowne – Viceroy (Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne) Indian Council Act was passed in 1892. Second Factory Act (1891) was passed during his time. He appointed Durand Commission to define a line between British India and Afghanistan.
826	1888		N	Malayala Manorama, Malayalam, Daily Malayala Manorama Company is a private LLC corporation, owned by the Kandathil family, incorporated by Kandathil Varghese Mappillai at Kottayam in south-western Kerala on 14 March 1888. The company started with one hundred shares of ₹100 each. The investors paid in four equal instalments. With the first instalment, the company brought a Hopkinson and Cope press, made in London. A local craftsman, Konthi Achari, was hired to make Malayalam types for the imported press. Varghese Mappillai had worked for a year as editor of Kerala Mitram, a Malayalam newspaper run by Gujarati businessman Devji Bhimji, in Cochin and he took over the same position for Manorama. The Maharajah of Travancore Moolam Thirunal approved the logo of the newspaper which was a slight modification of the Travancore Coat of Arms. The first issue was published on 22 March 1890 from M.D Seminary, Kottayam, while the town was hosting a popular cattle fair. It was a four-page weekly newspaper, published on Saturdays. The weekly newspaper became a bi-weekly in 1901, a tri-weekly on 2 July 1918 and a daily on 2 July 1928. After Varghese Mappillai death in 1904, his nephew K. C. Mammen Mappillai took over as editor. In 1938, Travancore state proscribed Malayala Manorama on charges of publishing news against the Diwan; Mammen Mappillai was convicted and imprisoned. Malayala Manorama re-commenced regular publication in 1947 after the Indian independence and the Diwan's downfall.
827	1888		S	The Durand Football Tournament or Durand Cup is a football competition in India which was first held in 1888 in Annadale, Shimla. It is co-hosted by the Durand Football Tournament Society (DFTS) and Osians. The Tournament is the most oldest existing football tournament in Asia and 3rd of the most oldest existing football tournamens in the world. The Tournament is named after its founder, Sir Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary in charge of India from 1884 to 1894.
828	1889		Ad	The Official Secrets Act 1889, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It created offences of disclosure of information (section 1) and breach of official trust (section 2). It was replaced in the UK by the Official Secrets Act 1911.
829	1889	1940	F	K. B. Hedgewar (1 April 1889 – 21 June 1940) Keshav Baliram Hedgewar was the founding Sarsanghachalak (or "Chief") of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Hedgewar founded the RSS in Nagpur in 1925, based on the ideology of Hindutva with the intention of creating a Hindu Rashtra (Hindu nationalism).
830	1889	1964	F	Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the most important freedom fighters of India, who went on to become the first Prime Minister of free India. He was also the author of the famous book – ‘The Discovery of India’. Nehru was extremely fond of children and was fondly called as ‘Chacha Nehru’. It was under his leadership that India embarked on the planned pattern of economic development.
831	1889	1964	F	Jawaharlal Nehru: Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s as the country moved towards independence. His idea of a secular nation-state was seemingly validated when the Congress swept the 1937 provincial elections and formed the government in several provinces; on the other hand, the separatist Muslim League fared much poorer. However, these achievements were severely compromised in the aftermath of the Quit India Movement in 1942, which saw the British effectively crush the Congress as a political organisation. Nehru, who had reluctantly heeded Gandhi's call for immediate independence, for he had desired to support the Allied war effort during World War II, came out of a lengthy prison term to a much altered political landscape. The Muslim League under his old Congress colleague and now opponent, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, had come to dominate Muslim politics in India. Negotiations between Congress and Muslim League for power sharing failed and gave way to the independence and bloody partition of India in 1947.
832	1889	1964	F	Rajkumari Amrit Kaur (2 February 1889 – 6 February 1964) A co-founder of the All India Women's Conference, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was one of the most important members of Dandi March in 1930. After being imprisoned for her participation in the Dandi March, Amrit Kaur went on to actively participate in the Quit India Movement for which she was once again jailed by the British authorities.
833	1889	1956	F	Acharya Narendra Dev (30 October 1889 – 19 February 1956) One of the most prominent members of the Congress Socialist Party, Acharya Narendra Dev embraced non-violence and democratic socialism in his fight for the freedom of India. A key figure in the Hindi language movement, Narendra Dev was arrested on several occasions throughout his fight for freedom.
834	1889	1908	F	Khudiram Bose (3 December 1889 – 11 August 1908) Khudiram Bose was one of those young revolutionaries and freedom fighters whose deeds of bravery went on to become the subject of folklore. He was one of those brave men who challenged the British rule and gave them a taste of their own medicine. At the age of 19, he was martyred, with ‘Vande Mataram’ being his last words.
835	1889	1908	F	Khudiram, along with Prafulla Chaki, attempted to assassinate a British judge, Magistrate Douglas Kingsford, by throwing bombs on the carriage they suspected the man was in. Magistrate Kingsford, however, was seated in a different carriage, and the throwing of bombs resulted in the deaths of two British women. Prafulla committed suicide before the arrest. Khudiram was arrested and trialed for the murder of the two women, ultimately being sentenced to death. He was one of the first freedom fighters in Bengal to be executed by Britishers. At the time of his hanging, Khudiram was 18 years, 8 months, and 11 days old, making him one of the 2nd youngest revolutionaries in India. Mahatma Gandhi, however, denounced the violence, lamenting the deaths of the two innocent women. He stated "that the Indian people will not win their freedom through these methods". Bal Gangadhar Tilak, in his newspaper Kesari, defended the two young men and called for immediate swaraj. This was followed by the immediate arrest of Tilak by the British colonial government on charges of sedition.
836	1889	1915	F	Bhai Balmukund (1889 – 11 May 1915) Bhai Balmukund was involved in the famous Delhi conspiracy case. The conspiracy was a planned assassination of Lord Hardinge. A group of revolutionaries, including Bhai Balmukund, hurled a bomb at the Howdah that was carrying Lord Hardinge (Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst). Although Hardinge escaped the attack with injuries, his mahout was killed. Balmukund was later arrested and was sentenced to death.
837	1889	Calcutta	S	Mohun Bagan A.C., the oldest football club, was established in 1889 AD. It grew from strength to strength after 1911 when Bengal crowd reacted to British jibes in a physical culture movement. Mohun Bagan Athletic Club, commonly known as Mohun Bagan, is a major Indian multi-sport club based in Calcutta. Founded in 1889 as Mohun Bagan Sporting Club, the club's football section is one of the oldest football clubs in India and Asia. The club is most notable for its victory over East Yorkshire Regiment in the 1911 IFA Shield final. This victory made Mohun Bagan the first all-Indian side to win a championship over a British side and was a major moment during India's push for independence.
838	1889		Tr	Trams in Nashik: (Trams in India) Trams in Nashik (then Nasik) were built in 1889 as 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge. The consulting engineer was Everard Calthrop, later known with the Barsi Light Railway. Originally, the tram used two carriages pulled by four horses. It ran from the present Old Municipal Corporation building on Main Road to the Nasik Road railway station, a distance of 8 to 10 kms. The stretch between Nashik and Nashik Road was jungle-covered, and the only mode of transport from the station to the city was horse-drawn carriage or one of two taxis. The tram ceased operations between 1931 and 1933.
839	1889	1916	W	The Second International (1889–1916) was an organisation of socialist and labour parties, formed on 14 July 1889 at a Paris meeting in which delegations from twenty countries participated. The Second International continued the work of the dissolved First International, though excluding the powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and trade unions. In 1922 the Second International began to reorganise into the Labour and Socialist International. Among the Second International's famous actions were its 1889 declaration of 1 May (May Day) as International Workers' Day and its 1910 declaration of the International Women's Day, first celebrated on 19 March and then on 8 March after the main day of the women's marches in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. It initiated the international campaign for the eight-hour working day.
840	1890	Bombay	Ad	George Harris, 4th Baron Harris arrives to take over as Governor of the Bombay Presidency.
841	1890	1954	C	Sonti Kamesam (1890–1954) was an Indian timber engineer and scientist who worked at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. He is best known for his patented wood preservative, ASCU, from the chemical symbols for Arsenic and Copper. Kamesam was born in Narsapur in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh and was a younger brother of S. V. Ramamurthy. After primary education at Visakhapatnam, he graduated from Presidency College, Chennai and obtained his B.E. from Guindy Engineering College. He also obtained an ME (honours) and became a Member of the Institution of Engineers (India). He joined in Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun and later promoted as an Expert-in-charge of Wood Preservation. The application of the ASCU process for use in the Indian Railways was examined by a committee headed by Sir C.V. Raman in 1933–34. In 1936 he designed a highway bridge with a 60-foot span. In order to prove the strength of the bridge, he made two adult elephants, each weighing in at around ten tons, walk across while his children stood underneath. After retirement Kamesam joined Tiruvankur estate as director of the development department. He built many bridges with his preserved wood. He was awarded an honorary D.Sc. by Andhra University for his contributions in 1939. He wrote a booklet on Construction of Better and cheaper highway bridges in 1943.
842	1890	1966	F	Atulkrishna Ghosh (1890 – 4 May 1966) was an Indian revolutionary, member of the Anushilan Samiti, and a leader of the Jugantar movement involved in Hindu-German Conspiracy during World War I.
843	1890	1988	F	Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (6 February 1890 – 20 January 1988) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was one of those independence activists who opposed the partition of India at the time of its independence. Popularly known as Bacha Khan, he advocated non-violence and wanted a secular country. In 1929, he initiated the ‘Khudai Khidmatgar’ ( literally "servants of God") movement, which gave the British a run for their money. Since his principles were similar to that of Mahatma Gandhi’s, he worked closely with Gandhi in all his endeavours.
844	1890	1950	F	Gopinath Bordoloi (6 June 1890 – 5 August 1950) Gopinath Bordoloi’s fight for freedom began when he joined the Indian National Congress. He was then arrested for his participation in the Non-Cooperation Movement and was jailed for more than a year. A firm believer in Gandhi and his principles, Gopinath went on to become the Chief Minister of Assam after the independence.
845	1890	1931	F	Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi (26 October 1890 – 25 March 1931) A journalist by profession, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was one of the most important leaders of the Indian National Congress. He was also a prominent member of many important movements including the Non-cooperation movement. A close associate of revolutionaries like Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, Ganesh was imprisoned in 1920 for his revolutionary activities. While he was about to proceed to Karachi to attend the Congress Session, Kanpur fell into an orgy of communal rioting. Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi threw himself in the midst of furious mobs and saved the lives of thousands of innocent persons belonging to both the Hindu and Muslim communities and it was on this mission of mercy that he was butchered to by a rioting mob of muslims only to be found a few days later near litter where it took some time to identify him due to multiple wounds by a knife
846	1890		S	The origin of football in India can be traced back to mid nineteenth century when the game was introduced by British soldiers. Football spread among the masses through the sincere efforts of one Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhichary. Several football clubs like Calcutta FC (Calcutta Cricket and Football Club), Shobhabazar, Mohammadan Sporting known as Mohammedan SC (Kolkata), Mohun Bagan A.C. and Aryan FC were established in Calcutta around 1890s. Calcutta, then capital of British India, soon became the hub of Indian football. Tournaments like Gladstone Cup, Trades Cup and Cooch Behar Cup was also started around this time. The Durand Cup and IFA Shield were both started in late nineteenth century, making them two of the oldest football competitions in the world.
847	1891		A	Suguna Vilasa Sabha is a club based in the city of Madra, India.The Suguna Vilasa Sabha club is also called as SVS club. The Suguna Vilasa Sabha club was founded by a band of public spirited men headed by Late Sambanda Mudaliar for promotion of histrionic talent in the year 1891. It is one of the oldest and foremost theatre companies in the city. The Suguna Vilasa Sabha was established as a theatre company in a house in Georgetown. In 1902, the Sabha moved to the Victoria Public Hall from where it functioned from 1902 to 1936, when it moved to Mount Road. In 1945, the Sabha built its own theatre, the New Theatre. As stage dramas began to decline after the Second World War, the Sabha transformed into a social club.
848	1891		BE	Anglo-Manipur War: The Anglo-Manipur War was an armed conflict between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Manipur. The war lasted between 31 March and 27 April 1891, ending in a British victory.
849	1891	1910	F	Anant Laxman Kanhere was an Indian independence fighter. On 21 December 1909, he shot the Collector of Nashik in British India. The murder of Jackson was an important event in the history of Nashik and the Indian revolutionary movement in Maharashtra. A. M. T. Jackson Murder Case: The arrest of Ganesh Damodar Savarkar for printing a sixteen-page book of the songs of Kavi Govind and his prosecution was the last straw. Jackson was instrumental in getting Babarao arrested and prosecuted. A revolutionary group headed by Krishnaji Karve decided to eliminate Jackson in the first month of 1910. However, by the end of 1909, Jackson was promoted to the post of Commissioner of Mumbai. Krishnaji Karve, Vinayak Deshpande, and Anant Kanhere decided to eliminate Jackson before his transfer. People in Nashik arranged a farewell for Jackson at Vijayanand theatre in Nashik and staged the drama Sangeet Sharada in his honour. On 21 December 1909, after Jackson had arrived to see the play, Anant jumped in front of him and fired four bullets at him from Browning pistol. Jackson was killed immediately. One of the Indian officers, Mr. Palshikar, and former DSP Mr. Marutrao Toradmal, attacked Anant with their batons. Other people present caught Anant and he was not able to shoot himself or get the poison. A copy of paper written by Karve named "Murder for Murder" was discovered from him. Anant Kanhere, was then 18 years old. He admitted his part in the killing. The judgement to the above case was given by the Chief Justice of Bombay on 29 March 1910. He was prosecuted in Bombay court and hanged in the Thane Prison on 19 April 1910, a mere four months after Jackson was killed. Along with Anant, Krishnaji Karve and Vinayak Deshpande were also hanged. The other accused in the case Shankar Ramchandra Soman, Waman alias Daji Narayan Joshi and Ganesh BalajiVaidya were given Transportation of Life (Life imprisonment) punishment and Dattatraya Pandurang Joshi was sent to two years rigorous imprisonment.
850	1891	1956	F	B. R. Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) Fondly remembered as Baba Saheb, B. R. Ambedkar was a key figure in empowering Dalits. The British had used the Indian caste system to their advantage and were firm believers in the divide and rule policy. Ambedkar understood this motive of the British and ensured their downfall by inspiring the Dalit Buddhist Movement among many other movements. He was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer, who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against social discrimination towards the untouchables (Dalits). He was British India's Minister of Labour in Viceroy's Executive Council, a member of the Constituent Drafting committee, independent India's first Minister of Law and Justice, and considered the chief architect of the Constitution of India.
851	1891	1956	F	B. R. Ambedkar: As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit in a short time. He described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa. Thereafter, he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, and established an investment consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an untouchable. In 1918, he became Professor of Political Economy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Although he was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing a drinking-water jug with them. Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities. In 1920, he began the publication of the weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help of Shahu of Kolhapur i.e. Shahu IV (1874–1922). Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes that "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients and the doctor". While practising law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to promote education to untouchables and uplift them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to as depressed classes. For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.
852	1891	1934	F	Chempakaraman Pillai (15 September 1891 – 26 May 1934) Often a forgotten freedom fighter, Chempakaraman Pillai was one of those activists who fought for the freedom of India from a foreign territory. A close associate of Subhas Chandra Bose, Pillai initiated his struggle for freedom in Germany. It was Chempakaraman Pillai who came up with the famous slogan ‘Jai Hind’ which is used even today.
853	1891		Fl	ThamizhthThaai, (Tamil Thai) denotes the deified personification of the Tamil language as a mother. This deification of Tamil language in the persona of a mother got established during the Tamil renaissance movement of the later half of the nineteenth century. The phrase became popular in the Tamil speaking world after the publication of a song invoking and praising Tamil mother in a play titled "Manonmaniyam" written by Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai (1855–1897) and published in 1891. The song with music composed by M.S. Viswanathan has since been adopted as the state song of Government of Tamil Nadu.
854	1891		R	The Theosophical Society Adyar was formed. The Theosophy Society – Adyar is the name of a section of the Theosophical Society founded by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and others in 1882. In that same year, its headquarters moved with Blavatsky and president Henry Steel Olcott from New York to Adyar, an area of Chennai, India. The designation 'Adyar' is added to make it clear that this is the Theosophical Society headquartered there, after the American section and some other lodges separated from it in 1895, under William Quan Judge. The US National Section of this organization is called the Theosophical Society in America located in Wheaton, Illinois.
855	1891	Calcutta	S	Mohammedan Sporting Club, known as Mohammedan SC (Kolkata), founded in 1891 at Kolkata, is one of the oldest and one of the most popular football clubs in India, with a support base in all parts of the country. In 1934, Mohammedan was the first Indian club to win the Calcutta Football League (CFL) and they continued their run until the 1938 season. Before Independence, numerous triumphs against British teams earned the club huge support from all India. Mohammedan Sporting Club became the entity against British oppression and the support continued even after Independence. It also became the first Indian club to win the Durand Cup in 1940. After Independence, it became the first Indian club to win on foreign soil by lifting Aga Khan Gold Cup in 1960.
856	1892		A	Fatma Begum (1892–1983) was an Indian actress, director, and screenwriter. She is often considered the first female film director of Indian cinema. Within four years, she went on to write, produce and direct many films. She launched her own production house, Fatma Films, which later became Victoria-Fatma Films, and directed her first film, Bulbul-e-Paristan, in 1926. She lived from 1892–1983 and was mother to three children. Her legacy was carried on by her daughter Zubeida, whom besides being a silent film star, acted in India's first ever talkie, Alam Ara.
857	1892		Ad	The Madras High Court is the second oldest High Court of India after the Calcutta High Court. It is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The court is one of the three High Courts in India established in the three Presidency Towns of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta by letters patent granted by Queen Victoria, bearing date 26 June 1862. It exercises original jurisdiction over the city of Chennai and appellate jurisdiction over the entire state of Tamil Nadu and Union territory of Puducherry, as well as extraordinary original jurisdiction, civil and criminal, under the letters patent and special original jurisdiction for the issue of writs under the Constitution of India. Covering 107 acres, the court buildings are believed to be the second largest judicial complex in the world after the one in London. The complex also houses the largest number of courts in Asia.
858	1892		Bu	Britannia Industries Limited is an Indian food and beverage company. Founded in 1892 and headquartered in Kolkata, it is one of India's oldest existing companies. The company sells its Britannia and Tiger brands of biscuits, breads and dairy products throughout India and in more than 60 countries across the world. Founded with Rs295 to cater to British officers and their families, operations were mechanized in 1910 and industrial ovens installed in 1921. In 1954, it pioneered high-quality sliced and wrapped bread. Beginning with the circumstances of its takeover by the Wadia group in the early 1990s, the company has been mired in several controversies connected to its management. However, it does enjoy a large market share and is exceedingly profitable.
859	1892	1927	F	Roshan Singh (22 January 1892 – 19 December 1927) Yet another member of the Hindustan Republican Association (Hindustan Socialist Republican Association), Roshan Singh was a young revolutionary who too, was sentenced to death by the British government. Though he was not involved in the Kakori train robbery, he was arrested and was clubbed along with other revolutionaries who had taken part in the robbery.
860	1892	1962	F	Ambika Chakrabarty (January 1892 – 6 March 1962) was an Indian independence movement activist and revolutionary. Later, he was a leader of the Communist Party of India and a member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly. He was a member of Chittagong Jugantar party. He took part in the Chittagong armoury raid led by Surya Sen. On 18 April 1930, he led a group of revolutionaries, who destroyed the entire communication system in Chittagong. On 22 April 1930, he was seriously injured in the gunfight with the British army in Jalalabad. But he was able to escape. After a few months, he was arrested by the police from his hideout and sentenced to death. However, the sentence was later changed to transportation for life to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair. Chakrabarty, after his release from the Cellular Jail in 1946, joined the Communist Party of India. He was elected to the Bengal Provincial Legislative Assembly in the same year.
861	1892	1979	F	Bhupendra Kumar Datta (8 October 1892 – 29 December 1979) was an Indian freedom fighter and a revolutionary who fought for Indian independence from British rule. In addition to his other specific contributions as a Jugantar leader, he holds the record of a hunger strike for 78 days in Bilaspur Jail in December 1917.
862	1892	1942	F	Mahadev Desai (1 January 1892 – 15 August 1942) Best known as Gandhi’s personal secretary, Mahadev Desai was an important independence activist. He accompanied Mahatma Gandhi in most of his protests, including the Bardoli Satyagraha and Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) for which he was arrested. He was one of the members to have attended the Second Round Table ConferenceRound Table Conferences (India)#Second Round Table Conference (September 1931 – December 1931) and the only Indian to have accompanied the Mahatma when he met with King George V. Mirabehn (22 November 1892 – 20 July 1982) Madeleine Slade P. V., also known as Mirabehn or Meera Behn, was a British supporter of the Indian independence movement who in the 1920s left her home in England to live and work with Mahatma Gandhi. She devoted her life to human development and the advancement of Gandhi's principles (Gandhism). She was the daughter of the British Rear-Admiral Sir Edmond Slade.
863	1892		S	The Indian Polo Association (IPA) was founded in 1892. India is the birthplace of modern polo. The modern game of polo is derived from Manipur, where the game was known as 'Sagol Kangjei', 'Kanjai-bazee', or 'Pulu'. It was the anglicised form of the last, referring to the wooden ball that was used, which was adopted by the sport in its slow spread to the west.
864	1892		S	The Bombay Quadrangular was an influential cricket tournament held in Bombay (now known as Mumbai) from 1892 to 1945. The Quadrangular tournament had its origins in an annual match played between the European members of the Bombay Gymkhana and the Parsis of the Young Zoroastrian Club. The first such game was played in 1877, when the Bombay Gymkhana accepted a request for a two-day match from the Parsis. It was known variously as the Bombay Quadrangular, Presidency Match, Bombay Triangular, and the Bombay Pentangular. 1892 to 1906  : Bombay Presidency Tournment 1907 to 1911  : Bombay Triangular Tournment 1912 to 1936  : Bombay Quadrangular Tournment 1937 to 1945  : Bombay Pentangular Tournment In 1912, the Muslims of the Mohammedan Gymkhana (Islam Gymkhana, Mumbai) were invited to the now famous Bombay tournament, making it a Quadrangular. The tournament was held throughout World War I. A change for the 1917 tournament was the use of neutral umpires for the first time. Up to this season, a European umpire appointed by the Bombay Gymkhana had always officiated, but from now on the umpires for any match would be supplied by the non-competing teams. This was one of the first uses of neutral umpires in world cricket.
865	1892		S	The Bombay Quadrangular: In 1930, Gandhi's campaign reached a climax with the Salt Satyagraha, provoking civil disobedience and the arrests of 60,000 Indians. Amidst this political turmoil, the Quadrangular tournament was cancelled. It was not held again until 1934, when the cricket-starved public enthusiastically supported its reinstatement. In 1935, the sports editor of the nationalist The Bombay Chronicle, J. C. Maitra, suggested the Quadrangular be replaced with a geographic-zone-based tournament, to remove the racial and religious overtones. A newspaper correspondent argued an opposite case, for expansion into a Pentangular, with a team for Indian Christians. The public however clamoured for the traditional format and these suggestions were ignored. Finally, in 1937, a fifth team, called The Rest, was admitted to the tournament. It comprised Buddhists, Jews, and Indian Christians. On the odd occasion, players from Ceylon appeared for them including at least one Hindu. The first Pentangular, however, was played between just four teams, as the Hindus withdrew in protest over not being allocated what they considered a fair share of seats in the new Brabourne Stadium. From 1938, the Pentangular attracted growing criticism as being divisive because of the communalism implicit in the makeup of the teams. This was exacerbated by the growing political movement for Indian independence, which wished to foster unity amongst Indians as opposed to competition. Eventually, amidst a backdrop of rioting and political unrest across India, the newly formed Board of Control for Cricket in India announced in 1946 that the Pentangular tournament was being abandoned, and being replaced by a zonal competition. The Ranji Trophy, in which regional teams from all over India compete, became the pre-eminent Indian cricket competition.
866	1893		A	Bangiya Sahitya Parishad is a literary society in Maniktala of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Established during the time of the British Raj, its goal is to promote Bengali literature, both by translating works in other languages to Bengali and promoting the production of original Bengali literature. The organisation was founded by L. Leotard and Kshetrapal Chakraborty in 1893. Then it was known as The Bengal Academy of Literature. On 29 April 1894, the name of the society itself was changed to Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. 1894 saw the first officers, with Romesh Chunder Dutt as the first president and Rabindranath Tagore and Navinchandra Sen as vice presidents.
867	1893	1952	F	Garimella Satyanarayana (14 July 1893 – 18 December 1952) A poet by profession, Garimella Satyanarayana inspired thousands to fight against the atrocities of the British through his songs and poems. He actively participated in the civil disobedience movement by penning down fiery and revolutionary poems for which he was jailed on several occasions by the government of British.
868	1893	Bombay	P	Sectarian rioting between Hindus and Muslims.
869	1893		R	Swami Vivekananda represents Hinduism at Chicago's Parliament of the World's Religions, first ever interfaith gathering, dramatically enlightening Western opinion as to the profundity of Hindu philosophy and culture. Achieves great success with his stirring addresses.
870	1893		S	The IFA Shield is an annual football competition organized by the Indian Football Association. The Indian Football Association is the association governing football in the state of West Bengal, came into existence in 1893. Named after the Association, the IFA Shield Tournament was started in the same year. It is one of the oldest football tournaments in India and the second oldest Cup in the world. During the initial years after its inception, the IFA Shield was dominated by British army teams. However, their stranglehold over the Shield was broken in 1911, when Mohun Bagan Athletic Club became the first Indian team to win the IFA Shield by defeating East Yorkshire Regiment 2–1. That was a historic moment for Indian football, as the natives beat the Englishmen at their own game.
871	1893		W	The Durand Line is the international 2,670 km (1,660 mi) land border was originally established in 1893 as the international border between British India (British Raj) and Emirate of Afghanistan by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir, to fix the limit of their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade. The single-page agreement, dated 12 November 1893, contains seven short articles, including a commitment not to exercise interference beyond the Durand Line. A joint British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from 1894, covering some 1,287 km (800 mi) of the border. Established towards the close of the British-Russian "The Great Game", the resulting line established Afghanistan as a buffer zone between British and Russian interests in the region. The line, as slightly modified by the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, was inherited by Pakistan in 1947, following the partition of India.
872	1894	1934	F	Surya Sen (22 March 1894 – 12 January 1934) President of Indian National Congress Chittagong Branch, mastermind of Chittagong armoury raid. Surya Sen is credited for planning and executing a raid that aimed at seizing the weapons of police forces from the Chittagong armoury of British India. He led a battalion of armed Indians to carry out the task. He is known for turning youngsters into firebrand revolutionaries. Surya Sen is among thousands of young Indians who lost their lives, battling for an independent India.
873	1894	1978	F	Bhim Sen Sachar (1 December 1894 – 18 January 1978) A lawyer by profession, Bhim Sen Sachar was inspired by other revolutionaries and freedom fighters and joined the Indian National Congress at a young age. He was subsequently made as the Secretary of Punjab Congress Committee. Interestingly, Bhim Sen’s struggle for freedom continued even after 1947 as he got himself into trouble by voicing against the authoritarianism of Indira Gandhi.
874	1894		P	Gandhi drafts first petition protesting the indentured servant system. Less than six months later, British announce the halt of indentured emigration from India.
875	1894	1928	T	The Linguistic Survey of India (LSI) is a comprehensive survey of the languages of British India, describing 364 languages and dialects. The Survey was first proposed by George Abraham Grierson, a member of the Indian Civil Service and a linguist who attended the Seventh International Oriental Congress held at Vienna in September 1886. He made a proposal of the linguistic survey and it was initially turned down by the Government of India. After persisting and demonstrating that it could be done using the existing network of government officials at a reasonable cost, it was approved in 1891. It was however formally begun only in 1894 and the survey continued for thirty years with the last of the results being published in 1928. A second Linguistic Survey of India project was initiated by the Language Division of Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India in 1984.
876	1895		Ad	The Welby Commission was a group set up by the British Government to investigate wasteful spending in India. Established in 1895, its official name was the "Royal Commission on the Administration of Expenditure of India". It is claimed that the Commission improved the economic condition of India by reducing excessive expenditure. The Commission membership included: Reginald Welby, 1st Baron Welby known as Lord Welby (1832–1915) Lord Chaman (1859–1925) and T.R. Buchanan as Parliamentary representatives, and William Wedderburn (1838–1918), Dadabhai Naoroji (1825–1917), and William Sproston Caine (1842–1903) as representatives of Indian interests. G.K. Gokhale and Dinsha Wacha deposed before the commission in 1897.
877	1895		B	Founded in Lahore in 1895 by a group of visionaries and patriots—including Lala Lajpat Rai and E.C. Jessawala, Punjab National Bank (PNB) was born out of the sentiment that “Indian capital was being used to run English banks and companies..." PNB was the first bank in India to introduce the teller system in 1944.
878	1895	1982	C	Vinoba Bhave: Vinayak Narahari "Vinoba" Bhave (11 September 1895 – 15 November 1982) was an Indian advocate of nonviolence and human rights. Often called Acharya (Sanskrit for teacher), he is best known for the Bhoodan Movement. He is considered as a National Teacher of India and the Spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi. He was an eminent philosopher. The Bhagavad Gita has also been translated into Marathi language by him with the name as Geetai means mother Geeta. Bhoodan movement: The Bhoodan Movement (Land Gift Movement) also known as the Bloodless Revolution was a voluntary Land reform movement in India. It was initiated by Gandhian Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampally village, which is now in Telangana, and known as Bhoodan Pochampally. The Bhoodan Movement attempted to persuade wealthy landowners to voluntarily give a percentage of their land to landless people. Philosophically, Bhave was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's Sarvodaya movement and Gram Swarajya.
879	1895		C	Jiddu Krishnamurti (11 May 1895 – 17 February 1986) was a philosopher, speaker and writer. In his early life, he was groomed to be the new World Teacher, but later rejected this mantle and withdrew from the Theosophy organization behind it. His interests included psychological revolution, the nature of mind, meditation, inquiry, human relationships, and bringing about radical change in society. He stressed the need for a revolution in the psyche of every human being and emphasised that such revolution cannot be brought about by any external entity, be it religious, political, or social.
880	1895	1969	F	Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee (1895–1969) A co-founder of Hindustan Republican Association (Hindustan Socialist Republican Association), Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee was another freedom fighter who was imprisoned for getting involved in the Kakori train robbery (Kakori conspiracy). He was also a part of ‘Anushilan Samiti’, an organization that encouraged violent means to end the British rule. After the independence, he served as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
881	1895	1951	F	Liaquat Ali Khan (1 October 1895 – 16 October 1951) Moved by the ill-treatment of Indian Muslims by British officials, Liaquat Ali resolved to free them from the clutches of the British. He joined the All-India Muslim League which was growing in prominence under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Eventually, Liaquat Ali became a key figure in acquiring a separate country for Indian Muslims. A Pakistani statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and one of the leading founding fathers of Pakistan. He became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan; he also held cabinet portfolio as the first foreign, defence, and the frontier regions minister from 1947 until his assassination in 1951. Prior to the partition, Khan briefly tenured as the first finance minister in the interim government led by its Governor-general Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. Liaquat Ali Khan – Pakistan Movement: When Muhammad Ali Jinnah returned to India, he started to reorganise the Muslim League. In 1936, the annual session of the League met in Bombay (now Mumbai). In the open session on 12 April 1936, Jinnah moved a resolution proposing Khan as the Honorary General Secretary. The resolution was unanimously adopted and he held the office till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. In 1940, Khan was made the deputy leader of the Muslim League Parliamentary party. Jinnah was not able to take active part in the proceedings of the Assembly on account of his heavy political work. It was Khan who stood in his place. During this period, Khan was also the Honorary General Secretary of the Muslim League, the deputy leader of their party, Convenor of the Action Committee of the Muslim League, Chairman of the Central Parliamentary Board and the managing director of the newspaper Dawn. The Pakistan Resolution was adopted in 1940 at the Lahore session of the All-India Muslim League. The same year elections were held for the central legislative assembly which were contested by Khan from the Barielly constituency. He was elected without contest. When the twenty-eighth session of the League met in Madras (now Chennai) on 12 April 1941, Jinnah told party members that the ultimate aim was to obtain Pakistan. In this session, Khan moved a resolution incorporating the objectives of the Pakistan Resolution in the aims and objectives of the Muslim League. The resolution was seconded and passed unanimously.
882	1895		S	Beighton Cup is one of the oldest field hockey tournaments running till date. Instituted in 1895, it is organised by Hockey Bengal earlier called Bengal Hockey Association and used to be held on natural grass at the Mohun Bagan ground on the Maidan in Calcutta. The Beighton Cup was initially organized by the Indian Football Association, until the Calcutta Hockey League took over in 1905. In his autobiography Goal!, the legendray Dhyan Chand remembers his Beighton Cup debut. He says, "In my opinion it is perhaps the best organised hockey event in the country. Kolkata is indeed lucky that it has at least three or four first class hockey grounds on the maidan, and this is a great advantage to run a tournament on schedule. Instituted in 1895, this tournament has had a non-stop run. World Wars I and II did not affect the tournament. Threats of Japanese bombs and actual bombings in Kolkata while the hockey season was on also did not prevent the tournament from being held. That being said, it is sad to think that the tournament had to yield to the communal frenzy which gripped the nation in 1946–47."
883	1895		Tr	Trams in MadrasTrams in India#Chennai (Madras Tramways): Trams in Madras operated between the docks and the inland areas, carrying goods and passengers. When the system began on 7 May, 1895, it was India's oldest electric tram system. The original conduit system was replaced by a conventional overhead wire system after a series of destructive monsoons. The trams could carry heavy loads and were popular, with thousands of riders daily. The route included Mount Road, Parry's Corner, Poonamallee Road and the Ripon Building. At its height in 1921, 97 cars ran on 24 kilometres (15 mi) of track. The tram company went bankrupt about 1950, and the system closed on 12 April 1953.
884	1895		Tr	The Southern Punjab Railway (SPR) was a 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad-gauge railway built to provide a more direct connection from Karachi to Delhi by linking to the original Indus Valley State Railway at Samasata and avoiding the North Western Railway loop via Lahore. The Southern Punjab Railway Company was formed in 1895 with Bradford Leslie as Chairman. Under contract with the Secretary of State for India, Leslie and his partners formed the company to build a BG railway from Delhi to Samasata about 400 miles to the west. Horace Bell was the consulting engineer for SPR in London for the construction. The main line ran northwest from Delhi to Bathinda then southwest through Bahawalpur State to Samasata, a total distance of 402 miles (643 km). Several extension lines (Jullunder, Sutlej Valley etc.) extended the length to 502 miles(803 km) in 1905. In 1873, metre-gauge Delhi–Rewari line from the Delhi–Rewari section of Rajputana–Malwa Railway was extended to Hisar, and then to Bhatinda in 1883–84, connecting it all the way to Karachi via Delhi–Karachi line.
885	1896	Bombay	Ad	Famine followed by break out of Bubonic plague. Waldemar Haffkine begins plague research at Grant Medical CollegeGrant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals.
886	1896		BC	The Cellular Jail, also known as Kālā Pānī (Hindi for black waters), was a colonial prison in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The prison was used by the British for the express purpose of exiling political prisoners to the remote archipelago. Many notable independence activists, including Batukeshwar Dutt, Yogendra Shukla, and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar were imprisoned here during the struggle for India's independence. Today, the complex serves as a national memorial monument. Although the prison complex itself was constructed between 1896 and 1906, the British had been using the Andaman Islands as a prison since the days in the immediate aftermath of the revolt of 1857. The name, "cellular jail", derived from the solitary cells which prevented any prisoner from communicating with any other. The Savarkar brothers, Babarao and Vinayak, did not know that they were in different cells in the same jail for two years.
887	1896		F	Nationalist leader and Marathi scholar Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1956–1920) initiates Ganesha Visarjan and Shivaji festivals to fan Indian nationalism. He is the first to demand 'purna swaraj' or complete independence from Britain.
888	1896	1915	F	Kartar Singh Sarabha (24 May 1896 – 16 November 1915) Most famous accused in the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial. Kartar Singh Sarabha was one of the most famous revolutionaries who sacrificed his life at the age of 19. Sarabha joined the Ghadar Party, an organization formed to protest against the British rule, at the age of 17. He, along with his men, was arrested when a member of the Ghadar Party betrayed them by informing the police about their hiding place.
889	1897		BC	Chapekar brothers assassinate W.C.Rand.
890	1897		Bu	Incorporated in 1897 as a public limited company, Century Textile and Industries had only one unit until 1951—a cotton textile mill. Since then it has made rapid progress in yarn, denim, and pulp and paper industries, among others.
891	1897		Bu	Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Co. Ltd. In 1897, Ardeshir Godrej decided to make locks, safes and security equipment. In 1918, the company launched Chavi, the first soap in the world to be made from vegetable oil. It was chosen to manufacture ballot boxes for India’s first general elections in 1951.
892	1897		E	Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrated amid yet another famine in British India.
893	1897	1924	F	Alluri Sitarama Raju (1897 or 1898 – 7 May 1924) An Indian Telugu revolutionary involved in the Indian independence movement was born. Raju led the Rampa Rebellion of 1922, during which a band of tribal people and other sympathisers fought in the border areas of the East Godavari and Visakhapatnam regions of Madras Presidency, in present-day Andhra Pradesh, against the British Raj, which had passed the 19882 Madras Forest Act. He was referred to as "Manyam Veerudu" ("Hero of the Jungle") by the local people. Harnessing some aspects of the earlier non-cooperation movement and taking advantage of his own reputation among the tribal people, Raju led raids on police stations in and around Chintapalle, Rampachodavaram, Dammanapalli, Krishna Devi Peta, Rajavommangi, Addateegala, Narsipatnam and Annavaram. With his followers, he stole guns and ammunition and killed several British police officers, including two near Dammanapalli. Raju was eventually trapped by the British in the forests of Chintapalle, then tied to a tree and was executed by gunfire in Koyyuru village. His tomb is in Krishnadevipeta village.
894	1897	1927	F	Ram Prasad Bismil (11 June 1897 – 19 December 1927) Ram Prasad Bismil was one of those young revolutionaries who sacrificed his life for the sake of his motherland. Bismil was one of the most important members of the Hindustan Republican Association and also a prominent member of the group that was involved in the Kakori train robbery. He was sentenced to death by the British government for his involvement in the famous train robbery.
895	1897	1945	F	Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945) Founded the Indian Legion and revamped the Indian National Army. Popularly known as Netaji, Subhas Chandra Bose was a fierce freedom fighter and popular leader on the political horizon of pre-independent India. Bose was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1937 and 1939. He founded the Indian National Army and raised the famous slogans, ‘Delhi Chalo’ and ‘Tum Mujhe Khoon Do main Tumhe Ajadi Doonga.’ For his anti-British remarks and activities, Bose was jailed 11 times between 1920 and 1941. He was the leader of the youth wing of Congress Party.
896	1897	1945	F	Subhas Chandra Bose: In April 1941, Bose arrived in Nazi Germany, where the leadership offered unexpected, if equivocal, sympathy for India's independence. In November 1941, German funds were used to open a Free India Centre in Berlin, and to set up a Free India Radio on which Bose broadcast nightly. A 3,000-strong Free India Legion was recruited from among Indian POWs captured by Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps to serve under Bose. The Indian National Army (INA) had been formed in 1942 from the Indian POWs of the British Indian army captured by the Japanese in the Battle of Singapore. After arrival in Singapore, Bose enlisted Indian civilians, chiefly Tamil ones, in Malaya and Singapore. The Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions. With Japanese support, a Provisional Government of Free India under Bose was formed in the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Although the Japanese military at all times exercised firm control over the islands, Bose's visit in December 1943 was widely publicized. Charismatic and driven, Bose displayed unflagging enthusiasm for the cause of liberating India. The INA under Bose became a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, and gender.
897	1897	1960	F	Pandit Bal Krishna Sharma Naveen (8 December 1897 – 29 April 1960) Pandit Bal Krishna Sharma was an important member of the Indian freedom movement, who was arrested on six different occasions. He was also an important revolutionary as the British government had declared him a ‘dangerous prisoner.’ A journalist by profession, Pandit Bal Krishna Sharma was responsible in inspiring many Indians to stand up and fight for their independence.
898	1897		T	Commissioned on 10 November 1897 Sidrapong Hydroelectric Power Station, located at the foothills of Arya Tea Estate 12 km from Darjeeling town, is the oldest hydel power station or hydroelectric power plant in India. Commissioned on 10 November 1897, its original capacity was 2 × 65 kW, which was expanded in phases for increased demands to a total 1000 kW in 1916 Having reached the limit of the water supply, the machinery was replaced in 1931 for more-efficient triple-phase transmission. The site was then a fine orchard of the Maharajah of Burdwan (Bardhaman Raj), who was pleased to hand it over to the municipality for the importance of the public interest. The work for the installation of a power station started immediately, with machines and equipment imported from Britain. There being no proper road communication, all equipment, machinery and materials had to be transported manually—a Herculean task, inconceivable in the present day.
899	1897		T	The Philatelic Society of India was founded in Calcutta on 6 March 1897 to service postage-stamp collections. Function include design, printing and distribution of special or commemorative postage stamps, definitive postage stamps and items of postal stationery, promotion of philately, conduct of philatelic examinations at the national level, participation in international exhibitions and monitoring exhibitions at the state, regional and district levels and maintenance of the National Philatelic Museum.
900	1897	Bombay	T	Waldemar Haffkine announces plague vaccine, tests it on himself and on volunteers from Byculla Jail. Waldemar Mordechai Wolff Haffkine CIE (15 March 1860 – 26 October 1930) was a bacteriologist from the Russian Empire who later became a French citizen. He emigrated to France and worked at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where he developed an anti-cholera vaccine that he tried out successfully in India. He is recognized as the first microbiologist who developed and used vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague. He tested the vaccines on himself. Lord Joseph Lister named him "a saviour of humanity". He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in Queen Victoria's 1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours. The Jewish Chronicle of that time noted "a Ukraine Jew, trained in the schools of European science, saves the lives of Hindus and Mohammedans and is decorated by the descendant of William the Conqueror and Alfred the Great."
901	1897	Bombay	T	In October 1896, an epidemic of bubonic plague struck Bombay (Bombay plague epidemic) and the government asked Haffkine to help. He embarked upon the development of a vaccine in a makeshift laboratory in a corridor of Grant Medical College. In three months of persistent work (one of his assistants experienced a nervous breakdown; two others quit), a form for human trials was ready and on 10 January 1897. Haffkine tested it on himself. "Haffkine's vaccine used a small amount of the bacteria to produce an immune reaction." After these results were announced to the authorities, volunteers at the Byculla jail were inoculated and survived the epidemics, while seven inmates of the control group died. "Like others of these early vaccines, the Haffkine formulation had nasty side effects, and did not provide complete protection, though it was said to have reduced risk by up to 50 percent." Despite Haffkine's successes, some officials still primarily insisted on methods based on sanitarianism: washing homes by fire hose with lime, herding affected and suspected persons into camps and hospitals, and restricting travel. Even though official Russia was still unsympathetic to his research, Haffkine's Russian colleagues, doctors Volodymyr Vysokovych and Danylo Zabolotny, visited him in Bombay. During the 1898 cholera outbreak in the Russian Empire, the vaccine called "лимфа Хавкина" ("limfa Havkina", Havkin's lymph) saved thousands of lives across the empire. By the turn of the 20th century, the number of inoculees in India alone reached four million and Haffkine was appointed the Director of the Plague Laboratory in Bombay (now called Haffkine Institute). In 1900, he was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.
902	1897	Bombay	T	First ever gasoline motor-car in the Indian subcontinent brought to Bombay by Mr Forster of Crompton Greaves.
903	1897		Tr	In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies. In 1902, the Jodhpur railway division was the first to introduce electric lighting as standard fixtures. Electric signal lighting was introduced between Dadar and Currey Road in Bombay in 1920.
904	1898	1982	F	Sohan Singh Josh (12 November 1898 – 29 July 1982) An eminent writer, Sohan Singh Josh played a critical role in publishing a revolutionary daily called ‘Kirti’. The daily was responsible in propagating Bhagat Singh’s ideas. Sohan Singh also went on to become the editor of ‘Jang-i-Azadi’, a communist paper. For his revolutionary activities, Sohan Singh was arrested and imprisoned for three years by the British government.
905	1898		T	A marvel is in the form of a railway bridge named Bridge No.541 that was constructed in 1898. The 53 metre long and 23 metre high bridge was built in four stages and has 34 arches. The beauty of the Kalka-Shimla railway route is the absence of girder bridges and the effective use of arch-gallery bridges to move over ravines. These bridges resemble Roman aqueducts. Another distinct feature of this route is the 103 (now 102) railway tunnels.
906	1899		A	First film to be shot by an Indian and the first Indian documentary film: In 1897, a film presentation by Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcutta's Star Theatre. With Stevenson's encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, namely The Flower of Persia (1898). The Wrestlers (1899) by H. S. Bhatavdekar, showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay, was the first film to be shot by an Indian and the first Indian documentary film.
907	1899	Bombay	Ad	Bombay plague epidemic. The Bombay plague epidemic was a bubonic plague epidemic that struck the city of Bombay in the late nineteenth century. The plague killed thousands, and many fled the city leading to a drastic fall in the population of the city.
908	1899	1902	BE	The South African War, or Second Boer War, erupts between British and Boer forces for control of two Boer republics—the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State. Although Great Britain wins the war, it proves longer and costlier than the British had anticipated.
909	1899		Bu	The Calcutta Electricity Supply Corporation (now CESC Limited) was commissioned by the British government as part of its push to modernize India. Being the British capital till 1911, Calcutta was the first Indian city to be entirely electrified.
910	1899	1936	F	Kamala Nehru (1 August 1899 – 28 February 1936) Though she is widely remembered as the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru, Kamala was an eminent freedom fighter in her own right. She actively took part in the Non-cooperation movement by gathering a group of women and by protesting against the shops that were selling foreign goods. She was arrested by the British government on two occasions.
911	1899	1940	F	Udham Singh (26 December 1899 – 31 July 1940) Shooting in Caxton Hall. Udham Singh was one of the most important and famous revolutionaries who took part in the Indian independence movement. He is remembered for avenging the Jallianwala Bagh massacre by brutally murdering Sir Michael O'Dwyer on March 13, 1940. For his act, Udham Singh was convicted and was eventually sentenced to death. While in custody, he used the name Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, which represents the three major religions of Punjab and his anti-colonial sentiment.
912	1899	1905	G	Lord Curzon – Viceroy (George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston) He was a true successor of Lord Dalhousie. He was great imperialist, authoritarian in temperament, ruthless in his ways and wanted to achieve too much at too great pace. The time of his governorship (1899–1905), was the formative phase of Indian national movement. Thus he tried to strangulate Indian nationalism and freedom movement by all fair and foul means. Reactionary policies of Lord Curzon: Through Calcutta Corporation act 1899 he reduced the number of elected legislatures to deprive Indians from self-governanc. He looked at Indians with contempt and insulted and injured their feelings. He described Bengalis as cowards, windbags, impracticable talkers and mere frothy patriots. He even refused to meet the president of Indian national congress. The biggest blunder he committed was the partition of Bengal. Although it was a political masterstroke to break growing Indian nationalism among Bengalis, it proved disastrous for British in longer term. Partition of Bengal (1905) into two provinces- Bengal and East Bengal was done during his time. Curzon by his impolitic utterances and imperialist designs brought political unrest in India to a bursting point. Curzon’s imperialistic policies provoked reaction which in turn stung political life in India. Out of his tyranny was born a stronger sense of nationhood. Taken in this light Curzon proved to be a benefactor of India without intending to do so.
913	1899	1905	G	Lord Curzon – Viceroy, Reforms by Lord Curzon: Educational: To set the educational system in order, he instituted in 1902, a Indian Universities Commission 1902 to go into the entire question of university education in the country. On the basis of the findings and recommendations of the Commission, Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904, which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government. Scientific: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute in Pusa (Bihar – Bengal Presidency) was established. Administrative: He made efforts for police reforms, eliminating the corruption and to promote the economic development. He provided a revival to conservatism in India by refurbishing the main features of Lord Mayo’s policies. He instituted a Police Commission in 1902 under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer. Curzon accepted all the recommendations and implemented them. He set up training schools for both the officers and the constables and introduced provincial police service. North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) 1901, was established which covered roughly the areas of upper course of River Indus. Military: Imperial cadet corps was set up which became an instrument for Indianisation (British India) of army later. Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904 was passed, which made it obligatory on the part of the government and local authorities to preserve the monuments of archaeological importance and their destruction an offence.
914	1899		R	Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, is a branch of the Ramakrishna Math, founded on 19 March 1899 at the behest of Swami Vivekananda, by his disciples James Henry Sevier, and Charlotte Sevier. Today it publishes the original writings of Vivekananda. As an ashram dedicated to the study and practice of Advaita Vedanta, no images or idols are worshipped there, not even of Ramakrishna; and no images were kept in the premises according to the Ashram ideals set by Vivekananda.
915	1899	11 Apr	Wh	On 11 April 1899, the U.S. established geopolitical hegemony upon islands and peoples in two oceans and in two hemispheres: the Philippines and Guam in the Pacific Ocean, Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Atlantic Ocean – The White Man's Burden.
916	1899		Wh	The White Man's Burden by Rudyard Kipling. proposes that the "white race" is morally obligated to rule the "non-white" peoples and to encourage their progress (economic, social, and cultural) through settler colonialism, which is based upon the Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries displacing the natives' religions: The implication, of course, was that the Empire existed not for the benefit—economic or strategic or otherwise—of Britain, itself, but in order that primitive peoples, incapable of self-government, could, with British guidance, eventually become civilized (and Christianized).
917	1899	February	Wh	The Brown Man's Burden by the British politician Henry Labouchère. It shifts the emphasis of Kipling's notorious poem, offering a view of imperialism from the perspective of those who were most directly affected by the expansionist policies of nations like Britain and the United States. "The Brown Man's Burden" offers an indictment of imperial hypocrisy, with particular emphasis on the violence employed in subjugating countries like the Philippines in the name of freedom.
918	1899	February	Wh	The Brown Man's Burden: Pile on the brown man's burden / To gratify your greed; // Go, clear away the "niggers" / Who progress would impede; Be very stern, for truly / 'Tis useless to be mild // With new-caught, sullen peoples, / Half devil and half child. Pile on the brown man's burden; / And, if ye rouse his hate, // Meet his old-fashioned reasons / With Maxims up to date. With shells & dumdum bullets / A hundred times made plain // The brown man's loss must ever / Imply the white man's gain. Pile on the brown man's burden, / compel him to be free; // Let all your manifestoes / Reek with philanthropy. And if with heathen folly / He dares your will dispute, // Then, in the name of freedom, / Don't hesitate to shoot. Pile on the brown man's burden, / And if his cry be sore, // That surely need not irk you-- / Ye've driven slaves before. Seize on his ports & pastures, / The fields his people tread; // Go make from them your living, / And mark them with his dead. Pile on the brown man's burden, / And through the world proclaim // That ye are Freedom's agent-- / There's no more paying game! And, should your own past history / Straight in your teeth be thrown, // Retort that independence / Is good for whites alone.
919	1899	April	Wh	The Black Man's Burden: A Response to Kipling" by the African-American clergyman and editor H. T. Johnson. A “Black Man’s Burden Association” was even organized with the goal of demonstrating that mistreatment of brown people in the Philippines was an extension of the mistreatment of black Americans at home. Pile on the Black Man’s Burden. 'Tis nearest at your door; / Why heed long bleeding Cuba, or dark Hawaii’s shore? Hail ye your fearless armies, / Which menace feeble folks Who fight with clubs and arrows / and brook your rifle’s smoke. Pile on the Black Man’s Burden His wail with laughter drown / You’ve sealed the Red Man’s problem, And will take up the Brown, / In vain ye seek to end it, With bullets, blood or death / Better by far defend it / With honor’s holy breath.
920	1899		Wh	Take up the Black Man's Burden, (J. Dallas Bowser#Black Man's Burden) by the American educator J. Dallas Bowser. In 1899, Bowser published a poem in response to Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden". "Take up the Black Man's burden/Send forth the best ye breed,/To judge with righteous judgement/The Black Man's work and need,//...//Let the glory of your people/Be the making of great men,/The lifting of the lowly,/To noble thought and aim." He drew connections between racism and imperialism in the poem and criticized both. He also advocated black self-improvement, a position expressed as well by Booker T. Washington, president of the Tuskegee Institute. The poem is often paired with a number of poems written in response to Kipling, particularly with "Charity Begins at Home", published a few weeks earlier in the Colored Americanand pseudonymously written by "X-Ray". It was more biting in its criticism.
921	1899		Wh	The Poor Man's Burden by Dr. Howard S. Taylor Addresses the negative psycho-social effects of the imperialist ethos upon the working-class people of an empire.
922	1900		Bu	American inventor Elisha Graves Otis built the first safety elevator in 1852. In the 1870s, Otis entered Europe. Its elevators were installed at the Kremlin, Balmoral Castle, the Hungarian Royal Palace and the Eiffel Tower. In the early 1900s, the Buckingham and the Mysore Palaces were also home to Otis elevators.
923	1900		E	India's tea exports to Britain reach 137 million Pounds.
924	1900	1927	F	Ashfaqulla Khan (22 October 1900 – 19 December 1927) Ashfaqulla Khan was a firebrand among the young revolutionaries, who sacrificed his life for the sake of his motherland. He was an important member of the Hindustan Republican Association. Khan, along with his associates, executed the train robbery at Kakori for which he was arrested and executed by the British. Khan was put to death by hanging on 19 December 1927 at Faizabad jail. This revolutionary man became a martyr and a legend among his people due to his love for the motherland, his clear thinking, unshakeable courage, firmness and loyalty.
925	1900	1927	F	Ashfaqulla Khan: Khan was born in Shahjahanpur, United Provinces of British India to Shafiqullah Khan and Mazharunissa. He was born in a Muslim Pathan family of Khyber tribe. He was the youngest among his six siblings. In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi launched his Non-cooperation movement against the British rule in India. But after the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the call for this movement. At that point, many young people including Khan felt depressed. That is when Khan decided to form an organization with like-minded freedom fighters which resulted in the formation of Hindustan Republican Association in 1924. This association's purpose was to organize armed revolutions to achieve a free India.
926	1900	1927	F	Ashfaqulla Khan – Kakori train robbery To give a boost to their movement and buy arms and ammunition to carry out their activities, the revolutionaries of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association organised a meeting on 8 August 1925 in Shahjahanpur. After a lot of deliberation, it was decided to loot the government treasury carried in the trains. On 9 August 1925, Khan and other revolutionaries, namely Ram Prasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, Thakur Roshan Singh, Sachindra Bakshi, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Keshab Chakravarthy, Banwari Lal, Murari Lal Gupta, Mukundi Lal, and Manmath Nath Gupta looted the train carrying British government money in Kakori near Lucknow. A month passed after the train robbery, and yet none of the train robbers were arrested. Although the British government had spread a large investigative net. On the morning of 26 September 1925, Bismil was caught by the police and Khan was the only one untraced by the police. He went into hiding and moved to Banaras from Bihar, where he worked in an engineering company for ten months. He wanted to move abroad to learn engineering to further help the freedom struggle and so he went to Delhi to find ways to move out of the country. He took the help of one of his Pathan friends who was also his classmate in the past. This friend, in turn, betrayed him by informing the police about his whereabouts and on the morning of 17 July 1926 police came to his house and arrested him. Khan was detained in the Faizabad jail and a case was filed against him. His brother Riyasatullah Khan was his legal counsel. While in jail, Ashfaqulla Khan recited the Quran and started saying his prayers regularly and during the Islamic month of Ramadan strictly fasted. The case for the Kakori dacoity was concluded by awarding death sentence to Bismil, Khan, Rajendra Lahiri and Thakur Roshan Singh. The others were given life sentences.
927	1900	1992	F	Ganesh Ghosh (22 June 1900 – 22 December 1992) A close associate of Surya Sen, Ganesh Ghosh was an important member in the group that took part in the Chittagong armoury raid. Also a member of the Jugantar party, Ganesh Ghosh was eventually arrested by British soldiers. Post his release, he joined the Communist Party of India and continued his fight for freedom.
928	1900	1946	F	Sagarmal Gopa (3 November 1900 – 4 April 1946) The author of revolutionary books like ‘Azadi Ke Diwane’ and ‘Jaisalmer ka Gundaraj’, Sagarmal Gopa was a prominent freedom fighter who took part in the Non-cooperation movement. For protesting against the rulers of Jaisalmer, he was expelled from Hyderabad and Jaisalmer. At the age of 46, Sagarmal Gopa was torched to death while being lodged in prison.
929	1900	1995	F	N. G. Ranga (7 November 1900 – 9 June 1995) After getting inspired by the freedom movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, Gogineni Ranga Nayukulu, commonly known as N. G. Ranga, started a protest of his own by leading a group of farmers in an agitation in 1933. He is considered one of the most important freedom fighters to have revolutionized the Indian Peasant Movement.
930	1900	21 May	N	O Heraldo, Portuguese, Daily O Heraldo was established as the first daily Portuguese newspaper on 21 May 1900 by Aleixo Clemente Messias Gomes in Goa. After a ten-year spell in Lisbon, Messias Gomes undertook major expansions and modernisations of the paper's operations in 1919. It was later transformed into an English daily in 1983, by which time it was 'the longest-running Portuguese-language newspaper outside of Portugal and Brazil'
931	1900		S	India first participated at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, with a lone athlete, Norman Pritchard winning two medals- both silver- in athletics. Norman Gilbert Pritchard (23 June 1877 – 31 October 1929) was in Calcutta. He studied at Saint Xaviers College, Calcutta, and is credited with the first hat-trick in an open football tournament in India, for Saint Xavier's against Sovabazar in July 1897. Research by Olympic historians has shown that Pritchard was chosen to represent Great Britain after competing in the British AAA championship in June 1900. The IOC still regard Pritchard as having competed for India.
932	1900		S	India at the Olympics – delegation in the early Olympic Games during the British Raj was as follows: 1900: One athlete 1920: 6 competitors – four athletes, two wrestlers and 2 managers, 1924: 14 competitors – seven athletes, seven tennis players and 1 manager, 1928: 21 competitors – seven athletes, a hockey team of 14, and 1 manager, 1932: 20 competitors – four athletes, one swimmer, a hockey team of 15, three officials headed by 1 manager, 1936: 27 competitors – four athletes, three wrestlers, one Burmese weight-lifter, a hockey team of 19, three officials including 1 manager.
933	1900	Bombay	Tr	In Bombay, by this year, 45 trains of Western Railway zone in each direction were carrying over one million passengers annually.
934	1901		A	Kim (novel) is a novel by Nobel Prize-winning English author Rudyard Kipling. It was first published serially in McClure's Magazine from December 1900 to October 1901 as well as in Cassell's Magazine from January to November 1901, and first published in book form by Macmillan & Co. Ltd in October 1901. The story unfolds against the backdrop of The Great Game, the political conflict between Russia and Britain in Central Asia. The novel made the term "Great Game" popular and introduced the theme of great power rivalry and intrigue. It is set after the Second Afghan War which ended in 1881, but before the Third, probably in the period 1893 to 1898. The novel is notable for its detailed portrait of the people, culture, and varied religions of India. "The book presents a vivid picture of India, its teeming populations, religions, and superstitions, and the life of the bazaars and the road."
935	1901		Ad	The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) was a province of British India and later of Pakistan. It was established on 9 November, 1901 and known by this name until 2010. The area became Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province on 19 April 2010 when the Eighteenth Amendment was signed by President Asif Ali Zardari. It is known now among its people as Pakhtunkhwa.
936	1901	1910	Em	Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.
937	1901	1940	F	Komaram Bheem (22 October 1901 to 27 October 1940) was a Telugu Indian tribal leader who fought against the Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad. Komaram Bheem openly fought against the ruling Nizam government in a guerrilla campaign. He defied courts, laws, and any other form of Nizam authority, living off the sustenance of the forest. He took up arms against Nizam Nawab's soldiers, and fought Babi Jhari until his last breath. Bheem grew up listening to stories of exploitation of Gond and Kolam Adivasis by Janglaat Police, businessmen, and zamindars. In order to survive, Bheem kept moving from one place to other trying to protect himself from exploitation of businessmen and extortion of officials. He gave the slogan of "Jal, Jungle, zameen" (Water, Forest, Land). By definition, it means that the people who live in forests should have rights on all the resources of the forest. Komaram Bheem is regarded as a deity (or pen in Gondi) among Gond Adivasi community and Gonds observe Bheem’s death anniversary every year on Aswayuja Powrnami, where an event is organized at Jodeghat to commemorate his life and struggle.
938	1901	1927	F	Rajendra Lahiri (29 June 1901 – 17 December 1927) A member of the Hindustan Republican Association, Rajendra Lahiri was a close associate of other revolutionaries, such as Ashfaqulla Khan and Ram Prasad Bismil. He too, was involved in the Kakori train robbery for which he was later arrested. Lahiri was also involved in the famous Dakshineswar bombing incident. Lahiri was sentenced to death at the age of 26.
939	1901		P	Herbert Hope Risley conducts first ethnographic census of India. Sir Herbert Hope Risley KCIE CSI (4 January 1851 – 30 September 1911) was a British ethnographer and colonial administrator, a member of the Indian Civil Service who conducted extensive studies on the tribes and castes of the Bengal Presidency. He is notable for the formal application of the caste system to the entire Hindu population of British India in the 1901 census, of which he was in charge. As an exponent of scientific racism, he used the ratio of the width of a nose to its height to divide Indians into Aryan and Dravidian races, as well as seven castes. According to political scientist Lloyd Rudolph, Risley believed that varna, however ancient, could be applied to all the modern castes found in India, and "[he] meant to identify and place several hundred million Indians within it." The outcome of the census is described by Crooke as "an exceptionally interesting report", produced in association with a colleague, Edward Albert Gait. Crooke notes that in the report "he developed his views on the origin and classification of the Indian races largely on the basis of anthropometry." By now, Risley believed anthropometric measurement enabled the Indian castes to be described as belonging to one of seven racial types, although he accepted that his own work indicated only three such types: the Aryan, Dravidian and Mongoloid. The seven that he believed to be capable of classification were the Aryo-Dravidian, Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, Mongolo-Dravidian, Mongoloid, Scytho-Dravidian and the Turko-Iranian. He went further still by holding that there was support for the racial theory in the various linguistic differences between Indian communities.
940	1901		T	Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BCPL), formerly Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW), is an Indian public sector chemical and pharmaceutical company. A unit under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, it manufactures industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals like antibiotic injectables, tablets and capsules; and household products. Established in Kolkata, West Bengal in 1901 by Prafulla Chandra Ray, it is India's first pharmaceutical company.
941	1901		Tr	Trams in Patna: Patna had horse-drawn trams as urban transport. The tram in Patna ran in the populated area of Ashok Rajpath, from Patna City to Bankipore, with its western terminus at Sabzibagh (opposite the Pirbahore police station). It was discontinued in 1903, due to low ridership, and plans to extend the route westward never materialised.
942	1901		Wh	"To the Person Sitting in Darkness" by Mark Twain. The American writer Mark Twain replied to the imperialism Kipling espoused in "The White Man's Burden" with the satirical essay "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" (1901), about the anti-imperialist Boxer Rebellion (1899) in China. Factual satire of the civilizing mission proposed, justified, and defended in "The White Man's Burden'". About the anti-imperialist Boxer Rebellion (1899) in China and its aftermath, the Boer War, and the Philippine–American War expressing his anti-Imperialist views. It mentions the historical figures Emilio Aguinaldo, William McKinley, Joseph Chamberlain, William Scott Ament and others, and fueled the Twain–Ament indemnities controversy. Zwick describes it as "an acid indictment of the brutalities the British, French, German, Belge, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian and American capitalist governments were committing all over the world."
943	1902		A	The first chain of Indian cinemas, Madan Theatre was owned by Parsi entrepreneur Jamshedji Framji Madan, who oversaw production of 10 films annually and distributed them throughout India beginning in 1902. He founded Elphinstone Bioscope Company in Calcutta. Elphinstone merged into Madan Theatres Limited in 1919, which had brought many of Bengal's most popular literary works to the stage.
944	1902		Ad	Kitchener's reforms, (British Indian Army#Kitchener reforms): Herbert Kitchener was appointed Commander-in-Chief, India in 1902 and after five years, his term of office was extended by a further two—during which he reformed the Indian Army. The reforms now directed that there would be only one Indian Army, the three armies of the Presidencies being merged into a unified force. At the same time, the regiments of the Princely states were made available to be called out to become Imperial Service Troops. The British Army also continued to supply units for service in India, in addition to those of the Indian Army. The term Army of India was instituted to refer to the overall command structure which included both the British and Indian Army units. The new formation for the Army of India was set at nine divisions, each division with one cavalry and three infantry brigades and these nine divisions together with three independent infantry brigades would serve in India.
945	1902	1930	BC	Anushilan Samiti (Bengali: 'bodybuilding society') was an Indian organisation in the first quarter of the 20th century that supported revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India. The organisation arose from a conglomeration of local youth groups and gyms (akhara) in Bengal in 1902. It had two prominent, somewhat independent, arms in East and West Bengal, Dhaka Anushilan Samiti (centred in Dhaka, modern day Bangladesh), and the Jugantar group (centred at Calcutta). From its foundation to its dissolution during the 1930s, the Samiti challenged British rule in India by engaging in militant nationalism, including bombings, assassinations, and politically-motivated violence. The Samiti collaborated with other revolutionary organisations in India and abroad. It was led by the nationalists Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra Ghosh. The Samiti was involved in a number of noted incidents of revolutionary attacks against British interests and administration in India, including early attempts to assassinate British Raj officials. These were followed by the 1912 attempt on the life of the Viceroy of India, and the Seditious conspiracy during World War I, led by Rash Behari Bose and Jatindranath Mukherjee respectively.
946	1902	1930	BC	Anushilan Samiti: The organisation moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s due to the influence of the Indian National Congress and the Gandhian non-violent movement. A section of the group, notably those associated with Sachindranath Sanyal, remained active in the revolutionary movement, founding the Hindustan Republican Association in north India. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially Subhash Chandra Bose, were accused by the British Government of having links with the organisation during this time. The Samiti's violent and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s, when it was involved in the Kakori conspiracy, the Chittagong armoury raid, and other actions against the administration in British-occupied India. The threat posed by the activities of the Samiti in Bengal during World War I, along with the threat of a Ghadarite uprising in Punjab, led to the passage of Defence of India Act 1915.
947	1902		Bu	Initially called Shalimar Paint Colour and Varnish Co., Shalimar Paints Ltd was established in 1902 in Howrah by A.N. Turner and A.N. Wright. The company has pioneered aviation coatings, marine paints and the painting of thermal power plants. The Rashtrapati Bhavan, Howrah Bridge and the Salt Lake Stadium continue to use Shalimar paints
948	1902	1963	F	Annie Mascarene Indian freedom fighter and Member of Parliament from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
949	1902	1979	F	Jayaprakash Narayan (11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979) A close friend of a nationalist named Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha), Jayaprakash Narayan joined Indian National Congress in the year 1929 during which Gandhi himself became his mentor. He then actively participated in Quit India Movement and civil disobedience for which he was jailed by the British government.
950	1902		R	The Chief Khalsa Diwan is a Sikh organisation, which is the central Organization of various Singh Sabhas spread across Punjab, India. Unlike the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, the Diwan is an apolitical body and only concerns itself with religious, educational and cultural issues. The organisation was founded with the active efforts of Bhai Vir Singh.
951	1902		Tr	In 1900, the electrification of the tramway and conversion of its tracks to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge) began. The first electric tramcar in Calcutta ran from Esplanade to Kidderpore on 27 March 1902. In February 1943, the Calcutta and Howrah sections were connected by the new Howrah Bridge. Calcutta Tramways Company (CTC) was a state-run company that operates trams and buses in and around Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta) in West Bengal, India. The Kolkata tram is the only operating tramway in India and is the oldest electric tram in India, operating since 1902. CTC has been merged into WBTC since 2016.
952	1902		Tr	Kundala Valley Railway was the first monorail system in India, later converted to a 2 ft (610 mm) narrow-gauge railway, that operated in Kundala Valley, Munnar of Idukki district in Kerala, India. Kundala Valley Railway was built in 1902 and operated between Munnar and Top Station in the Kannan Devan Hills of Kerala . This railway was built to transport tea and other goods. Initially a cart road was cut in 1902, then later replaced by a monorail goods carriage system along the road leading from Munnar to Top Station for the purpose of transporting tea and other products from Munnar and Madupatty to Top Station.
953	1902		Wh	The Real White Man's Burden by the American reformer Ernest Howard Crosby. Addresses the moral degradation (coarsening of affect) consequent to the practice of imperialism. This satire of Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" was written by Ernest Crosby, a pacifist and president of the Anti-Imperialist League of New York. Crosby's verses poke fun at Kipling's assumption that the "civilized" way of life is inherently superior, using irony to highlight the contrast between the industrialized world and "those benighted shores [where]/They have no cheerful iron-mills/Nor... department stores." Crosby also alludes to "USS Maine (1889)", the ship whose sinking sparked the Spanish-American war, concluding with a scathing indictment of what he views as the imperialists' hypocrisy.
954	1903		Ad	The Delhi Durbar of 1903: The durbar was held to celebrate the succession of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark as Emperor and Empress of India. The two full weeks of festivities were devised in meticulous detail by Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India. It was a dazzling display of pomp, power, and split-second timing. Neither the earlier Delhi Durbar of 1877, nor the later Durbar held there in 1911, could match the pageantry of Lord Curzon's 1903 festivities. In a few short months at the end of 1902, a deserted plain was transformed into an elaborate tented city, complete with temporary light railway to bring crowds of spectators out from Delhi, a post office with its own stamp, telephone and telegraphic facilities, a variety of stores, a Police force with specially designed uniform, hospital, magistrate's court and complex sanitation, drainage, and electric light installations Edward VII, to Curzon's disappointment, did not attend but sent his brother, the Duke of Connaught who arrived with a mass of dignitaries by train from Bombay just as Curzon and his government came in the other direction from Calcutta. The assembly awaiting them displayed possibly the greatest collection of jewels to be seen in one place. Each of the Indian princes was adorned with the most spectacular of his gems from the collections of centuries.
955	1903		BE	British expedition to Tibet: The British expedition to Tibet, also known as the British invasion of Tibet or the Younghusband expedition to Tibet began in December 1903 and lasted until September 1904. The expedition was effectively a temporary invasion by British Indian forces under the auspices of the Tibet Frontier Commission, whose purported mission was to establish diplomatic relations and resolve the dispute over the border between Tibet and Sikkim. In the nineteenth century, the British had conquered Burma and Sikkim, with the whole southern flank of Tibet coming under the control of the British Raj. Tibet, ruled by the Dalai Lama under the Ganden Phodrang government, was the only Himalayan state under Chinese rule instead of subjected to British influence. The invasion was intended to counter Russia's perceived ambitions in the East and was initiated largely by Lord Curzon, the head of the British Indian government. Curzon had long-held deep concerns over Russia's advance into Central Asia and now feared a Russian invasion of British India. In April 1903, the British government received clear assurances from the Russian government that it had no interest in Tibet. "In spite, however, of the Russian assurances, Lord Curzon continued to press for the dispatch of a mission to Tibet", a high level British political officer noted. The expeditionary force fought its way to Gyantse and eventually reached Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, in August 1904. The Dalai Lama had fled to safety, first to Outer Mongolia and then China proper. The poorly-trained and equipped Tibetans proved no match for the modern equipment and training of the British Indian forces. At Lhasa, the Commission forced remaining Tibetan officials to sign the Treaty of Lhasa, before withdrawing to Sikkim in September, with the understanding the Chinese government would not permit any other country to interfere with the administration of Tibet. The mission was recognized as a military expedition by the British Indian government, which issued a campaign medal, the Tibet Medal, to all those who took part.
956	1903		Bu	The Indian Hotels Company Limited was incorporated in 1903 by Jamsetji Tata. The Taj Mahal Palace in Mumbai was the first to be opened by the Indian business conglomerate. One anecdote says Tata wanted to build the best hotel by European standards for Indians after facing racial discrimination at the Watson’s Hotel in Mumbai, while another reason posited in the 1880s by Lovat Fraser, a former Times of India editor and a close friend of the Tatas, goes that he wanted to attract the best people from the world over to improve Bombay
957	1903		F	Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay (3 April 1903 – 29 October 1988) A social reformer who worked towards the betterment of socio-economic standard of women, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was an important member of Congress Socialist Party. She later became the party’s president and was arrested for selling contraband salt in Bombay. She was also a prominent member who took part in Salt March. Bhagwati Charan Vohra (15 November 1903 – 28 May 1930) was an Indian revolutionary, associated with Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. He was an ideologue, organiser, orator and a campaigner. He is known for the Philosophy of the Bomb. An associate of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Chandra Shekhar Azad, Bhagwati Charan Vohra too, was an important revolutionary. In 1929, he rented a house in Lahore and turned it into a bomb factory. He planned to assassinate Viceroy Lord Irwin (Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax) by blowing up the train he was travelling in. Lord Irwin escaped the attack unhurt. Ananta Singh (1 December 1903 – 25 January 1979) was an Indian revolutionary, who participated in the Chittagong armoury raid in 1930. Later, he founded a far-left radical communist group, the Revolutionary Communist Council of India.
958	1903	1984	R	Gopi Krishna (yogi) (30 May 1903 – 31 July 1984) was a Yogi; mystic; teacher; social reformer; and writer. He was born in a small village outside Srinagar, in the Jammu and Kashmir State in northern India. He spent his early years there, and later lived in Lahore, in the Punjab of British India. He was one of the first to popularise the concept of Kundalini among Western readers. His autobiography Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man, which presented his personal account of the phenomenon of his awakening of Kundalini, (later renamed Living with Kundalini),was published in Great Britain and the United States and has since appeared in eleven major languages. According to June McDaniel, his writings have influenced Western interest in kundalini yoga.
959	1903		R	The Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP) is an Indian charitable society. SNDP works for the educational betterment of the socially and educationally underprivileged people and for the social development of the all. SNDP was founded in 1903 by Dr. Padmanabhan Palpu with the guidance and blessings of Sree Narayana Guru. SNDP was the first organization to envisage Kerala as a whole. The main institution under the SNDP is the Sree Bhavaneeswara Temple (Mahakshetram).
960	1904		Ad	Lord Curzon, Viceroy, passed the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904, to restore India’s cultural heritage. Thus, established Archeological Survey of India.
961	1904		B	Now called City Union Bank Ltd, Kumbakonam Bank was incorporated as a limited company on 31 October 1904. Initially, it preferred a regional role and adopted an agency model, and opened its first branch in 1930. Its name was changed to City Union Bank in 1987.
962	1904		BC	Abhinav Bharat Society (Young India Society) was a secret society founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother Ganesh Damodar Savarkar in 1904. Initially founded at Nasik as "Mitra Mela" when Vinayak Savarkar was still a student of Fergusson College at Pune, the society grew to include several hundred revolutionaries and political activists with branches in various parts of India, extending to London after Savarkar went to study law. It carried out a few assassinations of British officials, after which the Savarkar brothers were convicted and imprisoned. The society was formally disbanded in 1952.
963	1904		C	J. R. D. Tata Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (29 July 1904 – 29 November 1993) was an Indian aviator (Aircraft pilot), industrialist, entrepreneur and chairman of Tata Group. Born into the Tata family of India, he was the son of noted businessman Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata and his wife Suzanne Brière (Suzanne RD Tata). His mother was the first woman in India to drive a car and, in 1929, he became the first licensed pilot in India. He is also best known for being the founder of several industries under the Tata Group, including Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Motors, Titan Industries (Titan Company), Tata Salt, Voltas and Air India. In 1983, he was awarded the French Legion of Honour and in 1955 and 1992, he received two of India's highest civilian awards the Padma Vibhushan and the Bharat Ratna. These honours were bestowed on him for his contributions to Indian industry.
964	1904		Ed	Indian Universities Act, 1904: Lord Curzon – Viceroy, instituted a Indian Universities Commission 1902 to go into the entire question of university education in the country. Appointed following a conference on education at Simla in September 1901, the commission was led by Law member Thomas Raleigh and included among its members Syed Hussain Bilgrami and Justice Gooroodas Banerjee. On the basis of the findings and recommendations of the Commission, Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904, which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government. This imposed strict official control over the Indian universities because Curzon considered them as the centres of nationalism. Gopal Krishna Gokhale described the bill 'a retrograde measure' which cast unmerited denigration on the educated classes of the country and was designed to perpetuate "the narrow, bigoted and inexpensive rule of experts".
965	1904	1984	F	Sachindra Nath Bakshi (25 December 1904 – 23 November 1984) was a prominent Indian revolutionary belonging to the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA, which after 1928 became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association or HSRA) that was created to carry out revolutionary activities against the British Empire in India. He was one of revolutionary who participated in the Kakori train robbery and two months later he and his friends were sent to Barrack number 11 in the Lucknow Central Jail (now called Lucknow District Jail) and was sentenced to life for the same.
966	1904	1929	F	Jatindra Nath Das (27 October 1904 – 13 September 1929), also known as Jatin Das, was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary. Jatindra Nath Das died at the age of 25 after a hunger strike that lasted for 63 days. Jatindra Nath Das, was lodged in jail along with other revolutionaries. He began his hunger strike when the political prisoners had a strikingly different environment when compared to that of their European counterparts.
967	1904	1986	F	Sarala Devi (19 August 1904 – 4 October 1986) was an Indian independence activist, feminist, social activist, politician and writer. She was the first Odia woman to join the Non-cooperation movement in 1921. She became the first woman to be elected to the Odisha Legislative Assembly on 1 April 1936. She was also the first female Speaker of the Odisha Legislative Assembly, the first woman Director of Cuttack Co-operative Bank, first female Senate member of Utkal University, and the first Odia woman delegate of the Indian National Congress. She was the only representative from Odisha on President Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's Education Commission.
968	1904	1932	F	Tiruppur Kumaran (4th October 1904 – 11 January 1932) Tiruppur Kumaran was one of those young revolutionaries who lost his precious life while protesting against the atrocities of the British. Like many other revolutionaries, Kumaran too, died young when he was assaulted by British soldiers while leading a protest against them. Kumaran refused to let go of the Indian Nationalist flag even at the time of his death.
969	1904	1966	F	Lal Bahadur Shastri (2 October 1904 – 11 January 1966) was an Indian statesman who served as the second Prime Minister of India. He promoted the White Revolution (Operation Flood) – a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk – by supporting the Amul milk co-operative of Anand, Gujarat and creating the National Dairy Development Board. Underlining the need to boost India's food production, Shastri also promoted the Green Revolution in India in 1965. This led to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. He worked for the betterment of the Harijans (Dalit) at Muzaffarpur and dropped his caste-derived surname of "Srivastava". Shastri's thoughts were influenced by reading about Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi and Annie Besant. Deeply impressed and influenced by Gandhi, he joined the Indian independence movement in the 1920s. He served as the president of Servants of the People Society (Lok Sevak Mandal), founded by Lala Lajpat Rai and held prominent positions in Indian National Congress. Following independence in 1947, he joined the Indian government and became one of Prime Minister Nehru's key cabinet colleagues, first as Railways Minister (1951–56), and then in numerous other prominent positions, including the Home Minister.
970	1904		Fl	"Sare Jahan se Accha", formally known as "Tarānah-e-Hindi" ("Anthem of the People of Hindustan"), is an Urdu language patriotic song for children written by poet Muhammad Iqbal in the ghazal style of Urdu poetry. The poem was published in the weekly journal Ittehad on 16 August 1904. Publicly recited by Iqbal the following year at Government College, Lahore, British India (now in Pakistan) it quickly became an anthem of opposition to the British Raj. The song, an ode to Hindustan—the land comprising present-day Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, was later published in 1924 in the Urdu book Bang-i-Dara. The song has remained popular, but only in India. An abridged version is sung and played frequently as a patriotic song and as a marching song of the Indian Armed Forces. In 1910, Iqbal wrote another song for children, "Tarana-e-Milli" (Anthem of the Religious Community), which was composed in the same metre and rhyme scheme as "Saare Jahan Se Achcha", but which renounced much of the sentiment of the earlier song. Two decades later, in his presidential address to the Muslim League annual conference in Allahabad in 1930, he supported a separate nation-state in the Muslim majority areas of the sub-continent, an idea that inspired the creation of Pakistan.
971	1904	1947	Pr	Agra Province was a part of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh of British India during the closing decades of the British Raj, from 1904 until 1947; it corresponded (under Section 4(4) of United Provinces Act 1, 1904) to the former regions, Ceded and Conquered Provinces (1805–1836) and the North-Western Provinces (1836–1902).
972	1904		T	Kaziranga National Park: The history of Kaziranga as a protected area can be traced back to 1904, when Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston, the wife of the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, visited the area. After failing to see a single rhinoceros, for which the area was renowned, she persuaded her husband to take urgent measures to protect the dwindling species which he did by initiating planning for their protection. On 1 June 1905, the Kaziranga Proposed Reserve Forest was created with an area of 232 km2 (90 sq mi). Over the next three years, the park area was extended by 152 km2 (59 sq mi), to the banks of the Brahmaputra River. In 1908, Kaziranga was designated a "Reserve Forest". In 1916, it was redesignated the "Kaziranga Game Sanctuary" and remained so till 1938, when hunting was prohibited and visitors were permitted to enter the park. The Kaziranga Game Sanctuary was renamed the "Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary" in 1950 by P. D. Stracey, the forest conservationist, in order to rid the name of hunting connotations. Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur: Also known as GCF Jabalpur is a defence factory and a Census town in Jabalpur district in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. The Gun Carriage Factory was started in the year 1904 by the British in India. This Factory is the oldest Ordnance factory in entire Central India.
973	1904		W	The Entente Cordiale (English: Cordial Agreement) comprised a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom and the French Republic which saw a significant improvement in Anglo-French relations. Beyond the immediate concerns of colonial demarcation addressed by the agreement, the signing of the Entente Cordiale marked the end of almost a thousand years of intermittent conflict between the two states and their predecessors. The most important feature of the agreement was the mutual recognition that the UK was in full control of Egypt and likewise France of Morocco.
974	1905	1910	BC	India House was a student residence that existed between 1905 and 1910 at Cromwell Avenue in Highgate, North London. With the patronage of lawyer Shyamji Krishna Varma, it was opened to promote nationalist views among Indian students in Britain. This institute used to grant scholarships to Indian youths for higher studies in England. The building rapidly became a hub for political activism, one of the most prominent for overseas revolutionary Indian nationalism. "India House" came to informally refer to the nationalist organisations that used the building at various times. India House is a large Victorian Mansion at 65 Cromwell Avenue, Highgate, North London. It was inaugurated on 1 July 1905 by Henry Hyndman in a ceremony attended by, among others, Dadabhai Naoroji, Charlotte Despard and Bhikaji Cama. When opened as a student-hostel in 1905, it provided accommodation for up to thirty students. In addition to being a student-hostel, the mansion also served as the headquarters for several organisations, the first of which was the Indian Home Rule Society (IHRS).
975	1905	1910	BC	India House: Patrons of India House published an anti-colonialist newspaper, The Indian Sociologist, which the British Raj banned as "seditious". A number of prominent Indian revolutionaries and nationalists were associated with India House, including Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Bhikaji Cama, V.N. Chatterjee, Lala Har Dayal, V.V.S. Aiyar, M.P.T. Acharya and Pandurang Mahadev Bapat. In 1909, a member of India House, Madan Lal Dhingra, assassinated Sir W.H. Curzon Wyllie, political aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India. The investigations by Scotland Yard and the Indian Political Intelligence Office that followed the assassination sent the organisation into decline. A crackdown on India House activities by the Metropolitan Police prompted a number of its members to leave Britain for France, Germany and the United States. Many members of the house were involved in revolutionary conspiracies in India. The network created by India House played a key part in the Hindu–German Conspiracy for nationalist revolution in India during World War I. In the coming decades, India House alumni went on to play a leading role in the founding of Indian communism and Hindu nationalism.
976	1905		BC	The Indian Home Rule Society (IHRS) was an Indian organisation founded in London in 1905 that sought to promote the cause of self-rule in British India. The organisation was founded by Shyamji Krishna Varma, with support from a number of prominent Indian nationalists in Britain at the time, including Bhikaji Cama, Dadabhai Naoroji and S.R. Rana, and was intended to be a rival organisation to the British Committee of the Indian National Congress that was the main avenue of the loyalist opinion at the time. Founded on 18 February 1905, the IHRS was a metropolitan organisation modelled after Victorian public institutions of the time. It had a written constitution with stated aims. The first meeting, held at Shyamji Krishna Varma's Highgate home, unanimously decided to found The Indian Home Rule Society with the object of: Securing Home Rule for India. Carrying on Propaganda in England by all practical means with a view to attain the same. Spreading among the people of India the objectives of freedom and national unity. The IHRS was open for membership "to Indians only", and found significant support amongst Indian students and other Indian populations in Britain. It recruited from amongst young Indian activists, collected money, and may have been collecting arms and maintaining close contact with revolutionary movements in India. The society along with Krishna Varma's journal The Indian Sociologist, was the foundation of the militant Indian nationalist movement in Britain.
977	1905		BC	The Paris Indian Society was an Indian nationalist organisation founded in 1905 at Paris under the patronage of Madam Bhikaji Cama, Munchershah Burjorji Godrej and S. R. Rana. The organisation was opened as a branch of the Indian Home Rule Society founded that same year in London under the patronage of Shyamji Krishna Varma. The Paris Indian Society also saw active participation from Indian nationalists who at various times were associated with the India House during its short existence. Following the liquidation of the India House in the wake of Curzon Wyllie's assassination in 1909 by Madan Lal Dhingra, the PIS became the refuge and hub of Indian revolutionaries who fled England. The Paris Indian Society at this time grew to be one of the most powerful Indian organisations outside India at the time, and grew to initiate contacts with not only French Socialists, but also those in continental Europe.
978	1905		Bu	Ramnarain Ruia, then head of the Ruia business family, acquired Phoenix Mills (High Street Phoenix) and two other mills in 1905 to begin his textiles business. In 1959, the firm was listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and in 1987, ventured into real estate and built the famous shopping hub, High Street Phoenix, Mumbai. India’s first hypermarket, Big Bazaar, was opened at the mall in 2001.
979	1905	1943	F	Kushal Konwar was an Indian-Assamese freedom fighter from Assam and he happened to be the only martyr in India who was hanged during last phase of the Quit India Movement of 1942–43. On 10 October 1942, hidden in the thick fog of early morning, some people removed few sleepers of the railway line near Sarupathar in Golaghat district. A Military train passing by derailed and many British and American soldiers lost their lives. The British army immediately cordoned the area and started an operation to catch the culprits. Innocent people of the area were rounded up, beaten and harassed. Accusing Kushal Konwar as the chief conspirator of the train sabotage, the British police arrested him. An ardent follower of Gandhiji and his principle of nonviolence, Kushal was ignorant about the sabotage plan and action. He was innocent but the police charged him as the mastermind of the train sabotage. He was brought from Golaghat and was lodged in the Jorhat jail on 5 November 1942. In the Court of CM Humphrey, Kushal Konwar was declared guilty, though there was not a single proof against him. Kushal was sentenced to death by hanging. He accepted the verdict with dignity.
980	1905	1980	F	Titusji. one of the 78 marchers selected by Mahatma Gandhi to take part in the 1930 Dandi March (Salt March).
981	1905	1910	G	Lord Minto – Viceroy (Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto): Lord Minto served as governor-general of Canada from 1898 to 1904 before being sent to India by A. J. Balfour's Tory government. Though his name is historically linked to Secretary of State for India John Morley (as coauthors of the Morley-Minto Reforms), "Mr. Rolly" (Minto's nickname) was more interested in riding horses than in constitutional reforms. Minto's own major legacy was to receive a delegation of thirty-five Muslim aristocrats, led by the Aga Khan, at his viceregal mansion in Simla on 1 October 1906, and to assure them that any "electoral representation" granted by any constitutional reform would "safeguard" their "Mohammedan community", giving them special weight and separate electorates. That promise, made from Minto's viceregal "throne", irrevocably committed British India to granting its Muslim minority a disproportionate number of separately elected representatives on every legislative council, central as well as provincial, from that time until the British left India divided in 1947. That single promise was, as one of Minto s officials so effusively told him, nothing less than "the pulling back of sixty-two million" Muslims from joining the "seditious opposition" of India's National Congress. Two months later, the All-India Muslim League held its first meeting in Dacca (Dhaka), capital of the newly created Muslim-majority province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. Forty-five years after that, the Muslim League (Pakistan)'s Dominion of Pakistan was born, carved out of Muslim-majority provinces of northern India. Morley-Minto reform (Indian Councils Act 1909) was passed in 1909.
982	1905	1922	N	The Indian Sociologist was an Indian nationalist journal in the early 20th century. Its subtitle was An Organ of Freedom, and Political, Social, and Religious Reform. The journal was edited by Shyamji Krishna Varma from 1905 to 1914, then between 1920 and 1922. It was originally produced in London until May 1907, when Krishnavarma moved to Paris. The journal was edited in Paris from June 1907, but the change of address was only announced in the September 1907 issue. Publication continued in Paris until 1914, when Krishnavarma moved to Geneva on account of the First World War. While in Geneva, he abandoned the publication under pressure from the Swiss authorities. He recommenced publication in December 1920 and continued until September 1922.
983	1905		P	Partition of Bengal (1905): First attempted break up of a province of India by the British colonial government. This is a response to the primarily Bengal-based rising nationalist movement that was challenging colonial rule. New Muslim-majority province of ‘East Bengal and Assam’ created alongside the existing province of Bengal. Partition along religious lines leads to the initial development of Muslim political separatism in the following years facilitated by hopes of greater employment opportunities for middle-class Muslims and by class antagonisms between a predominantly Muslim poor peasantry and a primarily Hindu landlord class, specific to Bengal. However, nationalist campaigns, increasing in intensity and spreading for the first time to much of the rest of the country, leads to the annulment of partition and the reunification of Bengal in 1911.
984	1905	16 Oct	P	Partition of Bengal (1905): The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal was announced in July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The partition took place on 16 October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. Bengal was reunited by Lord Hardinge in 1911, in response to the Swadeshi movement's riots in protest against the policy and the growing belief among Hindus that east Bengal would have its own courts and policies. Lord Curzon resigns: The first leader of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, paid Curzon a surprising tribute, referring to the fact that Curzon as Viceroy exhibited real love of Indian culture and ordered a restoration project for several historic monuments, including the Taj Mahal. After every other Viceroy has been forgotten, Curzon will be remembered because he restored all that was beautiful in India. A difference of opinion with Kitchener, regarding the status of the military member of the council in India (who controlled army supply and logistics, which Kitchener wanted under his own control), led to a controversy in which Curzon failed to obtain the support of the home government. He resigned in August 1905 and returned to England. On Bonar Law's retirement as Prime Minister in May 1923, Curzon was passed over for the job in favour of Stanley Baldwin, despite having written Bonar Law a lengthy letter earlier in the year complaining of rumours that he was to retire in Baldwin's favour, and listing the reasons he should have the top job.
985	1905		P	The boundary with Tibet (now China) in northern Sikkim can be roughly divided in two parts; the eastern part is delineated by 23 cairns which were erected by John Claude White, the British Political Officer in Sikkim in 1905. White originally worked in Bengal, Nepal and Darjeeling. In 1883, he was assigned to the British Residency in Kathmandu, Nepal where he photographed the architecture and monuments. He was appointed Political Officer in the north east Indian Kingdom of Sikkim in 1889. Works written: In the Shadow of the Himalayas.
986	1905	1918	T	List of dams and reservoirs in Maharashtra (pre-independence): 1905 Pathari, loacl, Solapur, Irrigation 1911 Chankapur, Girna, Kalwan, Irrigation 1913 Ramtek, Sur River, Ramtek, Irrigation 1915 Chandpur, Chandpur River, Tumsar, Irrigation 1916 Darna, Darna river, Nashik, Irrigation 1916 Walwan, Indrayani River, Pune, Lonavala, Hydroelectricity 1917 Bodalkasa, Bhagdeogoti River, Tiroda, Irrigation 1918 Asolamendha, local river, Shindewadi, Irrigation
987	1905		P	Lord Curzon, arrogant British Viceroy of India, resigns.
988	1905		Tr	Quetta–Taftan Railway Line: Originally known as the "Trans–Baluchistan Railway" (Quetta–Taftan Line), the line was constructed as part of a strategic military route between the British Raj (now Pakistan) and Persia (now Iran). The Quetta to Nushki branch line was sanctioned by Lord George Hamilton, Secretary of State for India, in August 1902, and it was opened on November 15, 1905. The railway construction west of Nushki towards Iran was named the Nushki Extension Railway. Work started on it in September 1916 under the charge of Mr. P.C. Young as Engineer-in-Chief and the railway line reached the Iranian town of Duzdap (now Zahedan) on October 1, 1922. By the time the railway line reached Duzdap, the British had already demobilized their forces in East Persia. This demobilization happened in March 1921 and it took away the importance of the newly built railway. So much so that in 1931, the 221 kilometer section between Nok Kundi and Duzdap (Zahidan) was closed down and track removed to be used elsewhere. World War II however, renewed interest in the Quetta-Zahidan link. British forces wanted to aid the Soviet forces by supplying material through Persia. The aid never materialized but the Quetta-Zahedan link was reopened on 20 April 1940 in Zahedan.
989	1906		B	Canara Banking Corp. (Udipi) Ltd.: Now known as Corporation Bank, this bank opened its first branch only in 1923. Nationalized in 1980, it became the second public sector bank in India to enter the capital market, with its initial public offering being oversubscribed 13 times in 1997.
990	1906		B	Canara Bank Hindu Permanent Fund: Philanthropist Ammembal Subba Rao Pai, a philanthropist, established the Canara Hindu Permanent Fund in Mangalore, India, on 1 July 1906.[6] The bank changed its name to Canara Bank Limited in 1910 when it incorporated.
991	1906		B	Founded by a group of eminent businessmen from Bombay, including Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata, Bank of India was under private ownership till July 1969 when it was nationalized. It was the first among the nationalized banks to establish a fully computerized branch and ATM at the Mahalaxmi Branch in Mumbai in 1989.
992	1906		BC	Jugantar or Yugantar (Bengali: Jugantor) (English meaning New Era or more literally Transition of an Epoch) was one of the two main secret revolutionary trends operating in Bengal for Indian independence. This association, like Anushilan Samiti started in the guise of suburban fitness club. Several Jugantar members were arrested, hanged, or deported for life to the Cellular Jail in Andaman. The jugantar party was established by leaders like Aurobindo Ghosh (Sri Aurobindo), his brother Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupendranath Datta, Raja Subodh Mallik (Subodh Chandra Mallik) in April 1906. Barin Ghosh and Bagha Jatin were the main leaders. Along with 21 revolutionaries, they started to collect arms, explosives and manufactured bombs. The headquarters of Jugantar was located at 27 Kanai Dhar Lane, then 41 Champatola 1st Lane, Kolkata.
993	1906		E	British India officialy adopts [[Indian Standard Time].
994	1906	1973	F	Prabhavati Devi Narayan (née Prasad; 1906 – 15 April 1973) was an Indian freedom fighter from the present day state of Bihar, and wife of celebrated freedom fighter and social activist, Jayprakash Narayan.
995	1906	1931	F	Chandra Shekhar Azad (23 July 1906 – 27 February 1931) Azad ("The Free"), was an Indian revolutionary who reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association under its new name of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) after the death of its founder, Ram Prasad Bismil, and three other prominent party leaders, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan. One of the close associates of Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad is credited for reorganizing Hindustan Republican Association. Azad, as he was popularly called, is known as one of the bravest freedom fighters of India. At the time of being surrounded by British soldiers, he killed many of them and shot himself to death with the last bullet of his Colt pistol. He did so, as he never wanted to be captured alive.
996	1906	7 Aug	Fl	The first national flag (Calcutta flag) in India is said to have been hoisted on August 7, 1906, in the Parsee Bagan Square (Green Park) in Calcutta now Kolkata. The flag was composed of three horizontal strips of red, yellow and green. It was designed by Sachindra Prasad Bose and Hemchandra Kanungo. It was first hoisted by Sachindra Prasad Bose.
997	1906		O	Opposition to the partition of India: Composite nationalism (Hindustani: mushtareka wataniyat or muttahidah qaumiyat) is a concept that argues that the Indian nation is made of up people of diverse cultures, castes, communities, and faiths. The idea teaches that "nationalism cannot be defined by religion in India." While Indian citizens maintain their distinctive religious traditions, they are members of one united Indian nation. Composite nationalism teaches that prior to the arrival of the British in India, who introduced a divide and rule policy, there was no enmity between people of different religious faiths and so these introduced divisions can be overcome. Bipin Chandra Pal put forward the idea of composite patriotism in colonial India in 1906, promulgating the idea that "Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and other religious minorities (including the 'animistic' tribals) should preserve their distinctive religious cultures while fighting together for freedom." David Hardiman, a historian of modern India, writes that prior to the arrival of the British in India, "there was no profound enmity between Hindus and Muslims; the British created divisions." Mahatma Gandhi thus taught that these created divisions could be overcome through Hindu-Muslim unity as "religions are different roads coverging to the same point." Earlier, Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Asadabadi advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity in India as opposed to unity between Indian Muslims and foreign Muslims, holding that Hindu-Muslim unity would effectively combat British imperialism, leading to an independent India.
998	1906		P	Gandhi coins the term Satyagraha to characterize the Non-Voilence movment in South Africa. The terms originated in a competition in the news-sheet Indian Opinion in South Africa in 1906. Mr. Maganlal Gandhi, grandson of an uncle of Mahatma Gandhi, came up with the word "Sadagraha" and won the prize. Subsequently, to make it clearer, Gandhi changed it to Satyagraha. "Satyagraha" is a tatpuruṣa compound of the Sanskrit words satya (meaning "truth") and āgraha ("polite insistence", or "holding firmly to"). Satya is derived from the word "sat", which means "being". Nothing is or exists in reality except Truth. In the context of satyagraha, Truth therefore includes .... a) Truth in speech, as opposed to falsehood, b) what is real, as opposed to nonexistent (asat) and c) good as opposed to evil, or bad. This was critical to Gandhi's understanding of and faith in nonviolence: "The world rests upon the bedrock of satya or truth. Asatya, meaning untruth, also means nonexistent, and satya or truth also means that which is. If untruth does not so much as exist, its victory is out of the question. And truth being that which is, can never be destroyed. This is the doctrine of satyagraha in a nutshell." For Gandhi, satyagraha went far beyond mere "passive resistance" and became strength in practising non-violent methods.
999	1906	30 Dec	P	All-India Muslim League founded in Bengal by ‘men of property and influence’ from north India, with the primary aim of securing adequate Muslim political representation based on separate electorates for Muslims and Hindus. Separate electorates conceded by the colonial government in 1909. Muslim league founded at Dacca by Aga Khan the Nawab of Dacca and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. Formed at British instigation. A political organization of India and Pakistan, founded 1906 as the All-India Muslim League by Aga Khan III. Its original purpose was to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in India.
1000	1906		W	Dutch Christians overtake Bali after Puputan massacres in which Hindu Balinese royal families are murdered.
1001	1907	Calcutta	A	Calcutta Club is a social club located on Lower Circular Road in Calcutta. It was established in 1907 and the first president of the club was the Maharajah of Cooch Behar, Sir Nripendra Narayan. Although not the oldest private members club in the city, it is notable because it was formed at a time when the existing Bengal Club only admitted whites as members. Lord Minto (Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto), the Viceroy of India at the time, had wished to invite Rajendra Nath Mookerjee to dine at the Bengal Club and, when the discriminatory policy was thus exposed, a decision was taken to form a club with a membership policy not dictated by race.
1002	1907		Ad	The Royal Commission Upon Decentralization: In 1907 the Royal Commission on Decentralization was constituted by the British Government to inquire into the possibility of decentralizing some of the powers of the government of India. Its main objective was to investigate the financial and administrative relations of the Central and provincial governments. The only Indian member of this commission was R.C. Dutt. In the course of its investigation, the Royal Commission upon Decentralization came into conflict with the India Office, the government of India, and the aspirations of the Indian nationalists. The report of this commission was published in 1909.
1003	1907		Bu	Alembic Pharmaceuticals was founded in 1907 with the support of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, two renowned chemists—Prof. T.K. Gajjar and Prof. Kotibhaskar; and B. D. Amin, a business management expert. It brought about the distillation of spirit by modern processes and the utilization of spirit in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products.
1004	1907		Bu	Tata Steel established one of Asia’s first integrated steel plants in 1907 in Jamshedpur. Post independence, the steel for the projects announced under the newly devised Five-Year Plans came from the Tata factories. It supplied steel to build the Howrah Bridge in Kolkata, the Bhakra-Nangal Project and the Damodar Valley Corporation, the port at Kandla and the city of Chandigarh among others.
1005	1907		F	1907 Punjab unrest: Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Sigh deported to Mandalay following riots in the canal colony of Punjab.
1006	1907	1931	F	Bhagat Singh (1907 – 23 March 1931): Worked with several revolutionary organisations and became prominent in the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). The name Bhagat Singh is synonymous with sacrifice, courage, bravery and vision. By sacrificing his life at the age of 23, Bhagat Singh became an inspiration and a symbol of heroism. Along with other revolutionaries, Bhagat Singh founded the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. To remind the British government of its misdeeds, Bhagat Singh hurled a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly. By embracing death at a young age, Singh became a symbol of sacrifice and courage, thereby residing forever in the hearts of every Indian. At the age of 23, Bhagat Singh was hanged along with revolutionaries Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar on March 23 in 1931. Bhagat Singh became a popular folk hero after his death. Jawaharlal Nehru wrote about him: "Bhagat Singh did not become popular because of his act of terrorism but because he seemed to vindicate, for the moment, the honour of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him of the nation. He became a symbol; the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months each town and village of the Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resounded with his name." In still later years, Singh, an atheist and socialist in life, won admirers in India from among a political spectrum that included both communists and right-wing Hindu nationalists. Although many of Singh's associates, as well as many Indian anti-colonial revolutionaries, were also involved in daring acts and were either executed or died violent deaths, few came to be lionised in popular art and literature to the same extent as Singh.
1007	1907	1931	F	Bhagat Singh: In December 1928, Bhagat Singh and an associate, Shivaram Rajguru, fatally shot a 21-year-old British police officer, John Saunders (John Poyntz Saunders), in Lahore, Punjab, in what is today Pakistan, mistaking Saunders, who was still on probation, for the British police superintendent, James Scott, whom they had intended to assassinate. They believed Scott was responsible for the death of a popular Indian nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai by having ordered a lathi charge in which Rai was injured and two weeks thereafter died of a heart attack. As Saunders exited a police station on a motorcycle, he was felled by a single bullet fired from across the street by Rajguru, a marksman. As he lay injured, he was then shot at close range several times by Singh, the postmortem report showing eight bullet wounds. Another associate of Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, shot dead an Indian police constable, Chanan Singh, who attempted to pursue Singh and Rajguru as they fled. After having escaped, Singh and his associates used pseudonyms to publicly announce avenging Lajpat Rai's death, putting up prepared posters that they altered to show Saunders as their intended target. Singh was thereafter on the run for many months, and no convictions resulted at the time. Surfacing again in April 1929, he and another associate, Batukeshwar Dutt, set off two home-made bombs inside the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. They showered leaflets from the gallery on the legislators below, shouted slogans, and then allowed the authorities to arrest them. The arrest, and the resulting publicity, brought to light Singh's complicity in the John Saunders case. Awaiting trial, Singh gained much public sympathy after he joined fellow defendant Jatindra Nath Das in a hunger strike, demanding better prison conditions for Indian prisoners, the strike ending in Das's death from starvation in September 1929. Singh was convicted and hanged in March 1931, aged 23.
1008	1907	1999	F	Durgawati Devi: Running the bomb factory. Durgavati Devi popularly known as 'Durga Bhabhi' (7 October 1907 – 15 October 1999) was an Indian revolutionary and a freedom fighter. She was one of the few women revolutionaries who actively participated in armed revolution against the ruling British Raj. She is best known for having accompanied Bhagat Singh on the train journey in which he made his escape in disguise after the Saunders killing. Since she was the wife of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) member Bhagwati Charan Vohra, other members of HSRA referred to her as Bhabhi (elder brother's wife) and became popular as "Durga Bhabhi" in Indian revolutionary circles. Devi, along with her husband, helped Vimal Prasad Jain, an HSRA member, in running a bomb factory named 'Himalayan Toilets', (Delhi Conspiracy Commission#“The Himalayan Toilets”) – a smokescreen to hide the agenda of making bombs, at Qutub Road, Delhi. In this factory, they handled picric acid, nitroglycerine and fulminate of mercury. She led the funeral procession of Jatindra Nath Das from Lahore to Calcutta after his death in a 63-day jail hunger strike. All along the way, huge crowds joined the funeral procession.
1009	1907	1934	F	Baikuntha Shukla (15 May 1907 – 14 May 1934) was an Indian nationalist and revolutionary. He was the nephew of Yogendra Shukla, one of the founders of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). He was hanged for murdering Phanindra Nath Ghosh who had become a government approver which led to hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru.
1010	1907	21 Aug	Fl	On August 21, 1907, an International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart 1907 was being held at Stuttgart, a city in Germany. It was on this occasion that Bhikaiji Cama and her band of exiled revolutionaries unfurled a version of the Indian national flag. This was very similar to the first flag except that the top strip had only one lotus but seven stars denoting the Saptarishi. This flag was also exhibited at a socialist conference in Berlin. Cama's flag, a modification of the Calcutta flag, was co-designed by Cama, and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, and would later serve as one of the templates from which the current national flag of India was created.
1011	1907		P	Surat Split: Congress spilt at Surat session where Congress split into two part – Moderates and Extremists.
1012	1907	1946	T	List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka (pre-independence): 1907 Vani Vilasa Sagara, Vedavathi River, Irrigation & Hydroelectric 1931 Krishna Raja Sagara Dam, Kaveri River, Irrigation & Hydroelectric 1946 Kanva Reservoir, Kanva River, Irrigation
1013	1907		Tr	Trams in Kanpur, (Trams in India#Kanpur): In June 1907, trams were introduced in Kanpur (then Cawnpore). There were 4 miles (6.4 km) of track and 20 single-deck open trams. The single-track line connected the railway station with Sirsaya Ghat on the banks of the Ganges. Photographs of Cawnpore trams are rare. The introductory stock was electric-traction single-coach; single-coach trams were also used in Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai. The service was discontinued on 16 May, 1933.
1014	1907		Tr	Trams in Kerala, (Trams in India#Kerala): The Cochin State Forest Tramway was a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge forest tramway running from the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary in Palakkad district to Chalakudy in Thrissur district. Operating from 1907 to 1963, it served then Cochin state (now part of Kerala) and brought teak and rosewood from forests for global shipment.
1015	1907		W	The International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart 1907 was the Seventh Congress of the Second International. The gathering was held in Stuttgart, Germany from 18 to 24 August 1907 and was attended by nearly 900 delegates from around the globe. The work of the congress dealt largely with matters of militarism, colonialism, and women's suffrage and marked an attempt to centrally coordinate the policies of the various socialist parties of the world on these issues.
1016	1908		Bu	Bank of Baroda was founded by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda, supported by several eminent personalities. The bank was nationalized in 1969.
1017	1908		BC	Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others, colloquially referred to as the Alipore Bomb Case, the Muraripukur conspiracy, or the Manicktolla bomb conspiracy, was a criminal case held in India in 1908. The case saw the trial of a number of Indian nationalists of the Anushilan Samiti in Calcutta, under charges of "Waging war against the Government" of the British Raj. The trial was held at Alipore Sessions Court, Calcutta, between May 1908 and May 1909. The trial followed in the wake of the attempt on the life of Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford in Muzaffarpur by Bengali nationalists Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki in April 1908, which was recognised by the Bengal police as linked to attacks against the Raj in the preceding years, including attempts to derail the train carrying Lieutenant-Governor Sir Andrew Fraser in December 1907.
1018	1908		BC	Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others: Among the famous accused were Aurobindo Ghosh (Sri Aurobindo), his brother Barindra Kumar Ghosh as well as 38 other Bengali nationalists of the Anushilan Samiti. Most of the accused were arrested from Barin Ghosh's Garden house in 36 Murarirupukur Road, in the Manicktolla suburb of Calcutta. They were held in the Presidency Jail in Alipore before the trial, where Narendranath Goswami, approver and crown-witness, was shot dead by two fellow accused Kanailal Dutta and Satyendranath Bosu within the jail premises. Goswami's murder led to collapse of the case against Aurobindo. However, his brother Barin and a number of others were convicted of the charges and faced varying jail terms from life-imprisonment to shorter jail terms.
1019	1908		E	Great Musi Flood of 1908 was a devastating flood that occurred on 28 September 1908 in Hyderabad on the banks of Musi river. The city of Hyderabad was the capital of the Hyderabad State, ruled by the Nizam, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan. The flood, locally known as Thughyani Sitambar, shattered the life of the people living in Hyderabad, killing 50,000 people. It washed away three bridges — the Afzal, Mussallam Jung and Chaderghat — the Puranapul became the only link between two parts of the city.
1020	1908		Ed	The Calcutta Mathematical Society (CalMathSoc) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and education in India. The Society has its head office located at Kolkata, India. Calcutta Mathematical Society was established on 6 September 1908 under the stewardship of Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, the then Vice-Chancellor of University of Calcutta.
1021	1908	Bombay	Ed	Franciscan Missionary Brothers, a German Missionary established St Francis D'Assisi High School in Borivali, west suburbs of Bombay.
1022	1908		F	Khudiram Bose was executed. Indian freedom fighter Khudiram Bose (also spelled Khudiram Bosu or Khudiram Basu or Kshudiram Bose) (3 December 1889 – 11 August 1908) was an Indian revolutionary who opposed British rule of India. For his role in the Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case, along with Prafulla Chaki, he was sentenced to death and subsequently executed, making him one of the youngest martyrs of the Indian Independence Movement. Khudiram, along with Prafulla Chaki, attempted to assassinate a British judge, Magistrate Douglas Kingsford, by throwing bombs on the carriage they suspected the man was in. Magistrate Kingsford, however, was seated in a different carriage, and the throwing of bombs resulted in the deaths of two British women. Prafulla committed suicide before the arrest. Khudiram was arrested and trialed for the murder of the two women, ultimately being sentenced to death. He was one of the first freedom fighters in Bengal to be executed by Britishers. At the time of his hanging, Khudiram was 18 years, 8 months, and 11 days old, making him one of the 2nd youngest revolutionaries in India.
1023	1908		F	Bal Gangadhar Tilak sentenced to six years imprisonment on charges of sedition. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, in his newspaper Kesari, defended the two young men Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki, involved in the Muzzafarpur bombings and called for immediate swaraj. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who had close ties with Aurobindo, was arrested and charged with sedition, subsequently found guilty despite publicly dissociating himself from the Muzzafarpur bombings.
1024	1908	1931	F	Shivaram Rajguru (26 August 1908 – 23 March 1931): An Indian revolutionary from Maharashtra and a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Shivaram Rajguru was a close associate of Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev. Shivaram along with Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev Thapar is mainly remembered for his involvement in the assassination of John Saunders, a young British police officer at Lahore on 17 December 1928. Their actions were to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai who had died a fortnight after being hit by police while on a march protesting the Simon Commission. Rai's death resulted from the police action. With an intention of killing James Scott, the police superintendent who had assaulted Lala Lajpat Rai just two weeks before his death, Shivaram mistook John for James and shot him to death. The three men and 21 other co-conspirators were tried under the provisions of a regulation that was introduced in 1929 specifically for that purpose. All three were convicted of the charges. On 23 March 1931 he was hanged by the British government along with Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev Thapar. Scheduled for hanging on 24 March, the three freedom fighters were hanged a day earlier on 23 March 1931. They were cremated at Hussainiwala at the banks of the Sutlej river in the Ferozepur district of Punjab. Reactions to the executions: The executions were reported widely by the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the Congress party at Karachi. The New York Times reported: A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.
1025	1908	1964	F	Lokenath Bal (8 March 1908 – 4 September 1964) was an Indian independence activist and a member of the armed resistance movement led by Surya Sen, which carried out the Chittagong armoury raid in 1930. Later, he joined the Indian National Congress. After the Indian independence, he worked as an administrative officer in the Calcutta Corporation till his death.
1026	1908	1930	F	Benoy Krishna Basu or Benoy Basu or Benoy Bose (1908–1930) was an Indian revolutionary against British rule in India, who is noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building; the Writers' Building at the Dalhousie square in Kolkata, along with Badal Gupta and Dinesh Chandra Gupta (Dinesh Gupta). Basu and his peer revolutionaries joined Bengal Volunteers – a group organised by Subhas Chandra Bose in 1928, at the occasion of Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress. Soon Benoy started a local unit of the organisation in Dhaka, named Bengal Volunteers in Dacca. Later, the Bengal Volunteers became a more active revolutionary association and prepared a plan of "Operation Freedom" against the police repression in Bengal, especially against the inhuman conduct with the political prisoners in different jails. In August 1930, the revolutionary group planned to kill Lowman, the Inspector General of Police who was due to present in the Medical School Hospital to see an ailing senior police official undergoing treatment. On 29 August 1930, Benoy casually clad in traditional Bengali attire, breached the security and fired at close range. Lowman died instantly and Hodson, the Superintendent of police, was grievously injured. The next target was Lt Colonel N.S.Simpson of the Indian Imperial Police and the then Inspector General of Police (Prisons), who was infamous for inflicting the worst of atrocities on the inmates of the jails. The revolutionaries decided not only to murder him, but also to strike terror in the British official circles by launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie square in Kolkata. On 8 December 1930, Benoy along with Dinesh Gupta and Badal Gupta, dressed in European attire, entered the Writers' Building and shot dead Simpson in his office. Simpson was shot seven times with three bullets to his head. With the Police Headquarters adjacent to the secretariat, reinforcements soon arrived and the building was put under lockdown. The revolutionaries managed to evade the responders for Some time but were eventually cornered on the second-floor verandah. Thus, The Statesman termed this fight between the trio and the police force as the corridor warfare. What followed was a short and bloody skirmish as police swarmed into the verandah from both ends. Senior European officers like McGregor, Twynam, Prentice, Nelson, and Gresham suffered injuries during the shooting. Soon they were nearly out of ammunition. Badal took potassium cyanide, while Benoy and Dinesh shot themselves with their own revolvers. Benoy was taken to the hospital but he died on 13 December 1930 because he constantly kept injuring himself in the spot where the bullet had hit him.
1027	1908	2000	F	Manmath Nath Gupta (7 February 1908 – 26 October 2000) Manmath Nath Gupta was an acclaimed writer who fought for the independence through his revolutionary articles and books. He was also a part of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and was involved in the Kakori train robbery, for which he was jailed for 14 years. Even after his release, he continued his revolutionary activities and was once again jailed in 1939.
1028	1908	1931	F	Sukhdev Thapar (15 May 1908 – 23 March 1931) One of the key members of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Sukhdev was a revolutionary and a close associate of Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru. He too, was involved in the killing of John Saunders, a British police officer. Sukhdev was captured, along with Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru, and was martyred at the age of 24.
1029	1908	1974	F	Sucheta Kriplani (25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974) The founder of ‘All India Mahila Congress’, Sucheta Kriplani became an important associate of Gandhi during the Partition riots. Along with other freedom fighters like Aruna Asaf Ali and Usha Mehta, Sucheta became an important member of the Quit India Movement. She was also active in politics post-independence and became the country’s first woman Chief Minister.
1030	1908	1991	N	Andhra Patrika was the weekly newspaper of the nationalist movement in the Telugu speaking region founded by Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao in 1908. It later transformed into a daily newspaper before it closed down in 1991. It helped to shape both modern Telugu language and an identity that resulted in the creation of the state of Andhra Pradesh.
1031	1908		Tr	Trams in India#Delhi: Trams in Delhi began operation on 6 March, 1908. At its zenith in 1921, there were 24 open cars on 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of track. Jama Masjid, Chandni Chowk, Chawri Bazaar, Katra Badiyan, Lal Kuan and Fatehpuri were linked with Sabzi Mandi, Sadar Bazar, Paharganj, Ajmeri Gate, Bara Hindu Rao and Tis Hazari. The system closed in 1963 due to urban congestion.
1032	1909		A	Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu from Machilipatnam was an Indian artist and a film pioneer. From 1909, he was involved in many aspects of Indian cinema, travelling across Asia. He was the first to build and own cinemas in Madras. He was credited as the father of Telugu cinema.
1033	1909		BC	The Indian Political Intelligence Office (IPIO) was an intelligence organisation initially established in England in 1909 in response to the dissemination of anarchist and revolutionary elements of Indian nationalism to different countries in Europe after the liquidation of India House (where it was based between 1905 and 1910) in London in 1909. It formally came to be called the Indian Political Intelligence (IPI) from 1921. British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I began from its initial roots in the late-19th century and ultimately came to span in extent from Asia through Europe to the West Coast of the United States and Canada. It was effective in thwarting a number of attempts for insurrection in British India during World War I and ultimately in controlling the Indian revolutionary movement both at home and abroad. The British counter-intelligence operations effectively thwarted attempts within and from outside India, and ultimately was able to bring the Ghadar Party into the attention of American intelligence, while its counter-subversion within the Berlin committee and the Indian movement effectively broke the groups up and prevented a cohesive plan for being put into place.
1034	1909		BC	The first Christmas Day Plot was a conspiracy made by the Indian revolutionary movement in 1909: During the year-ending holidays, the Governor of Bengal organised at his residence a ball in the presence of the Viceroy, the Commander-in-Chief and all the high-ranking officers and officials of the Capital (Calcutta). The 10th Jat Regiment was in charge of the security. Indoctrinated by Jatindranath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin), its soldiers decided to blow up the ballroom and take advantage of destroying the colonial Government. In keeping with his predecessor Otto (William Oskarovich) von Klemm, a friend of Lokamanya Tilak, on 6 February 1910, M. Arsenyev, the Russian Consul-General, wrote to St Petersburg that it had been intended to "arouse in the country a general perturbation of minds and, thereby, afford the revolutionaries an opportunity to take the power in their hands." According to R. C. Majumdar, "The police had suspected nothing and it is hard to say what the outcome would have been had the soldiers not been betrayed by one of their comrades who informed the authorities about the impending coup"
1035	1909		BC	The Indian War of Independence (book) is an Indian nationalist history of the 1857 revolt by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar that was first published in 1909. The book, initially written in Marathi, was penned by Savarkar in response to celebrations in Britain of the 50th anniversary of the 1857 Indian uprising with records from India Office archives. The project received support from Indian nationalists in Britain, including the likes of Madame Cama, V.V.S. Iyer and M.P.T. Acharya, as well as Indian students who had dared not show their support or sympathy for India House openly. Published during Savarkar's stay in London at the India House, it sought to bring the Indian movement to public attention in Britain as well as to inspire nationalist revolution in India. The book was influenced by histories of the French Revolution and the American Revolution. Additionally, Karl Marx had published a short article named "The Indian Revolt" in the New-York Tribune in 1857 and later went on to write the book "The First Indian War of Independence 1857–58" in the coming years. Savarkar published his book later in 1909, using much the same format as Marx's work. The book, which describes the 1857 revolt as a unified and national uprising of India as a nation against British authority, was seen at the time as highly inflammatory, and the Marathi edition was banned in British India even before its publication. Publication of the English translation faltered after British printers and publishing houses were warned by the Home Office of its highly seditious content, while the British foreign office brought pressure on the French Government to prevent its publication from Paris. It was ultimately printed in the Netherlands in 1909, with the British government not tracing it until too late.
1036	1909		Bu	Swan Energy was incorporated in 1909 as Swan Mills Ltd, making and marketing textile products. Today, it is owned by the Dave and Merchant families, who took over from the J.P. Goenka Group in 1992.
1037	1909		Ed	With his background, Mahendra Pratap Singh (1 December 1886 – 29 April 1979) an Indian freedom fighter, journalist, writer and revolutionary, shaped into a true representative of secular society. To bring India to a par with European countries, Pratap established the free indigenous technical institute Prem Mahavidyalaya in his palace at Vrindavan on 24 May 1909.
1038	1909	1989	F	Basawon Singh or Basawan Singh also known as Basawon Sinha, (23 March 1909 – 7 April 1989) was an Indian independence activist and a campaigner for the rights of the underprivileged, industrial labourers and agricultural workers. He spent a total of 18 and a half years in prisons in British India as a consequence of his support for independence and he was committed to democratic socialism. Along with Yogendra Shukla, he was a founder member of the Congress Socialist Party in Bihar. Among his revolutionary colleagues and friends he was called Lambad because of being very tall. During last two years of school Singh came in close contact with revolutionaries, with Yogendra Shukla, the head of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA), as his mentor. Soon after joining the HSRA in 1925, Singh was rusticated from G. B. B. College, thus ending his formal education. He was subsequently involved with Bihar Vidyapeeth at Sadakat Ashram in Patna, where he undertook intensive military training with a small group of youths. Singh absconded in 1929 after the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial. He was co-accused in the Bhusawal, Kakori, Tirhut and Deluaha conspiracy cases. He carried on the movement along with Chandra Shekhar Azad and Keshab Chakravarty. He was sentenced to seven years in prison but escaped from Bankipore Central jail in June 1930 after three days. He was re-arrested and sent to Bhagalpur Central Jail. While at Bhagalpur, Singh undertook a fast unto death as a protest against what he thought were the prevailing inhuman conditions in jail. On the 12th day of the fast he was moved to Gaya Central Jail and kept in solitary confinement. Soon he was shifted to the jail's hospital. All efforts of forced feeding him failed, Sir Ganesh Dutt, the then minister of Bihar, asked Singh's mother, Daulat Kher, to attend to urge him to give up his fast. When she attended, on the 50th day of the fast, she blessed him. People waited daily at the jail gate to receive Singh's body should he die. All political prisoners in the jail were also on fast for the last few days in solidarity with him but on the 58th day he broke his fast after being informed by Gandhi that his demands had been met. He was released from jail in June 1936 because of his poor health but the city act was imposed on him to restrict his movement. He violated the restrictions and was again arrested.
1039	1909	1982	F	Accamma Cherian was an Indian independence activist from the erstwhile Travancore (Kerala), India. She was popularly known as the Jhansi Rani (Rani of Jhansi) of Travancore.
1040	1909	1998	F	E.M.S. Namboodiripad (13 June 1909 – 19 March 1998): A co-founder of Congress Socialist Party, Elamkulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad, simply known as EMS, was a communist who became Kerala's first Chief Minister. He was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and called him a Hindu fundamentalist. During his college days, EMS was an active participant in the Indian independence movement and was also affiliated with the Indian National Congress.
1041	1909	1996	F	Aruna Asaf Ali (16 July 1909 – 29 July 1996): She is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement, 1942. An active independence activist and member of the Congress Party, Aruna Asaf Ali is remembered for her participation in various movements including Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) and Quit India Movement. During the Quit India Movement, she risked being arrested by hoisting the INC flag in Bombay. She was arrested on many occasions for her revolutionary activities and was lodged in jail until 1931 when political prisoners were released under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
1042	1909		N	Madan's Talwar, later known as The Talvar, was an early-20th-century Indian Nationalist periodical published from Berlin. Originally named after Madan Lal Dhingra, one of the heroes of the Indian independence movement who had been executed for the political assassination of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie, the publication was established in 1909 in Paris by Bhikaiji Cama. Editorial responsibilities lay with Virendranath Chattopadhyaya in Berlin. The weekly aimed to incite nationalist unrest and sought to sway the loyalty of the British Indian Army sepoys. Similar to the Bande Mataram that was published from Paris by the Paris Indian Society, it continued the message of The Indian Sociologist that had earlier been published from London.
1043	1909		N	The Bande Mataram (Paris publication) was an Indian nationalist publication from Paris begun in September 1909 by the Paris Indian Society. Founded by Madam Bhikaji Cama, the paper along with the later publication of Talvar was aimed at inciting nationalist unrest in India and sought to sway the loyalty of the Sepoy of the British Indian Army. It was founded in response to the British ban on Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's nationalist poem of Vande Mataram, and continued the message of the journal Bande Mataram edited by Sri Aurobindo and published from Calcutta, and The Indian Sociologist that had earlier been published from London by Shyamji Krishna Varma.
1044	1909		P	Morley-Minto Reforms or the Indian Councils Act 1909 announced. The Indian Councils Act 1909 (9 Edw. 7 Ch. 4), commonly known as the Morley-Minto or Minto-Morley Reforms, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that brought about a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in the governance of British India. The main component directly introduced the elective principle to membership in the imperial and local legislative councils in India. The act was formulated by John Morley, secretary of state for India (1905–10). In Great Britain the Liberal Party had scored an electoral victory in 1906 that marked the dawn of a new era of reforms for British India. The relatively new secretary of state—hampered though he was by Lord Minto, the British viceroy of India (1905–10)—was able to introduce several important innovations into the legislative and administrative machinery of the British Indian government. Implementing Queen Victoria’s promise of equality of opportunity for Indians, he appointed two Indian members to his council at Whitehall: one a Muslim, Syed Hussain Bilgrami, who had taken an active role in the founding of the All-India Muslim League; and the other a Hindu, Krishna Govinda Gupta, a senior Indian in the Indian Civil Service (ICS). Morley also persuaded a reluctant Lord Minto to appoint to the viceroy’s Executive Council the first Indian member, Satyendra P. Sinha (Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha), in 1909. Though the initial electorate base designated by the 1909 act was only a small minority of Indians authorized by property ownership and education, in 1910 some 135 elected Indian representatives took their seats as members of legislative councils throughout British India. The act also increased the maximum additional membership of the Imperial Legislative Council from 16 (to which it had been raised by the Indian Councils Act of 1892) to 60. In the provincial councils of Bombay, Bengal, and Madras, which had been created in 1861, the permissible total membership had been earlier raised to 20 by the Indian Councils Act of 1892. That number was raised to 50 in 1909, even though a majority of the members were to be unofficial. The number of council members in other provinces was similarly increased.
1045	1909		W	Gandhi and assistant Maganlal agitate for better working conditions and abolition of indentured servitude in S. Africa. Maganlal continues Gandhi's work in Fiji.
1046	1910		BE	The dominion of the Union of South Africa is formed from the Cape Colony, Natal, and the former Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State.
1047	1910		Bu	Imperial Tobacco Co. Ltd. Now known as ITC Limited, the company had humble beginnings with a leased office on Radha Bazar Lane, Kolkata. The first six decades were devoted to its cigarettes and leaf tobacco businesses. The packaging and printing business was set up in 1925. ITC now operates in hotels, paperboards, agri-business, stationery, lifestyle retailing, information technology and fast-moving consumer goods.
1048	1910		Ed	Bharat Stree Mahamandal was a women's organisation in India founded by Sarala Devi Chaudhurani in Allahabad in 1910. One of the primary goals of the organisation was to promote Female education, which at that time was not well developed. The organisation opened several offices in Lahore (then part of undivided India), Allahabad, Delhi, Karachi, Amritsar, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Bankura, Hazaribagh, Midnapore and Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) to improve the situation of women all over India. Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, born Sarala Ghosal (9 September 1872 – 18 August 1945) was an educationist and political activist. Her father Janakinath Ghosal was one of the first secretaries of the Bengal Congress. Her mother Swarnakumari Devi, a noted author, was the daughter of Debendranath Tagore, an eminent Brahmo leader and father of poet Rabindranath Tagore. Her older sister, Hironmoyee, was an author and founder of a widow's home. Sarla Devi's family was a follower of Brahmoism, a religion founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and later developed by Sarala's grandfather Debendranath Tagore.
1049	1910	1936	Em	George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.
1050	1910	1967	F	Ram Manohar Lohia (23 March 1910 – 12 October 1967) One of the founding members of the Congress Socialist Party, Ram Manohar Lohia was an active member of the Indian independence movement Lohia was a key member in organizing the Quit India Movement, for which he was arrested and tortured in 1944. He even worked for the Congress Radio which operated secretly, propagandizing anti-British messages.
1051	1910	1977	F	T. V. Thomas (2 July 1910 – 26 March 1977) was an Indian communist leader from Alleppey, Kerala. He was one of the first generation trade union leaders in Kerala and was actively involved in the Indian independence movement.
1052	1910	1965	F	Batukeshwar Dutt (18 November 1910 – 20 July 1965): Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929. Batukeshwar Dutt was a firebrand revolutionary who is often remembered for his association with Bhagat Singh. Batukeshwar was involved in the serial blast that took place in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929. A member of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Batukeshwar is also remembered for his hunger strike that secured a few rights for the Indian political prisoners.
1053	1910	1916	G	Lord Hardinge – Viceroy: Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, KG, GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GCVO, ISO, PC, DL (20 June 1858 – 2 August 1944) was a British diplomat and statesman who served as Viceroy and Governor-General of India from 1910 to 1916. During his tenure as Viceroy .... Partition of Bengal was cancelled, Capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911, Gandhi ji returned to India from South Africa in 1915, Home Rule moment was launched by Annie Beasant.
1054	1911		Ad	The Official Secrets Act 1911, is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It replaces the Official Secrets Act 1889. The Act was introduced in response to public alarm at reports of wide-scale espionage, some of them fomented by popular novels and plays that dramatized the threat, supposedly from Germany, at a time of a rapid naval expansion. Its provisions were extensive, with heavy penalties for any reporting or sketching of military, naval or air defence installations, or the harbouring of people suspected of gathering such intelligence. It has been amended several times; most importantly the "catch-all" provisions contained in section 2 of the Act were repealed and replaced by the Official Secrets Act 1989. The Act applies in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, and in overseas crown territories and colonies. It also applies to British subjects anywhere else in the world.
1055	1911		B	Founded on 21 December 1911 by Parsi banker Sir Sorabji Pochkhanawala, Central Bank of India claims to have been the first commercial Indian bank completely owned and managed by Indians. It was instrumental in the creation of the first Indian exchange bank, the Central Exchange Bank of India, which opened in London in 1936.
1056	1911		Bu	TVS is a company founded in 1911 by T.V. Sundaram lyengar, a fleet operator. Today, the TVS Group spans across automobiles, aviation, education, electronics, energy, finance, housing, insurance, investment, logistics and textiles. It has more than 90 firms under the umbrella, the largest of which is the TVS Motor Company.
1057	1911	1932	F	Pritilata Waddedar (5 May 1911 – 23 September 1932): Pritilata Waddedar is remembered as one of the bravest women freedom fighters. She was involved in a host of revolutionary activities that were headed by Surya Sen. Surya Sen and his revolutionary group decided to kill Mr. Craig, Inspector General of Chittagong. Ramakrishna Biswas and Kalipada Chakravarty were assigned for this task. But they mistakenly killed SP of Chandpur and Tarini Mukherjee instead of Craig. Ramakrishna Biswas and Kalipada Chakravarty were arrested on 2 December 1930. After the trial Biswas was ordered to be hanged till death and Chakravarty to be exiled to Cellular Jail. The family and friends lacked the amount of money required to travel to Chittagong to Alipore Jail of Calcutta. Since at that time Pritilata was staying in Kolkata, she was asked to go to Alipore Jail and meet Ramkrishna Biswas. Along with the revolutionary group of Surya Sen, Pritilata took part in many raids like attacks on the Telephone & Telegraph offices and the capture of the reserve police line. In the Jalalabad battle, she took the responsibility to supply explosives to the revolutionaries.
1058	1911	1932	F	Pritilata Waddedar: In 1932, Surya Sen planned to attack the Pahartali European Club which had a signboard that read "Dogs and Indians not allowed". Surya Sen decided to appoint a woman leader for this mission. Kalpana Datta was arrested seven days before the event. Because of this, Pritilata was assigned the leadership of the attack. Pritilata went to Kotowali Sea Side for arms training and made the plan of their attack there. They decided to attack the club on 24 September 1932. The members of the group were given potassium cyanide and were told to swallow it if they were caught. On the day of the attack, Pritilata dressed herself as a Punjabi male. Her associates Kalishankar Dey, Bireshwar Roy, Prafulla Das, Shanti Chakraborty wore dhoti and shirt. Mahendra Chowdhury, Sushil Dey and Panna Sen wore lungi and shirt. They reached the club at around 10:45 PM and launched their attack. There were around 40 people inside the club then. The revolutionaries divided themselves into three separate groups for the attack. In the club, a few police officers who had revolvers started shooting. Pritilata incurred a single bullet wound. According to the police report, in this attack, one woman with a surname of Sullivan died and four men and seven women were injured. An injured Pritilata was trapped by the British police. She swallowed cyanide to avoid getting arrested. The chief secretary of Bengal sent a report to British authorities in London. In the report it was written– Pritilata had been closely associated with, if not actually the mistress of, the freedom fighter Biswas who was hanged for the murder of Inspector Tarini Mukherjee, and some reports indicate that she was the wife of Nirmal Sen who was killed while attempting to evade arrest of Dhalghat, where Captain Cameron fell.
1059	1911	1931	F	Dinesh Chandra Gupta or Dinesh Gupta (6 December 1911 – 7 July 1931) was an Indian revolutionary against British rule in India, who is noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie square in Kolkata, along with Badal Gupta and Benoy Basu. Dinesh Gupta was born on 6 December 1911 in Josholong in Munshiganj District, now in Bangladesh. While he was studying in Dhaka College, Dinesh joined Bengal Volunteers – a group organised by Subhas Chandra Bose in 1928, at the occasion of Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress. Soon the Bengal Volunteers transformed itself to a more active revolutionary association and planned to kill infamous British police officers. For a short while, Dinesh Gupta was in Midnapore training local revolutionaries in the use of firearms. Revolutionaries trained by him were responsible for the assassination of three District Magistrates in succession, Douglas, Burge, and Peddy. The association targeted Lt Col NS Simpson, the Inspector General of Prisons, who was infamous for the brutal oppression of the prisoners in the jails. The revolutionaries decided not only to murder him, but also to strike a terror in the British official circles by launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie Square in Kolkata. On 8 December 1930, Dinesh, along with Benoy Basu and Badal Gupta, dressed in European costume, entered the Writers' Building and shot dead Simpson. Nearby police started firing at them in response. What ensued was a brief gunfight between the three young revolutionaries and the police. Some other officers like Twynam, Prentice, and Nelson suffered injuries during the shooting. Soon police overpowered them. Badal Gupta took Potassium cyanide, while Benoy and Dinesh shot themselves with their own revolvers. Benoy was taken to the hospital where he died on 13 December 1930. However, Dinesh survived the near-fatal injury. He was convicted and sentenced to death. While in Alipore Jail, he wrote letters to his sister which were later compiled into the book 'Ami Shubhash Bolchhi'. He was hanged on 7 July 1931 at Alipore Jail. Soon after that, Kanailal Bhattacharjee took revenge for the hanging by killing Mr. Galik (the judge of the Dinesh Gupta case) on 27 July 1931.
1060	1911	2013	F	Binod Bihari Chowdhury (10 January 1911 – 10 April 2013) Binod Bihari Chowdhury too, was one of the important firebrand freedom fighters who was associated with Surya Sen. An active member of Jugantar Party, Binod is best remembered for his heroic deeds during the Chittagong armoury raid. He eventually became the last surviving revolutionary from the famous raid that took the British by surprise.
1061	1911	1986	F	Bina Das (24 August 1911 – 26 December 1986) Bina Das was one of the bravest women revolutionaries who on 6 February 1932 attempted to murder Stanley Jackson, the then Bengal Governor, by firing five rounds at him at the Convocation Hall in the University of Calcutta. Unfortunately, she missed her target and was imprisoned for over nine years. She was once again arrested for participating in the Quit India Movement.
1062	1911		Fl	Jana Gana Mana is the national anthem of India. It was originally composed as Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata in Bengali by polymath Rabindranath Tagore. The first stanza of the song Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950. The poem was first publicly recited on the second day of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on 27 December 1911. Then, it was followed in January 1912 at the annual event of the Adi Brahmo Samaj, however, it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal, Tattwabodhini Patrika. The poem was published in January 1912, under the title Bharat Bhagya Bidhata in the Tatwabodhini Patrika, which was the official publication of the Brahmo Samaj with Tagore then the Editor. In 1912, the song was performed by Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, Tagore's niece, along with the group of school students, in front of prominent Congress members like Bishan Narayan Dhar, Indian National Congress President, and Ambica Charan Mazumdar. The song was selected as national anthem by Subhas Chandra Bose while he was in Germany. On the occasion of the founding meeting of the German-Indian Society on 11 September 1942 in the Hotel Atlantic in Hamburg, Jana Gana Mana was played for the first time by the Hamburg Radio Symphony Orchestra as the national anthem of an independent India. It was also adopted as a school song of The Doon School, Dehradun in 1935. On the occasion of India attaining freedom, the Indian Constituent Assembly assembled for the first time as a sovereign body on 14 August 1947, midnight and the session closed with a unanimous performance of Jana Gana Mana.
1063	1911		N	The Hitavada, English, Daily: The Hitavada was started in the central Indian city of Nagpur by freedom fighter Gopal Krishna Gokhale. It was the first and the only English daily of Nagpur. In the mid 20th century, it found a competitor in another English daily, the Nagpur Times, which however was later shut down due to bankruptcy.
1064	1911		N	Kerala Kaumudi, Malayalam, Daily Published from Kerala, it was founded in 1911 by C. V. Kunhiraman. His son K. Sukumaran later served as the newspaper's editor and transformed it into a vibrant daily.
1065	1911		P	The Delhi Durbar of 1911 (Final imperial durbar in Delhi): On 22 March 1911, a royal proclamation announced that the Durbar would be held in December to commemorate the coronation in Britain a few months earlier of George V and Mary of Teck and allow their proclamation as Emperor and Empress of India. Practically every ruling prince and nobleman in India, plus thousands of landed gentry and other persons of note, attended to pay obeisance to their sovereigns. The official ceremonies lasted from 7 to 16 December, with the Durbar itself occurring on Tuesday, 12 December. The royal couple arrived at Coronation Park, Delhi in their Coronation robes, the King-Emperor wearing the Imperial Crown of India with eight arches, containing 6170 exquisitely cut diamonds, and covered with sapphires, emeralds and rubies, with a velvet and miniver cap all weighing 34 ounces (965 g). The royal couple ascended to the domed royal pavilion, where the King-Emperor announced .... The move of India's capital from Calcutta to Delhi. The annulment of the Partition of Bengal (1905)
1066	1911	12 Dec	P	The British government moves the capital from Calcutta to Delhi.
1067	1911		P	Cancellation of Partition of Bengal. The first Partition of Bengal (1905) was a territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency implemented by the authorities of the British Raj. The reorganization separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. Announced on 19 July 1905 by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India, and implemented on 16 October 1905, it was undone a mere six years later. The Hindus of West Bengal complained that the division would make them a minority in a province that would incorporate the province of Bihar and Orissa. Hindus were outraged at what they saw as a "divide and rule" policy, even though Curzon stressed it would produce administrative efficiency. The partition animated the Muslims to form their own national organization along on communal lines. To appease Bengali sentiment, Bengal was reunited by Lord Hardinge in 1911, in response to the Swadeshi movement's riots in protest against the policy.
1068	1911		P	The All India Momin Conference, commonly abbreviated as Momin Conference and also known as Jamaat-ul-Ansar), is a political party that was founded in India in 1911. It was formed to articulate the interests of the Momin Ansari community. In particular, the All India Momin Conference "aimed to revive the traditional crafts of weavers, promote self-respect and devout religious conduct among the weavers and restore their independent status". The Momin Conference "saw itself as articulating the interests of ordinary Muslims" as opposed to the "Muslim League, the latter being perceived a party of eite Muslims".
1069	1911		S	Indian cricket team in England in 1911: The Indian cricket team toured England in the 1911 season and played 23 matches, of which 14 were first-class. It was the first tour by an 'All Indian' team. The Indians won just two of their first-class fixtures, drew two and lost 10. The team was captained by the Maharaja, Bhupinder Singh of Patiala and its outstanding player was Palwankar Baloo, the slow left-arm spinner who took 75 wickets at 20.12 with a best analysis of 8/103. Baloo was a mainstay for the Hindus in the regular Quadrangular tournament in India but was an 'untouchable' himself. The tourists might have fared better with the bat had K.M. Mistri played more than six innings (in which he scored 188 runs) but his duties 'kept him in close attendance on the Maharajah of Patiala'.
1070	1911		S	The single greatest moment of Indian sporting triumph against the British in the colonial period is to be found in Football, not cricket: the Mohun Bagan team that defeated the East Yorkshire Regiment to win the IFA shield in 1911, barefoot !
1071	1911		T	The world's first official airmail flight took place in India on 18 February 1911, a journey of 18 kilometres (11 mi) lasting 27 minutes. Henri Pequet, a French pilot, carried about 15 kilograms (33 lb) of mail (approximately 6,000 letters and cards) across the Ganges from Allahabad to Naini; included in the airmail was a letter to King George V of the United Kingdom.
1072	1911	Bombay	T	King George V and Queen Mary (Mary of Teck) visit Bombay. Gateway of India is built to commemorate their arrival. The Gateway of India is an arch-monument. It was erected to commemorate the landing in December 1911 at Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Chowk, Bombay of King George V and Queen Mary, the first British monarch to visit India. At the time of the royal visit, the gateway was not yet built, and a cardboard structure greeted the monarch. The foundation stone was laid in March 1911 for a monument built in the Indo-Saracenic style, incorporating elements of 16th-century Gujarati architecture. The final design of the monument by architect George Wittet was sanctioned only in 1914, and construction was completed in 1924. The structure is a triumphal arch made of basalt, which is 26 metres (85 feet) high. After its construction the gateway was used as a symbolic ceremonial entrance to British India (British Raj) for important colonial personnel. It has been called a symbol of "conquest and colonisation" commemorating British colonial legacy. The gateway is also the monument from where the last British troops left India in 1948, following Indian independence.
1073	1912		A	The first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik, a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph and Variety Hall, Bombay. Some have argued that Pundalik was not the first Indian film, because it was a photographic recording of a play, and because the cameraman was a British man named Johnson and the film was processed in London.
1074	1912		BC	Bomb thrown on Lord Hardinge in Chandni Chowk, Delhi by Rash Behari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal. The Delhi conspiracy case, also known as the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy, refers to a conspiracy in 1912 to assassinate the then Viceroy of India, Lord Hardinge (Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst), on the occasion of transferring the capital of British India from Calcutta to New Delhi. Hatched by the Indian revolutionary underground in Bengal and Punjab and headed by Rash Behari Bose, the conspiracy culminated in the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912, when a homemade bomb was thrown into the Viceroy's howdah as the ceremonial procession was moving through the Chandni Chowk suburb of Delhi. Although injured in the attack, the Viceroy escaped with flesh wounds, but the servant behind him holding his parasol was killed. Lady Hardinge was unscathed; as was the elephant and its mahout (handler). Lord Hardinge himself was injured all over the back, legs, and head by fragments of the bomb, the flesh on his shoulders being torn in strips. In the aftermath of the event, efforts were made to destroy the Bengali and Punjabi revolutionary underground, which came under intense pressure for some time. Rash Behari Bose, identified as the person who threw the bomb, successfully evaded capture for nearly three years, becoming involved in the Ghadar conspiracy before it was uncovered, then fleeing to Japan in 1915. The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial. The case was filed against Lala Hanumant Sahai, Basant Kumar Biswas, Bhai Balmukund, Amir Chand and Avadh Behari. On 5 October 1914 Lala Hanumant Sahai was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Andaman Islands, and the other four were sentenced to death for their roles in the conspiracy.
1075	1912		Ed	King George English School (Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya), Dadar, Mumbai was established, Now known as Raja Shivaji Vidyasankul, Dadar, Bombay. On April 20, 1912, Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School, a senior secondary boys' school was founded at Baranagar, Kolkata, West Bengal.
1076	1912	1930	F	Badal Gupta, real name Sudhir Gupta (1912 – 8 December 1930), was an Indian revolutionary against British rule in India, who is noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie square in Kolkata, along with Benoy Basu and Dinesh Gupta. Bengal Volunteers targeted Lt Col NS Simpson, the Inspector General of Prisons, who was infamous for the oppression of the prisoners in the jails. The revolutionaries decided not only to murder him, but also to strike a terror in the British official circles by launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie square in Kolkata. On 8 December 1930, Badal along with Dinesh Gupta and Benoy, dressed in European costume, entered the Writers' Building and shot dead Simpson. Police in the building started firing at them in response. What ensued was a brief gunfight between the three young revolutionaries and the police. Some other officers like Twynam, Prentice, and Nelson suffered injuries during the shooting. Soon police overpowered them. However, the three did not wish to be arrested. Badal took Potassium cyanide, while Benoy and Dinesh shot themselves with their own revolvers. Badal died on the spot. After independence, the Dalhousie Square was named B. B. D. Bagh – after the Benoy-Badal-Dinesh trio. In memory of their Writers' Building attack, a plate was engraved in the wall of Writers' Building, first floor.
1077	1912		P	In June, the Government of India Bill is passed by which the seat of government is moved from Calcutta to Delhi and changes in the constitution of Bengal and Assam are made. In 1912 the construction of New Delhi was started. It was decided in 1911 when George V visited India during his travels to the British Empire colonies. The British Viceroy made Sir Edwin Lutyens responsible for the overall plan of Delhi and in 1912 he visited New Delhi to start his work. But the construction itself began only after World War I. Currently New Delhi is considered to be the crowning glory of the British Raj. India introduced registration of motor vehicles. Muslim Indian doctors and nurses were sent to join the Red Crescent organization (International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement) established in 1912 to provide medical aid for Turkish troops in the Balkan Wars of 1912. Bihar and Orissa (Odisha) provinces were carved out as a separate province from the British Raj.
1078	1912		R	On December 18–21, 1912 the India National (Missionary) Conference (All India Conference of Indian Christians) convened in Calcutta. One of its principal conclusions recognized the need for good Christian literature in India. To decide this question the Conference established a committee which by 1914 proposed three series of books aimed at embracing Christian principles. On December 29, 1912 India obtained its first Anglican (Anglicanism) Bishop. Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah (1874–1945), the son of an Indian clergyman, educated at Madras Christian College, was consecrated as the First Indian Anglican bishop in St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata. There were present 11 British Anglican bishops, and the Governor of Bengal. In ten days Azariah took office in the newly created diocese of Dornakal.
1079	1912		W	Anti-Indian racial riots on the US West Coast expel large Hindu immigrant population.
1080	1913		A	Rabindranath Tagore wins Nobel Prize in Literature. Poet Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for his collection Gitanjali published in London in 1912. The prize gained even more significance by being given to an Indian for the first time. This honour established Tagore’s literary reputation worldwide. The Nobel Prize was awarded "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West".
1081	1913		A	Dadasaheb Phalke's silent Raja Harishchandra (1913) is the first full-length feature film made in India. Phalke is seen as the pioneer of the Indian film industry and a scholar of India's languages and culture. He employed elements from Sanskrit epics to produce his Raja Harishchandra, in Marathi. The female characters in the film were played by male actors. Only one print of the film was made, for showing at the Coronation Cinematograph and Variety Hall, South Mumbai on 3 May 1913. By the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per year. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani's Alam Ara in 1931, was commercially successful.
1082	1913	1920	BC	The Silk Letter Movement refers to a movement organised by Deobandi leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at freeing India from British rule by forming an alliance with Ottoman Turkey (Ottoman Empire), German Empire, and Emirate of Afghanistan. This plot was uncovered by the Punjab Province (British India) CID (Criminal Investigation Department) with the capture of letters from Ubaidullah Sindhi, one of the Deobandi leaders then in Afghanistan, to Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, another leader then in Iran. The letters were written on silk cloth, hence the name.
1083	1913	Bombay	Ed	In Bombay, Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics established. The First College of Commerce in Asia.
1084	1913		F	Ghadar Movement formed at San Francisco to organise a rebellion in India to overthrow the British rule. British intelligence in North America indicated early in the war that the Ghadr Party, co-ordinating with the Berlin Committee in Germany, and the Indian revolutionary underground was attempting to transport men and arms from United States and East Asia into India, intended for a revolution and mutiny in the British Indian Army. From August 1914, a large number of Sikh expatriates began leaving Canada and USA under the plans of the Ghadr leadership for fomenting mutiny in India, whilst in Bengal nationalist crime also increased. Department of Criminal Intelligence chief Charles Cleveland noted that the threat to India should be dealt with by dealing with Ghadr activists who were already in India and those who were returning. To this end, Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914 was passed to limit the influx of Ghadarites, but failed to stem the inflow. The planned mutiny for February 1915 was averted at the last minute.
1085	1913	2013	F	Rosamma Punnoose (12 May 1913 – 28 December 2013) was an Indian independence activist, politician and lawyer. She was the first person to be sworn in as a member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly. She was also the first MLA in India to lose her seat following a court order, and the first person to be elected in the first-ever by-election to the assembly in 1958. Punnoose was also the first pro tem Speaker of the Kerala Legislative Assembly.
1086	1913	1995	F	Kalpana Datta (27 July 1913 – 8 February 1995) Kalpana Datta was one of the most prominent members of the group that executed the Chittagong armoury raid under the leadership of Surya Sen. She was also involved in the attack of the Pahartali European Club, (Pritilata Waddedar#Pahartali European Club attack (1932)), along with Pritilata Waddedar. She was arrested on multiple occasions for her brave deeds.
1087	1913		P	New law prohibits Indian immigration to S. Africa, primarily in answer to white colonists' alarm at competition of Indian merchants and expired labor contracts.
1088	1914	1942	A	Samikannu Vincent (18 April 1883 – 22 April 1942) was a cinema exhibitor turned theatre owner. His first theatre was Variety Hall (now Delite theatre) in Coimbatore in 1914. He was a pioneer in making movies, popular in Madras presidency and contributing to growth of it by buying new equipment from abroad, as well as establishing the concept of modern day theatres that exist today. He introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land to screen films. The first of its kind was in Madras, called Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone. This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.
1089	1914	2003	A	Anil Biswas (composer), known as Anil Krishna Biswas (7 July 1914 – 31 May 2003) was an noted Indian film music director and playback singer from 1935 to 1965, who apart from being one of pioneers of playback singing, is also credited for the following : First Indian orchestra of twelve pieces and introducing orchestral music and full-blooded choral effects, into Indian cinema. A master in western symphonic music was known for the Indian classical or folk elements, especially Baul and Bhatiyali in his music. A pioneer in using the counter melody in film scores, employing technique of western music, ‘cantala’, where one line overlaps the other in contra-melody. First one to start extensively using the Ragmala. Another important element that he introduced was western orchestration, using indigenous instruments both in the songs as well as in their melodic interludes, a trend that soon caught on and paved way for the musicals of Indian cinema.
1090	1914	1917	BC	The Hindu–German Conspiracy was a series of plans between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalist groups to attempt Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Raj during World War I, formulated between the Indian revolutionary underground and exiled or self-exiled nationalists who formed, in the United States, the Ghadar Party (Ghadar Movement), and in Germany, the Indian independence committee (formely know as Berlin Committee), in the decade preceding the Great War. The conspiracy was drawn up at the beginning of the war, with extensive support from the German Foreign Office, the German consulate in San Francisco, as well as some support from Ottoman Turkey (Ottoman Empire) and the Irish republican movement (Irish republicanism). The most prominent plan attempted to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army from Punjab to Singapore. This plot was planned to be executed in February 1915 with the aim of overthrowing British rule over the Indian subcontinent. The February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement and arrested key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.
1091	1914		BC	The Ghadar Mutiny, also known as the Ghadar Conspiracy, was a plan to initiate a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army in February 1915 to end the British Raj in India. The plot originated at the onset of World War I, between the Ghadar Party in the United States, the Berlin Committee in Germany, the Indian revolutionary underground in British India (Revolutionary movement for Indian independence) and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco. The incident derives its name from the North American Ghadar Party (Ghadar Movement), whose members of the Punjabi community in Canada and the United States were among the most prominent participants in the plan. It was the most prominent amongst a number of plans of the much larger Hindu–German Mutiny (Hindu–German Conspiracy), formulated between 1914 and 1917 to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Raj during World War I. The mutiny was planned to start in the key state of Punjab, followed by mutinies in Bengal and rest of India. Indian units as far as Singapore were planned to participate in the rebellion. The plans were thwarted through a coordinated intelligence and police response. British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement in Canada and in India, and last-minute intelligence from a spy helping to crush the planned uprising in Punjab before it started. Key figures were arrested, mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.
1092	1914		BC	The Ghadar Mutiny: Intelligence about the threat of the mutiny led to a number of important war-time measures introduced in India, including the passages of the Foreigners Ordinance, 1914, the Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914, and the Defence of India Act 1915. The conspiracy was followed by the First Lahore Conspiracy Trial (Lahore Conspiracy Case trial) and Benares Conspiracy Trial which saw death sentences awarded to a number of Indian revolutionaries, and exile to a number of others. After the end of the war, fear of a second Ghadarite uprising led to the recommendations of the Rowlatt Acts and thence the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
1093	1914	26 Aug	BC	The Rodda company arms heist took place on 26 August 1914 in Calcutta, British India (British Raj). Members of the Jugantar faction of the Bengali revolutionary organisation Anushilan Samiti intercepted a shipment of Mauser Pistols and ammunition belonging to Messrs Rodda & co., a Calcutta gun dealer, while these were en route from the Customs house to the company's godown, and were able to make away with a portion of the arms. The heist was a sensational incident, being described by The Statesman as the "Greatest daylight robbery". In the following years, the pistols and ammunitions were linked to almost all the incidences of nationalist struggles in Bengal. By 1922, the police had recovered most of the stolen arms. Mukherjee, the planner of the heist, along with Bannerjee, Dutta, and Bipin Bihary Ganguly are commemorated in Calcutta today, with their statues of their busts erected in Mononga Lane.
1094	1914		Ed	The University College of Science and Technology commonly known as Rajabazar Science College, is a university campus, one of five main campuses of University of Calcutta (CU). The college served as the cradle of Indian Sciences by winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 and many fellowships of the Royal Society London. Despite the fact that the Presidency College at Calcutta (Presidency University, Kolkata) witnessed great scientific research by Jagadish Chandra Bose and Prafulla Chandra Ray in the last decade of the 19th and the first decade of the 20th century, first organised scientific research at Calcutta University began with the establishment of its University College of Science and Technology in March 1914.
1095	1914		Ed	Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) is a premier scientific organisation of India with headquarters at Kolkata, West Bengal. The association started in the year 1914 in Kolkata and it meets annually in the first week of January. It has a membership of more than 30,000 scientists.
1096	1914	2012	F	Lakshmi Sahgal (24 October 1914 – 23 July 2012) A doctor by profession, Lakshmi Sahgal, popularly known as Captain Lakshmi, encouraged women to join the troop led by Subhas Chandra Bose. She took the initiative of forming a women’s regiment and named it ‘Rani of Jhansi Regiment’. Lakshmi fought vigorously for the Indian independence before she was arrested by the British government in 1945.
1097	1914		O	Opposition to the partition of India: The All India Conference of Indian Christians, representing the Christians of colonial India, along with Sikh political parties such as the Chief Khalsa Diwan and Shiromani Akali Dal led by Master Tara Singh (activist) condemned the call by separatists to create Pakistan, viewing it as a movement that would possibly persecute them.
1098	1914	1918	P	Congress and All-India Muslim League, now radicalised by a new leadership drawn from the intelligentsia, join forces and make a joint demand for a significant devolution of political power to Indians after the war in exchange for supporting the Allies in the war against Germany. As the contribution of Indian soldiers to the defence of the British Empire is recognised by the British Cabinet in London, campaigns for Indian ‘Home rule’ intensify and many Muslim leaders, including Jinnah, become members of both political parties.
1099	1914	28 Jul	P	World War I started: Indian troops rushed to France and Mesopotamia to fight World War I. India helped The British defeat Germany in the first world war. Indians were hoping that would help gain their freedom from the British. Canada was dragged into the war as a dominion of Britain. There was no choice to be made by the Canadian government or public. This shows how much control the British still had over Canada and it's government.
1100	1914		P	The Komagata Maru incident involved the Japanese steamship SS Komagata Maru, on which a group of people from British India attempted to immigrate to Canada in April 1914, but most were denied entry and forced to return to Calcutta (present-day Kolkata). There, the Indian Imperial Police attempted to arrest the group leaders. A riot ensued, and they were fired upon by the police, resulting in the deaths of 20 people. SS Komagata Maru sailed from British Hong Kong, via Shanghai, China, and Yokohama, Japan, to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, on 4 April 1914, carrying 376 passengers from Punjab province in British India. The passengers comprised 337 Sikhs, 27 Muslims and 12 Hindus, all Punjabis and British subjects. Of these 376 passengers, 24 were admitted to Canada, but the other 352 were not allowed to disembark in Canada, and the ship was forced to leave Canadian waters. The ship was escorted by HMCS Rainbow (1891), one of Canada's first two naval vessels. This was one of several incidents in the early 20th century in which exclusion laws in Canada and the United States were used to exclude immigrants of Asian origin. In 1924, the ship was renamed Heian Maru. She was wrecked on Cape Soyidmar, Hokkaidō, Japan on 11 February 1926.
1101	1914		R	The All India Conference of Indian Christians (AICIC) is an ecumenical organisation founded in 1914 to represent the interests of Christians in India. It was founded to advocate for the moral, economic, and intellectual development of the Indian Christian community. The All India Conference of Indian Christians held its first meeting on 28 December 1914 and was led by Raja Sir Harnam Singh of Kapurthala, who was the president of the National Missionary Society (NMS); the first AICIC General Secretary was B.L. Rallia Ram of Lahore. Its creation united local and regional Indian Christian Associations, which existed in Bombay, Madras, Hyderabad, Punjab, United Provinces, Bengal and Burma, under one umbrella organisation. At the time of the Indian independence movement, the organisation allied itself with the Indian National Congress and the resolutions passed by All India Conference of Indian Christians advocated communal harmony, while also pressing for the rights of Christians in both colonial India and independent India. The All India Conference of Indian Christians advocated for self-rule in a united and independent country, opposing the partition of India. During the era of the British Raj in India, the AICIC served as the mouthpiece for members of the Indian Christian community, conducting membership drives to boost its base, which included Protestant and Catholic Christians. As such, the presidents of the AICIC represented the Christians of undivided India at the Round Table Conferences.
1102	1914		T	Construction of Pamban Bridge begins in August 1911. Completed and Opened 24 February 1914 Pamban Bridge is a railway bridge which connects the town of Mandapam in mainland India with Pamban Island, and Rameswaram. The bridge is located in the world's second most corrosive environment after Florida, making its maintenance a challenging job. The railway bridge is located 12.5 metres (41 ft) above sea level and is 6,776 ft (2,065 m) long. The bridge consists of 143 piers and has a double-leaf bascule section with a Scherzer rolling type lift span that can be raised to let ships pass. Each half of the lifting span weighs 415 tonnes (457 tons). The two leaves of the bridge are opened manually using levers. The Pamban Railway Bridge is also called as Cantilever Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge. It was named after the German engineer Scherzer, who built the Pamban viaduct. The Scherzer roll and lift span are activated by using the principle of spurs and gears to gain a large amount of mechanical advantage. The Pamban Bridge is a huge one, with each of the two 'leaves' weighing around 200 tonnes, and according to dailyexcelsior.com, it requires twelve workers, six on either side, to manually operate its moving sections (levers/wheels).
1103	1914		W	The Simla Convention, or the Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, in Simla, was an ambiguous treaty concerning the status of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the Republic of China, Tibet and Great Britain in Simla in 1913 and 1914. The Simla Convention provided that Tibet would be divided into .. "Outer Tibet" and "Inner Tibet". Outer Tibet, which roughly corresponded to Ü-Tsang and western Kham, would "remain in the hands of the Tibetan Government at Lhasa under Chinese suzerainty", but China would not interfere in its administration. Inner Tibet, roughly, equivalent to Amdo and eastern Kham, would be under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government. The convention with its annexes also defines the boundary between Tibet and China proper and that between Tibet and British India (with the latter coming to be known as the McMahon Line). A draft convention was initialled by all three countries on 27 April 1914, but China immediately repudiated it. A slightly revised convention was signed again on 3 July 1914, but only by Britain and Tibet. The Chinese plenipotentiary, Ivan Chen, declined to sign it. The British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries then signed a bilateral declaration that stated that the convention would be binding on themselves and that China would be denied any privileges under the Convention until it signed it.
1104	1914		W	US government excludes Indian citizens from immigration. Restriction stands until 1965.
1105	1914	1918	WWI	WWI global war that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918: Indian Army during World War I: In 1901 oil had been discovered in commercial quantities at Masjed Soleyman oil field at the head of the Persian Gulf. At the start of the war in 1914, the privately owned Anglo-Persian Oil Company which owned the concessions for these fields was about to be bought by the British Government, primarily to fuel the British Fleet. It soon became clear that the Ottoman Turkish Army (Military of the Ottoman Empire) was being mobilised and in August the Indian Government was instructed to prepare contingency plans to protect these strategic assets. The plans dictated that in the event of the Turkish Army coming out in support of the Germans, the Indian Army was to act to secure the oilfields. As a contingency, the Indian Expeditionary Force D under command of Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Barrett (Indian Army officer) sailed from Bombay on 16 October 1914 for Bahrain. They, together with Indian Expeditionary Force A who had been hurriedly sent to Europe at the end of September in response to a request from the Imperial General Staff for men to support the war effort— became the first Indian elements committed to war outside of India.
1106	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: The British raised men and money from India, as well as large supplies of food, cash and ammunition, collected both by British taxation of Indians and from the nominally autonomous princely states. In return, the British had insincerely promised to deliver progressive self-rule to India at the end of the war. The Indian Army during World War I contributed a large number of divisions and independent brigades to the European, Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of war in World War I. Over one million Indian troops served overseas, of whom 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. In total at least 74,187 Indian soldiers died during the war.
1107	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: In World War I the Indian Army fought against the German Empire on the Western Front. At the First Battle of Ypres, Khudadad Khan became the first Indian to be awarded a Victoria Cross. Indian divisions were also sent to Egypt, Gallipoli, German East Africa and nearly 700,000 served in Mesopotamia against the Ottoman Empire. While some divisions were sent overseas others had to remain in India guarding the North West Frontier and on internal security and training duties. Field-Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from 1942 asserted that the British "couldn't have come through both wars [World War I and II] if they hadn't had the Indian Army
1108	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: The normal annual recruitment for the Indian army was 15,000 men, during the course of the war over 800,000 men volunteered for the army and more than 400,000 volunteered for non-combatant roles. In total almost 1.3 million men had volunteered for service by 1918. Over one million Indian troops served overseas during the war. In total, at least 74,187 Indian soldiers died in World War I. Child soldiers, some as young as 10 years old, were enlisted to fight in the war.
1109	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: Expeditionary Forces : The Indian Army formed and dispatched seven expeditionary forces overseas during World War I. Indian Expeditionary Force A: Upon arrival in Marseilles on 30 September 1914, only six weeks after the declaration of war, they were moved to the Ypres Salient and took part in the Battle of La Bassée in October 1914. Of the 130,000 Indians who served in France and Belgium, almost 9,000 died. Before being withdrawn to Egypt in March 1918, they took part in the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Bazentin Ridge, the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, the advance to the Hindenburg Line and finally the Battle of Cambrai (1917). Indian Expeditionary Force B: In 1914, the Governor of British East Africa (East Africa Protectorate) requested assistance to deal with the German forces in German East Africa and the problem was handed to the India Office, which assembled two forces and shipped them to his aid. Indian Expeditionary Force B consisted of the 27th Bangalore Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General Richard Wapshare, from the 9th (Secunderabad) Division, and an Imperial Service Infantry Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General Michael Tighe, together with a pioneer battalion, a mountain artillery battery and engineers. It was shipped across the Indian Ocean to invade German East Africa.
1110	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: Indian Expeditionary Force C: Indian Expeditionary Force C was the second force assembled for service in British East Africa in 1914. This force was formed from the Indian Army's 29th Punjabis, together with half battalions from the Princely states of Jind, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, Kapurthala and Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, a volunteer 15 pounder artillery battery, 22nd Derajat Mountain Battery (Frontier Force), a volunteer Maxim gun battery and a Field Ambulance. It was planned that the force was to be a defensive one (unlike force B) and be primarily used to guard the railway to Uganda and to support the King's African Rifles in communications protection duties. Indian Expeditionary Force D: The largest Indian Army force to serve abroad was the Indian Expeditionary Force D in Mesopotamia, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir John Nixon (Indian Army officer). The first unit sent in November 1914, was the 6th (Poona) Division and they were tasked with guarding British oil installations in and around Basra. As part of the Mesopotamian campaign they served under the command of Major General Barrett and then under Major General Townshend. After a string of early successes, the campaign was delivered a setback at the Battle of Ctesiphon in November 1915 due to logistical constraints. Following this engagement, the Poona Division withdrew back to Kut, where Townshend made the decision to hold the city and the Siege of Kut began.
1111	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: Indian Expeditionary Force E: Indian Expeditionary Force E consisted of the 22nd Lucknow Brigade sent to Egypt in October 1914. The designation was retained for all subsequent forces sent there. Two Indian cavalry divisions 4th Cavalry Division (India) and 5th Cavalry Division (India) transferred from France in 1918, for service in Palestine (region). They were joined by the 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade, a unit formed by three regiments of Lancers from the princely states of Kingdom of Mysore, Hyderabad State, and Jodhpur. The 3rd (Lahore) Division and the 7th (Meerut) Division were transferred from Mesopotamia Indian Expeditionary Force F: Indian Expeditionary Force F consisted of the 10th Indian Division and the 11th Indian Division both of which were formed in Egypt in 1914, to defend the Suez canal. Other formations attached were the regular 22nd Lucknow Brigade from the 8th (Lucknow) Division without their British battalions and an 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade.
1112	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: Indian Expeditionary Force G: In April 1915, Indian Expeditionary Force G was sent to reinforce the Gallipoli Campaign. It consisted of the 29th Brigade, serving away from its parent 10th Indian Division. Consisting of three battalions of Gurkhas and one of Sikhs, the brigade was dispatched from Egypt and attached to the British 29th Division (United Kingdom) which had been decimated in the earlier battles. Held in reserve for the Second Battle of Krithia they played a major part in the Third Battle of Krithia.
1113	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: 1918 Malleson mission: 500 men of the 19th Punjabis were deployed by General Wilfrid Malleson in Trans-Caspia in support of the Ashkhabad Committee, and known as the Malleson Mission. The Ashkhabad Committee was a revolutionary organisation led by Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries who were in an armed conflict with the Bolshevik Tashkent Soviet.
1114	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: The end of World War I did not see the end of fighting for the Indian Army — They were involved in .... The Third Afghan War in 1919, The Waziristan Campaign in 1919–1920 and again in 1920–1924, Operations against the Afridis in 1930–1931, The Mohmands in 1933 and again in 1935 and The Waziristan again, finally just before the outbreak of World War II operations in 1936–1939.
1115	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: The India Gate in New Delhi, built in 1931, commemorates the Indian soldiers who lost their lives fighting in World War I. The India Gate (formerly known as the All India War Memorial) is a war memorial located astride the Rajpath, on the eastern edge of the "ceremonial axis" of New Delhi, formally called Kingsway. It stands as a memorial to 70,000 soldiers of the British Indian Army who died in between 1914 and 1921 in the First World War, in France, Flanders, Mesopotamia, Persia, East Africa, Gallipoli and elsewhere in the Near and the Far East, and the third Anglo-Afghan War. 13,300 servicemen's names, including some soldiers and officers from the United Kingdom, are inscribed on the gate. Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, the gate evokes the architectural style of the triumphal arch such as the Arch of Constantine, in Rome, and is often compared to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, and the Gateway of India in Mumbai.
1116	1914		WWI	Indian Army during World War I: The Bombardment of Madras was an engagement of the First World War, at Madras, British India. The bombardment was initiated by the German cruiser Emden at the outset of the war in 1914. With Captain Karl von Müller in command, on the night of 22 September 1914, SMS Emden quietly approached the city of Madras on the southeastern coast of the Indian peninsula (Indian subcontinent). As he later wrote, "I had this shelling in view simply as a demonstration to arouse interest among the Indian population, to disturb English commerce, to diminish English prestige." After entering the Madras harbour area, Müller illuminated six large oil tanks belonging to the Burmah Oil Company with his searchlights, then fired at a range of 3,000 yards. After ten minutes of firing, Emden had hit five of the tanks and destroyed 346,000 gallons of fuel, and the cruiser then successfully retreated.
1117	1914	1918	WWI	Indian Army during World War I: Indian Army during World War I order of battle (India based formations) : North West Frontier 1st (Peshawar) Division, 2nd (Rawalpindi) Division, 3rd Lahore Divisional Area, 4th (Quetta) Division, 7th Meerut Divisional Area, 16th Indian Division, Bannu Brigade, Derajat Brigade, Kohat Brigade. Southern India (Internal Security and training) 5th (Mhow) Division, 6th Poona Divisional Area, 8th (Lucknow) Division, 9th (Secunderabad) Division Other locations (On internal security or as a guard force) Burma Division, Aden Brigade, South Persia Brigade
1118	1915		Ad	The Royal Commission on the Public Services in India, also known as the Islington Commission was carried out under the Chairmanship of Lord Islington. It made the following recommendations in its report submitted in 1915: Recruitment to the superior posts should be made partly in England and partly in India. However, it did not favour holding competitive exams simultaneously in England and India, which was the prime demand of the Indian Nationalists. 25% of the superior posts should be filled by Indians partly by direct recruitment and partly by promotion. The services under the Government of India should be categorised into Class I and Class II. The principle of maintenance of efficiency should be adopted while fixing the salaries of civil servants. There should be a probationary period of 2 years for direct recruits. For the ICS, it should be 3 years.
1119	1915	16 Feb	BC	The 1915 Singapore Mutiny involved up to half of the 850 sepoys comprising the 5th Light Infantry against the British in Singapore during the War, part of the 1915 Ghadar Conspiracy. The 5th Light Infantry had arrived in Singapore from Madras in October 1914 and consisted of roughly equal numbers of Punjabi Muslims and Pathans serving in separate companies. Their morale was constantly low, being affected by poor communication, slack discipline and a weak leadership. The regiment had been employed to guard the captured crew from the German ship, SMS Emden. Rumours started that they were going to be sent to fight in the Middle East against fellow Muslims from the Ottoman Empire.
1120	1915	16 Feb	BC	1915 Singapore Mutiny: On 16 February 1915, while preparations for departure were under way, the four companies of Punjabi Muslims mutinied while the Pathan sepoys of the remaining four companies scattered in confusion. Two of the British officers at the Tanglin barracks were killed and the mutineers then moved on the German prisoner of war camp where they killed thirteen camp guards and other military personnel. The Germans however refused to join them. The mutineers then roamed the streets of Singapore, killing European civilians that they encountered. The mutiny continued for nearly five days and was suppressed by local volunteer and British regular units plus naval detachments from allied warships, and with assistance from the Sultan of Johor. Following immediate courts-martial a total of 47 mutineers were executed, while 64 were transported for life and another 73 imprisoned for varying terms. Later in 1915 the 5th Light Infantry saw service in the Kamerun Campaign and was subsequently sent to East Africa and Aden.
1121	1915	1916	BC	The Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition, also known as the Kabul Mission, was a diplomatic mission to Emirate of Afghanistan sent by the Central Powers in 1915–1916. The purpose was to encourage Afghanistan to declare full independence from the British Empire (British Raj), enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers, and attack British India. The expedition was part of the Hindu–German Conspiracy, a series of Indo-German efforts to provoke a nationalist revolution in India. Nominally headed by the exiled Indian prince Raja Mahendra Pratap, the expedition was a joint operation of Germany and Turkey and was led by the German Army officers Oskar von Niedermayer and Werner Otto von Hentig. Other participants included members of an Indian nationalist organisation called the Berlin Committee, including Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah and Chempakaraman Pillai, while the Turks were represented by Kâzım Özalp, a close confidante of Enver Pasha.. Britain saw the expedition as a serious threat. Britain and its ally, the Russian Empire, unsuccessfully attempted to intercept it in Persia during the summer of 1915. Britain waged a covert intelligence and diplomatic offensive, including personal interventions by the Viceroy Lord Hardinge (Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst) and King George V, to maintain Afghan neutrality.
1122	1915		BC	1915 Lahore Conspiracy Case trial or First Lahore Conspiracy Case, was a series of trials held in Lahore (then part of the undivided Punjab of British India), and in the United States, in the aftermath of the failed Ghadar conspiracy (Ghadar Mutiny) from 26 April to 13 September, 1915. There were nine cases in total. The trial was held by a Special tribunal constituted under the Defence of India Act 1915. Out of a total of 291 convicted conspirators, 42 were executed, 114 got life sentences and 93 got varying terms of imprisonment. 42 defendants in the trial were acquitted. The uncovering of the conspiracy also saw the initiation of the Hindu German Conspiracy trial in the United States.
1123	1915		BC	The second Christmas Day Plot was to initiate an insurrection in Bengal in British India during World War I with German arms and support. Scheduled for Christmas Day, 1915, the plan was conceived and led by the Jugantar group under the Bengali Indian revolutionary Jatindranath Mukherjee, to be coordinated with simultaneous uprising in the British colony of Burma and Kingdom of Siam under direction of the Ghadar Party, along with a German raid on the South Indian city of Madras and the British penal colony in Andaman Islands. The aim of the plot was to seize the Fort William, isolate Bengal and capture the capital city of Calcutta, which was then to be used as a staging ground for a pan-Indian revolution. The Christmas Day plot was one of the later plans for pan-Indian mutiny during the war that were coordinated between the Indian nationalist underground, the "Indian independence committee" set up by the Germans in Berlin, the Ghadar Party in North America, and the German Foreign office. The plot was ultimately thwarted after British intelligence uncovered the plot through German and Indian double agents in Europe and Southeast Asia.
1124	1915		Bu	India’s largest integrated power utility, Tata Power Co. was founded in 1915 as Tata Hydroelectric Power Supply Co. It established India’s first large hydroelectric project in Khopoli, Maharashtra, in 1915.
1125	1915	1993	F	Rani Gaidinliu (26 January 1915 – 17 February 1993) Rani Gaidinliu was a political leader who revolted against the British rule. She joined a political movement at the age of 13 and fought for the evacuation of British rulers from Manipur and the neighbouring areas. Unable to withstand her protests, the British arrested her when she was just 16 years old and sentenced her to life imprisonment.
1126	1915	2003	F	Pushpalata Das (27 March 1915 – 9 November 2003): An active member of the Indian National Congress, Pushpalata Das started her revolutionary activities right from her childhood. She was even expelled from her school for gathering a group of girls in order to protest against the death sentence of Bhagat Singh. She was later arrested for participating in Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement.
1127	1915	Bombay	F	Returning of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa where he led Indians in a non-violent movement against racial discrimination. In 1915, aged 45, he returned to India. He set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, and above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule. At the request of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, conveyed to him by Charles Freer Andrews, Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and community organiser. Gandhi joined the Indian National Congress and was introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people primarily by Gokhale. Gokhale was a key leader of the Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation, and his insistence on working inside the system. Gandhi took Gokhale's liberal approach based on British Whiggish traditions and transformed it to make it look Indian. Gandhi took leadership of the Congress in 1920 and began escalating demands until on 26 January 1930 the Indian National Congress declared the independence of India. The British did not recognise the declaration but negotiations ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late 1930s. Gandhi and the Congress withdrew their support of the Raj when the Viceroy declared war on Germany in September 1939 without consultation. Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate independence in 1942 and the British responded by imprisoning him and tens of thousands of Congress leaders. Meanwhile, the Muslim League did co-operate with Britain and moved, against Gandhi's strong opposition, to demands for a totally separate Muslim state of Pakistan. In August 1947 the British partitioned the land with India and Pakistan each achieving independence on terms that Gandhi disapproved.
1128	1915		Fl	Hindu Mahasabha: The Hindu Mahasabha (officially Akhil Bhārat Hindū Mahāsabhā or All-India Hindu Grand-Assembly) is a political party in India. The organisation was formed to protect the rights of the Hindus community, after the formation of the All-India Muslim League in 1906 and the British India government's creation of separate Muslims electorate under the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909, also known as Indian Councils Act 1909. In 1909, Lal Chand and U.N. Mukerji established the Punjab Hindu Sabha ("Assembly"). The development of the broad work for Hindu unity that started in the early 20th century in Punjab Province (British India) was a precursor for the formation of the All India Hindu Sabha. Over the next few years, several such Hindu Sabhas were established outside Punjab, including in United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Bihar, Bengal, Central Provinces and Berar, and Bombay Presidency. Preparatory sessions of the All India Hindu Sabha were held at Haridwar (13 February 1915), Lucknow (17 February 1915) and Delhi (27 February 1915). In April 1915, Sarvadeshak (All India) Hindu Sabha was formed as an umbrella organisation of regional Hindu Sabhas, at the Kumbh Mela in Haridwar. Gandhi and Swami Shraddhanand were also present at the conference, and were supportive of the formation of All India Hindu Sabha. The Sabha laid emphasis on Hindu solidarity and the need for social reform. At its sixth session in April 1921, the Sarvadeshak Hindu Sabha formally changed its name to Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha on the model of the Indian National Congress. Presided over by Manindra Chandra Nandi, it amended its constitution to remove the clause about loyalty to the British, and added a clause committing the organisation to a "united and self-governing" Indian nation. The Mahasabha suffered a setback when in 1925, its former member Keshav Baliram Hedgewar (K. B. Hedgewar) left to form the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a Hindu volunteer organisation that abstained from active politics. Although ideologically similar to the Mahasabha, the RSS grew faster across the nation and became a competitor for the core constituency of the Mahasabha.
1129	1915		O	Opposition to the partition of India: After over 21 years stay in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India on January 9, 1915 with his wife Kasturba. After Gandhi returned to colonial India he expanded the idea of composite nationalism to include not only religious groups, but castes and other communities. Hardiman writes that this led to a "massive expansion of the nationalist movement in India" with people from all segments of society participating in it.
1130	1915		P	From 1915 to 1917, the British government repeatedly requested that the United States government suppress the activities of Ghadar Party (Ghadar Movement) in the USA. However, these requests were turned down, as nothing in U.S. law prevented the Indians from seeking to overthrow the British government. The judge found the defendants guilty of violating the neutrality of the United States. The Indians, "students and revolutionists, several of them highly educated" were sentenced to serve from twenty-two months to sixty days. " The British ambassador, Cecil Spring Rice, was reluctant to press the matter diplomatically, fearing the political fallout at a time when Britain was working to end US neutrality and bring it into the war on the side of the Allies. Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, the Ghadar intellectual, Lala Hardayal (Har Dayal), was arrested for anarchist activities and left the U.S. before he could be deported. With other Indian Nationalists in Europe, Lala Hardayal enlisted the aid of Germany, who believed supporting a revolt in India would weaken the United Kingdom. In 1915, Germany offered the Indian Nationalists financial aid for transporting arms and Indians back to India via the United States.
1131	1915	19 Mar	P	The Defence of India Act 1915, also referred to as the Defence of India Regulations Act, was an emergency criminal law enacted by the Governor-General of India in 1915 with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the aftermath of the First World War. It was similar to the British Defence of the Realm Acts, and granted the Executive very wide powers of preventive detention, internment without trial, restriction of writing, speech, and of movement. However, unlike the English law which was limited to persons of hostile associations or origin, the Defence of India act could be applied to any subject of the King, and was used to an overwhelming extent against Indians. The passage of the act was supported unanimously by the non-official Indian members in the Viceroy's legislative council, and was seen as necessary to protect against British India from subversive nationalist violence. The act was first applied during the First Lahore Conspiracy Case trial in the aftermath of the failed Ghadar Conspiracy of 1915 (Ghadar Mutiny), and was instrumental in crushing the Ghadar Movement in Punjab and the Anushilan Samiti in Bengal.
1132	1915	19 Mar	P	The Defence of India Act 1915: However its widespread and indiscriminate use in stifling genuine political discourse made it deeply unpopular, and became increasingly reviled within India. The extension of the law in the form of the Rowlatt Act after the end of World War I was opposed unanimously by the non-official Indian members of the Viceroy's council. It became a flashpoint of political discontent and nationalist agitation, culminating in the Rowlatt Satyagraha. The act was re-enacted during World War II as Defence of India act 1939. Independent India retained the law in a number of amended forms, which have seen use in proclaimed states of national emergency including Sino-Indian War, Bangladesh crisis, The Emergency of 1975 and subsequently the Punjab insurgency.
1133	1915		S	Madras Presidency Matches: An annual Presidency match between the Europeans and Indians had been instituted in Chennai in 1915. It was played during the Pongal festivities. The Madras Presidency Matches were annual First-class cricket matches played in Madras (now Chennai) from the 1915–16 season to 1951–52 between the Indians cricket team and the Europeans cricket team (i.e., Europeans who were living in India). The matches were played in the Chepauk Grounds (the present M. A. Chidambaram Stadium ) usually in mid-January around the time of Pongal (festival). They were sometimes called the Pongal Matches because of this. Of the 33 matches played, Indians won 15 and the Europeans 8 with 10 draws. Sindh, Calcutta (Kolkata), Lahore, Lucknow, Hyderabad and Kanpur were among the other leading cricket centers on the subcontinent.
1134	1916		A	M. S. Subbulakshmi: Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi (16 September 1916 – 11 December 2004) was an Indian Carnatic singer from Madurai, Tamil Nadu. She was the first musician ever to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour. She is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award, often considered Asia's Nobel Prize, in 1974 with the citation reading "Exacting purists acknowledge Srimati M. S. Subbulakshmi as the leading exponent of classical and semi-classical songs in the carnatic tradition of South India." She was the First Indian who performed in United Nations General Assembly in 1966.
1135	1916		A	The first silent film in Tamil, Keechaka Vadham was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1916. Keechaka Vadham (transl. The Extermination of Keechaka) is an Indian silent film produced, directed, filmed and edited by R. Nataraja Mudaliar. The first film to have been made in South India, it was shot in five weeks at Nataraja Mudaliar's production house, India Film Company. As the members of the cast were Tamils, Keechaka Vadham is considered to be the first Tamil film. No print of it is known to have survived, making it a lost film.
1136	1916		E	Gandhiji formed Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad. Gandhiji's India ashram was originally established at the Kocharab Bungalow of Jivanlal Desai, a barrister and friend of Gandhi, on 25 May 1915. At that time the ashram was called the Satyagraha Ashram. But Gandhi wanted to carry out various activities such as farming and animal husbandry, in addition to other pursuits which called for the need of a much larger area of usable land. So two years later, on 17 June 1917, the ashram was relocated to an area of thirty-six acres on the banks of the river Sabarmati, and it came to be known as the Sabarmati Ashram. This was one of the many residences of Mahatma Gandhi who lived at Sabarmati (Gujarat) and Sevagram (Wardha, Maharashtra) when he was not travelling across India or in prison. He lived in Sabarmati or Wardha for a total of twelve years with his wife Kasturba Gandhi and followers, including Vinoba Bhave. The Bhagavad Gita was recited here daily as part of the Ashram schedule. It was from here that Gandhi led the Dandi march also known as the Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) on 12 March 1930.
1137	1916	4 Feb	E	Banaras Hindu University (BHU), formerly Central Hindu College, is a collegiate central university located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. It was established jointly in 1916 by the Maharaja of Darbhanga Rameshwar Singh, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Sunder Lal (lawyer) and British Theosophist and Home Rule League (Indian Home Rule movement) founder Annie Besant. With over 30,000 students residing on campus, it is the largest residential university in Asia.
1138	1916	2006	F	Subodh Roy (1915 – 26 August 2006) (also known as Jhunku Roy) was an Indian revolutionary socialist who was influential in the Indian independence movement, and a politician. Subodh Roy was born in 1915 in a rich family at Chittagong in erstwhile-undivided Bengal. At the age of 14, he was the youngest participant in the Chittagong armoury raid in 1930–31 under the direction of the revolutionary leader Surya Sen (Masterda). Roy was in the first batch to be sentenced. After the trial, Subodh Roy was deported to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair in 1934. He was involved in the Tebhaga movement which was significant peasant agitation, initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha (peasant front of the Communist Party of India) in 1946–47.
1139	1916	1921	G	Lord Chelmsford (Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford) – Viceroy: Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GBE, PC (12 August 1868 – 1 April 1933) was a British statesman who served as Governor of Queensland from 1905 to 1909, Governor of New South Wales from 1909 to 1913, and Viceroy of India from 1916 to 1921, where he was responsible for the creation of the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. After serving a short time as First Lord of the Admiralty in the government of Ramsay MacDonald, he was appointed the Agent-General for New South Wales by the government of Jack Lang before his retirement. Following occured during his tenure as Viceroy of India: August Declaration of 1917, after which the control over the Indian Government would be transferred to Indian people. Rowlett Act 1919 was passed Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms was passed. Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1919. Non-cooperation movement and Khilafat Movement. Women’s University was founded at Poona in 1919
1140	1916		O	Opposition to the partition of India: The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was seen as an "important step forward in achieving Hindu–Muslim unity" during the era of the Indian independence movement. Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity in early years of his political career. Gopal Krishna Gokhale stated that Jinnah "has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity". Muslim scholars of the Deobandi school of thought, such as Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi (known as Qari Muhammad Tayyib) and Kifayatullah Dehlawi, championed Hindu–Muslim unity, composite nationalism, and called for a united India. Maulana Sayyid Hussain Ahmed Madani, the leader of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, stated: Hindu-Muslim unity is a prerequisite for freedom of India. It is the religious and political duty of the Muslims that they should work for the freedom of India and continue this struggle until the Government accedes to their demand. It is their duty, which they must do with or without companions, it is the order of the Almighty. If non-Muslims extend to you the hand of friendship, you too must extend yours, for compromising for the right cause will establish you as true believers in Allah. Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana, the Premier of Punjab in colonial India, advocated for amity between the religious communities of undivided India, proclaiming March 1st as Communal Harmony Day and aiding in the establishment of a Communal Harmony Committee in Lahore, in which Raja Narendra Nath served as president and Maulvi Mahomed Ilyas as secretary.
1141	1916		P	Home Rule league founded by Tilak with its headquarters at Poona (Indian Home Rule movement). The Indian Home Rule movement was a movement in British India (British Raj) on the lines of Irish Home Rule movement and other home rule movements. The movement lasted around two years between 1916–1918 and is believed to have set the stage for the independence movement under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak to the educated English speaking upper class Indians. In 1921 All India Home Rule League changed its name to Swarajya Sabha. The Movement was left leaderless once Tilak left for England to pursue a libel case he had filed against Valentine Chirol and Annie Besant was largely satisfied by the promise of Reforms. Its further growth and activity were stalled by the rise of Mahatma Gandhi and his Satyagraha art of revolution: non-violent, but mass-based civil disobedience. Gandhi's Hindu lifestyle, mannerisms and immense respect for Indian culture and the common people of India made him immensely popular with India's common people. His victories in leading the farmers of Champaran, Bihar and Kheda, Gujarat against the British authorities on tax revolts made him a national hero. After the Montagu Declaration, also known as the August Declaration, the league agreed to suspend its expansion of the movement. After this the moderate candidates gave up the membership of league. The league believed that the British government will gradually reform the administration and local representative system by ushering participation of local Indians. In 1920, the All India Home Rule League merged with Congress which elected Mahatma Gandhi as its president. Several leaders of Home Rule Movement played an important role in the national movement when it entered a truly mass movement phase under the leadership of Gandhi.
1142	1916		P	Another Home Rule League started by Annie Besant. Home Rule League, either of two short-lived organizations of the same name in India established in April and September 1916, respectively, by Indian nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak and British social reformer and Indian independence leader Annie Besant. The term, borrowed from a similar movement in Ireland, referred to the efforts of Indian nationalists to achieve self-rule from the British Indian government. Tilak’s group, founded at Poona, concentrated its efforts mostly in western India, and that of Besant, set up at Madras, had more of an all-India scope. Both, however, worked toward the same objective of mobilizing Indian public opinion—largely by peaceful means—in favour of self-government, and from the start each worked closely with the other. Pressure by Home Rulers on the British contributed to the drafting of the Montagu Declaration in 1917 by Edwin Samuel Montagu, secretary of state for India, which in turn laid the groundwork for political reforms in India instituted by Britain after World War I. By then, however, the influence of the Home Rule organizations had diminished. Although their role in the Indian independence movement had been modest, they did succeed in helping to sustain the movement’s impetus during the war years—as manifested in the signing of the Lucknow Pact in December 1916.
1143	1916		P	Lucknow Pact 29 December 1916 An agreement made by the Indian National Congress headed by Maratha leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah; it was adopted by the Congress at its Lucknow session on December 29 and by the league on Dec. 31, 1916. The meeting at Lucknow marked the reunion of the moderate and radical wings of the Congress. The pact dealt both with the structure of the government of India and with the relation of the Hindu and Muslim communities. Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow representation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures. The Muslim League leaders agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian autonomy. Scholars cite this as an example of a consociational practice in Indian politics. Ambica Charan Mazumdar led the Congress while framing the deal, and A. K. Fazlul Huq (who was part of both Congress and the Muslim League in 1916) and Mahatma Gandhi also participated in this event. At the time, the "Lucknow Pact" was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen so by the British.
1144	1916		W	The Black Tom explosion was an act of sabotage by German agents to destroy U.S.-made munitions that were to be supplied to the Allies in World War I. The explosions, which occurred on July 30, 1916, in the New York Harbor, killed four people and destroyed some $20,000,000 worth of military goods. This incident, which happened prior to U.S. entry into World War I, also damaged the Statue of Liberty. It was one of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions to have ever occurred.
1145	1917		A	The Women's Indian Association (WIA) was founded at Adayar, Madras, in 1917 by Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins, Jeena Raja Dasa, and others to liberate women from the deplorable condition women suffered in socio-economic and political matters during the 19th and the early 20th century. The Association later developed into a potent force to fight against illiteracy, child marriage, the Devadasi system and other, social ills. The name of the organization was chosen to indicate its inclusive makeup, allowing both Indian and European women to join, and lack of affiliation to any philosophy, religion, caste, or social class. Founded on 8 May 1917, in Adyar, Madras by Margaret E. Cousins, its first president was Annie Besant.
1146	1917		A	Jamshedji Framji Madan of Madan Theatres produced Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra in 1917, a remake of Phalke's Raja Harishchandra (1913)
1147	1917		BC	The Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial commenced in the District Court in San Francisco on November 12, 1917 following the uncovering of the Hindu–German Conspiracy (also known as the Indo German plot) for initiating a revolt in India. It was part of a wave of such incidents which took place in the United States after America's entrance into World War I. In May 1917, eight Indian nationalists of the Ghadar Party were indicted by a federal grand jury on a charge of conspiracy to form a military enterprise against the United Kingdom. The trial lasted from November 20, 1917 to April 24, 1918. The British authorities hoped that the conviction of the Indians would result in their deportation from the United States back to India. However, strong public support in favor of the Indians meant that the U.S. Department of Justice chose not to do so.
1148	1917		BC	The Annie Larsen affair was a gun-running plot in the United States during World War I. The plot, involving India's Ghadar Party, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the German Foreign office, was a part of the larger so-called "Hindu–German Conspiracy", and it was the prime offence cited in the 1917 Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial, described at the time as the longest and most expensive trial in American legal history. The Annie Larsen was a three-masted schooner that was involved in arms shipment in the so-called "Hindu German Conspiracy" during World War I. Annie Larsen was built by the Hall Brothers in 1881. She was owned by James Tufts, of San Francisco, and later by Olson & Mahony and sailed in the coastwise lumber trade. In 1915, she was chartered to a shipbroker. The ship came into the spotlight when it was seized on 25 June 1915 by US customs officials at Grays Harbor and found to be carrying large quantities of small arms and ammunitions in violation of the Neutrality Acts. The arms were meant to be transferred to the SS Maverick at a rendezvous off the coast of Mexico. The Annie Larsen affair was one of the major setbacks to the pro-Indian independence Ghadar Party, and was one of the major charges in the trial. In 1918, Annie Larsen stranded on Malden Island.
1149	1917		E	Indian indenture system: Last Indian indentured labourers are brought to British colonies of Fiji and Trinidad.
1150	1917		Ed	Michael Sadler (educationist) Commission : In 1917 the government appointed the Sadler Commission to inquire into the “conditions and prospects of the University of Calcutta,” an inquiry that was in reality nationwide in scope. Covering a wide field, the commission recommended the formation of a board with full powers to control secondary and intermediate education; the institution of intermediate colleges with two-year courses; the provision of a three-year degree course after the intermediate stage; the institution of teaching and unitary universities; the organization of postgraduate studies and honours courses; and a greater emphasis on the study of sciences, on tutorial systems, and on research work. The government of India issued a resolution in January 1920 summarizing the report of the commission (Sadler report). Since then all legislation of any importance on higher education in any part of India has embodied some of the recommendations of the commission.
1151	1917		Ed	Bose Institute (Basu Bigyan Mandir) is a public research institute of India and also one of its oldest. The Institute was established in 1917 by Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, the founder of modern scientific research in India. Bose was its Director for the first twenty years till his demise. Debendra Mohan Bose, who succeeded Nobel Laureate Sir C. V. Raman as the Palit Professor of Physics at Rajabazar Science College campus of University of Calcutta, was the Director of Bose Institute for the next thirty years.
1152	1917		Fl	The third flag went up in 1917 when our political struggle had taken a definite turn. Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak hoisted it during the Home rule movement. This flag had five red and four green horizontal strips arranged alternately, with seven stars in the saptarishi configuration super-imposed on them. In the left-hand top corner (the pole end) was the Union Jack. There was also a white crescent and star in one corner.
1153	1917		O	Opposition to the partition of India: Annie Besant, a supporter of both Indian and Irish self-rule championed the concept in 1917, teaching that "Indian youths should be brought up so as 'to make the Mussalman a good Mussalman, the Hindu boy a good Hindu ... Only they must be taught a broad and liberal tolerance as well as enlightened love for their own religion, so that each may remain Hindu or Mussalman, but both be Indian.
1154	1917		P	Mahatma Gandhi launches the Champaran Satyagraha on 19 April 1917 The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi in India and is considered a historically important revolt in the Indian Independence Movement. It was a farmer's uprising that took place in Champaran district of Bihar, India, during the British colonial period. The farmers were protesting against having to grow indigo with barely any payment for it.
1155	1917		P	Edwin Montagu, the secretary of State for India, declares that the goal of the British government in India is the introduction of responsible government.
1156	1917		P	Justice Party (India): The Justice Party, officially the South Indian Liberal Federation, was a political party in the Madras Presidency of British India. It was established on 20 November 1916 in Victoria Memorial Hall in Madras by Dr C. Natesa Mudaliar and co-founded by T. M. Nair and P. Theagaraya Chetty as a result of a series of non-Brahmin conferences and meetings in the presidency. Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to caste prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organisation to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the Dravidian Movement. Founded : 1917 Dissolved : 27 August 1944 Preceded by : Madras Dravidian Association Succeeded by : Dravidar Kazhagam
1157	1918		A	Tanjore Balasaraswati, also known as Balasaraswati (13 May 1918 – 9 February 1984), was a celebrated Indian dancer, and her rendering of Bharatanatyam, a classical dance style originated in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, made this style of dancing well known in different parts of India and many parts of the world. She was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1957 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1977, the third and the second highest civilian honours given by the Government of India. In 1981 she was awarded the Sangeetha Kalasikhamani award of The Indian Fine Arts Society, Chennai.
1158	1918	1919	Ad	The Southborough Franchise Committee, referred to at the time as the Franchise Committee, was one of three British committees which sat in India from 1918 to 1919, including also .. The Committee on Home Administration and The Feetham Function Committee. The Southborough Committee was chaired by Francis Hopwood, 1st Baron Southborough, and recommended: .... a scheme of territorial constituencies, urban and rural, the latter based on the existing land revenue districts, together with communal representation for Mohammedans and Sikhs (as contemplated in the original scheme) and for Indian Christians, Europeans, and Anglo-Indians: and the representation of special interests, including commerce and industry.
1159	1918	1919	Ad	The Committee on Home Administration was one of three British committees which sat in Indian from 1918–1919, including also the Southborough Franchise Committee and the Feetham Function Committee. The Home Administration committee was headed by Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe, and recommended: .... "the reorganistion of the Council of India, the appointment of High Commissioner for India in London, and placing of charges on account of political and administrative work of Indian office on the British exchequer".
1160	1918	1919	Ad	The Feetham Function Committee was one of three British committees which sat in Indian from 1918–1919, including also the Southborough Franchise Committee and the Committee on Home Administration. The Feetham committee was headed by Richard Feetham, and recommended: .... "the allocation of subjects between the centre and the provinces", as well as "the division of provincial subjects into the Reserved and Transferred categories".
1161	1918		E	1918 flu pandemic in India: Spanish Infleunza epidemic kills 12.5 million in India, 21.6 million worldwide.
1162	1918	March	E	First all-India Depressed Class conference was held.
1163	1918	2016	F	Shambhu Dutt Sharma (9 September 1918 – 15 April 2016) Joined Quit India Movement in 1942. Hon. General Secretary of GSB (Gandhian Satyagraha Brigade). Founder of Transparency International India. Sharma's team was known as Gandhian Seva Brigade. At the age of 24, Shambhu Dutt Sharma gave up on the respectable post of a gazetted officer to join Mahatma Gandhi in the famous Quit India Movement. Shambhu was immediately arrested and was then jailed for his participation in the movement. Even after the Indian independence, Shambhu continued his fight against corruption among other social evils.
1164	1918	11 Nov	P	Armistice Day: World War I ends. At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Great War ends. At 5 a.m. that morning, Germany, bereft of manpower and supplies and faced with imminent invasion, signed an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car outside Compiégne, France. The First World War left nine million soldiers dead and 21 million wounded, with Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, France and Great Britain each losing nearly a million or more lives. In addition, at least five million civilians died from disease, starvation, or exposure.
1165	1918	16 Feb	P	Rowlatt Committee, also known as Rowlatt (sedition) committee submits its reports. Rowlatt Act, also knwon as Rowlatt Bill introduced on February 16, 1919. The Rowlatt Committee was a Sedition Committee appointed in 1917 by the British Indian Government with Sidney Rowlatt, an English judge, as its president. The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, was a legislative council act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on 18 March 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War. It was enacted in light of a perceived threat from revolutionary nationalists to organisations of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as during the war which the Government felt the lapse of the Defence of India Act would enable. It was the Rowlatt Act which brought Gandhi to the mainstream of Indian struggle for independence and ushered in the Gandhi Era of Indian politics.
1166	1918		P	Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report was prepared in 1918: The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms or more briefly known as Mont-Ford Reforms were reforms introduced by the colonial government in British India to introduce self-governing institutions gradually in India. The reforms take their name from Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State for India during the latter parts of the First World War and Lord Chelmsford (Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford), Viceroy of India between 1916 and 1921. In late 1917, Montagu came to India to meet Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy of India, and leaders of Indian community, to discuss the introduction of limited self-government to India, and the protection rights of minority communities. He drew up a report, with Bhupendra Nath Bose, Lord Donoghmore (Richard Hely-Hutchinson, 6th Earl of Donoughmore), William Duke (colonial governor) and Charles Roberts (British politician). The reforms were outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report prepared in 1918 and formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1919. These are related to constitutional reforms. Indian nationalists considered that the reforms did not go far enough while British conservatives were critical of them. The important features of this act were as follows – The Imperial Legislative Council was now to consist of two houses- the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State. The provinces were to follow the Dual Government System or Dyarchy.
1167	1918		P	Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report was prepared in 1918: If a responsible government is to be established in India, there will be a far greater need than is even dreamt of at present for persons to take part in public affairs in the legislative assemblies and elsewhere and for this reason the more Indians we can employ in the public service the better. Moreover, it would lessen the burden of Imperial responsibilities if a body of capable Indian administrators could be produced. — Regarding the importance of Indianising Civil Services, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. Edwin Montagu became Secretary of State for India in June 1917 after Austen Chamberlain resigned following the capture of Kut by the Turks in 1916 and the capture of an Indian army staged there. He put before the British Cabinet a proposed statement regarding his intention to work towards the gradual development of free institutions in India with a view to ultimate self-government. Lord Curzon (George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston) thought that this gave Montagu too much emphasis on working towards self-government and suggested that he work towards increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire. The Cabinet approved the statement with Curzon's amendment incorporated in place of Montagu's original statement.
1168	1918		P	Kheda Satyagraha of 1918: The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918, in the Kheda district of Gujarat, India during the period of the British Raj, is a Satyagraha movement organised by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. It was a major revolt in the Indian independence movement. It was the second Satyagraha movement after Champaran Satyagraha. Gandhi organised this movement to support peasants
1169	1918		R	Sai Baba of Shirdi (15 October 1918), also known as Shirdi Sai Baba, was an Indian spiritual master who is regarded by his devotees to be a manifestation of Sri Dattaguru and identified as a saint and a fakir. He was revered by both his Hindu and Muslim devotees during, as well as after his lifetime. According to accounts from his life, he preached the importance of "realization of the self" and criticized "love towards perishable things". His teachings concentrate on a moral code of love, forgiveness, helping others, charity, contentment, inner peace and devotion to the God and guru. He stressed the importance of surrender to the true Satguru, who, having trod the path to divine consciousness, will lead the disciple through the jungle of spiritual training. Sai Baba also condemned distinction based on religion or caste. It remains unclear if he was a Muslim or a Hindu. This, however, was of no consequence to Sai Baba. His teachings combined elements of Hinduism and Islam: he gave the Hindu name Dwarakamayi to the mosque in which he lived, practised both Hindu and Muslim rituals, taught using words and figures that drew from both traditions and took samadhi in Shirdi. One of his well-known epigrams, Allah Malik (God is King) and Sabka Malik Ek (Everyone's Master is One), is associated with both Hinduism and Islam. He is also known to have said "Look to me, and I shall look to you" and Allah tera bhala karega. He was said to be an incarnation of Dattatreya.
1170	1918		T	Established in 1918, the Indian Iron & Steel Company (IISCO Steel Plant#Iron Works at Hirapur), once the flag ship of the Martin Burn group, was amalgamated with SAIL in 2006 and renamed IISCO Steel Plant.
1171	1918		W	Spanish Influenza epidemic kills 12.5 million in India, 21.6 million worldwide.
1172	1919		BE	Mahatma Gandhi becomes a leader of the Indian National Congress. He will eventually lead India to independence.
1173	1919		Bu	The Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd. was one of the oldest Indian shipping companies. Founded in 1919, envisioned by Walchand Hirachand, it was a joint venture of Walchand along with Narottam Morarjee, Kilachand Devchand and Lallubhai Samaldas all of them businessmen hailing from Gujarat. It played a significant role in Indian independence. It was the first large scale Indian owned shipping company and started an India/Europe service with the Loyalty (ex-RMS Empress of India (1890)), but was forced to sign a 10-year agreement with British companies and its shipping route was restricted to the Indian coastal shipping trade for this period. In 1919, after the end of the First World War, Walchand Hirachand, with several of his friends, bought the SS Loyalty from the Scindias of Gwalior. The vessel was originally the RMS Empress of India (1890) bought from the Canadian Pacific Railway and paid for by the Maharaja of Gwalior as a hospital ship for Indian troops in the First World War. Indian maritime history#National Maritime Day – 5 April marks the National Maritime Day of India. On this day in 1919 navigation history was made when SS Loyalty, the first ship solely owned by Indian people, through The Scindia Steam Navigation Company, Ltd., journeyed to the United Kingdom. This was a crucial step for Indian shipping history as sea routes were controlled by the British. The National Maritime Day was first celebrated on 5 April 1964 remembering this historic day and event, saluting the indefatigable spirit of Indian entrepreneurs, wholly owned by Indian management.
1174	1919		Bu	Incorporated as the Birla Jute Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1919, Birla Corporation is the flagship company of the M.P. Birla Group. Under its first chairman Madhav Prasad Birla, it diversified into cement, vinyl flooring and auto trims. Under the chairmanship of his wife, Priyamvada Birla, it crossed the Rs1,300 crore turnover mark and the name was changed to Birla Corp. in 1998.
1175	1919		Bu	Kesoram Industries Ltd. was founded in 1919 as Kesoram Cotton Mills Ltd. in Calcutta. It entered rayon production in 1959 and was called Kesoram Rayon. The company soon entered the tyres and cement businesses under the names Birla Tyres and Birla Shakti Cement, respectively. In 1986, it changed its name to Kesoram Industries.
1176	1919		J	The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919, when Acting Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered troops of the British Indian Army to fire their rifles into a crowd of unarmed Indian civilians in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, killing at least 379 people and injuring over 1,200 other people. Massacre convinces Gandhi that India must demand full independence from oppressive British rule. Crawling Order: Miss Marcella Sherwood, a Church of England missionary and a resident of Amritsar for over fifteen years was assaulted by a mob in a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan. Sherwood was rescued from the mob by locals. Dyer designated the spot where Marcella Sherwood was assaulted sacred. Daytime pickets were placed at either end of the street. Anyone wishing to proceed in the street between 6am and 8pm was made to crawl the 200 yards (180 m) on all fours, lying flat on their bellies. The order was not required at night due to a curfew. The order effectively closed the street. The houses did not have any back doors and the inhabitants could not go out without climbing down from their roofs. This order was in effect from 19 April until 25 April 1919.
1177	1919	and after	J	Reginald Dyer was met by the Adjutant-General of India, Lieutenant-General Sir Havelock Hudson, who told him that he was relieved of his command. He was told later by the Commander-in-Chief in India, General Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet, to resign his post and that he would not be reemployed. Dyer tried to win over the Sikhs as best as he could. He forced the manager of the Golden Temple, and Sunder Singh Majithia, to use their influence over the Sikhs, in favour of the government. As a result, priests of the Golden Temple invited him to the sacred shrine and presented him with a Siropa (turban and sword).
1178	1919	and after	J	Rudyard Kipling, who claimed Reginald Dyer was "the man who saved India", is alleged to have started a benefit fund which raised over £26,000 sterling, including £50 for Dyer contributed by Kipling himself. However, Subhash Chopra, in his book Kipling Sahib – the Raj Patriot (2006), writes that the benefit fund was started by the Morning Post newspaper and not by Kipling and that Kipling made no contribution to the Dyer fund.
1179	1919	and after	J	Rabindranath Tagore, the first Asian Nobel Laureate and distinguished Indian educator, who renounced his knighthood in protest against the massacre and said, "a great crime has been done in the name of law in the Punjab.
1180	1919	and after	J	Edwin Montagu (Edwin Samuel Montagu), the Secretary of State for India, who called it "a grave error in judgement". In a debate in the House of Commons, he asked, "Are you going to keep your hold on India by terrorism, racial humiliation, subordination and frightfulness, or are you going to rest it upon the goodwill and the growing goodwill of the people of your Indian Empire?"
1181	1919	and after	J	Winston Churchill, at the time Britain's Secretary of State for War, who called the massacre "an episode without precedent or parallel in the modern history of the British Empire… an extraordinary event, a monstrous event, an event which stands in singular and sinister isolation... the crowd was neither armed nor attacking" during a debate in the House of Commons. In a letter to the leader of the Liberals and former Secretary of State for India, the Marquess of Crewe, he wrote, "My own opinion is that the offence amounted to murder, or alternatively manslaughter."
1182	1919	and after	J	Former Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Party H. H. Asquith, who observed: "There has never been such an incident in the whole annals of Anglo-Indian history, nor, I believe, in the history of our empire since its very inception down to present day. It is one of the worst outrages in the whole of our history."
1183	1919	and after	J	The era of Michael O'Dwyer and Reginald Dyer has been deemed "an era of misdeeds of British administration in India".
1184	1919	and after	J	During the Reginald Dyer debates in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, there was both praise and condemnation of Dyer. In 1920, the British Labour Party Conference at Scarborough, North Yorkshire unanimously passed a resolution denouncing the Jallianwala Bagh massacre as a "cruel and barbarous action" of British officers in Punjab, and called for their trial, the recall of Sir Michael O'Dwyer and the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford (Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford), and the repealing of repressive legislation.
1185	1919	and after	J	Winston Churchill, the then Secretary of State for War, wanted Reginald Dyer to be disciplined, but the Army Council superseded by him decided to allow Dyer to resign with no plan for further punishment. Following Churchill's speech defending the council's decision and a debate in Parliament, on 8 July 1920 MPs voted for the government by a majority of 247 to 37; a motion calling for approval of Dyer's actions was defeated by a majority of 230 to 129.
1186	1919	and after	J	Having been born in India and educated in Ireland, Reginald Dyer then settled in Britain. He was presented with a gift of £26,000 sterling, a huge sum in those days, equivalent to £1,025,819 in 2018, which emerged from the fund raised on his behalf by the Morning Post, a conservative, pro-imperialist newspaper which later merged with the Daily Telegraph. A "Thirteen Women Committee" was constituted to present "the Saviour of the Punjab with the sword of honour and a purse". Large contributions to the fund were made by civil servants and by British Army and Indian Army officers, although serving members of the military were not allowed to donate to political funds under the King's Regulations.
1187	1919	and after	J	The Morning Post had supported Reginald Dyer's action on the grounds that the massacre was necessary to "Protect the honour of European Women"
1188	1919	and after	J	Many Indians, including Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, were outraged by the fund for Dyer, particularly due to the families of the victims killed at the Jallianwala Bagh, who were still fighting for government compensation. In the end, they received Rs 500 (then equal to £37.10s.0d; equivalent to £1,460 in 2018) for each victim.
1189	1919	and after	J	Reginald Dyer acquired a farm at Ashton Fields, Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, which was still given as his address when he died, although in 1925 he had bought a small cottage at Long Ashton on the outskirts of Bristol and spent his last two years there, while one of his sons lived at the farm.
1190	1919	and after	J	Reginald Dyer wrote an article in the Globe of 21 January 1921, entitled, "The Peril to the Empire". It commenced with "India does not want self-government. She does not understand it." He wrote later that: It is only to an enlightened people that free speech and a free press can be extended. The Indian people want no such enlightenment. There should be an eleventh commandment in India, "Thou shalt not agitate". The time will come to India when a strong hand will be exerted against malice and 'perversion' of good order. Gandhi will not lead India to capable self-government. The British Raj must continue, firm and unshaken in its administration of justice to all men.
1191	1919	and after	J	Nigel Collett – author of the biography The Butcher of Amritsar – is convinced that the Amritsar massacre preyed on Dyer's mind from the very day he opened fire. "He spent the rest of his life trying to justify himself. He persuaded himself it had been his duty to act as he did, but he could not persuade his soul that he had done right. It rotted his mind and, I am guessing here, added to his sickness."
1192	1919	and after	J	Reginald Dyer suffered a series of strokes during the last years of his life and he became increasingly isolated due to the paralysis and speechlessness inflicted by his strokes. He died of cerebral haemorrhage and arteriosclerosis in 1927. On his deathbed, Dyer reportedly said: So many people who knew the condition of Amritsar say I did right...but so many others say I did wrong. I only want to die and know from my Maker whether I did right or wrong. The Morning Post remembered him in an article titled "The Man Who Saved India" and "He Did His Duty" but the (Liberal) The Westminster Gazette wrote a contrary opinion: "No British action, during the whole course of our history in India, has struck a severer blow to Indian faith in British justice than the massacre at Amritsar."
1193	1919		N	Young India was a weekly paper or journal in English published by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) from 1919 to 1931. Gandhi wrote various quotations in this journal that inspired many. He used Young India to spread his unique ideology and thoughts regarding the use of Nonviolence in organising movements and to urge readers to consider, organise, and plan for India's eventual independence from Britain. The journal was reprinted in USA by the India Home Rule League of America by Lala Lajpat Rai.
1194	1919		N	Tarun Bharat, Marathi, Daily Tarun Bharat is a Marathi newspaper based in Belgaum. The Samaja, Odia, Daily The Samaja is an Odia daily newspaper published in Cuttack, Odisha, India; started in 1919, it is one of the oldest papers in India. Gopabandhu Das, a prominent freedom fighter and social worker started it as a weekly from Satyabadi in Puri district of Odisha to facilitate the freedom struggle and to revive the moribund Odia language. Under his leadership, and with the support of local people, the paper grew into prominence. In 1928, just before the death of Das, the paper was handed over to Lok Sevak Mandal (Servants of People Society), a non-profit organization started by freedom-fighter Lala Lajapatrai. Servants of the People Society still runs the paper.
1195	1919		O	Opposition to the partition of India: Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind or Jamiat Ulama-I-Hind (transl. "Council of Indian Muslim Theologians") is one of the leading organizations of Islamic scholars belonging to the Deobandi school of thought in India. It was founded in 1919 by a group of Deobandi scholars. The Jamiat was an active participant in the Khilafat Movement in collaboration with the Indian National Congress. It also opposed the partition of India, taking the position of composite nationalism: that Muslims and non-Muslims form one nation. As a result, this organisation had a small break-away faction known as the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, which decided to support the Pakistan movement.
1196	1919		P	Anti-Rowlatt Satyagraha: M. K Gandhi started campaign against Rowlatt bill and set up Satyagraha Sabha 24th February AD 1919 at Bombay. During this agitation, M.K Gandhi given famous quote “It is my firm belief that we shall obtain salvation only through suffering and not by reforms dropping on us from the English they use brute, we soul force”. In 1919 Gandhiji gave a call for a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act, passed by the British. The Act restricted the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers. Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others strongly opposed this Act. After the incident of Jallianwala Bagh massacre on 13th April, 1919, the Anti-Rowlatt Satyagarha lost momentum. The movement was against the exclusion of freedom of press and detention without trial.
1197	1919		P	The Khilafat Movement, also known as the Indian Muslim movement (1919–24), was a pan-Islamist (Pan-Islamism) political protest campaign launched by Muslims of British India (British Raj) led by Maulana Shaukat Ali (politician), Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Abul Kalam Azad to restore the caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate, who was considered the leader of the Muslims, as an effective political authority. It was a protest against the sanctions placed on the caliph and the Ottoman Empire after World War I by the Treaty of Sèvres. The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a more favourable diplomatic position and moved towards secularism. By 1924 Turkey simply abolished the role of caliph.
1198	1919	1929	P	Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India Act, 1919 announced. Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu and Viceroy Lord Chelmsford (Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford) presented a report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter. After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain, and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee to identify who among the Indian population could vote in future elections, the Government of India Act 1919 (also known as the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms) was passed in December 1919. The new Act enlarged both the provincial and Imperial legislative councils and repealed the Government of India's recourse to the "official majority" in unfavourable votes. The Act covered ten years, from 1919 to 1929. This Act represented the end of benevolent despotism (the act of authorities enhancing themselves) and began the genesis of responsible government in India. Government of India Act 1919 itself stated that a commission would be appointed after ten years to investigate the progress of the governance scheme and suggest new steps for reform. It was set to be reviewed by the Simon Commission in 10 years. Ref: The Indian Councils Act 1861 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that transformed India's executive council to function as a cabinet run on the portfolio system. This cabinet had six "ordinary members", who each took charge of a separate department in Calcutta's government: home, revenue, military, law, finance, and (after 1874) public works. The military Commander-in-Chief sat in with the council as an extraordinary member. The Executive Council was enlarged by addition of fifth member. The Viceroy was allowed, under the provisions of the Act, to overrule the council on affairs if he deemed it necessary, as was the case in 1879, during the tenure of Lord Lyton (Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton), Viceroy of India between 1876 and 1880. Ref: The Indian Councils Act 1892 was an Act of British Parliament that introduced various amendments to the composition and function of legislative councils in British India. Most notably, the act entailed provisions on the number of additional members to be represented in the central and provincial councils. For example, the number of Additional Members elected to the Imperial Legislative Council was increased to a range of ten to sixteen members of whom, as per the Act of 1861, not less than half were to be non-officials, i.e. persons not in the Civil or military service of the Crown. The Governor-General was empowered to invite different bodies in India to elect, select or delegate their representatives and to make regulations for their nomination. After being presented to the House of Lords in 1890, the Act was passed in 1892 in response to nationalist movements beginning to surface across British India.
1199	1919	1922	P	Attempt at forging a permanent Hindu-Muslim nationalist political alliance (Hindu–Muslim unity), led by Gandhi who is now the dominant force within Congress. With postwar constitutional reforms offered by the British falling well short of home rule and dominion status, combined with increased repression of the nationalist movement, Gandhi launches his first campaign of ‘non-cooperation’ with British rule with the objective of attaining Swaraj (home rule) within a year. It involves non-payment of taxes and boycott of the new ‘reformed’ councils and of the civil service, police and army, as well as of British goods, and reaches out for the first time to the rural peasantry. Crucially, he secures the participation in the Civil disobedience movement of significant sections of the Muslim population by supporting their religious leaders’ demand for defeated Turkey’s continuing control over the Muslim sacred places in the Middle East (the Khilafat issue). However, Jinnah views this approach as too radical, breaks with Gandhi and resigns from Congress. In 1922, Gandhi calls off the campaign, viewed by the British as an existential threat to colonial rule, following outbreaks of violence in defiance of his insistence on peaceful, non-violent agitation. He is promptly arrested and sentenced to six years’ imprisonment.
1200	1919		R	Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church is a Christian denomination in south India, which was established in 1919 and has approximately 200,000 members. Its headquarters is in Trichy, Tamil Nadu. It is one of the prominent mainline Lutheran churches in Tamil Nadu. On 14 January 1919, the Tamil congregation of different German, Danish, and Swedish Lutheran missions joined together to form the Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church (TELC). In March 1921, the constitution of the TELC was amended to include the structure of episcopacy. In 1921, a Swedish missionary, Rev. Dr. Ernst Heuman, was ordained as the first bishop of the TELC.
1201	1919		T	5 April is celebrated as National Maritime Day in India, (Indian maritime history#National Maritime Day). On this day in 1919, navigation history was created when SS Loyalty, the first ship of The Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd., journeyed to the United Kingdom, a crucial step for India's shipping history when sea routes were controlled by the British.
1202	1919		W	During the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Prime Minister Robert Borden, along with attempting to confirm peace in Europe for the rest of time had another, much more realistic goal in mind. Borden insisted that Canada, a nation that had 60,000 men dead deserved to sign the treaty separate from Britain. Despite this, his signature was put indented under that of the British Empire, however this was one of the first public shows of the Canadian effort to be recognized separate from Britain.
1203	1919		W	The Third Anglo-Afghan War, also known as the Third Afghan War, the British-Afghan War of 1919 and in Afghanistan as the War of Independence, began on 6 May 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan invaded British India and ended with an armistice on 8 August 1919. The war resulted in the Afghans winning back control of foreign affairs from Britain, and the British recognizing Afghanistan as an independent nation. According to British author Michael Barthorp, it was also a strategic victory for the British because the Durand Line was reaffirmed as the border between Afghanistan and the British Raj, and the Afghans agreed not to foment trouble on the British side. However, Afghans who were on the British side of the border did cause concerns due to revolts.
1204	1919		W	The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, also known as the Treaty of Rawalpindi, was a treaty which brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end. It was signed on 8 August 1919 in Rawalpindi by Great Britain and Afghanistan. Britain recognised Afghanistan's independence (as per Article 5 of the treaty), agreed that British India would not extend past the Khyber Pass and stopped British subsidies to Afghanistan. Afghanistan also accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India as per Article 5 of the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919. Thus, Afghanistan as an independent country agreed to recognise Durand Line as international border between the two countries.
1205	1919	1923	W	The Turkish War of Independence (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was several military and ethnic cleansing campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement against native Christian minorities and the Allied powers—namely, Greece in the west, Armenia in the east, France in the south, the royalists and the separatists in various cities, and the United Kingdom and Italy in Constantinople (now Istanbul)—after parts of the [[Ottoman Empire] were occupied and partitioned following the Ottomans' defeat in World War I. A phrase originating out of Kemalist historiography, the Turkish War of Independence began with remaining elements of the Committee of Union and Progress forming a counter government in Anatolia, led by Mustafa Kemal. After the end of the fighting on the Turkish–Armenian, Franco-Turkish and Greco-Turkish fronts (often referred to as the Eastern Front, the Southern Front, and the Western Front of the war, respectively), the Treaty of Sèvres was abandoned and the Treaty of Kars (October 1921) and Treaty of Lausanne (July 1923) were signed. The Allies left Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.
1206	1920	July	BC	The Connaught Rangers Mutiny India, (Connaught Rangers#Mutiny in India, 1920): Private Daly of the Connaught Rangers stationed at Solon, a strategic garrison on the road between Delhi and Simla allegedly shouted to the officers guarding the munitions store which Daly and his fellow Rangers had attempted to seize. In the confusion of their attack, two men were killed and one seriously wounded. At a stroke, what the military authorities might just possibly have viewed indulgently, might even have been tempted to pass over as an ‘incident’, was transformed into a full-scale ‘mutiny’ which had to be crushed with exemplary force. Before the summer was over, sixty-one Rangers were convicted by courts martial of mutiny: fourteen were sentenced to death and the remainder to varying periods of imprisonment. Many of the sentences were reduced on appeal, but Daly’s conviction was upheld and he was shot at sun-up at Dagshai Barracks on 2 November 1920. He was the last soldier of the British Army to suffer death in peace or war for a military offence. Daly had claimed to be the leader of the mutinous soldiers at Solon and while this was undoubtedly true, he had not in fact instigated the protest. This had begun two hundred miles away at Wellington Barracks, Jullundur, in the Punjab on Sunday, 27 June 1920. That night, a small group of Rangers (among them Daly’s brother) had been discussing the appalling state of affairs at home and they had decided to make a protest against British military atrocities in Ireland: they would ‘ground arms’ and refuse to soldier. They were quickly joined by several hundred other Rangers
1207	1920	July	BC	The Connaught Rangers Mutiny India, (Connaught Rangers#Mutiny in India, 1920): Daly, for his part, made no attempt to hide his deep hatred for British actions in Ireland. But why then had he enlisted in April 1919 when the War of Independence was underway? There is no suggestion that he had infiltrated the Connaught Rangers (as the Fenians had done generally in the British army in the 1860s) in order to sow disaffection. Nor can it be claimed that he was acting in concert with his brother in Jullundur: William Daly had indeed been active at the beginning of the protest but he had backed away from it within twenty-four hours. James Daly’s youth (he was twenty-one years old when shot), his coolness under pressure, his assertive personality and his effective leadership all marked him out as a remarkable man: perhaps these characteristics also prompted him to take the lead in the protest at Solon? Perhaps they also made it impossible for him to pull back in time? In his last letter to his mother, he remarked that ‘I wish to the Lord that I had not started on getting into this trouble at all’, but he concluded the note by claiming that ‘it is all for Ireland’.
1208	1920		Bu	Three British firms merged to form the Goodlass and Lead Industries Group Ltd. After many takeovers and changes in nomenclature, the company was called Goodlass Nerolac Paints Pvt. Ltd and went public in 1968. In 2000, it was acquired by Kansai Nerolac Paints.
1209	1920		Ed	Aligarh Muslim University (abbreviated as AMU) is a public central university in Aligarh, India, which was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, following the Aligarh Muslim University Act.
1210	1920		F	Usha Mehta (25 March 1920 – 11 August 2000) Usha Mehta was a Gandhian and freedom fighter of India. She is also remembered for organizing the Congress Radio, also called the Secret Congress Radio, an underground radio station, which functioned for few months during the Quit India Movement of 1942. In 1998, the Government of India conferred on her Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award of Republic of India. Although the Secret Congress Radio functioned only for three months, it greatly assisted the movement by disseminating uncensored news and other information banned by the British-controlled government of India. Secret Congress Radio also kept the leaders of the freedom movement in touch with the public. Reminiscing about those days, Usha Mehta described her involvement with the Secret Congress Radio as her "finest moment" and also as her saddest moment, because an Indian technician had betrayed them to the authorities.
1211	1920		P	System of indentured servitude is abolished by India, following grassroots agitation by Mahatma Gandhi.
1212	1920		P	First meeting of All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) held at Bombay presided over by Lala Lajpat Rai. Indian National Congress (INC) adopts the Non-cooperation resolution 28 September 1920. Mahatma Gandhi started the Non-cooperation movement for removing British in January 1920 after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. It aimed to resist British rule in India through non-violent means. Gandhi formulates the satyagraha, "firmness in truth", strategy of noncooperation and nonviolence against India's Christian British rulers. Later resolves to wear only dothi to preserve homespun cotton and simplicity.
1213	1920	14 Dec	P	Akali Dal (1920) was formed on 14 December 1920 as a task force of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, the Sikh religious body. The Akali Dal considers itself the principal representative of Sikhs. Sardar Sarmukh Singh Chubbal was the first president of a unified proper Akali Dal, but it became popular under Master Tara Singh (activist). Akali movement influenced 30 new Punjabi newspapers launched between 1920 and 1925. In the provincial election of 1937, the Akali Dal won 10 seats. The Khalsa Nationalists won 11 seats and joined the coalition government headed by the Unionist leader Sikander Hyat Khan. The Akalis sat in opposition and made occasional forays into reaching an understanding with the Muslim League, which never reached fruition. In the provincial election of 1946, the Akali Dal won 22 seats and joined the coalition government headed by the Unionist Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana, along with the Indian National Congress. The Muslim League was unable to capture power, despite having won the largest number of seats, which perhaps suited it fine as it strengthened its Pakistan demand. The Muslim League launched a civil disobedience campaign, bringing down the Tiwana government by March 1947. The rest of the period till Indian independence was filled by Governor's Rule. As with other Sikh organisations, Master Tara Singh and his Akali Dal strongly opposed the partition of India, which he thought would create an environment of possible persecution.
1214	1920		R	The Akali movement, also called the Gurdwara Reform Movement, was a campaign to bring reform in the gurdwaras (the Sikh places of worship) in India during the early 1920s. Period : 1920 – 1925 Location : Punjab (British India) Goals : Transferring control of Sikh gurdwaras from traditional clergy (Udasi mahants) and Government-appointed managers to elected Sikh bodies. Methods : Nonviolent resistance including demonstrations and petitions. Resulted in : Sikh Gurdwara Bill (1925) places historical Sikh shrines in India under the control of Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. The Akalis also participated in the Indian independence movement against the British Government, and supported the Non-cooperation movement against them.
1215	1920		R	Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee , SGPC (Formation : 16 November 1920). In 1920 the emerging Akali leadership summoned a general assembly of the Sikhs holding all shades of opinion on 15 November 1920 in vicinity of the Akal Takht in Amritsar. The purpose of this assembly was to elect a representative committee of the Sikhs to administer the Harimandir Sahib Complex (Golden Temple) and other important historical Gurdwaras. Two days before the proposed conference the British government set up its own committee consisting of 36 Sikhs to manage the Harimandir Sahib. Sikhs held their scheduled meeting and elected a bigger committee consisting of 175 members and named it Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. The members of the government appointed committee were also included in it. Harbans Singh Attari became vice president and Sunder Singh Ramgarhia became secretary of the committee. By that time Master Tara Singh had started taking interest in Sikh religious affairs. He was one of the 175 members elected to the committee. The formation of Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee provided a focal point for the movement for the reformation of Sikh religious places. The Committee began to take over management of gurdwaras one by one, and were resisted by incumbent mahants.
1216	1920	Bombay	R	Half of Mumbai, Arthur road (Chinchpokli West) to Kalachauki (cotton green station), sewri station- Bharatmata (Lalbaug)] united in Chinchpokli to celebrate Ganesh Festival.
1217	1920		S	India at the 1920 Summer Olympics: India sent its first Olympic team to the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, some twenty years after a single athlete (Norman Pritchard) competed for India in 1900. India has participated in every Summer Games since then. Purma Bannerjee competed in the men's 100 and 400 metres, Phadeppa Dareppa Chaugule (1902–1952) was India's first Olympic marathon runner. Finished 19th with a timing of 2 hours 50 minutes 45.2 seconds. In 10,000 meters he Did not Finish. Sadashir Datar, long-distance runner, competed in the marathon. Did not Finish. Kumar Navale, wrestler, competed in the freestyle middleweight event. Rank 9. Randhir Shindes, wrestler, competed in the freestyle featherweight event. Rank 4.
1218	1920		S	East Bengal Football Club (SC East Bengal) is an Indian professional football club based in Kolkata, West Bengal. Founded in August 1920, the club became affiliated with the Indian Football Association in 1922 before earning promotion to the Calcutta Football League first division in 1924. East Bengal won their first league title in 1942.
1219	1920		S	Calcutta South Club, established in 1920, has beautiful tennis courts and has been the venue for Davis Cup matches.
1220	1920		T	Until World War I, engineers working in India (both Britons and Indians) aimed to join one or more of the three prestigious professional societies in London: The Institution of Civil Engineers, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and The Institution of Electrical Engineers. These Institutions had governmental sanction, codes of conduct, and minimum qualifications (in terms of education and experience) for membership. They discussed technical papers and published the proceedings in journals. Increasingly, engineers in India began to feel cut off from these societies, and formed a new one, the Institution of Engineers (India), headquartered in Calcutta, in 1920. Here public works engineers, railway engineers and industrial engineers met regularly and discussed their work. The new professional institution helped engineers in India forge a common identity. They evolved a common language of economic nationalism and the role of engineers in promoting the country’s development. Unlike its metropolitan cousins, the institution was not subdivided by branch of engineering: mechanical and electrical engineers mingled with civil engineers under its auspices, just as British engineers mingled with Indian engineers.
1221	1920	1936	T	List of dams and reservoirs in Maharashtra (pre-independence): 1920 Shirvata, Indrayani River, Pune, Lonavala, Hydroelectricity 1922 Thokarwadi, Indrayani, Pune, Maval, Hydroelectricity 1923 Ghorazari, Gorazari river, Nagbhir, Irrigation 1926 Bhandardara, Paravara, Ahmednagar, Irrigation 1927 Bhathgar, Velvandi River, Pune, Bhor, Irrigation, Hydroelectricity 1927 Mulshi, Mula river, Pune, Mulashi, Hydrolectricity 1932 Mas, Mas river, Khamgaon, Irrigation 1935 Ghanewadi, Kundlika River, Jaha, Water Supply 1936 Visapur, Hanga, Srigonda, Irrigation
1222	1920		T	Osman Sagar was created by damming the Musi River (India) in 1920, to provide an additional source of drinking water for Hyderabad and to protect the city after the Great Musi Flood of 1908. It was constructed during the reign of the last Nizam of Hyderabad State, Mir Osman Ali Khan, hence the name.
1223	1920	10 Jan	W	Between 1920 and 1939, a total of 63 countries became member states of the League of Nations. The Covenant forming the League of Nations was included in the Treaty of Versailles and came into force on 10 January 1920, with the League of Nations being dissolved on 18 April 1946; its assets and responsibilities were transferred to the United Nations. As "India", it was a founding member of the League of Nations.
1224	1920		Wh	The Black Man's Burden: The White Man in Africa, from the Fifteenth Century to World War I by E. D. Morel. E. D. Morel's critique of imperial-colony power relations identifies an established cultural hegemony that determines the weight of the black man's burden and the weight of the white man's burden in their building a colonial empire. Edward Morel drew attention to the abuses of imperialism, most notoriously in Congo Kinshasa, perhaps the most exploitative of the European colonies. Morel claimed it is the Africans who carry the “black man’s burden”. ' Reported the Belgian imperial Atrocities in the Congo Free State, which was an African personal property of King Leopold II of Belgium.
1225	1920		Wh	The philosophic perspective of The Black Man's Burden [A Reply to Rudyard Kipling] by the social critic Hubert Harrison. Describes moral degradation as a consequence of being a colonized coloured man and of being a white colonizer.
1226	1921		B	During the Pre Independence period over 600 banks had been registered in the country, but only a few managed to survive. Following the path of Bank of Hindustan, various other banks were established in India. They were: The General Bank of India (1786–1791) Oudh Commercial Bank (1881–1958) Bank of Bengal (1806) Bank of Bombay (1840) Bank of Madras (1843) During the British rule in India, The East India Company had established three banks: Bank of Bengal, Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras and called them the Presidential Banks. These three banks were later merged into one single bank in 1921, which was called the “Imperial Bank of India”. The Imperial Bank of India was later nationalised in 1955 and was named The State Bank of India, which is currently the largest Public sector Bank.
1227	1921	Oct, 1921	BC	Akali movement#Morcha Chabian ("Keys Campaign"): In October 1921, the SGPC executive committee passed a resolution asking Sunder Singh Ramgharia, a mahant previously appointed by the government who subsequently assumed a position as an SGPC secretary, to relinquish the keys of the Golden Temple's toshakhana, or vault, to the committee, as he represented government control over the temple's treasures and artifacts. The government would take possession of the keys in November, when Sunder Singh would seek the advice of the Deputy Commissioner, who sent his subordinate Lala Amar Nath to take the keys, which prompted the SGPC to accuse the government of meddling in Sikh affairs, and appeal to Akali jathas to meet at Amritsar an organize protest meetings. The government would in response affix their own locks to the toshakhana in defiance, escalating the situation, and Akali protestors were arrested and given punishments.
1228	1921	Oct, 1921	BC	Akali movement#Morcha Chabian ("Keys Campaign"): The conflict between the Sikhs and the government also lead to the consolidation of ties between the Akalis and noncooperation leaders, and the allegations of government interference in religious affairs began to affect the public opinion of Sikh soldiers, disbanded soldiers, and peasantry, on which colonial stability depended, and the threat of a major civil disobedience at the beginning of 1922. To prevent unrest, the government relented, handing over the toshakhana keys to the Baba Kharak Singh of the SGPC on 17 January 1922, and agreed to the unconditional release of all Sikhs arrested, the number of whom had been increasing up to that point. As Sikh concerns were now linked with the wider Non-cooperation movement, Gandhi would telegraph the SGPC in January 1922 with "Congratulations, first decisive battle for India's freedom won." The government's attitude toward the Akalis would grow more contentious by midyear however, as the Akalis would begin to consider independence as their best option.
1229	1921		Bu	In one of the first American investments in India, Ingersoll Rand India Pvt. Ltd was founded in Calcutta in 1921. It established its first manufacturing plant in Naroda, Ahmedabad, in 1965 and went public in 1977.
1230	1921		E	1921 in India: The Prince of Wales, later King Edward VIII, arrives in India. Upon his arrival in Bombay there is widespread agitation. He was greeted with empty streets. The agitation was non-violent.
1231	1921		E	T. K. Madhavan met Mahatma Gandhi at Tirunelveli, to discuss on Vaikom Satyagraha, a struggle against untouchability in Hindu society.
1232	1921		F	Servants of the People Society (SOPS) (Lok Sevak Mandal) is a non-profit social service organization founded by Lala Lajpat Rai, a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement, in 1921 in Lahore. The society is devoted to "enlist and train national missionaries for the service of the motherland". It was shifted to India, following the partition of India in 1947, and functioned from the residence of Lala Achint Ram, a founder member and Lok Sabha, M.P. With an aim to create missionary social worker freedom fighter, Lala Lajpat Rai, founded the organisation in November 1921. It was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi, and Lalaji who had donated his bungalow in Lahore to the organisation and his library of over 5000 books, remained its founding President till his death in 1928. Its subsequent Presidents were Purushottam Das Tandon, Balwantrai Mehta, and Lal Bahadur Shastri. "The Society was initially started with the Tilak School of Politics in 1921, to train those who would work in the political field. The state of the country during 1921 engendered a war atmosphere in which normal priorities had to be waived. The initiates pledged to serve the Society and were bound only by their word and sense of honor and of duty." Lal Bahadur Shastri, second prime minister of India, was a lifelong member of the society.
1233	1921		Fl	During the session of the All India Congress Committee which met at Bezwada in 1921 (now Vijayawada) an Andhra youth Pingali (or Pinglay) Venkayya prepared a flag and took it to Gandhiji. It was made up of two colours-red and green-representing the two major communities i.e. Hindus and Muslims. Gandhiji suggested the addition of a white strip to represent the remaining communities of India and the spinning wheel to symbolise progress of the Nation. Pingali Venkayya was an agriculturist and Indian freedom fighter.
1234	1921	1926	G	Lord Reading – Viceroy (Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading): In 1921, he resigned the chief justiceship to become Viceroy and Governor-General of India. Reading preferred a conciliatory policy: he was determined to implement the provisions of the Government of India Act 1919 and opposed racial discrimination. He personally received Mahatma Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and visited Amritsar as a gesture of reconciliation. However, he ended up using force on several occasions: in 1921 he ordered the suppression of the Malabar rebellion, and in 1922 he put down Sikh unrest in the Punjab. The same year, he had Gandhi arrested for sedition. Reading cultivated good relations with the Indian princes, but forced two maharajas to abdicate. Suppressed Non-cooperation movement. Chauri Chaura incident took place. Formation of Swaraj Party. Ahmedabad session of Indian National Congress held in 1921.
1235	1921		N	Phulchhab, Gujarati, Weekly: Phulchhab is the Gujarati daily published from Rajkot, Gujarat. It was founded in 1921 as a Saurashtra weekly. Saurashtra newspaper shifted to Rajkot in 1950 and its name changed to Phulchhab. Zaverchand Meghani, Amritlal Sheth, Kakkalbhai Kothari and many more dignities established truthful daily in Saurashtra region. Zaverchand Meghani, Himmat bhai Parekh, Harsukhbhai Sanghani were the powerful editors of Phulchhab. The role of Phulchhab at the time before independence was very important.
1236	1921		N	Nava Kaal, Marathi, Daily: Navakal is a Marathi daily newspaper. It is based in Mumbai, the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Its owner editor is Nilkanth Khadilkar. Robin Jeffery has called Khadilkar one of the most remarkable and self-reliant owners of small newspapers. In the context of pre-independence Mumbai, it has been described as a Congress paper, contemporarily it has been considered to be aligned with the Shiv Sena. In 1921, after Tilak's death, Lokmanya was founded by his admirers. Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar assumed its editorship. In 1923 he resigned because of his support of Gandhi's position in division of nationalist political opinion, under opposition from the promoters who rejected it. In March 1923 Khadilkar started his own newspaper Navakal, which "supported Gandhi's programme" and its editorials "preached Gandhi's philosophy.
1237	1921		N	Samyukta Karnataka, Kannada, Daily: Samyukta Karnataka is a major Kannada newspaper which has its headquarters in Hubballi, Karnataka. It is also published from Bengaluru and Mangaluru.
1238	1921		P	Permanent Advisory Council of Princes inaugurated; Council of State and Legislative Assembly inaugurated.
1239	1921		P	There are other apsects to the Afghan connection of the Khilafatist fever. The motives of the nationalist Muslim leader Maulana Abul Kalam Azad by the conclusion he drew from the doctorine that the British, in destroying the Caliphate, had become the enemies of Islam. Page 75 of Why I killed the Mahatma …. The influential Maulana called on the Indian Muslims to migrate to Afghanistan. Thousands heeded his call, sold everything or simpliy left it behind, but found Afghan society to be inhospitable, incomprehending and hostile. Stricken by poverty, famine and religious anguish, they had to return to India in desperation. Some of them died on the way to and from Afghanistan. The man who had brought this misfortune on them with his obscurantist scheme was to become the leading congress muslim, education minister in Nehru's cabinet and one of the most powerful men in India after independence.
1240	1921	20 Feb	R	The Nankana massacre (or Saka Nankana) took place in Nankana Sahib gurdwara on 20 February 1921, at that time of British India (British Raj), in modern-day Pakistan. More than 260 Sikhs were killed, including children as young as seven, by the Mahant and his mercenaries. The event forms an important part of Sikh history. In political significance, it comes next only to Jallianwala Bagh massacre of April 1919. The saga constitutes the core of the Gurdwara Reform Movement (Akali movement) started by the Sikhs in early twentieth century. In 1921, the Akalis turned their focus to the gurdwara at Nankana Sahib, the birthplace of the first Sikh Guru Nanak. The gurdwara was under the control of a mahant called Narain Das, who was accused of allowing immoral activities in the temple premises, including licentiousness and the misappropriation of gurdwara funds. One of the clergymen at the gurdwara had allegedly raped the 13-year-old daughter of a Hindu devotee from Sindh. The mahant's conduct had been widely condemned by the local congregation, though the large revenue from the gurdwara estates insulated him from public pressure. With the movement gaining momentum, public meetings passed resolutions condemning his conduct, and worried about being ousted by the Akalis, he turned to the government for help. When the government did respond, Narain Das made his own arrangements, preemptively fortifying the premises and hiring approximately 80 mercenaries.
1241	1921	20 Feb	R	The Nankana massacre: When a jatha of over 100 Sikh made an unscheduled trip to Nankana on 20 February 1921 without any intention yet of taking it, the Pashtun guards of the Mahant opened fire without warning, killing many people in what came to be known as the Nankana massacre. Visitors attempting to seek refuge in the gurdwara were chased and killed, and piles of dead and wounded were lit on fire to attempt to destroy evidence of the massacre. Two days later, Mahatma Gandhi and the Governor of the Punjab province visited the site, accompanied by a number of Sikh and Hindu leaders. Gandhi sympathized with the Sikhs and said that the Mahant had "out-Dyered Dyer". The attending politicians utilized widespread anti-government feelings to exhort the Sikhs to join the national noncooperation movement, which was supported by a resolution passed by the SGPC in May 1921 appealing to Sikhs to begin civil disobedience. As the Sikh reformers were now aligned with the national movement, colonial administrators began to rethink its position on non-interference in gurdwara management and acceptance of the increasing control of the SGPC.
1242	1921		T	Amateur radio in India: The first amateur radio operator was licensed in 1921, and by the mid-1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India. Amateur radio operators played an important part in the Indian independence movement with the establishment of illegal pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s. The first amateur radio operator in India was Amarendra Chandra Gooptu (callsign 2JK), licensed in 1921. Later that year, Mukul Bose (2HQ) became the second ham operator, thereby introducing the first two-way ham radio communication in the country. By 1923, there were twenty British hams operating in India. In 1929, the call sign prefix VU came into effect in India, replacing three-letter call signs. The first short-wave entertainment and public broadcasting station, "VU6AH", was set up in 1935 by E. P. Metcalfe, vice-chancellor of University of Mysore. However, there were fewer than fifty licence holders in the mid-1930s, most of them British officers in the Indian army.
1243	1921	1923	T	List of dams and reservoirs in Chhattisgarh (pre-independenceList of dams and reservoirs in India#Chhattisgarh: 1921 Tandula Dam, Tandula and Sukh nala 1923 Murrum Silli Dam, Sillari
1244	1921		T	The Victoria Memorial, Kolkata is a large marble building in Calcutta, which was built between 1906 and 1921. It is dedicated to the memory of Queen Victoria, then Empress of India. In January 1901, on the death of Queen Victoria, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, the then Viceroy of India, suggested the creation of a fitting memorial. Lord Curzon proposed the construction of a grand building with a museum and gardens. The Prince of Wales, later King George V, laid the foundation stone on 4 January 1906, and it was formally opened to the public in 1921. In 1912, before the construction of the Victoria Memorial was finished, King George V announced the transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to New Delhi. Thus, the Victoria Memorial was built in what would be a provincial city rather than a capital.
1245	1922	Aug, 1922	BC	Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh: The most notable conflict between the Akalis and the colonial government, highlighting the larger problem of private resource management of gurdwaras, occurred in August 1922 at the Guru-ka-Bagh ("garden of the guru") shrine 12 miles from Amritsar near Ajnala, built to mark a visit from Guru Arjan. The struggle between the Akalis and the mahant Sunder Das over the control of the site had resulted in the mahant keeping his position, though as part of a managing committee that would supervise him, similar to the toshakhana arrangement. However, in March 1921, the mahant reneged on the agreement, forcibly occupying the committee's office and destroying its records. A year later in August 1922, Akali volunteers chopped wood on land to fuel the fires of the gurdwara's free community kitchen, for which the mahant had them arrested for theft at the encouragement of the authorities, provoking a major struggle with the Akalis, who contended that the mahant could not claim private possession of the property, as it belonged to the Sikh panth, or congregation. The Akalis warned the government that denying Sikhs the right to gather fuel for the community kitchen was to deliberately undermine their faith, and the arrests drew more Akali volunteers to the site, with the SGPC launching a campaign to send non-violent Akali jathas to the gurdwara daily. Over 200 volunteers were arrested by August 25, and by October 19 over 2,450 would be arrested by authorities.
1246	1922	Aug, 1922	BC	Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh: As continuous waves of Akalis kept arriving, the authorities began to use violent methods, being declared an unlawful assembly, as bands of 50 to 100, and sometimes over 200, Akalis would take blows in non-violent resistance. On October 25, a jatha of retired soldiers reached the site, which was deemed by the government to be potentially destabilizing. National noncooperation leaders rallied to the cause by making speeches at the site, though support from Congress would wane after Gandhi's release in February 1924 as he wanted to separate the political issue of independence from religion. Christian missionary Charles Freer Andrews, visiting the site in September 1922, was shocked at the administration's brutality, describing Akali tactics as "a new lesson in moral warfare". He protested to the Edward Douglas MacLagan, the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, and the conflict was settled by having the mahant sell the land to Sir Ganga Ram, a private Hindu philanthropist, who handed it over to the Akalis on 17 November 1922. Over 5,000 volunteers were released in March 1923.
1247	1922		Ed	Visva-Bharati University started by Rabindranath Tagore.
1248	1922		G	Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma and Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma: They had become engaged at the Viceroy's House in Delhi in 1922 when Mountbatten accompanied the then prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) on his long tour of India. A pair of gold and enamel elephants made in Jaipur was given by Mountbatten to Edwina as a present to mark their 24th wedding anniversary in 1946. The loving gift is an insight into their marriage one that had brought together two of the most glamorous and adventurous figures of the period and testament to the importance of India to both of them. 1946 was the year Lord Mountbatten was made a viscount and this gift anticipates the news of his appointment as Viceroy the following year.
1249	1922		P	The Chauri Chaura incident took place at Chauri Chaura in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces of British India, (modern Uttar Pradesh) on 4 February 1922, when a large group of protesters, participating in the Non-cooperation movement, clashed with police, who opened fire. In retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants. The incident led to the deaths of three civilians and 22 policemen. Two days before the incident, on 2 February 1922, volunteers participating in the Non-cooperation movement protested against high meat prices in the marketplace. The demonstrators were beaten back by the local police. Several of the leaders were arrested and put in the lock-up at the Chauri Chaura police station. In response to this, a protest against the police was called on 4 February, to be held at the local marketplace. Mahatma Gandhi, who was strictly against violence, halted the Non-cooperation movement on the national level on 12 February 1922, as a direct result of this incident. Nehru and most of the workers of the Congress, who were in prison when Gandhi took this decision, felt that this was a hasty and incorrect decision at a time when the nation was finally uniting and rising up to the might of the British government in India. A few months after this withdrawal, the government arrested Gandhi and put him in jail.
1250	1922		P	Malabar rebellion – Second Moplah uprising, Malabar coast, Kerala: The Malabar rebellion in 1921–1922 happened in Malabar region of Kerala, India. For many scholars, the rebellion is primarily a peasant revolt against the colonial government. During the uprising, the rebels also attacked various symbols and institutions of the colonial state, such as telegraph lines, train stations, courts and post offices. The colonial government took a heavy-handed approach towards the rebellion. Colonial troops were sent to the area and martial law imposed. One of the most noteworthy events during the rebellion later came to be known as the "Wagon tragedy", in which 67 out of a total of 90 Mappila prisoners destined for the Central Prison in Podanur suffocated in a closed railway goods wagon.
1251	1922	17 Nov	R	Gurdwara Bill (Akali movement#Gurdwara Bill): The Government launched a "Gurdwara Bill" to facilitate the settlement of the gurdwara disputes. The Bill provided setting up a Board of Commissioners for the management of the gurdwaras. However, the SGPC objected to the Government's right to appoint the Board members, and the bill was postponed. On 17 November 1922, the "Sikh Gurdwaras and Shrines Bill" was introduced in the Punjab Legislative Assembly. All the Sikh and the Hindu members opposed the bill, but it was passed by 41 votes to 31 votes.
1252	1922		W	The Irish Free State (6 December 1922 – 29 December 1937) was a state established in 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. That treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between the forces of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, the Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) (IRA), and British Crown forces.
1253	1922		W	The Chanak Crisis, also called the Chanak Affair and the Chanak Incident, was a war scare in September 1922 between the United Kingdom (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) and Turkey (Government of the Grand National Assembly). Chanak refers to Çanakkale, a city on the Anatolian side of the Dardanelles Strait. The crisis was caused by Turkish efforts to push the Greek armies out of Turkey and restore Turkish rule in the Allied-occupied territories, primarily in Constantinople (now Istanbul) and Eastern Thrace. Turkish troops marched against British and French positions in the Dardanelles neutral zone. For a time, war between Britain and Turkey seemed possible, but Canada refused to agree as did France and Italy. British public opinion did not want a war. The British military did not either, and the top general on the scene, Sir Charles Harington, refused to relay an ultimatum to the Turks because he counted on a negotiated settlement. The Conservatives in Britain's coalition government refused to follow Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George, who with Winston Churchill was calling for war. The crisis quickly ended when Turkey, having overwhelmed the Greeks, agreed to a negotiated settlement that gave it the territory it wanted. Lloyd George's mishandling of the crisis contributed to his downfall via the Carlton Club meeting. The crisis raised the issue of who decided on war for the British Empire, and was Canada's first assertion of diplomatic independence from London. Historian Robert Blake says the Chanak incident led to Arthur Balfour's definition of Britain and the dominions as "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of the domestic or internal affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations". In 1931 the UK Parliament enacted Balfour's formula into law through the Statute of Westminster 1931.
1254	1923		Bu	Starting out as Hadfield’s (India) in 1923, Berger Paints India Ltd had just one factory in Howrah, West Bengal. In 1947, Hadfield’s (India) was acquired by British Paints (Holdings) Ltd and came to be known as British Paints (India) Ltd. In 1983, it was renamed Berger Paints India.
1255	1923	1943	F	Hemu Kalani (23 March 1923 – 21 January 1943) was a Sindhi revolutionary and freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement. He was a leader of Swaraj Sena, a student organisation which was affiliated with All India Students Federation (AISF). He was one of the youngest revolutionaries to be martyred for the nation's freedom struggle, being executed by the British when he was only 19, two months before his 20th birthday. Hemu Kalani joined Mahatma Gandhi's Quit India Movement when it was started in 1942. Support for the movement in Sindh was such that the British rulers had to send special troops consisting of European battalions. Hemu Kalani found out that a railway train of these troops and their supplies would be passing through his local town and decided to derail it by removing the fishplates from the railway track. This despite the fact that neither he nor his colleagues had the necessary tools and so had to use a rope as a means to loosen the fixings. They were seen by the British troops before being able to complete the sabotage. Hemu was caught, imprisoned, and tortured in an attempt to get him to reveal the names of his co-conspirators. He refused to divulge any information, was put on trial and sentenced to death. The people of Sindh petitioned the Viceroy for mercy but the condition of granting it was that the authorities must be told the identity of his co-conspirators. He again refused to pass on the information and he was hanged on 21 January 1943. It is said that Hemu Kalani was so happy upon being handed the death sentence that, contrary to usual, he gained a good deal of weight during the time between his sentencing and his execution. On the day of his execution, he appeared extremely overjoyed, and walked to the gallows with a copy of the Bhagavad Gita in his hands, smiling and humming the whole way.
1256	1923	2011	F	Sushila Chain Trehan (1 July 1923 – 28 September 2011) was a freedom fighter and women activist. She worked towards educating and liberating the women of Punjab until her death.
1257	1923	1999	F	Alekh Patra ( 1 July 1923 – 17 November 1999) was a prominent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, he participated in Indian Independence Struggle and inspired movements for civil rights environmental protection movements, civil rights across different regions of Odisha. He was a member of Congress, sarvodaya, who participated in the freedom movement at the age of about 18.
1258	1923		N	Sandesh (Indian newspaper) Sandesh is a leading daily newspaper in Gujarat. It is published in Gujarati and was founded in 1923.
1259	1923		N	Mathrubhumi, Malayalam, Daily Published from Kerala, it was founded by K. P. Kesava Menon, an active volunteer in the Indian independence movement against the British. The word "Mathrubhumi" translates to "mother land" in Malayalam. It is the second most widely read newspaper daily in Kerala.
1260	1923		P	The Swaraj Party was formed on 1 January 1923 by Indian politicians and members of the Indian National Congress who had opposed Mahatma's suspension of all civil resistance on 12 February 1922 in response to the Chauri Chaura incident, where policemen were killed by a mob of protestors. Gandhi felt responsible for the killings, reproached himself for not emphasizing non-violence more firmly, and feared that the entire Non-cooperation movement could degenerate into an orgy of violence between the British-controlled army and police and mobs of freedom-fighters, alienating and hurting millions of common Indians. He went on a fast-unto-death to convince all Indians to stop civil resistance. The Congress and other nationalist groups disavowed all activities of disobedience. But many Indians felt that the Non-cooperation movement should not have been suspended over an isolated incident of violence, and that its astonishing success was actually close to breaking the back of British rule in India. These people became disillusioned with Gandhi's political judgments and instincts. In December 1922, Chittaranjan Das, Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar and Motilal Nehru formed the Congress-Khilafat Swarajaya Party with Das as the president and Nehru as one of the secretaries. Other prominent leaders included Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Subhas Chandra Bose of Bengal, Vithalbhai Patel and other Congress leaders who were becoming dissatisfied with the Congress. The other group was the 'No-Changers', who had accepted Gandhi's decision to withdraw the movement. Now both the Swarajists and the No-Changers were engaged in a fierce political struggle, but both were determined to avoid the disastrous experience of the 1907 split at Surat. On the advice of Gandhi, the two groups decided to remain in the Congress but to work in their separate ways. There was no basic difference between the two.
1261	1923		P	The Madras Province Swarajya PartySwaraj Party#Madras Province Swarajya Party was established in 1923. S. Satyamurti and S. Srinivasa Iyengar led the party. The party contested in all provincial elections between 1923 and 1934 with the exception of the 1930 election which it did not participate officially due to the Civil Disobedience Movement, though some of the members of the party contested for office as independents. The party emerged as the single largest party in the 1926 and 1934 Assembly elections but refused to form the provincial government under the existing dyarchy system. In 1934, the Madras Province Swarajya PartySwaraj Party#Madras Province Swarajya Party merged with the All India Swarajya Party which subsequently merged with the Indian National Congress when it contested the 1935 elections to the Imperial Legislative Council under the Government of India Act 1935. From 1935 onward, the Swaraj Party ceased to exist and was succeeded by the Indian National Congress in the elections to the Imperial Legislative Council as well as the Madras Legislative Council (1861–1891).
1262	1923		P	In India, Flag Satyagraha is a campaign of peaceful Civil disobedience during the Indian independence movement that focused on exercising the right and freedom to hoist the nationalist flag and challenge the legitimacy of the British Raj in India through the defiance of laws prohibiting the hoisting of nationalist flags and restricting civil freedoms. Flag Satyagrahas were conducted most notably in the city of Jabalpur and Nagpur in 1923 but also in many other parts of India. The flag satyagraha of Nagpur and Jabalpur occurred over several months in 1923. The arrest of nationalist protestors demanding the right to hoist the flag caused an outcry across India especially as Mahatma Gandhi had recently been arrested. Nationalist leaders such as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Jamnalal Bajaj, C. Rajagopalachari, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Vinoba Bhave organised the revolt and thousands of people from different regions including as far south as the Princely state of Travancore traveled to Nagpur and other parts of the Central Provinces (now in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh) to participate in civil disobedience. The Flag Satyagraha was a term coined to describe the hoisting of the flag as a defiance against British-imposed restrictions on civil freedom and also the legitimacy of British rule in India altogether. Proliferating during the Non-cooperation movement (1920–1922) and a prominent element of the Salt Satyagraha or Salt March (1930) and the Quit India movement (1942), this means of revolt combined the hoisting of the nationalist flag with the technique of Satyagraha — non-violent Civil disobedience — as pioneered by Mahatma Gandhi. Nationalists were encouraged to violate the law and hoist the flag without resisting arrest or retaliating against police.
1263	1923	1928	P	Suspension of non-cooperation leads to renewed competition between Hindu and Muslim political elites for seats in the new provincial councils and to a deterioration of relations at all levels most visibly expressed in increasing communal riots. Muslim leaders begin to move away from Congress as it comes under mounting pressure from Hindu-interest organisations not to make concessions to Muslim political demands. As the prospect for further constitutional reforms emerges, Congress adopts a report calling for an end to separate electorates and for limiting Muslim representation in any future central government assembly to a quarter, rather than a guaranteed ‘weightage’ of a third as demanded by Muslim political organisations.
1264	1923		R	Jaitu and Bhai Pheru agitations: In 1923, the Akalis made plans to bring under their control Gurdwara Gangsar at Jaitu (or Jaito) in the Nabha State. While the Jaitu agitation was on, the Akalis also sought the control of the gurdwara at Bhai Pheru.
1265	1923		S	Vithal Palwankar (1884 or 1886 – 26 November 1971) was an Indian cricketer, credited with being the first Dalit (lower caste) captain of the Hindus cricket team in the Bombay Quadrangular cricket competition. He was the younger brother of the Indian spin bowler and Dalit social reformer Palwankar Baloo; his other brothers Palwankar Shivram and Palwankar Ganpat were also cricketers. With the campaign against caste discrimination gaining nationwide support, the selection committee for the 1923 Quadrangular made history by appointing Vithal as the captain of the Hindus team, making him the first lower-caste Hindu to lead the team. Vithal led the team to thrilling victories over the Mohammedan and European teams, where his captaincy and personal performance were praised. His four-year tenure (1923 to 1926) as captain was filled with similar successes and culminated with the Hindus winning the Quadrangular trophy.
1266	1923		T	Radio Ceylon is a radio station based in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) and the first radio station in Asia. Broadcasting was started on an experimental basis by the colonial Telegraph Department in 1923, just three years after the inauguration of broadcasting in Europe. The history of Radio Ceylon dates back to 1925, when its first precursor, Colombo Radio, was launched on 16 December 1925 using a mediumwave radio transmitter of one kilowatt of output power from Welikada, Colombo. Commenced just 3 years after the launch of BBC, Colombo radio was the first radio station in Asia and the second oldest radio station in the world.
1267	1923	1940	W	The Labour and Socialist International (LSI) was an international organization of socialist and labour parties, active between 1923 and 1940. The group was established through a merger of the rival Vienna International and the former Second International, based in London, and was the forerunner of the present-day Socialist International. The LSI had a history of rivalry with the Communist International (Comintern), with which it competed over the leadership of the international socialist and labour movement.
1268	1923		W	US law excludes citizens of India from naturalization.
1269	1924		A	Sir John Marshall (1876-1958) discovers relics of the Indus Valley Hindu civilization. Begins large-scale excavations.
1270	1924		B	Karnataka Bank was incorporated on 18 February 1924 at Mangalore in Karnataka. Later, it merged with Sringeri Sharada Bank Ltd, Chitradurga Bank Ltd and Bank of Karnataka. In 2000, the bank signed an MoU with Infosys Technologies Ltd (now Infosys) to develop the core-banking solution, Finacle.
1271	1924		Bu	GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd was founded on 13 November 1924 in India as H.J. Foster and Co. Ltd as an agency house to distribute baby food. In 1950, it changed its name to Glaxo Laboratories (India) Ltd and registered itself as a limited company in 1968. In 2001, it merged with SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals (India) Ltd to form GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals.
1272	1924		Bu	Founded by two Scotsmen, Stephen George Balmer and Alexander Lawrie, in Calcutta Balmer Lawrie and Co. started as a partnership firm on 1 February 1867. Today, Balmer Lawrie is a miniratna-I public sector enterprise with a presence in manufacturing (steel barrels, industrial greases and specialty lubricants) and services (corporate travel and logistics services).
1273	1924	1981	C	P.K. Thressia (12 March 1924 – 18 November 1981) was a Civil Engineer and became India's first female chief engineer. After graduating, Thressia worked for the Public Works Commission of the Kingdom of Cochin, which was under the British rule as Section Officer and shortly after received a promotion to the Assistant Construction Engineer for the TB Sanatorium, Mulakunnathukavu.
1274	1924		N	Hindustan Times, English, Daily: Hindustan Times is an Indian English-language daily newspaper introduced by Mahatma Gandhi in 1924. It played integral roles in the Indian independence movement as a nationalist and was then, a pro-Congress daily. Hindustan Times was founded in 1924 by Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab Province. S Mangal Singh Gill (Tesildar) and S. Chanchal Singh (Jandiala, Jalandhar) were made in charge of the newspaper. Madan Mohan Malaviya and Tara Singh were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing Chairman and Chief Patron was Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri. When financial troubles started in the early years, the Akalis approached two interested potential buyers from the nationalist movement. These were Motilal Nehru and Madan Mohan Malaviya, and ultimately Malviya bought the Hindustan Times. In fact, Malviya had to take out a loan of Rs. 40,000 with the help of Lala Lajpat Rai in order to finance the paper. In 1928, Gandhi chose a new editor, K.M Panikkar for the paper. By that time, the paper was running into financial troubles again and G. D. Birla underwrote some expenses and ultimately assumed ownership.
1275	1924		P	Gandhiji ostentatiously displayed his love for Muslims by a most unworthy and unprovoked attack on the Arya Samaj in 1924. He publicly denounced the Samaj for its supposed sins of omission and commission; it was an utterly unwarranted, reckless and discreditable attack, but whatever would please the Mohammedans was the heart’s desire of Gandhiji. Page 77 of Why I killed the Mahatma …. The time-lapse between Gandhi’s attack on Swami Shraddhanand and the latter’s assassination on 23 December 1926 was the gestation period. Swami Shraddhanand, was shot by Abdul Rashid on 23 December 1926 when he was lying in his sick bed. Note also how Gandhi clean forgot his earlier closeness to Swami Shraddhananda. It was Shraddhananda to whom he had sent his two sons to be looked after and educated at Gurukul Kangri University near Haridwar, when he was in South Africa. It was Shraddhananda whom he had met at the Gurukul soon after his return to India. And it was Shraddhananda (not Tagore, as is often claimed) who was the first to decorate him with the honorific of ‘Mahatma’, which he wore thoughout his life. The least he should have done was to renounce the title bestowed on him by the Swami when he felt so estranged with the latter as to embrace his murderer as brother.
1276	1924		P	Introduction of the Two-nation theory: The two-nation theory is the ideology that the primary identity and unifying denominator of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their language or ethnicity, and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations regardless of commonalities. The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement (i.e., the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation-state in South Asia), and the partition of India in 1947. The ideology that religion is the determining factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims was undertaken by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who termed it as the awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan. It is also a source of inspiration to several Hindu nationalist organizations, with causes as varied as the redefinition of Indian Muslims as non-Indian foreigners and second-class citizens in India, the expulsion of all Muslims from India, establishment of a legally Hindu state in India, prohibition of conversions to Islam, and the promotion of conversions or reconversions of Indian Muslims to Hinduism. The Hindu Mahasabha leader Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the first persons to demand to bifurcate India by Muslim and non-Muslim population. He wrote in The Tribune of 14 December 1924: Under my scheme the Muslims will have four Muslim States: The Pathan Province or the North-West Frontier; Western Punjab; Sindh and Eastern Bengal. If there are small Muslim communities in any other part of India, sufficiently large to form a province, they should be similarly constituted. But it should be distinctly understood that this is not a united India. It means a clear partition of India into a Muslim India and a non-Muslim India.
1277	1924	Calcutta	R	Toong On Church (Chinese temples in Kolkata) : This Chinese temple set in a 1924 Colonial-style building features a shrine to a god of war. The quaint little red and white building on Blackburn Lane, in Calcutta's Tiretta Bazar (now also known as Poddar Court) area.
1278	1924		S	Athletics in India: In February 1924, the first ever Inter-State Athletic meet was organized in Delhi and an eight-member athletic team selected during this meet was sent for the Paris 1924 Summer Olympics. By 1927, the IOA (Indian Olympic Association) decided to hold regular inter-state games and since then national championships in all sports are being held in various states of India.
1279	1925		B	Established in 1925, Syndicate Bank was first called Canara Industrial and Banking Syndicate. The primary objective was to assist local weavers. In 1967, the bank launched an agri card for farmers, a first of its kind. In 1975, it sponsored the first regional rural bank in India.
1280	1925		Bu	In 1925, the Raymond Ltd set up its first woollen mill in Thane, Maharashtra. In 1958, the first exclusive Raymond retail showroom was opened in Mumbai. 10 years later, Raymond opened its ready-made garments plant at Thane.
1281	1925		F	Death of Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das (5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925): In 1925 Chittaranjan's health began to fail due to overwork. Chittaranjan went to Darjeeling to recuperate his health staying at Sir N. N. Sircar's house "Step Aside" in May 1925. Mahatma Gandhi visited him and stayed with him for some days. Gandhiji wrote, "When I left Darjeeling I left much more that I had ever thought before. There was no end of my affection for Deshbandhu and my warm feeling for such a great soul." The funeral procession in Calcutta was led by Gandhi, who said: "Deshbandhu was one of the greatest of men... He dreamed... and talked of freedom of India and of nothing else... His heart knew no difference between Hindus and Muslims and I should like to tell Englishmen, too, that he bore no ill-will to them."
1282	1925	1994	F	Ramesh Chandra Jha was an Indian poet, novelist and freedom fighter. Son of a senior gandhian Lakshmi Narayan Jha, who was offered to become the first chief minister of bihar but refused as he called himself a freedom fighter then a politician. Ramesh Chandra Jha's poems, ghazals and stories evoke patriotism and human values. Romanticism and struggle of life are also important aspects of his writing. His poetry expresses concerns of people's life struggle, their dreams and hopes.
1283	1925		P	The Communist Party of India is the oldest communist political party in India. The Communist Party of India was formed on 26 December 1925 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, which was then known as Cawnpore. S.V. Ghate was the first General Secretary of CPI. There were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world, Tashkent group of Contacts were made with Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar the groups in Bengal, and small communist groups were formed in Bombay Presidency (led by Shripad Amrit Dange), Madras Presidency (led by Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar), United Provinces of British India (led by Shaukat Usmani), Punjab Province (British India), Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah) and Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmad).
1284	1925		P	The Kakori conspiracy (or Kakori train robbery or Kakori Case) was a train robbery that took place between Kakori and, near Lucknow, on 9 August 1925 during the Indian independence movement against the British Indian Government. The robbery was organised by Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. The objectives of this robbery was to : Fund the HRA with funds stolen from the British administration. Garner public attention by creating a positive image of the HRA among Indians. The Number 8 Down Train travelling from Saharanpur to Lucknow was approaching the town of Kakori (now in Uttar Pradesh), when one of the revolutionaries pulled the emergency chain to stop the train and subsequently overpowered the guard. It is believed that they looted that specific train because it was supposedly carrying money bags in the guard's cabin – the money bags allegedly belonged to India and was being transferred to the British government Treasury. They looted only these bags (containing more than 100,000 rupees) and escaped to Lucknow. The robbery plan was executed by Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sachindra Bakshi, Keshab Chakravarthy, Manmath Nath Gupta, Murari Lal Gupta (fake name of Murari Lal Khanna), Mukundi Lal (Mukundi Lal Gupta) and Banwari Lal (revolutionary). One passenger was killed unintentionally. Forty people were arrested from all over India.
1285	1925		R	Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925: The Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925 was a piece of legislation in British India which legally defined Sikh identity and brought Sikh gurdwaras (houses of worship) under the control of an elected body of orthodox Sikhs. The British Government considered the Akali movement to be a greater threat than Mahatma Gandhi's Civil disobedience movement. A 1921 memorandum signed by D. Petrie, the Assistant Director of CID, Punjab states: "Gandhi's propaganda makes its appeal mainly to the urban classes, which lack both the stamina and physical courage to oppose successfully even small bodies of police; the Akali campaign is essentially a rural movement, and its followers are men of fine physique with a national history of which the martial characteristics have been purposely kept alive both by Government and by the Sikhs themselves." — D. Petrie, Secret CID Memorandum on Recent Developments in Sikh Politics (11 August 1921) In 1925, after further demands and protests from SGPC, a new "Sikh Gurdwara Bill" was introduced in the Punjab Legislative Assembly on 7 May and adopted in July. It came into force on 1 November 1925, and awarded the control of all the historical shrines to SGPC. A tribunal was set up to judge the disputes, and all the Akali prisoners were released. Among the issues addressed by the legislation: Identification as a Sikh was defined by the attestation: One who professes the Sikh religion – I solemnly affirm that I am a Sikh, that I believe in the Guru Granth Sahib, that I believe in the Ten Gurus, and that I have no other religion. This definition was to stand until 1945. Custody of historic Sikh shrines would pass to the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, a Sikh-led committee. The SGPC, formed in 1920, was defined as consisting of 120 practicing Sikhs, the heads of the Panj Takht (five primary Sikh gurdwaras), 12 appointees from the Princely States, and "14 co-opted members".
1286	1925		Tr	On 3 February 1925, the first electric passenger train in India ran between Victoria Terminus and Kurla.
1287	1926		A	Prayag Sangeet Samiti an institute imparting education in Hindustani classical music was established in 1926, in Allahabad. It awards diplomas and certificates.
1288	1926		B	Lakshmi Vilas Bank was founded and incorporated in 1926 by seven businessmen of Karur district in Tamil Nadu. On 11 August 1958, it became a scheduled commercial bank.
1289	1926		Bu	Registered on 27 January 1926, Hindustan Construction Company built its first dam and bridge only in 1954, the Vaitarna Dam (Mumbai) and the railway bridge across the Torsa river (Assam). Other works include the Farakka Barrage in West Bengal and Idukki dam in Kerala.
1290	1926	1049	Ed	Sir Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy (10 December 1880 – 24 February 1951), also popularly known as Sir C. R. Reddy, was an educationist and political thinker, essayist and economist, poet and literary critic. He was a prominent member of the Justice Party (India) and an ardent champion of the non-Brahmin movement, joining the movement to unite the non-Brahmin communities. He wrote his works in Telugu and English; these reveal his deep love for Indian classics and his learning in these texts, as well as the modernity of his outlook. Reddy was the educationalist who played a major role in shaping the educational policy in India. He was also the recipient of a British Knighthood in honour of his service to the country. He was the founder of Andhra University and also served as its Vice-Chancellor from 1926 to 1931 and in a further second term from 1936 to 1949.
1291	1926	1931	G	Lord Irwin – Viceroy, (Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax): Following occurred during his tenure as Viceroy .... Simon Commission visited India in 1928. Dandi March (Salt March) was held in 1930. Civil Disobedience movement launched in 1930. Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed and First Round Table Conference was held in 1931.
1292	1926		P	1926 Imperial Conference: The 1926 Imperial conference passed the Balfour Report (Balfour Declaration of 1926)which declared that Canada, along with the other British dominions were equal to Britain on a constitutional level. Before this legislation was passed, Britain had the theoretical power to block any Canadian legislation put forward.
1293	1926	Bombay	T	King Edward Memorial Hospital inaugurated on 22 January 1926. King Edward (VII) Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College located in Bombay, is amongst the foremost teaching and medical care providing institutions in India.
1294	1926		Tr	Trams in Bhavnagar: Bhavnagar had a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow-gauge tram built by Bhavnagar State. The first section was built in 1926 from Bhavnagar south to Talaja, and was extended to Mahuva in 1938. The total length of the tramway was 67.5 miles (108.6 km). The tramway used small 4–8–0 locomotives later classified as T class. In 1947, the tramway was taken over by the Saurashtra Railway, and later by the Western Railway zone. It was closed during the 1960s.
1295	1927		A	In 1927, the British Government, to promote the market in India for British films over American ones, formed the Indian Cinematograph Committee. The ICC consisted of three Brits and three Indians, led by T. Rangachari, a Madras lawyer. This committee failed to support the desired recommendations of supporting British Film, instead recommending support for the fledgling Indian film industry, their suggestions were shelved.
1296	1927		N	The Musalman, Urdu, Daily The Musalman is the oldest Urdu-language daily newspaper published from Madras. It is an evening paper with four pages, all of which are handwritten by calligraphers, before being mass-produced with a printing press. According to Wired and The Times of India, The Musalman is possibly the only surviving handwritten newspaper in the world. The newspaper was founded by Syed Azmathullah in 1927. It was inaugurated by Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, the president of the Madras session of the Indian National Congress.
1297	1927		P	Found guilty after a long 18 month trial in the Kakori train robbery of 9 August 1925 (Kakori conspiracy), these freedom revolutionaries were hanged. These Martyrs were …. Rajendra Lahiri (1901 ~ 17 December 1927) at Gonda district jail, 2 days before the scheduled date, Thakur Roshan Singh (22 January 1892 ~ 19 December 1927) at Malaka/Naini jail, Allahabad district, Ashfaqulla Khan (22 October 1900 ~ 19 December 1927) at Faizabad jail, Ram Prasad Bismil (11 June 1897 ~ 19 December 1927) at Gorakhpur Jail.
1298	1927		P	Appointment of the Simon Commission. The Indian Statutory Commission also referred to as the Simon Commission, was a group of seven Members of Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon (John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon). The commission arrived in British India in 1928 to study constitutional reform in Britain's largest and most important possession. One of its members was the future leader of the Labour Party Clement Attlee, who became committed to self-government for India. At the time of introducing the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms in 1919, the British Government declared that a commission would be sent to India after ten years to examine the effects and operations of the constitutional reforms and to suggest more reforms for India. In November 1927, the British government appointed the Simon Commission to report on India's constitutional progress for introducing constitutional reforms, as promised. The Commission was strongly opposed by many Indians. It was opposed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the All-India Muslim League and Indian National Congress because it contained seven members of the British Parliament but no Indians. Indians saw it as a violation to their right of self determination and insult to their self respect. However it was supported by B. R. Ambedkar and Periyar E. V. Ramasamy. Prominent Indian nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai led a protest in Lahore. He suffered a police beating during the protest, and died of his injuries on 17 November 1928.
1299	1927	20 Mar	P	Mahad Satyagraha: 'Mahad Satyagraha or Chavdar Tale Satyagraha was a satyagraha led by B. R. Ambedkar on 20 March 1927 to allow untouchables to use water in a public tank in Mahad (currently in Raigad district), Maharashtra, India. The day (20 March) is observed as Social Empowerment day in India.
1300	1927		P	1927 and 1934 Indians permitted to sit as jurors and court magistrates.
1301	1927		S	Sir Dorabji Tata, towards the end of 1919, first sowed the seeds for establishing a sports body at national level for promoting the Olympic Sport in united India. With the support of Dr. A. G. Noehren, the then Director of YMCA, he established the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) in 1927. Sir Dorabji Tata and Dr. Noehren become the Founder President and Secretary General respectively of IOA.
1302	1927		T	Lakshman Jhula is a suspension bridge across the river Ganges, located 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of the city of Rishikesh in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The bridge connects the two villages of Tapovan in Tehri Garhwal district, on the west bank of the river, to Jonk in Pauri Garhwal district, on the east bank. Lakshman Jhula is a pedestrian bridge that was also used by motorbikes. This bridge was constructed by U.P.P.W.D. during 1927–1929. It replaces the old bridge of 284 feet span which was washed away by great floods of October, 1924. This was opened to traffic on 11 April 1930. It is said that the Hindu deity Lakshmana crossed the Ganges on jute ropes where the bridge is built.
1303	1927		T	Himayat Sagar is an artificial lake about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Hyderabad, India. It lies parallel to a larger artificial lake Osman Sagar. The construction of reservoirs on the Esi, a tributary of the Musi River, was completed in 1927, with the intention of providing a drinking water source for Hyderabad and protecting the city from floods, which Hyderabad suffered in 1908. It was built during the reign of the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam VII (Mir Osman Ali Khan) and is named after his youngest son Himayat Ali Khan (Azam Jah).
1304	1927		W	The League against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression was a transnational anti-imperialist organization in the interwar period. It has been referenced as in many texts as World Anti-Imperialist League (Anti-imperialism) or simply and confusingly under the misnomer Anti-Imperialist League. It was established in the Egmont Palace in Brussels, Belgium, on February 10, 1927, in presence of 175 delegates from around the world. It was significant because it brought together representatives and organizations from the communist world and anti-colonial organizations and activists from the colonized world. 107 out of 175 delegates came from 37 countries under colonial rule. The Congress aimed at creating a "mass anti-imperialist movement" at a world scale, and can be regarded as a front organization of the Comintern (Communist International).
1305	1928	18 Aug	A	Madras Music Academy is one of the earliest established music academies in South India. Before the concept of infrastructure was introduced to India in the early 1920s, it was a gathering for elite musicians simply called (and is still more commonly referred to as) Music Academy (Tamil: Sangeetha Vidhwadh Sabai). It plays an important role in encouraging and promoting primarily the Carnatic Music Indian art form. It played a vital role in the revival of the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam in the 1930s when it faced near extinction due to a negative connotation caused by conservative societal standards. They also run a music school called the Teachers college of Carnatic Music which has many eminent musicians on its faculty. Musicians such as Tiger Varadachariar, Appa Iyer, Valadi Krishnaiyer and Mudicondan Venkatarama Iyer adorned the chair of Principal of the prestigious Teacher's College. Founders: E. Krishna Iyer, U. Rama Rao, Basheer Ahmed Sayeed.
1306	1928	7,8 Aug	H	Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was a revolutionary organisation, also known as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army, established in 1928 at Feroz Shah Kotla in New Delhi by Chandra Shekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee. Previously, it was known as the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), whose written constitution and published manifesto titled The Revolutionary were produced as evidence in the Kakori conspiracy case of 1925.
1307	1928	30 Oct	H	Lala Lajpat Rai led a peaceful protest against the Commission. The police responded with violence, with the superintendent of police, James A. Scott, ordering his men to lathi charge the protesters. Lala Lajpat Rai was beaten but addressed a meeting later.
1308	1928	17 Nov	H	Lala Lajpat Rai died, perhaps in part because of his injuries although this is uncertain. Historian Neeti Nair says "His death was widely attributed to the mental if not physical shock he had suffered.
1309	1928	17 Dec	H	In a case of mistaken identity, Bhagat Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police. He was shot by Shivaram Rajguru and Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore. Another associate of Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, shot dead an Indian police head constable, Channan Singh, who attempted to give chase to Singh and Rajguru as they fled.
1310	1928		H	Barhalganj post office robbery: The primary goal of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was to gain independence of India from Britain by use of armed revolution. Kailashpati had been introduced to the movement in 1923 and in March 1928 he was asked to assist it by robbing his employer, the post office at Gorakhpur. He was transferred to the branch at Barhalganj before finding a suitable opportunity to carry out the scheme. On 26 June 1928, he took all the available funds held by the Barhelganj office, being around Rs. 3000 – and travelled with it by train to Cawnpore. He gave some of the money to Haldhar Bajpai and the remainder to Surendranath Pandey, with whom he stopped for two days. He then briefly moved into the room of Sheo Verma at the DAV College Hostel, where he met Sukhdev Thapar, who was known as "Villager", Chandra Shekhar Azad and Gaya Prasad. The group then split up, with Kailashpati moving to Lahore. In needs of funds in late 1929, the group determined to rob the Punjab National Bank in Lahore but the plan was first postponed and then abandoned.
1311	1928		H	The Himalayan Toilets: Armed revolution required weapons and at that time the HSRA had only small arms such as pistols and revolvers. Aware of the shortage of firepower, the HSRA sought to improve its position. They took to learning about chemical reactions from books in order that they could make bombs, then experimented accordingly. The successes were stockpiled and used in their missions, albeit not with great success. Sachchidananda Vatsyayan, also known as Agyeya was known within the group as "Scientist" and was involved in the bomb-making activities. Babu Ram Gupta was a revolutionary and he used his shop in Billimaran as a facade for the purpose of buying bomb-making materials on regular basis. The intent was to manufacture picric acid, for which carbolic acid was also necessary. Towards this end, various items were bought through Gupta, including some sulphuric and nitric acids that were stored at Kailashpati's house until around the end of July and the beginning of August. At this time they were taken to the bomb factory, which was known as “The Himalayan Toilets” and bore signage accordingly.
1312	1928		HM	Chandra Shekhar Azad (also spelled Chandrasekhar; 23 July 1906 – 27 February 1931), popularly known as by his self-taken name Azad, was an Indian revolutionary who reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) under its new name of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) after the death of its founder, Ram Prasad Bismil, and three other prominent party leaders, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan. He often used the pseudonym "Balraj" when signing pamphlets issued as the commander in chief of the HSRA (Hindustan Socialist Republic Association). After the suspension of the Non-cooperation movement in 1922 by Gandhi, Azad became more aggressive. He met a young revolutionary, Manmath Nath Gupta, who introduced him to Ram Prasad Bismil who had formed the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), a revolutionary organisation. He then became an active member of the HRA and started to collect funds for HRA. Most of the fund collection was through robberies of government property. He was involved in .... The Kakori Train Robbery of 1925 (Kakori conspiracy), The shooting of J. P. Saunders at Lahore in 1928 to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai, and The attempt to blow up the Viceroy of India's train in 1929. Despite being a member of Congress, Motilal Nehru regularly gave money in support of Azad. Azad and Bhagat Singh secretly reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) on 9 September 1928, so as to achieve their primary aim of an independent India based on socialist principle. Azad died at Alfred Park (now Azad Park) in Allahabad on 27 February 1931. The police surrounded him in the park after Veerbhadra Tiwari (their old companion who later turned traitor) informed them of his presence there. He was wounded in the process of defending himself and Sukhdev Raj (not to be confused with Sukhdev Thapar) and killed three policemen and wounded others. His actions made it possible for Sukhdev Raj to escape. He shot himself after being surrounded by the police and left with no option of escape after the ammunition was finished.
1313	1928		HM	Sachindra Bakshi (25 December 1904 – 23 November 1984) was a prominent Indian revolutionary belonging to the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA, which after 1928 became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association or HSRA) that was created to carry out revolutionary activities against the British Empire in India. He was one of revolutionary who participated in the Kakori train robbery (Kakori conspiracy) and two months later he and his friends were sent to Barrack number 11 in the Lucknow Central Jail (now called Lucknow District Jail) and was sentenced to life for the same. He was released in 1937 and became active in Congress but left the party after independence. He was elected M.L.A. on Jan Sangh Party ticket.
1314	1928		HM	Suresh Chandra Bhattacharya Kakori conspiracy. Sentenced to ten years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case
1315	1928		HM	Ram Prasad Bismil (11 June 1897 – 19 December 1927) was an Indian revolutionary who participated in Mainpuri conspiracy of 1918, and the Kakori conspiracy of 1925, and fought against British imperialism. Absconded in Mainpuri case; Sentenced to death in Kakori case. Bismil was hanged on 19 December 1927 at Gorakhpur Jail, by the British for his revolutionary activities. As well as being a freedom fighter, he was a patriotic poet and wrote in Hindi and Urdu using the pen names Ram, Agyat and Bismil. But, he became popular with the last name "Bismil" only. He was associated with Arya Samaj where he got inspiration from Satyarth Prakash, a book written by Swami Dayananda Saraswati. He also had a confidential connection with Lala Har Dayal through his guru Swami Somdev, a preacher of Arya Samaj. Bismil was one of the founding members of the revolutionary organization Hindustan Republican Association. Bhagat Singh praised him as a great poet-writer of Urdu and Hindi, who had also translated the books Catherine from English and Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot from Bengali. Yellow Paper Constitution: With the consent of Lala Har Dayal, Bismil went to Allahabad where he drafted the constitution of the party in 1923 with the help of Sachindra Nath Sanyal and another revolutionary of Bengal, Dr. Jadugopal Mukherjee. The basic name and aims of the organisation were typed on a Yellow Paper and later on a subsequent Constitutional Committee Meeting was conducted on 3 October 1924 at Cawnpore (Kanpur) in U.P. under the Chairmanship of Sachindra Nath Sanyal. This meeting decided the name of the party would be the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). After a long discussion from others Bismil was declared there the District Organiser of Shahjahanpur and Chief of Arms Division. An additional responsibility of Provincial Organiser of United Province (Agra and Oudh) was also entrusted to him. Sachindra Nath Sanyal, was unanimously nominated as National Organiser and another senior member Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, was given the responsibility of Coordinator, Anushilan Samiti.
1316	1928		HM	Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee (1895 – 2 April 1960) was an Indian freedom fighter, revolutionary and member of Rajya Sabha. Kakori conspiracy Jogesh Chandra became a member of the Anushilan Samiti. He was one of the founder members of Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) (in 1924) that later became Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. He was arrested several times for revolutionary activities. He was tried in the Kakori conspiracy case in 1926 and received rigorous imprisonment for life. He wrote two books 1) Indian Revolutionaries In Conference 2) In Search Of Freedom (as biography)
1317	1928		HM	Pranvesh Chatterjee Kakori conspiracy. Sentenced to four years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case
1318	1928		HM	Vishnu Sharan Dublish Kakori conspiracy. Sentenced to ten years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori conspiracy which was converted later into a life sentence after Naini jail case. Joined Indian National Congress, freedom movement activities in Western Uttar Pradesh, became a Member of Parliament.
1319	1928		HM	Manmath Nath Gupta (7 February 1908 – 26 October 2000) was an Indian revolutionary writer and author of autobiographical, historical and fictional books in Hindi, English and Bengali. He joined the Indian independence movement at the age of 13, and was an active member of the Hindustan Republican Association. He participated in the famous Kakori train robbery in 1925 and was imprisoned for 14 years. On release from jail in 1937, he started writing against the British government. He was sentenced again in 1939 and was released in 1946 just a year before India's independence in 1947. He has written several books on the history of the Indian struggle for independence from a revolutionary's point of view, including They Lived Dangerously – Reminiscences of a Revolutionary. He was also the editor of the Hindi literary magazine Aajkal.
1320	1928		HM	Govind Charan Kar Kakori conspiracy. Sentenced to life in Kakori case.
1321	1928		HM	Ashfaqulla Khan (22 October 1900 – 19 December 1927) was a freedom fighter in the Indian independence movement. Kakori conspiracy. Sentenced to death in Kakori case. Hanged in 1927 at Faizabad Jail.
1322	1928		HM	Prem Krishna Khanna (2 January 1894 – 3 August 1993) was an active member of the Hindustan Republican Association from Shahjahanpur U.P. Khanna was a contractor for Indian Railways. He was a close associate of noted revolutionary Ram Prasad Bismil. Khanna had a licence to own a Mauser pistol, which was occasionally used by Bismil for his various revolutionary actions. He was arrested in the Kakori conspiracy case against the British Empire, and was prosecuted and sentenced to five years rigorous imprisonment for giving his arms licence to Bismil who used it to purchase 150 cartridges on his behalf, which was a criminal offense. He was released from jail in 1932. Later in life, he remained a bachelor and worked for Indian Independence. He became an M.P. from Shahjahanpur] in 1962 and 1967.
1323	1928		HM	Ram Krishna Khatri Kakori conspiracy. Sentenced to ten years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case.
1324	1928		HM	Rajendra Lahiri (29 June 1901 – 17 December 1927), full name Rajendra Nath Lahiri, was an Indian revolutionary, who was the mastermind behind Kakori conspiracy and Dakshineshwar bombing. He was active member of Hindustan Republican Association aimed at ousting the British from India. Lahiri took part in the Dakshineswar bombing incident and absconded. He went to Banaras and started studying. He was a M.A. student in Department of History, Banaras Hindu University when the revolutionary activities started in Uttar Pradesh. He joined the Hindustan Republican Association along with many other Bengali friends. He was Mastermind behind the Kakori train robbery on 9 August 1925. He was arrested and tried in the previous bomb case of Dakshineswar in Bengal and sent to jail for ten years rigorous imprisonment. When the legal proceedings started in Lucknow for the train robbery, he was also included in the Kakori conspiracy case and tried with several other revolutionaries. He was found guilty after a long trial and was hanged in the Gonda district jail on 17 December 1927, two days before the scheduled date, along with Thakur Roshan Singh, Ashfaqulla Khan and Ram Prasad Bismil.
1325	1928		HM	Banwari Lal (revolutionary) was a participant in the Kakori train robbery, carried out in August 1925 during the protests against British rule in India, who lived in Shahjahanpur, in the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh, India. He became an approver in the subsequent court case concerning that robbery. A member of the Hindustan Republican Association (later known as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association), Banwari Lal was arrested at Raibareli and sent to Lucknow jail. He was sentenced for five years imprisonment, even after being an approver in the Kakori case.
1326	1928		HM	Mukundi Lal was an Indian Revolutionary Freedom Fighter and an active member of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). He was known for planning the Manipuri Conspiracy (1918) and the Kakori Conspiracy, which was a train robbery that took place between Kakori and Alamnagar, near Lucknow, on 9 August 1925, during the Indian independence movement against British rule. He along with other renowned revolutionaries started the 'Naujawan Bharat Sabha' at Lahore that was an organisation involved in various activities, mainly gearing the youth for the struggle for independence and putting an end to British Imperialism and communalism. He was sentenced to 7 years of rigorous imprisonment in Mainpuri conspiracy and life imprisonment for the Kakori conspiracy case. Mukundi Lal was killed when planning a jailbreak for Bhagat Singh. Lal attempted to detonate a bomb by a wall that resembled the prison wall, and was killed when the bomb went off unexpectedly.
1327	1928		HM	Ram Nath Pandey Kakori conspiracy. Sentenced to three years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case.
1328	1928		HM	Bhupendra Nath Sanyal Kakori conspiracy. Sentenced to five years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case
1329	1928		HM	Sachindra Nath Sanyal (3 April 1893 – 7 February 1942) was an Indian revolutionary and a founder of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA, which after 1928 became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association) that was created to carry out armed resistance against the British Empire in India. He was a mentor for revolutionaries like Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh. Sanyal founded a branch of the Anushilan Samiti in Patna in 1913. He was extensively involved in the plans for the Ghadar conspiracy, and went underground after it was exposed in February 1915. He was a close associate of Rash Behari Bose. After Bose escaped to Japan, Sanyal was considered the most senior leader of India's revolutionary movement. Sanyal was sentenced to life for his involvement in the conspiracy and was imprisoned at Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, where he wrote his book titled Bandi Jeevan (A Life of Captivity, 1922). He was briefly released from jail but when he continued to engage in anti-British activities, he was sent back and his ancestral family home in Benaras was confiscated. Following the end of the Non-cooperation movement in 1922, Sanyal, Ram Prasad Bismil and some other revolutionaries who wanted an independent India and were prepared to use force to achieve their goal, founded the Hindustan Republican Association in October 1924. He was the author of the HRA manifesto, titled The Revolutionary, that was distributed in large cities of North India on 1 January 1925. Sanyal was jailed for his involvement in the Kakori conspiracy but was among those conspirators released from Naini Central Prison in August 1937. Thus, Sanyal has the unique distinction of having been sent to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair twice. He contracted tuberculosis in jail and was sent to Gorakhpur Jail for his final months. He died on 7 February 1942.
1330	1928		HM	Thakur Roshan Singh (22 January 1892 – 19 December 1927) was an Indian revolutionary, born in the village of Nabada Shahjahanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, who was sentenced in the Bareilly shooting case during the Non Cooperation Movement of 1921–22. After release from Bareilly Central Jail, he joined the Hindustan Republican Association in 1924. Although he had not taken part in the Kakori conspiracy of August 1925, he was arrested and tried in March 1927 by the then British Government, for a murder carried out during the Kakori train robbery. He was sentenced to death, along with Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan and Rajendra Lahiri. He was executed at Malaka/Naini jail in the Allahabad district. It is well documented that after his death, his family had to face social and economic hardship, including problems finding a matrimonial match for his daughters.
1331	1928		HM	Raj Kumar Sinha Kakori conspiracy. Sentenced to ten years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case.
1332	1928		HM	Ram Dulare Trivedi Kakori conspiracy. Sentenced to five years' rigorous imprisonment in Kakori case.
1333	1928		P	The Simon Commission left England in January 1928. Almost immediately with its arrival in pondicherry on 3 February 1928, its members were confronted by throngs of protesters, although there were also some supporters among the crowds who saw it as the next step on the road to self-governance. A strike began and many people turned out to greet the Commission with black flags. Similar protests occurred in every major Indian city that the seven British MPs visited. In the late 1920s, the ruling Conservative government feared imminent electoral defeat at the hands of the Labour Party, and also feared the effects of the consequent transference of control of India to such an "inexperienced" body. Hence, it appointed seven MPs to constitute the promised commission to examine the state of Indian constitutional affairs. One protest against the Simon Commission became infamous. On 30 October 1928, the Commission arrived in Lahore where it was met by protesters waving black flags. The protest was led by the Indian nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai, who had moved a resolution against the Commission in the Legislative Assembly of Punjab in February 1928. In order to make way for the Commission, the local police force began beating protestors. Lala Lajpat Rai was critically injured and died a fortnight later.
1334	1928		P	Nehru Report for a new constitution of India. In September 1928, ahead of the Commission's release, Motilal Nehru presented his Nehru Report to counter its charges that Indians could not find a constitutional consensus among themselves. This report advocated that India be given dominion status of complete internal self-government. The Nehru Report of 28 August 1928 was a memorandum to appeal for a new dominion status and a federal set-up of government for the constitution of India. It also proposed for the Joint Electorates with reservation of seats for minorities in the legislatures. It was prepared by a committee of the All Parties Conference chaired by Motilal Nehru with his son Jawaharlal Nehru acting as a secretary. There were nine other members in this committee. The final report was signed by Motilal Nehru and Jawaharlal Nehru, Ali Imam, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Madhav Shrihari Aney, Mangal Singh, Shuaib Qureshi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and G. R. Pradhan.
1335	1928		P	The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, in the state of Gujarat, India during the period of the British Raj, was a major episode of Civil disobedience and revolt in the Indian independence movement. The movement was eventually led by Vallabhbhai Patel, and its success gave rise to Patel becoming one of the main leaders of the independence movement. It was women of bardoli who bestowed the title Sardar for the first time, which in Gujarati and most Indian languages means Chief or Leader. It was after Bardoli that Sardar Patel became one of India's most important leaders. In 1925, the taluka of Bardoli in Gujarat did not suffered financial troubles. However, the government of the Bombay Presidency had raised the tax rate by 30% that year, and despite petitions from civic groups, refused to cancel the rise in the face of the calamities. The situation for the farmers was grave enough that they barely had enough property and crops to pay off the tax, let alone for feeding themselves afterwards. In 1928, an agreement was finally brokered by a Parsi member of the Bombay government. The Government agreed to restore the confiscated lands and properties, as well as cancel revenue payment not only for the year, but cancel the 30% raise until after the succeeding year. The momentum from the Bardoli victory aided in the resurrection of the freedom struggle nationwide. In 1930, the Congress would declare Indian independence, and the Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) would be launched by Gandhi.
1336	1928		S	India competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The men's field hockey team won the gold medal, beginning a streak that continued through the 1956 Games. Played/Won/Lost/Drawn/Goals For/Goals Against/Goals Difference/Points : 4/4/0/0/26/0/+26/8
1337	1928		S	A meeting was convened in Delhi on 21st November 1927, which was attended by around forty-five delegates. These comprised cricket representatives from Sind, Punjab, Patiala, Delhi, the United Provinces, Rajputana, Alwar, Bhopal, Gwalior, Baroda, Kathiawar and Central Provinces and Berar. There was a consensus that a Board of Cricket Control was essential to ensure the advance and control the game of cricket throughout India. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) controls all the advances and development of cricket in India since the year 1928.
1338	1928		S	In the 20th century, India emerged as a Hockey superpower. From its Olympic debut in 1928, the Indian Hockey team went on dominate the competition for close to 6 decades, winning gold on 8 occasions. India is the only team to have won 6 consecutive Olympic gold medals. The team scored a massive 178 goals during this phase while conceding only 7 goals. No other team in the world has managed to come even close to rivalling such dominance.
1339	1928	Bombay	T	The first electric train runs between Churchgate and Borivali.
1340	1929		A	Prabhat Film Company popularly known as Prabhat Films was an Indian film production company and film studios founded in 1929 by the noted film director V. Shantaram and his friends.
1341	1929		B	The South Indian Bank was founded by 44 men of Thrissur in Kerala who contributed Rs500 each as capital. It has the third largest branch network among private sector banks in India, and was the first private sector bank to open a currency chest on behalf of the Reserve Bank of India in April 1992.
1342	1929		BC	Surfacing again in April 1929, Bhagat Singh and another associate, Batukeshwar Dutt, set off two bombs inside the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. They showered leaflets from the gallery on the legislators below, shouted slogans, and then allowed the authorities to arrest them. The arrest and the resulting publicity revealed Singh's complicity in the John Saunders case. Awaiting trial, Singh gained much public sympathy after he joined fellow defendant Jatindra Nath Das in a hunger strike to demand better prison conditions for Indian prisoners. Singh was convicted and hanged in March 1931, aged 23.
1343	1929		Bu	Parle Products company was founded in 1929 in British India by the Vile family of Vile Parle, Bombay. Parle began manufacturing biscuits in 1939. In 1947, when India became independent, the company launched an ad campaign, showcasing its Gluco biscuits as an Indian alternative to the British biscuits. The Parle brand became well known in India following the success of products such as the Parle-G biscuits and cold beverages like Goldspot, Thums up and Frooti.
1344	1929		E	Mother Teresa arrives in Kolkata to work amongst India's poorest and diseased people. Mother (Religious sister (Catholic)) Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu; (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), honoured in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta, was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic (Latin Church) Nun and missionary. She was born in Skopje (now the capital of North Macedonia), then part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. After living in Skopje for eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for most of her life.
1345	1929		F	Jatindra Nath Das (27 October 1904 – 13 September 1929), also known as Jatin Das, was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary. He died in Lahore jail after a 63-day hunger strike. In Lahore jail, Das began a hunger strike along with other revolutionary fighters, demanding equality for Indian political prisoners with those from Europe. The conditions of Indian inhabitants of the jails was deplorable. The uniforms that Indian prisoners were required to wear in jail with were not washed for several days, and rats and cockroaches roamed the kitchen area making the food unsafe to eat. Indian prisoners were not provided with any reading material such as newspapers, nor paper to write on. The condition of the British prisoners in the same jail was strikingly different. Das's hunger strike started on 13 July 1929 and lasted 63 days. The jail authority took measures to forcibly feed him and the other independence activist. Eventually, the jail committee recommended his unconditional release, but the government rejected the suggestion and offered to release him on bail. Jatin died on 13 September 1929. Durga Bhabhi (Durgawati Devi) led the funeral procession, which went from Lahore to Calcutta by train. Thousands of people rushed to the railway stations to pay homage to Das. A two-mile long procession in Calcutta carried the coffin to the cremation ground. It was Subhash Chandra Bose, who received the coffin of Das at Howrah railway station and led the funeral procession to the cremation ground. The hunger strike of Jatin Das in prison was one crucial moment in the resistance against illegal detentions. After his death, the Viceroy informed London that "Mr Das of the Conspiracy Case, who was on hunger strike, died this afternoon at 1 p.m. Last night, five of the hunger strikers gave up their hunger strike. So there are only Bhagat Singh and Dutt who are on strike."
1346	1929	15 Apr	H	Police raided the HSRA's bomb factory in Lahore and arrested Kishori Lal, Sukhdev Thapar and Jai Gopal.
1347	1929	December	H	The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) bombed the special train of Viceroy Irwin (Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax). The viceroy escaped unhurt.
1348	1929		H	Attempt to blow up a train carrying the viceroy, Lord Irwin: Bhagwati Charan Vohra criticised suggestions of killing relatively minor Raj officials and proposed instead to blow up a train carrying the viceroy, Lord Irwin (Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax). Yashpal was at that time living in the same Delhi house as Vohra and the two men were experimenting with arrangements of batteries to blow lightbulbs, thinking that such might be used as a primitive method of detonating guncotton. Early in December 1929, Vohra and Yashpal secured the agreement of Azad regarding blowing up the Viceregal train, the rationale of the HSRA being that it would prevent a meeting between Irwin and Congress. However, on 22 December, Azad said in a meeting that, although he agreed with the plan, since Congress leaders such as Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi were against it, it ought to be postponed. Vohra, Yashpal and Tiwari thought Azad was wrong but the decision eventually went in his favour. Explanatory documents had been prepared for circulation after the now-aborted attack, along with two seals – one of them representing a hand grasping a sword and the other the monogram “H.S.R.A.” – that were to be used on them. In view of the turn in events, the documents were destroyed but Vohra managed to retain the seals. The attempt to blow up the train occurred some hours later on 23 December. According to S. K. Mittal and Irfan Habib, this "caused a commotion throughout the British Empire", following soon after the retaliatory murder of a police constable, John Saunders, and the bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly, both of which acts had involved Bhagat Singh.
1349	1929		H	Attempt to blow up a train carrying the viceroy, Lord Irwin: Following the train blast, police activity in Delhi became intense and the Congress leader, Mahatma Gandhi, who was generally firm in his condemnation of violence, congratulated the viceroy, saying: "This Congress deplores the bomb outrage perpetrated on the Viceroy's train and reiterates its conviction that such action is not only contrary to the creed of the Congress but results in harm being done to the national cause. It congratulates the Viceroy and Lady Irwin and their party including the poor servants on their fortunate and narrow escape." After a few days spent in hiding, Azad, Jain and Kailashpati left on foot for Nalgarha, around 15 miles (24 km) from the city. There they hid on a farm operated by sympathisers. On 1 January 1930, Azad and Kailashpati returned to Delhi. The following day, Yashpal also returned and he faced questions regarding why the train had been blown up in defiance of the decision of the meeting. Yashpal replied that he had yielded to the insistence of his companions, explaining that he and Vohra had gone to the scene on the morning of 23 December and that he had pressed the button that caused the explosion. They had worn military uniform so that no one should suspect them and had escaped by boarding a train headed for Ghaziabad. Azad was not at all satisfied with Yashpal's explanation.
1350	1929		O	Opposition to the partition of India: The All India Azad Muslim Conference was established in 1929, by the Chief Minister of Sind, Allah Bux Soomro, who founded of the Sind Ittehad Party (Sind United Party), which opposed the partition of India. Allah Bux Soomro, as well as the All India Azad Muslim Conference, advocated for composite nationalism: "Whatever our faiths we must live together in our country in an atmosphere of perfect amity and our relations should be the relations of the several brothers of a joint family, various members of which are free to profess their faith as they like without any let or hindrance and of whom enjoy equal benefits of their joint property." The All India Azad Muslim Conference, commonly called the Azad Muslim Conference (literally, "Independent Muslim Conference"), was an organisation of nationalist Muslims in India. Its purpose was advocacy for composite nationalism and a united India, thus opposing the partition of India as well as its underlying two-nation theory put forward by the pro-separatist All-India Muslim League. The conference included representatives from various political parties and organizations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam, All India Momin Conference, All India Shia Political Conference, Khudai Khidmatgar, Krishak Sramik Party, Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan, All India Muslim Majlis (Dr. Faridi), and Jamiat Ahl-i Hadith. The Canadian orientalist Wilfred Cantwell Smith felt that the attendees at the Delhi session in 1940 represented the "majority of India's Muslims". The Bombay Chronicle documented on 18 April 1946 that "The attendance at the Nationalist meeting was about five times than the attendance at the League meeting." The All India Shia Political Conference, commonly called the Shia Political Conference was a political party in British India that was organized in Lucknow in 1929. In October 1937, it urged its members to support the Indian National Congress, a decision which was praised by Jawaharlal Nehru. The All India Shia Political Conference included provincial units, with notable individuals in leadership positions, such as Sir Syed Sultan Ahmed of the Bihar unit, who denounced Muhammad Ali Jinnah in April 1940. In the Shia Political Conference meeting held at Chhapra on 18 April 1940, the pro-separatist Muslim League's Lahore Resolution was condemned; notable members in attendance included Yahya Nazim, Syed Hasan Askari, Mozaffar Husain, Ali Muzaffar, Abdul Aziz Ansari, as well as Shabbir Hasan, who presided over the meeting. The All India Shia Political Conference was a member at the All India Azad Muslim Conference, which opposed the partition of India and creation of Pakistan.
1351	1929		P	Fourteen Points of Jinnah: The Fourteen Points of Jinnah were proposed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India. In 1928, an All Parties Conference was convened to solve the constitutional problems of India. A committee was set up under Motilal Nehru. That committee prepared a report which is known as "Nehru Report". This report demanded "Dominion Status" for India. Separate electorates were refused and the reservation of seats for the Muslims of Bengal and Punjab was rejected. In this report, not a single demand of the Muslims was upheld. Since Nehru Report was the last word from Hindus therefore Mr. Jinnah was authorized to draft in concise term the basis of any future constitution that was to be devised for India. Jinnah's aim was to get rights for Muslims. He therefore gave his 14 points. These points covered all of the interests of the Muslims at a heated time and in this Jinnah stated that it was the "parting of ways" and that he did not want and would not have anything to do with the Indian National Congress in the future. Among the Hindus, Jinnah's points were highly disregarded and were rejected by the Congress Party. Jawaharlal Nehru referred to them as "Jinnah's ridiculous 14 points". This eventually led Jinnah to form Pakistan.
1352	1929		P	Bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929 in Delhi: This was a provocative propaganda exercise, intended to highlight the aims of the HSRA and timed as a protest against the introduction of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill, both of which had been drafted in an attempt to counter the effects of revolutionary activities and trade unionism. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly. They also threw some handwritten leaflets to make their demands clear. Also in the Lahore Conspiracy case, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were tried for the murder of Saunders and Chanan Singh.
1353	1929		P	Lord Irwin’s announcement that the goal of British policy in India was the grant of domination status. On October 31, 1929, the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Lord Irwin (Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax), issued a statement, part of which said that …. the goal of British policy (towards India) was stated in the declaration of August, 1917, to be that of providing for "the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire .... I am authorized on behalf of His Majesty's Government to state clearly that in their judgement it is implicit in the declaration of 1917 that the natural issue of India's constitutional progress, as there contemplated, in the attainment of Dominion Status"
1354	1929	19 Dec	P	The Indian National Congress, on 19 December 1929, passed the historic ‘Purna Swaraj’ – (total independence) resolution – at its Lahore session. A public declaration was made on 26 January 1930 – a day which the Congress Party urged Indians to celebrate as ‘Independence Day’. The declaration was passed due to the breakdown of negotiations between leaders of the freedom movement and the British over the question of dominion status for India. The Purna Swaraj declaration (Hindi: पूर्ण, Purna, meaning "complete", Hindi: स्व, Swa, meaning "self" and Hindi: राज, raj, meaning "rule"), or Declaration of the Independence of India, was promulgated by the Indian National Congress on 26 January 1930, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj, or complete self-rule independent of the British Empire. The Flag of India was hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru on 31 December 1929 on the banks of Ravi River, in Lahore, modern-day Pakistan. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day (Legacy). The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers, nationalists and the public.
1355	1929		Tr	Defunct airlines of Pre-Independence India: Indian State Air Service, 1929 to 1931 Indian Transcontinental Airlines, 1933 to 1948 Himalayan Air Transport & Survey,1934 to 1935 Irawaddy Flotilla & Airways, 1934 to 1939, Its fall was triggered by the Japnese invasion of Burme in 1942 Airways India, 1945 to 1953 The Bombay Flying Club is the oldest Flying club in India. It is located at the Juhu Aerodrome, Bombay (Mumbai). Bombay Flying Club was incorporated on 29 May 1928, and commenced instructions on 13 January 1929 when they received their first two de Havilland Moth aircraft, presented to them by the Government of India. J. R. D. Tata, the father of Indian Civil aviation, who received India's first pilot licence, trained at this club in 1929. Lady Dinshaw Petit, his sister, became the first lady to obtain a pilot licence in India.
1356	1930		A	The 1930s saw the rise of music in Indian cinema with musicals such as Indra Sabha and Devi Devyani marking the beginning of song-and-dance in Indian films.
1357	1930		A	R. S. D. Choudhury produced Wrath (1930), which was banned by the British Raj for its depiction of Indian actors as leaders during the Indian independence movement.
1358	1930		Bu	Incorporated in 1930, Vazir Sultan Tobacco Industries is India’s third-largest cigarette maker. It makes cigarettes under the brand names Charms, Charminar, Gold, Moments and Zaffran, among others. Its name was later changed to VST Industries on 30 April 1983. Vazir Sultan Tobacco was started by the late Mr. Vazir Sultan in 1916, present Vithalwadi, Hyderabad. VST went public in 1930.
1359	1930		Co	Khudai Khidmatgar (literally "servants of God" actually meaning "volunteer servants") formed in 1930, is a predominantly Pashtun nonviolent resistance movement known for its activism against the British Raj in Colonial India; it was based in the country's North-West Frontier Province (now in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). Also called Surkh Posh or "Red Shirts" or "red-dressed", this was originally a social reform organisation focusing on education and the elimination of blood feuds; it was known as the Anjuman-e-Islah-e Afghania (society for the reformation of Afghans/Pashtoons). The movement was led by Abdul Ghaffar Khan, known locally as Bacha Khan, Badshah Khan, or Sarhadi Gandhi.
1360	1930	2 Jan	H	The revolutionaries and their methods were severely criticised by Gandhi. Responding to the attack on Lord Irwin's train, Gandhi wrote a harsh critique of the HSRA titled "The Cult of the Bomb" (Young India, 2 January 1930). In it, he declared that bomb-throwing was nothing but "froth coming to the surface in an agitated liquid". He condemned the HSRA and its actions as "cowards" and "dastardly". According to Gandhi, the HSRA's violent struggle had its hazards. The violence led to more reprisals and suffering. Also, it would turn inward as "it was an easy natural step" from "violence done to the foreign ruler" "to violence to our own people". The HSRA responded to this criticism with its own manifesto "The Philosophy of the Bomb", in which they defended their violent methods as being complementary to Gandhi's non-violent methods.
1361	1930	June	H	Later the Lahore faction of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) broke away and formed the Atishi Chakar (The Ring of Fire) party under the leadership of Hansraj. They carried out a series of bombings across Punjab in June 1930
1362	1930	July	H	In July 1930 the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) robbed the Gadodia stores in New Delhi and carried away 14,000 rupees. This money was later used to fund a bomb factory.
1363	1930	1 Sep	H	On 1 September 1930, the Rawalpindi faction made a failed attempt to burgle the Office of the Controller of Military Accounts. During this period the leading members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) were Chandra Shekhar Azad, Yashpal, Bhagwati Charan Vohra and Kailash Pati.
1364	1930	October	H	Kailash Pati was arrested in October 1930 and turned an approver (witness for the prosecution)
1365	1930	December	H	In December 1930, an attempt was made to assassinate the Governor of Punjab, which wounded him in his arm
1366	1930		H	The Philosophy of the Bomb leaflets: Azad, Yashpal, Vohra and Kailashpati decided that in reply to a Congress resolution in praise of the Viceroy and in support of non-violence, a leaflet should be written by Vohra and distributed throughout India on the evening prior to “Independence Day”, that is, 25 January 1930. Specifically, they intended to address a pamphlet issued by Gandhi – The Cult of the Bomb – which had criticised their methods. In the event 500 leaflets were printed, entitled The Philosophy of the Bomb. These were then distributed on the intended day around educational buildings, to Congress workers and to press and news agencies. Other copies were posted to individuals, including Sir James Crerar, Home Member, Assembly, Delhi; Asaf Ali, the barrister; and Kamla Parshad Jain, of Baraut.
1367	1930	28 May	H	Kailashpati was told in early June that Vohra had been killed in Lahore on 28 May 1930 through the explosion of a bomb which he was testing. Sukhdev Raj, who was with him, had been badly wounded in the foot and Vaishampayan had been burnt on the shin.
1368	1930		N	The Free Press Journal, English, Daily The Free Press Journal is an Indian English-language daily newspaper that was established in 1928 by Swaminathan Sadanand (S. Sadanand), who also acted as its first editor. First produced to complement a news agency, the Free Press of India, it was a supporter of the Independence movement. It is published in Mumbai, India. It supported the practice rights of Jewish doctors who had taken refuge in Mumbai fleeing persecution in Germany, in the 1930s. Indian doctors opposed their right to practice claiming that Germany did not have reciprocal arrangements for Indian doctors. The Free Press Journal argued that this was against the "ancient Indian traditions of affording shelter from persecution".
1369	1930	1938	P	Muslim homeland, provincial elections: 1930–1938 In 1933, Choudhry Rahmat Ali had produced a pamphlet, entitled Now or never, in which the term Pakistan, 'land of the pure,' comprising the Punjab, North West Frontier Province (Afghania), Kashmir, Sindh, and Balochistan, was coined for the first time. However, the pamphlet did not attract political attention and, a little later, a Muslim delegation to the Parliamentary Committee on Indian Constitutional Reforms gave short shrift to the idea of Pakistan, calling it "chimerical and impracticable". In 1932, British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald accepted Dr. Ambedkar's demand for the "Depressed Classes" to have separate representation in the central and provincial legislatures. The Muslim League favoured the award as it had the potential to weaken the Hindu caste leadership. However, Mahatma Gandhi, who was seen as a leading advocate for Dalit rights, went on a fast to persuade the British to repeal the award. Ambedkar had to back down when it seemed Gandhi's life was threatened.
1370	1930		P	Jawaharlal Nehru becomes president of the Congressty. Jawaharlal Nehru hoists the tricolour of India on the banks of River Ravi in Lahore.
1371	1930		P	First Independence Day observed.
1372	1930		P	Working committee of INC meets at Sabarmati and passed the Civil Disobedience Movement with the epic Dandi march.
1373	1930	1933	P	Purna Swaraj (Total Independence) Resolution passed in Lahore Increasing Hindu-Muslim tension was only one reason for the increasing estrangement between the Congress and the League. The adoption by the Congress of a resolution demanding ‘total independence’ (Poorna Swaraj, 26 January 1930), leaving the old guard’s demand of ‘Dominion Status’ within the British Empire far behind, was quite incompatible with the League’s pursuit of a British-friendly policy. Gandhi launches further all-India Civil disobedience campaigns, now based on the demand for Purna Swaraj (full independence from British rule). This time Muslim participation is very low compared to 1919–22, with the exception of the North-West Frontier Province where the radical Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God) movement of the local Pashtuns enthusiastically endorses Civil disobedience. A day of peaceful protest in Peshawar is met with considerable violence from the British military resulting in over 200, predominantly Muslim, civilian deaths.
1374	1930		P	Mahatma Gandhi launches the Civil disobedience Movement with his epic Dandi march (Salt March) on 12 March 1930 Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi begins a defiant march to the sea in protest of the British monopoly on salt, his boldest act of civil disobedience yet against British rule in India. Civil disobedience refers to the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power. The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mahatma Gandhi. The 24-day march lasted from 12 March 1930 to 5 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. Another reason for this march was that the Civil Disobedience Movement needed a strong inauguration that would inspire more people to follow Gandhi's example. Gandhi started this march with 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march spanned 240 miles (390 km), from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, Navsari, which was called Navsari at that time (now in the state of Gujarat). Growing numbers of Indians joined them along the way. When Gandhi broke the British Raj salt laws at 6:30 am on 6 April 1930, it sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against the salt laws by millions of Indians.
1375	1930		P	Dandi march (Salt March) After making the salt by evaporation at Dandi, Gandhi continued southward along the coast, making salt and addressing meetings on the way. The Congress Party planned to stage a satyagraha at the Dharasana Salt Works, 25 mi (40 km) south of Dandi. However, Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of 4–5 May 1930, just days before the planned action at Dharasana. The Dandi March and the ensuing Dharasana Satyagraha drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement through extensive newspaper and newsreel coverage. The satyagraha against the salt tax continued for almost a year, ending with Gandhi's release from jail and negotiations with Viceroy Lord Irwin at the Second Round Table Conference. Although over 60,000 Indians were jailed as a result of the Salt Satyagraha, the British did not make immediate major concessions.
1376	1930		P	The Delhi Conspiracy Commission was created dated 9 April 1930 by an order of the Chief Commissioner of Delhi, exercising his special powers under section 3(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The Commission was directed that certain persons shall be tried by it for the offence of conspiring to wage a war against the British King. The number of accused to be tried by the Commission was 24 in all. Out of these 24 persons, 14 were arrested and produced before the Commission, while nine were declared absconding and one had died. Though only 24 persons were accused of the offence, during the trial it transpired that there were a large number of persons who had participated in the venture. It was an Indian revolutionary movement directed against the British to win India's freedom by violent revolutionary means. The three-member commission consisted of L.S.White (president) and members Kanwar Sain and Amir Ali. During the trial of the accused persons, the Crown was represented by Muhammad Zafarullah Khan and his team. The accused were represented by Asaf Ali with support from others.
1377	1930		P	The Vedaranyam March (also called the Vedaranyam Satyagraha) was a framework of the nonviolent civil disobedience movement in British India. Modeled on the lines of Dandi March (Salt March), which was led by Mahatma Gandhi on the western coast of India the month before, it was organised to protest the salt tax imposed by the British Raj in the colonial India. C. Rajagopalachari, a close associate of Gandhi, led the march which had close to 150 volunteers, most of whom belonged to the Indian National Congress. It began at Trichinopoly (now Tiruchirappalli) on 13 April 1930 and proceeded for about 150 mi (240 km) towards the east before culminating at Vedaranyam, a small coastal town in the then Tanjore District. By collecting salt directly from the sea the marchers broke the salt law. The campaign came to an end on 28 April 1930 when the participants were arrested by the police. Its leader Rajagopalachari was imprisoned for six months. The march along with the ones at Dandi and Dharasana drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement.
1378	1930	18 Apr	P	Chittagong armoury raid, also known as the Chittagong uprising, was an attempt on 18 April 1930 to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong armoury in the Bengal Presidency of British Raj (now in Bangladesh) by armed Indian independence fighters (Revolutionary movement for Indian independence) led by Surya Sen. They were inspired by the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland and led by Surya Sen. However, they were ideologically influenced more by the Communists in Soviet Russia. Many of these raiders later became Communists. Result of raid …. Failure to locate ammunition Success to cut telephone and telegraph wires and disrupt train movements The Chittagong revolutionary group suffered a fatal blow when Masterda Surya Sen was arrested on 16 February 1933 from Gairala village after a tip-off from an insider of the group. For the reward money, jealousy, or both, Netra Sen told the British Government that Surya Sen was at his house. But before Netra Sen was able to get his 10,000 rupee reward, he was assassinated by the revolutionaries. Surya Sen along with Tarakeswar Dastidar were hanged by the British Administration on the 12th of January 1934 after inhuman torture in prison.
1379	1930		P	Qissa Khwani massacre: The massacre at the Qissa Khwani Bazaar in Peshawar, British India (modern day Pakistan) on 23 April 1930 was one of the defining moments of the independence movement in British India. It was the first major confrontation between British troops and demonstrators in the city of Abdul Ghaffar Khan's non violent Khudai Khidmatgar (servants of God) movement against the British Indian government Estimates at the time put the death toll from the shooting at between the official count at 20, and the figure of 400 dead put forth by Pakistani and Indian sources. The gunning down of unarmed people triggered protests across British India and catapulted the newly formed Khudai Khidmatgar movement into prominence. Simultaneous demonstrations were led by a cross section of civil society in and around Peshawar, led by Maulana Abdur Rahim Popalzai against discriminatory laws like the Frontier Crimes Regulation against the people of the province. After other Khudai Khidmatgar leaders were arrested, a large crowd of the group gathered at Qissa Khwani bazaar. A British Army dispatch rider was killed and his body burned. Two British armored cars drove into the square at high speed, killing several people. It is claimed that the crowd continued their commitment to non-violence, offering to disperse if they could gather their dead and injured, and if British troops left the square. At that point, the British ordered troops to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd. The Khudai Khidmatgar members willingly faced bullets, responding without violence. Instead, many members repeated 'God is Great' and clutched the Qur'an as they went to their death.
1380	1930		P	The Simon Commission published its 2-volume report in May 1930. It proposed the abolition of dyarchy and the establishment of representative government in the provinces. It also recommended that separate communal electorates be retained, but only until tensions between Hindus and Muslims had died down. The outcome was the Government of India Act 1935, which called for "responsible" government at the provincial level in India but not at the national level—that is a government responsible to the Indian community rather than London. It is the basis of many parts of the Indian Constitution. In 1937 the first elections were held in the Provinces, resulting in Congress Governments being returned in almost all Provinces Clement Attlee was deeply moved by his experience on the Commission, and endorsed the final report. However by 1933 he argued that British rule was alien to India and was unable to make the social and economic reforms necessary for India's progress. He became the British leader most sympathetic to Indian independence (as a dominion), preparing him for his role in deciding on Indian independence as British Prime Minister in 1947
1381	1930		P	The Simon Commission: Members of the commission …. Sir John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, MP for Spen Valley (Liberal, chairman) Clement Attlee, MP for Limehouse (Labour) Harry Levy-Lawson, 1st Viscount Burnham Edward Cadogan, MP for Finchley (Conservative) Vernon Hartshorn, MP for Ogmore (Labour) George Lane-Fox, 1st Baron Bingley, MP for Barkston Ash (Conservative) Donald Howard, 3rd Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal
1382	1930		P	Will Durant arrives in India and is shocked by what he discovers of British rule.
1383	1930	1932	P	In response to the inadequacy of the Simon Commission's Report, the Labour Government, which had come to power under Ramsay MacDonald in 1929, decided to hold a series of Round Table Conferences in London. The three Round Table Conferences (India) of 1930–1932 were a series of peace conferences organized by the British Government (Government of the United Kingdom) and Indian political personalities to discuss constitutional reforms in India. These started in November 1930 and ended in December 1932. They were conducted as per the recommendation of Muhammad Ali Jinnah to Viceroy Lord Irwin (Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax) and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, and by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930. Demands for Swaraj, or self-rule, in India had been growing increasingly strong. B. R. Ambedkar, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, K. T. Paul and Mirabehn are key participants from India. By the 1930s, many British politicians believed that India needed to move towards dominion status. However, there were significant disagreements between the Indian and the British political parties that the Conferences would not resolve. The key topic was about constitution and India which was mainly discussed in that conference.
1384	1930	1931	P	First Round table conference (November 1930 – January 1931) begins in London to consider the report of Simon Commission for the future constitutional set-up in India. Lord Irwin made a controversial statement declaring that India should be eventually granted Dominionship. After a discussion in Delhi in December 1929, Gandhi had refused to attend the London meetings. In accordance with the law the Viceroy arrested Gandhi sending him to prison. Prior to the Conference, M. K. Gandhi had initiated the Civil disobedience Movement on behalf of the Indian National Congress. Consequently, since many of the Congress' leaders were in jail, Congress did not participate in the first conference, but representatives from all other Indian parties and a number of Princes did. In total 74 delegates from India attended the Conference. The Round Table Conference was officially inaugurated by His Majesty George V on November 12, 1930 in Royal Gallery House of Lords at London and chaired by the Prime Minister. Ramsay MacDonald was also chairman of a subcommittee on minority representation, while for the duration his son, Malcolm MacDonald, performed liaison tasks with Lord Sankey (John Sankey, 1st Viscount Sankey)'s constitutional committee. The outcomes of the first Round Table Conference were minimal: India was to develop into a federation, safeguards regarding defence and finance were agreed and other departments were to be transferred. However, little was done to implement these recommendations and civil disobedience continued in India. The British Government realized that the Indian National Congress needed to be part of deciding the future of constitutional government in India.
1385	1930	1931	P	First Round table conference: The Conservatives were disgusted: "the whole conference was manipulated and manoeuvred by the Socialist Party, said Churchill, "to achieve the result they had set before themselves from the beginning, namely the conferring of responsible government at the centre upon Indians." Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, met with Gandhi to reach a compromise. On 5 March 1931 they agreed the folowing to pave the way for the Congress' participation in the second Round Table Conference: Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement, It would participate in the Second Round Table Conference, The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress, The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offenses not involving violence and The Government would release all persons undergoing sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
1386	1930	Bombay	S	Bombay Cricket Association (Mumbai Cricket Association) is the governing body for cricket in Bombay and its surrounding regions like Thane and Navi Mumbai. The jurisdiction includes the area up to Dahanu in the Western Suburbs, Badlapur in the Central Suburbs, and Navi Mumbai up to Kharghar. The association comes under the west zone. The Association was established in 1930 and it has a Constitution.
1387	1930		T	Vivekananda Setu (also called Willingdon Bridge and Bally Bridge) is a bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It links the city of Howrah, at Bally, to North 24 Parganas district, at Dakshineswar. Completed on 12 December 1930 & opened on 28 December 1930, it is a multispan steel bridge and was built to provide road and rail links between the Calcutta Port and its hinterland. It is 2,960 feet (900 m) long having 9 Spans in total. The famous Dakshineswar Temple is situated on the banks of the Hooghly River near the Bally Bridge. The bridge is one of 4 bridges & the 2nd Oldest Bridge linking Howrah and Kolkata. The bridge was originally named Willingdon Bridge after Viceroy of India, Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon, who inaugurated it. It was eventually renamed Bally Bridge, before officially becoming known as Vivekananda Setu.
1388	1930		Tr	Begumpet Airport was established in 1930 by Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad, and Berar Province with the formation of Hyderabad Aero Club. Initially, it was used by the Nizam of the Hyderabad State as a domestic and international airport for the Nizam's Deccan Airways Limited, one of the premier and the earliest airline in British India. The terminal building was created in 1937.
1389	1931		A	In South India, the first Telugu and Tamil bilingual talkie Kalidas (film) directed by H. M. Reddy was released on 31 October 1931. R. Nataraja Mudaliar established South India's first film studio in Madras – "Indian Film Company Limited".
1390	1931		A	Ardeshir Irani released Alam Ara, the first Indian talkie, on 14 March 1931. Irani later produced the first south Indian talkie film Kalidas (film) directed by H. M. Reddy released on 31 October 1931. Jamai Shashthi (Bengali: জামাই ষষ্ঠী English: Son-in-law day) is a 1931 Bengali language Short film directed by Amar Choudhury and produced by Madan Theatre Limited. It is a milestone of Bengali cinema (Cinema of West Bengal) as it was the first Bengali Short film as a talkie (Sound film). It was released at Crown Cinema Hall in Calcutta on 11 April 1931, in the same year as Alam Ara, the first Indian talkie. Chittor V. Nagaiah, was one of the first multilingual film actor/singer/composer/producer/directors in India. He was known as India's Paul Muni.
1391	1931		A	New Theatres is an Indian film studio. It was formed in Calcutta by producer B. N. Sircar (Birendranath Sircar, the recipient of Dadasaheb Phalke Award of 1970). It was formed on 10 February 1931. Motto of this company was– Jivatang Jyotiretu Chhayam (Light infusing shadows with life).
1392	1931		B	Initially known as Travancore Federal Bank, Federal Bank Ltd was founded by K.P. Hormis in 1931. In 1970, it became a scheduled commercial bank and it went public in 1994. In August 2013, it introduced FedBook, the first electronic passbook launched by a bank in India.
1393	1931		B	Vijaya Bank was founded on 23 October 1931 by A.B. Shetty, an entrepreneur-politician, along with some farmers in Mangalore, Karnataka. The aim was to promote banking, thrift and entrepreneurship among farmers. It became a scheduled bank in 1958 and was nationalized on 15 April 1980.
1394	1931		BE	The term British Commonwealth of Nations is applied to largely self-governing dependencies that acknowledge an increasingly symbolic British authority. (The Commonwealth will ultimately evolve into a free, voluntary association of sovereign states that maintain ties of friendship and cooperation and that continue to acknowledge the British monarch as symbolic head of their association.)
1395	1931		Bu	Arvind Ltd. (Arvind (company)): In 1931, the Lalbhai brothers—Kasturbhai, Narottambhai and Chimanbhai—set up a mill to produce indigenous fabrics. By 1991, the company reached the production mark of 1600 million metres of denim per year and was the world’s third-largest denim maker.
1396	1931		Bu	Incorporated as Bata Shoe Co. Pvt. Ltd. (Bata Corporation) in 1931, it was set up as a small operation in Konnagar near Kolkata. In January 1934, the foundation stone for the first building of Bata’s operation was laid. Today, it is the largest retailer and leading manufacturer of footwear in India.
1397	1931		Bu	Founded as Hindusthan Sugar Mills Ltd, Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar Ltd was started by Jamnalal Bajaj. Its first plant was set up at Golagokarannath, Terai, Uttar Pradesh in 1932. It was renamed Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar Ltd in 1988. During the drought in 2002, the firm’s unit was the first to crush 20 million quintals of cane.
1398	1931		Bu	Unilever’s Indian subsidiary Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing Co., founded in 1931, merged with Lever Brothers India Ltd and United Traders Ltd to form Hindustan Lever Ltd in November 1956. Now known as Hindustan Unilever Ltd, it is India’s largest fast-moving consumer goods firm through various acquisitions, including those of Brooke Bond and Co. India Ltd and Pond’s (India) Ltd.
1399	1931		Co	The Khaksar movement was a Social movement based in Lahore, Punjab, British India, established by Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi in 1931, with the aim of freeing India from the rule of the British Empire and establish a Hindu-Muslim government in India. The membership of the Khaksar movement was open to everyone and had no membership fee regardless of the person's religion, race and caste or social status. The emphasis was on the brotherhood of mankind and being inclusive for all people.
1400	1931		E	Dr. Karan Singh is born, son and heir apparent of Kashmir's last Maharaja; becomes parliamentarian, Indian ambassador to the US and global Hindu spokesman.
1401	1931		F	27 February 1931 Chandra Sekhar Azad dies. In the 1925 Kakori trial, Ram Prasad Bismil and some others were charged with various offences, including robbery and murder. Fifteen people had been released due to lack of evidence and a further five had escaped, two of them — Ashfaqulla Khan and Sachindra Bakshi — were captured after the trial. Chandra Sekhar Azad, reorganised the HRA (Hindustan Republican Association) in 1928 and operated it till 27 February 1931, the day he died in a heroic act in Allahabad. On the day, He was surrounded by police and after a long shootout, holding true to his pledge to never be captured alive, he shot himself dead with his last bullet at Alfred Park, Allahabad.
1402	1931		F	Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru executed (in Lahore Case). John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police was shot, as he was leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928. The man they actually wanted was superintendent of police, James Scott, who had rained lathi blows on one of India's most respected leaders, Lala Lajpat Rai during an anti-Simon Commission protest, leading to his death on November 17, 1928. It was a symbolic action; the mistaken identity was of little relevance. Saunders was felled by a single shot from Rajguru, a marksman. He was then shot several times by Singh, the postmortem report showing eight bullet wounds. Another associate of Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, shot dead an Indian police constable, Chanan Singh, who attempted to pursue Singh and Rajguru as they fled. Bhagat Singh became a popular folk hero after his death. Jawaharlal Nehru wrote about him, "Bhagat Singh did not become popular because of his act of terrorism but because he seemed to vindicate, for the moment, the honour of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him of the nation. He became a symbol; the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months each town and village of the Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resounded with his name." The three who ‘executed’ Inspector Saunders were sentenced to be hanged on March 24, 1931. But the hanging was brought forward by 11 hours to March 23 at 7:00 PM. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru were hanged in Lahore jail. Details of the case show that his conviction and hanging were illegal.
1403	1931		Fl	The flag adopted in 1931. This flag was also the battle ensign of the Indian National Army. The year 1931 was a landmark in the history of the flag. A resolution was passed adopting a tricolor flag as our national flag. This flag, the forbear of the present one, was saffron, white and green with Mahatma Gandhi's spinning wheel at the center. It was, however, clearly stated that it bore no communal significance and was to be interpreted thus.
1404	1931	1936	G	Lord Willingdon – Viceroy, (Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon) Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon GCSI GCMG GCIE GBE PC (12 September 1866 – 12 August 1941), was a British Liberal politician and administrator who served as Governor General of Canada, the 13th since Canadian Confederation, and as Viceroy and Governor-General of India, the country's 22nd. During his time as Viceroy of India .... Poona Pact was signed (September 24, 1932), Second (September 1931 – December 1931) and Third (November 1932 – December 1932) Round Table Conferences (India) was held, Communal Award started (16 August 1932) by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, Government of India Act 1935 was passed.
1405	1931		H	By 1931, most of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)'s main leaders were either dead or in jail.
1406	1931	27 Feb	H	On 27 February 1931, Chandra Sekhar Azad shot himself during a gunfight with the police in a famous incident of Alfred Park.
1407	1931	23 Mar	H	The Assembly Bomb case trial followed and Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru were hanged on 23 March 1931 for their actions.
1408	1931		H	After Chandra Sekhar Azad's death, there was no central leader to unite the revolutionaries and regional differences increased. The organisation split into various regional groups and they carried out bombings and attacks on Indian officials without any central coordination.
1409	1931	December	H	In December 1931 another attempt was made to revive the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) at a meeting in Meerut.
1410	1931		N	The Indian Express, English, Daily In 1932, the Indian Express was started by an Ayurvedic doctor, P. Varadarajulu Naidu, at Chennai, being published by his "Tamil Nadu" press. Soon under financial difficulties, he sold the newspaper to Swaminathan Sadanand (S. Sadanand), the founder of The Free Press of India, a national news agency. In 1933, the Indian Express opened its second office in Madurai, launching the Tamil edition, Dinamani. Sadanand introduced several innovations and reduced the price of the newspaper. Faced with financial difficulties, he sold a part of his stake to Ramnath Goenka as convertible debentures. In 1935, when The Free Press Journal finally collapsed, and after a protracted court battle with Goenka, Sadanand lost ownership of Indian Express. In 1939 Goenka bought Andhra Prabha, another prominent Telugu daily newspaper. The name Three Musketeers was often used for the three dailies namely, The Indian Express, Dinamani and Andhra Prabha.
1411	1931		N	The New Indian Express, English, Daily The New Indian Express is an Indian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper published by the Chennai-based Express Publications. It was founded in 1932 as The Indian Express, under the ownership of Chennai-based P. Varadarajulu Naidu. In 1991, following the death of owner Ramnath Goenka, his family split the group into two companies. Initially, the two groups shared The Indian Express title, as well as editorial and other resources. But on 13 August 1999, the northern editions, headquartered in Mumbai, retained The Indian Express moniker, while the southern editions became The New Indian Express.
1412	1931	5 Mar	P	Gandhi–Irwin Pact signed. Civil disobedience movement suspended. The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on 5 March 1931 before the second Round Table Conference in London. Before this, Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, had announced in October 1929 a vague offer of 'dominion status' for British-occupied India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. The second Round Table Conference was held from September to December 1931 in London. "The Two Leaders"—as Sarojini Naidu described Gandhi and Lord Irwin—had eight meetings that totaled 24 hours. Gandhi was impressed by Irwin’s sincerity. The terms of the "Gandhi-Irwin Pact" fell manifestly short of those Gandhi prescribed as the minimum for a truce.
1413	1931	5 Mar	P	Gandhi–Irwin Pact signed: Below are the proposed conditions:- Discontinuation of Salt March by the Indian National Congress Participation by the Indian National Congress in the Second Round Table Conference Withdrawal of all ordinances issued by the Government of India imposing curbs on the activities of the Indian National Congress Withdrawal of all prosecutions relating to several types of offenses (Rowlatt Act) except those involving violence Release of prisoners arrested for participating in the Salt March Removal of the tax on salt, which allowed the Indians to produce, trade, and sell salt legally and for their own private use Many British officials in India, and in Great Britain, were outraged by the idea of a pact with a party whose avowed purpose was the destruction of the British Raj. Winston Churchill publicly expressed his disgust "...at the nauseating and humiliating spectacle of this one-time Inner Temple lawyer, now seditious fakir, striding half-naked up the steps of the Viceroy’s palace, there to negotiate and parley on equal terms with the representative of the King Emperor."
1414	1931		P	As a result of the Second Round Table Conference, in September 1931, the then Prime Minister of Britain Ramsay MacDonald gave his 'award', known as the Communal Award, also known as MacDonald Award. It provided separate representation for the Forward Caste, Scheduled Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and Scheduled Castes. The Scheduled Castes (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from special constituencies in which scheduled castes could vote. The Award was controversial as it was believed by some to have been brought in by the British to create social divide among the Hindus. Gandhi feared that it would disintegrate Hindu society. However, the Communal Award was supported by many among the minority communities, most notably the leader of the Scheduled Castes, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. According to Ambedkar, Gandhi was ready to award separate electorates to Muslims and Sikhs. But Gandhi was reluctant to give separate electorates to scheduled castes. He was afraid of division inside Congress and Hindu society due to separate scheduled caste representations. But Ambedkar insisted for separate electorate for scheduled caste. The separate electorate was now available to the Forward Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and Depressed Classes (now known as the Scheduled Caste) etc. The principle of weightage was also applied. The Award favoured the minorities over the Hindus causing consternation and eliciting anger from Gandhi. From the fastness of Yerawada Central Jail he made contact with the Cabinet in London declaring on 4 January 1933 an open fast until death.
1415	1931	1931	P	Second Round Table Conference (7 September 1931 to 1 December 1931) was held in London with the participation of Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. The Congress, which had killed and boycotted the first conference, was requested to come to a settlement by Sapru, M. R. Jayakar and V. S. Srinivasa Sastri. A settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin (Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax) led to the participation of Congress in the second session of Round Table Conference. Two weeks before the Conference convened, the Labour government had been replaced by the Conservatives. At the conference, Gandhi claimed to represent all people of India. This view, however, was not shared by other delegates. In fact, the division between the many attending groups was one of the reasons why the outcome of the second Round Table Conference had no substantial results regarding India's constitutional future. On 7 November 1931 Gandhi secretly met with Malcolm MacDonald in his rooms at Balliol College, Oxford. He took the opportunity to gain publicity from a tour of the East End and visit to Lancashire cotton mills, but could not persuade the government to grant self-rule: of more urgency was the gathering Agrarian Crisis and Congress newest campaign for a Fair rent. Meanwhile, civil unrest had spread throughout India again, and upon return to India Gandhi was arrested along with other Congress leaders. A separate province of Sind was created and the interests of minorities were safeguarded by MacDonald's Communal Award.
1416	1931		P	Statute of Westminster 1931: The statute of Westminster was passed in 1931 and it was a law that clarified and declared the powers of the parliaments of many British colonies, among them, Canada. The statute gave the former colonies full legal control of themselves with the exception of areas where the colony may want to remain dependent of Britain. The major responsibility that the Canadian government didn't take on was the modification of their own constitution.
1417	1931	1931	T	List of dams and reservoirs in Telangana (pre-independence): 1931 Nizam Sagar, Godavari River 1931 Alisagar Reservoir, Godavari River
1418	1931		W	The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that sets the basis for the relationship between the Commonwealth realms and the Crown. Passed on 11 December 1931, the Statute, established the legislative independence of the self-governing Dominions of the British Empire from the United Kingdom. It also bound them all to seek each other's approval for changes to monarchical titles and the common line of succession. The Statute was effective either immediately or upon ratification. It thus became a statutory embodiment of the principles of equality and common allegiance to the Crown set out in the Balfour Declaration of 1926. As the Statute removed nearly all of the British parliament's authority to legislate for the Dominions, it had the effect of making the Dominions largely sovereign nations in their own right. It was a crucial step in the development of the Dominions as separate states. Its modified versions are now domestic law within Australia and Canada; it has been repealed in New Zealand and implicitly in former Dominions that are no longer Commonwealth realms.
1419	1932		A	Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film): Bhakta Prahlada (Prahlada, the devotee) is the first Telugu-language full length sound film, based on Prahlada and Narasimha in Hindu History. It is made by H. M. Reddy, a pioneer of the Indian film industry. No print of the film is known to survive, making it a lost film. Ardeshir Irani was planning to make the first Indian talkie movie Alam Ara in Hindi in 1931. H. M. Reddy was assistant director for that film and made the first south Indian talkie in Telugu on the same sets. Cast: Valluru Subbaiah as Hiranya Kasapa Naguboina Sudheer as Prahlada Surabhi Kamalabai as Leelavati Doraswamy Naidu as Indra Akkineni Lakshmi Varaprasad as Modhabbai, (friend of Prahlada) Munipalle Subbiah B. V. Subbarao, Chitrapu Narasimha Rao, and Master Krishna play supporting roles. Directed by : H. M. Reddy, C. S. R., L. V. Prasad (assistant director)
1420	1932		A	In 1932, the name "Tollywood" was coined for the Bengali film industry because Tollygunge rhymed with "Hollywood". Tollygunge was then the centre of the Indian film industry. Bombay later overtook Tollygunge as the industry's center, spawning "Bollywood" and many other Hollywood-inspired names.
1421	1932		H	The attempt for Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) revival failed with the arrests of Yashpal and Daryao Singh in 1932.
1422	1932		N	Gujarat Samachar, Gujarati, Daily Gujarat Samachar is a Gujarati-language daily newspaper with headquarters in Ahmedabad and a branch in Surat. The paper was founded in 1932, and acquired by Shantilal Shah (1920-c.1984) in 1952. Its first issue was published on 16 January 1932.
1423	1932		N	Sakal, Marathi, Daily Sakal was a classic newspaper of the pre-independence nationalist period. Its idealistic founder, Dr. N.P. alias Nanasaheb Parulekar had been influenced by American newspapers during his years at Columbia University. By introducing Sakal (morning) to advance Mahatma Gandhi's movement for independence, he also showed the path to genuine daily journalism in Marathi. Though it was started as a part of the nationalist cause, after Indian independence, Sakal newspaper established itself as a successful business by reporting on day-to-day concerns, not just of Pune but also of its rural neighborhoods.
1424	1932	16 Aug	P	British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announces the Communal Award giving separate electorate to Harijans get reserved seats in place of separate electorate. The Communal Award was created by the British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald on 16 August 1932. Also known as the MacDonald Award, it was announced after the Round Table Conference (1930–32) and extended the separate electorate to depressed Classes (now known as the Scheduled Caste) and other minorities. The separate electorate was introduced in Indian Councils Act 1909 for Muslims and extended to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans by Government of India Act 1919. The reason behind introduction of Communal Award was that Ramsay MacDonald considered himself as 'a friend of the Indians' and thus wanted to resolve the issues in India. The Communal Award was announced after the failure of the Second of the Round Table Conferences (India). The Award attracted severe criticism from Mahatma Gandhi.
1425	1932		P	The Communal Award was controversial as it was believed by some to have been brought in by the British to create social divide among the Hindus. Gandhi feared that it would disintegrate Hindu society. However, the Communal Award was supported by many among the minority communities, most notably the Father of Indian Constitution, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. According to Ambedkar, Gandhi was ready to award separate electorates to Muslims and Sikhs. But Gandhi was reluctant to give separate electorates to scheduled castes. He was afraid of division inside Congress and Hindu society due to separate scheduled caste representations. But Ambedkar insisted for separate electorate for scheduled caste.
1426	1932	16 Sep	P	On September 16th of 1932, Mahatma Gandhi began a “fast unto death” to protest British support of a new Indian Constitution that would separate the Indian electorate by caste, thereby segregating the “untouchables” & ensuring that the social classes would remain unfairly divided. After just six days, the British accepted an alternate proposal & he was able to break the fast. However, Gandhi’s non-violent & steadfast commitment to social justice continued until “The Great Soul” was assassinated in 1948.
1427	1932	24 Sep	P	Poona Pact The Poona Pact was an agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on behalf of depressed classes and upper caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of British India government in 1930. It was made on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Poona, India. It was signed by Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes and by Madan Mohan Malviya on behalf of the upper caste Hindus and Gandhi as a means to end the fast that Gandhi was undertaking in jail as a protest against the decision made by British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald to give separate electorates to depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies in British India. They finally agreed upon 148 electoral seats.
1428	1932	1932	P	Third Round table Conference (17 November 1932 – 24 December 1932) begins London. Only forty-six delegates attended since most of the main political figures of India were not present. The Labour Party from Britain, the Indian National Congress and Gandhi refused to attend. Like the two first conferences, little was achieved. From September 1931 until March 1933, under the supervision of the Secretary of State for India, Sir Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood, the proposed reforms took the form reflected in the Government of India Act 1935. The recommendations were published in a White Paper in March 1933 and debated in Parliament afterwards. A Joint Select Committee was formed to analyse the recommendations and formulate a new Act for India. The Committee produced a draft Bill in February 1935 which was enforced as the Government of India Act of 1935 in July 1935.
1429	1932		S	India competed at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. The Men's Field hockey team won their second consecutive gold. India (IND) Hockey team: Richard Allen (field hockey) Muhammad Aslam (field hockey) Lal Bokhari (Captain)[2] Frank Brewin Richard Carr (field hockey) Dhyan Chand Leslie Hammond Arthur Charles Hind Sayed Jaffar (field hockey) Masud Minhas Broome Pinniger Gurmit Singh Kullar Roop Singh William Sullivan (field hockey) Carlyle Tapsell
1430	1932		S	Indian cricket team in England in 1932:: India had just been granted the status of ICC (International Cricket Council) Full Member and they played their inaugural Test match at Lord's in June. It was the only Test arranged on this tour and England won by 158 runs after scoring 259 and 275/8d in the two innings while India were bowled out for 189 and 187. Maharaja of Porbandar, Natwarsinhji Bhavsinhji was the nominal captain but he played little and C. K. Nayudu was the de facto captain. Porbandar and the official vice-captain Limbdi both stood down for the Test match so that C.K.Nayudu could lead the team. The team "nicely reflected the balance of communal interests". There were seven Hindus, four Muslims, four Parsees and two Sikhs. A number of players, including Vijay Merchant, refused to participate because of unrest at home and in support of Mahatma Gandhi who had been arrested in January 1932.
1431	1932		S	Cricket : India had to wait till 1932 to become a Test-playing nation. 'Team India' underwent a 'baptism by fire' from 1932 to 1952 before opening its account in Test cricket. The fifth and final Test of the 1951–52 series against England at Chennai was won by an innings and eight runs.
1432	1932	Bombay	T	On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata flew from Karachi to Mumbai via Ahmedabad landing on a grass strip at Juhu paving the way for civil aviation in India.
1433	1932		Tr	Air India had its origin as Tata Air Services later renamed to Tata Airlines founded by J. R. D. Tata of Tata Sons (Tata Group), an Indian aviator and business tycoon. In April 1932, Tata won a contract to carry mail for Imperial Airways and the aviation department of Tata Sons was formed with two single-engine de Havilland Puss Moths. On 15 October 1932, Tata flew a Puss Moth carrying air mail from Karachi to Bombay and the aircraft continued to Madras piloted by Nevill Vintcent, a former Royal Air Force pilot and friend of Tata. The airline fleet consisted of a Puss Moth aircraft and a de Havilland Leopard Moth. Initial service included weekly airmail service between Karachi and Madras via Ahmedabad and Bombay. In its first year of operation, the airline flew 160,000 miles (260,000 km), carrying 155 passengers and 9.72 tonnes (10.71 tons) of mail and made a profit of ₹60,000 (US$840).
1434	1933		A	In 1933, East India Film Company produced its first Telugu film, Savitri (1933 film). Based on a stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam, the film was directed by C. Pullaiah with stage actors Vemuri Gaggaiah and Dasari Ramathilakam. The film received an honorary diploma at the 2nd Venice Film Festival.
1435	1933		A	A Bollywood movie, Karma (1933 film) is credited as having been the first English language talkie made by an Indian. It was one of the earliest Indian films to feature a kissing scene. The kissing scene, involving Himanshu Rai and Devika Rani, lasted for about four minutes, and this stands as the record for duration of a kissing scene in Indian cinema. Devika Rani also sang a song in the film, a bi-lingual song in English and Hindi. This song is said to be Bollywood's first English song.
1436	1933		Bu	The establishment of Saraswati Sugar Syndicate Ltd, a subsidiary, marks the beginning of the Indian Sugar and General Engineering Corp. (ISGEC). The engineering division was established in 1946
1437	1933	Bombay	Ed	UDCT established. First institute dedicated to research in Chemical Engineering in India. In 1921, Sir M. Visvesvaraya Committee recommended an institution of the Faculty of Technology at University of Bombay and a college of technology in Bombay. The ICT (Institute of Chemical Technology) was founded on October 1, 1933 as a University Department of Chemical and Technology (UDCT) of the University of Mumbai by then vice chancellor Sir Vitthal N. Chandavarkar. Since he was also the Chairman of Mill Owners' Association, Chandavarkar was keen on catering to the needs of Mumbai's bustling textile industry. The institute offered admissions to 20 students in two disciplines, textile chemistry and chemical engineering, offering a 2 year Degree course. Robert B. Forster of the University of Leeds became the first Head of the Department on October 26, 1933. Krishnasami Venkataraman was the first Indian director in 1938
1438	1933		N	Dinamani, Tamil, Daily The newspaper was established in 1933 and is owned by The New Indian Express Group. The first edition was published on 11 September. In 1933 Mahatma Gandhi started publishing a weekly newspaper, Harijan, in English. Dalit#Harijan, which means "People of God", and was also Gandhi's term for the untouchable caste (Dalit) – lasted until 1948. During this time Gandhi also published Harijan Bandu in Gujarati language, and Harijan Sevak in Hindi. All three papers focused on India's and the world's social and economic problems.
1439	1933		S	The first ever test-match played in India was held at the Bombay Gymkhana between 15 and 18 December 1933 was enjoyed by over 100,000 spectators on the field. Sadly India lost the series by two Tests. The Englishmen toured India for the first ever series between the two teams in 1933 – 34. The team led by Douglas Jardine was fairly strong but wasn’t the full strength England team. Bombay is one of those cities where Test Cricket has been played on 3 grounds – Bombay Gymkhana, Brabourne Stadium and Wankhade Stadium.
1440	1933		S	The Cricket Club of India (CCI) was incorporated as a company on 8 November 1933, during the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC)'s 1933–34 tour of India, with its registered office in New Delhi. R. E. Grant Govan, the President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), became the first President of the club. Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator), the Secretary of the BCCI from its inception in 1928 until 1937, also served the secretary of CCI from 1933 to 1937. Sir Nowroji Saklatwala was the first Chairman of club, who served till his death in 1938, who also donated a large sum for construction of pavilion of the stadium. Though the CCI was originally based in New Delhi, Bombay was chosen as the location of its new ground as Bombay was considered the home of cricket in India.
1441	1933		Tr	Indian National Airways Ltd was an airline based in Delhi, India. The founder of the airline was R. E. Grant Govan, a Delhi based British industrialist who also co-founded the Board of Control for Cricket in India and the Cricket Club of India. The airline was formed on the basis of a government airmail contract. The company was started by Govan Bros Ltd. in May 1933 with a capital of Rs. 3 million. It became the second airline to start operations in India in December 1933, with a weekly passenger and freight service between Calcutta and Rangoon as well as between Calcutta and Dhaka. It also started a weekly service between Karachi and Lahore, a feeder service for Imperial Airways. The company then had a fleet made up of light single engined aircraft. By 1937 the airline had clocked over a million miles and made a slender annual profit
1442	1934		A	Bombay Talkies was a movie studio founded in 1934. During its period of operation, Bombay Talkies produced 40 movies in Malad, a suburb of the Indian city of Bombay. The studio was established in 1934 by Himanshu Rai and Devika Rani. After Rai's death in 1940, Rani took over the studio. Besides the founders, Ashok Kumar was the leading actor of the studio until 1943, when he founded another studio, Filmistan, with Sashadhar Mukherjee. After Rani's retirement, Kumar and Mukherjee took over Bombay Talkies. The company went out of business in 1953. A last film produced by the studio was released in June 1954.
1443	1934		B	Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 is the legislative act under which the Reserve Bank of India was formed. This act along with the Companies Act, which was amended in 1936, were meant to provide a framework for the supervision of banking firms in India. Enacted by  : Imperial Legislative Council Enacted  : 6 March 1934 Commenced  : 1 April 1935 The Act contains the definition of the so-called scheduled banks, as they are mentioned in the 2nd Schedule of the Act. These are banks which were to have paid up capital and reserves above 5 lakh
1444	1934		Bu	Although Eveready products were marketed in India from 1905, Eveready Industries India was incorporated in 1934 and soon became a leader in the dry cells and flashlight segment. In 1940, Camperdown Works, the first modern battery plant in India was opened at Cossipore in Calcutta. It is the world’s third largest producer of carbon zinc batteries..
1445	1934		N	Chandrika (newspaper), Malayalam, Daily Chandrika is a Malayalam newspaper run by the Muslim Printing and Publishing Company, Kerala. It is the mouthpiece of Indian Union Muslim League and is published from Kozhikode, Kannur, Malappuram, Kochi, Trivandrum, Kottayam, Doha, Dubai, Riyadh, Bahrain, Dammam and Jeddah. Chandrika was founded as a first attempt to have a newspaper from Malabar Muslims to support the backward communities. Chandrika was established in the year 1934 at Thalassery. Chandrika started publishing from Kozhikode in 1936.
1446	1934	Bombay	P	Congress Socialist Party founded. The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress. It was founded in 1934 by Congress members who rejected what they saw as the anti-rational mysticism of Gandhi as well as the sectarian attitude of the Communist Party of India towards the Congress. Influenced by Fabianism as well as Marxism-Leninism, the CSP included advocates of armed struggle or sabotage (such as Yusuf Meherally, Jayaprakash Narayan, and Basawon Singh (Sinha) as well as those who insisted upon Ahimsa or Nonviolent resistance (such as Acharya Narendra Deva). The CSP advocated decentralized socialism in which co-operatives, trade unions, independent farmers, and local authorities would hold a substantial share of the economic power.
1447	1934		S	Ranji Trophy: The competition is named after the first Indian cricketer who played international cricket, Ranjitsinhji, who was also known as 'Ranji'. The competition was launched in following a meeting in July 1934, with the first fixtures taking place in 1934–35. The trophy was donated by Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala. The first match of the competition was held on 4 November 1934 between Madras and Mysore at the Chepauk ground in Madras in the final.
1448	1934		T	In 1830 ships of the British East India Company were designated as the Indian navy. However, in 1863, it was disbanded when Britain's Royal Navy (RN) took control of the Indian Ocean. About thirty years later, the few small Indian naval units were called the Royal Indian Marine (RIM). In the wake of World War I, Britain, exhausted in manpower and resources, opted for expansion of the RIM. Consequently, on 2 October 1934, the RIM was reincarnated as the Royal Indian Navy (RIN).
1449	1935		A	On 10 March 1935, another pioneer film maker Jyoti Prasad Agarwala made his first film Joymoti (1935 film) in Assamese. Jyoti Prasad went to Berlin to learn more about films. Indramalati is another film he himself produced and directed after Joymoti.
1450	1935		A	Devdas (1935 film) is a 1935 Bengali film directed by Assamese film maker Pramathesh Barua and based on the Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay novel, Devdas. It stars Barua himself as Devdas and Jamuna Barua as Parvati (Paro) and Chandrabati Devi as Chandramukhi. This was Barua's first of three language versions of the story, the second being in Hindi and the third in Assamese. The Bengali film was dubbed into Tamil and released in 1935. K. L. Saigal sang two songs in Tamil for this film.
1451	1935		Ad	Government of India Act 1935 passed. The Government of India Act 1935 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It originally received Royal assent in August 1935. Long Title : An Act to make further provision for the Government of India. Because of its length, the Act was retroactively split by the Government of India Act, 1935 into two separate Acts: The Government of India Act, 1935 , having 321 sections and 10 schedules. The Government of Burma Act, 1935 having 159 sections and 6 schedules. Act led to- Establishment of Reserve Bank of India. Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC), Provincial Public Service Commission (PPSC) and Joint Public Service Commission (JPSC). Federal Court in 1937. Bicameralism in 6 provinces (Bombay Presidency, Madras Presidency, Bengal Presidency, Bihar, Assam and United Provinces (1937–50)) out of 11 provinces.
1452	1935		B	Mercantile Bank of Hyderabad, founded by Raja Pannalal Pitti in 1935
1453	1935		Bu	Cipla founder Dr Khwaja Abdul Hamied gave the company the title the Chemical, Industrial and Pharmaceutical Laboratories in 1935 in Mumbai. Later, it became a global icon for defying Big Pharma to provide generic AIDS medication and other drugs. In 1970, it successfully lobbied to change India’s patent laws. Currently, the company is present in 100 countries.
1454	1935		Ed	The Doon School is an all-boys academically selective boarding school in Dehradun, which was established in 1935. It was envisioned by Satish Ranjan Das, a Calcutta lawyer, who prevised a school modelled on the British Public school (United Kingdom), but conscious of Indian ambitions and desires. The school admitted its first pupils on 10 September, 1935, and formally opened on 27 October, 1935, with Lord Willingdon (Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon) presiding over the ceremony. The school's first headmaster was Arthur Foot, an Englishman who had spent nine years as a science master at Eton College, England.
1455	1935		T	Deccan Radio (Nizam Radio 1932) Deccan Radio is a first radio station of Hyderabad State (now Hyderabad, India) went live on air on 3 February 1935. Initially it was launched as a private broadcasting station with transmitting power of 200 Watts. The programs were broadcast in Urdu. It was located at chirag ali lane, Abids, Hyderabad State. Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII took over The Deccan Radio and nationalized it on 3 February 1935. A new radio station was set up at Khairtabad, and a new transmitter of 500 Watts with 730 kHz was installed which was purchased from Marconi Company, England. During World War II a special broadcast studio was set up at Saroornagar to live updated news programs. In the same year the new radio station was started at Aurangabad (then the Nizams domain) where the previous 200 Watt transmitter was shifted from Hyderabad. It was a district level radio station to broadcast the programs in Urdu and Marathi language as most of the population speak Marathi.
1456	1936		A	The first film studio in South India, Durga Cinetone was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh.
1457	1936		A	Sant Tukaram (film), a 1936 film produced by Prabhat Film Company and based on the life of Tukaram (1608–50), a Varkari (Warkari) Sant and spiritual poet became the first Indian film to be screened at an international film festival, at the 1937 edition of the Venice Film Festival. The film was judged one of the three best films of the year. Achhut Kannya (1936), the studio's next production was a tragedy drama that had Devika Rani and Ashok Kumar portraying the roles of an untouchable girl and a Brahmin boy who fall in love. The film is considered a "landmark" in Indian cinema as it challenged the caste system in the country.
1458	1936		Bu	ACC (company), formerly the Associated Cement Companies Ltd, was established by merging 11 cement firms. Its first board of directors had some prominent names: J. R. D. Tata, Ambalal Sarabhai, Walchand Hirachand, Dharamsey Khatau, Akbar Hydari, Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III and Homi Mody, among others. In 1947, the firm established India’s first indigenous cement plant in Bihar.
1459	1936		Bu	Godfrey Phillips India is one of the country’s largest cigarette makers with brands such as Four Square, Red & White, Cavanders and Hawk Eye. Under a licence agreement with Philip Morris of the US, the company also makes and markets Marlboro cigarettes in India.
1460	1936		Em	Edward VIII, later Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December of that year.
1461	1936	1947	Em	George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was concurrently the last Emperor of India until August 1947, when the British Raj was dissolved. The title "Emperor of India" did not disappear with Indian independence from Great Britain in 1947, but in 1947, as when India became the Dominion of India (1947–1950) after independence in 1947, George VI retained the title "Emperor of India" until 22 June 1947, and thereafter he remained monarch of India until it became the Republic of India in 1950
1462	1936	1944	G	Lord Linlithgow – Viceroy, (Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow): Victor Alexander John Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow, KG, KT, GCSI, GCIE, OBE, TD, PC, FRSE (24 September 1887 – 5 January 1952) was a British Unionist politician, agriculturalist, and colonial administrator. He served as Governor-General and Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943. He was usually referred to simply as Linlithgow During his tenure as Viceroy ..... Government of India Act enforced in provinces. Cripps Mission visited India in 1942. Quit India movement was started in 1942. Second World war took place in 1939.
1463	1936		H	Effectively ended the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) as a united organisation though the various regional factions kept up their armed struggle till 1936.
1464	1936		N	Dainik Navajyoti, Hindi, Daily Dainik Navajyoti is a Hindi language daily newspaper published from Jaipur, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Udaipur & Kota Rajasthan. It started in 1936.
1465	1936		P	The Muslim-majority region of Sindh (though including some Hindu-majority districts) was separated from Bombay Presidency and made into a new province. This new province became one of the constituent provinces of Pakistan.
1466	1936		S	India competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Nazi Germany. Wining Men's Field Hockey Gold. Played/Won/Lost/Drawn/Goals For/Goals Against/Goals Difference : 5/5/0/0/38/1/+37
1467	1936		S	Affiliated to the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) since 1936, India has one of Asia's oldest basketball traditions.
1468	1936		T	Broadcasting began in June 1923 during the British Raj with programs by the Bombay Presidency Radio Club and other radio clubs. According to an agreement on 23 July 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company Ltd (IBC) was authorized to operate two radio stations: the Bombay station which began on 23 July 1927, and the Calcutta station which followed on 26 August 1927. The company went into liquidation on 1 March 1930. The government took over the broadcasting facilities and began the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two years, and permanently in May 1932 it then went on to become All India Radio on 8 June 1936. Officially known since 1957 as Akashvani ("Voice from the Sky")
1469	1936		Tr	Air Services of India was a private airline based at Juhu Aerodrome in Mumbai, in India. The airline was merged into the Indian Airlines Corporation in 1953. The airline was formed in 1936 and initially served routes on the Kathiawar Peninsula and to Poona (Pune), with aircraft like the de Havilland Dragonfly, Airspeed Courier, Percival Vega Gull and de Havilland Fox Moth. In the beginning of 1939, it opened a new line between Kolhapur and Juhu Aerodrome in Mumbai. The thrice a week service was officially inaugurated by the Maharaja of Kolhapur, who showed considerable interest in the project, subsidised the service and built an airport at Kolhapur. In 1941, Air Services of India was purchased by The Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd. and became known as the Scindia line. Services resumed on 3 May 1946 after World War 2 with a small fleet of de Havilland Dragon Rapide and 11 former United States Air Force Douglas C-47 Skytrain converted for civilian use.
1470	1937		A	Kisan Kanya was a 1937 Hindi Cinecolor feature film which was directed by Moti Gidwani and produced by Ardeshir Irani of Imperial Pictures. It is largely remembered by the Indian public on account of it being India's first indigenously made colour film
1471	1937		B	In 1937, M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar, an Indian industrialist, founded the Indian Overseas Bank. It opened branches in Myanmar, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Singapore within four-five years of establishment. Following nationalization in India in 1969, the bank was forced to look inward and open more rural branches.
1472	1937		Bu	Colgate-Palmolive introduced dental cream to Indians. In 1949, Colgate launched its classic tooth powder and toothbrush and in 1967, manufacturing operations began at Sewri, Maharashtra.
1473	1937		Bu	In 1937, Crompton Parkinson Ltd founded its wholly-owned Indian unit Crompton Parkinson Works Ltd. (CPWL) in Mumbai. Ten years later, it was acquired by L.K. Thapar. In 1966, CPWL and its sales wing merged to create Crompton Greaves Ltd. After the acquisition of Belgium-based Pauwels Trafo/Pauwels Group in May 2005, Crompton Greaves became one of the world’s top 10 electrical transformer makers. Now it is known as CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd.
1474	1937		Bu	Tata Investment Corp (TICL) was promoted by Tata Sons Ltd in 1937. The company was closely held till 1959, when it became one of the few publicly held investment firms listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange. TICL aided the formation of many firms such as Associated Bearing Co. Ltd (now SKF Bearings (India) Ltd), Ceat Tyres Ltd, now CEAT (company), the National Rayon Corp. Ltd, etc.
1475	1937	1901	Em	Queen Victoria – Monarch of Great Britain. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than any previous British monarch. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, Parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India.
1476	1937		N	Pudhari, Marathi, Daily Pudhari was founded as a weekly in 1937 and turned daily in 1939. In 1943, Ganpatrao Jadhav became its new owner. Pratapsinh Jadhav followed in his footsteps.
1477	1937		N	Nava Bharat, Hindi, Daily Nava Bharat was launched on 8 February 1934 by Shri Ramgopal Maheshwari (1911–1999), a Gandhian freedom fighter, journalist, and promoter of Hindi language. Maheshwari served as its Editor-in-Chief for 65 years. It started as a bi-weekly publication in Nagpur, and soon became a daily newspaper; Navabharat has set its boundaries to different parts of the country. The bi-weekly since its inception have participated in the freedom movement and bore the brunt of the British Government. In 1942 during ‘Quit India Movement’ Navabharat risked its existence for its extensive coverage. During this period, the police and secret services kept a close watch on its activities, raided the press and also imprisoned the founder.
1478	1937		P	1937 Indian provincial elections: Provincial elections were held in British India in the winter of 1936–37 as mandated by the Government of India Act 1935. Elections were held in eleven provinces – Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sindh.
1479	1937		P	1937 Indian provincial elections: The final results of the elections were declared in February 1937. The Indian National Congress emerged in power in eight of the provinces – the exceptions being Punjab and Sindh. The All-India Muslim League failed to form the government in any province. The Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939, in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people.
1480	1937		S	In June 1937, at the Army Headquarters, Shimla, the All India Football Federation (AIFF) was formed at a meeting of the representatives of football associations of six regions, where the game was very popular in those days. It is the governing body for football in India.
1481	1937		S	Cricket : Bombay Pentangular winners: 1937–38 – Muslims 1938–39 – Muslims 1939–40 – Hindus 1940–41 – Muslims 1941–42 – Hindus 1942–43 – not contested 1943–44 – Hindus 1944–45 – Muslims 1945–46 – Hindus
1482	1937		S	The Brabourne Stadium is a cricket ground in the Indian city of Bombay, owned by the Cricket Club of India (CCI). Brabourne Stadium was built on 90,000 square yards of reclaimed land along Marine Drive, Mumbai near Churchgate railway station in South Bombay and was India's first permanent sporting venue. The foundation stone was laid by Lord Brabourne on 22 May 1936. The ground was intended to provide covered accommodation for 35,000 spectators and contain pavilions, tennis courts, and a swimming pool. Frank Tarrant was the first groundsman. The first match was played on the incomplete ground in October 1937 between the CCI and the Spencer Cup XI. The ground was opened on 7 December 1937 by Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough, then Governor of Bombay, Lord Brabourne (Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne) now being the Governor of Bengal. The ground was named after Brabourne at the suggestion of the Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala. On the same day, the CCI XI met the visiting Lord Tennyson's XI in the inaugural first-class match on the ground.
1483	1938		A	In 1938, Gudavalli Ramabrahmam, co-produced and directed the social problem film, Raithu Bidda, which was banned by the British administration, for depicting the peasant uprising among the Zamindars during the British Raj. Ironically it was produced by one of the Zamindars of the time, Challapalli Maharaja. The film had a public re-release in 1948
1484	1938		B	Dena Bank was founded on 26 May 1938 by the family of Choonilal Devkaran Nanjee, an Indian financier more popularly known as C.D. Desai. It was nationalized in 1969
1485	1938		B	Jammu & Kashmir Bank. Founded on 1 October 1938 under letters patent issued by the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (Dogra dynasty), Hari Singh, J&K Bank was established as a semi-state bank with participation in capital by the state and the public under the control of state government. In 1971, it acquired the status of a scheduled bank and was declared a Class A bank by the Reserve Bank of India in 1976.
1486	1938		Bu	Bajaj Electricals was incorporated as Radio Lamp Works Ltd. In 1993, the company entered into a joint venture with Black and Decker Corp. of the US for making power tools and household appliances, but sold its stake in 2012. In November 2002, it tied up with Morphy Richards of the UK for sales and marketing of electrical appliances under their brand name in India.
1487	1938		Bu	JK Lakshmi Cement was set up in 1938 in a village in Sirohi district of Rajasthan. The cement made by the company has been used in structures such as the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojna, the Sardar Sarovar Project, the Golden Quadrilateral, and the Mundra and Kandla ports.
1488	1938		N	Deccan Chronicle, English, Daily Deccan Chronicle is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded by Rajagopal Mudaliar in the 1930s & currently owned by SREI. It is published in Hyderabad, Telangana, by Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited (DCHL). The newspaper's name derives from the originating place, the Deccan regions of India.
1489	1938		N	Andhra Prabha, Telugu, Daily Andhra Prabha was started in Chennai on August 15, 1938, by Ramnath Goenka's Indian Express Limited group and published from towns inside Andhra Pradesh from the 1950s, to challenge the prominence of the leading Telugu newspaper, Andhra Patrika.
1490	1938		N	The Inquilab, Urdu, Daily The Inquilab is a Urdu language daily newspaper published from Mumbai. It is owned by the Jagran Prakashan Limited which also publishes Dainik Jagran. It was founded by Abdul Hamid Ansari in 1938.
1491	1938		O	Opposition to the partition of India: Composite nationalism was championed by the Islamic scholar and Principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband, Maulana Sayyid Hussain Ahmed Madani. Asgar Ali summarized a key point of Madni's 1938 text Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam, which advocated for composite nationalism in a united India: Hussain Ahmed Madani, who wrote a book Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam (Composite Nationalism and Islam) persuasively argued in favour of composite nationalism by profusely quoting from the Quran the prophets shared the same territory with the unbelievers and hence their Qaumiyal was not different from those who did not believe in their message. According to Maulana Madani, the very spirit of the Koran is to encourage harmonious co-existence in a multi-cultural, multi-racial and multi-religious world. Fellow Deobandi scholar Abul Muhasin Muhammad Sajjad, along with Islamic historian Tufail Ahmad Manglori, campaigned for composite nationalism and opposed the Pakistan separatist movement (Pakistan Movement) in colonial India, with the latter authoring Rooh-e-Raushan Mustaqbil to convey these Indian nationalistic views. Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a Pashtun Indian independence activist, along with his Khudai Khidmatgar, heralded composite nationalism, emphasizing the fact that Muslims were natives of the Indian subcontinent as with their Hindu brethren. Saifuddin Kitchlew, a Kashmiri Indian independence activist and president of the Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee supported a united Indian nationalism against British Imperialism and preached that a divided India would weaken Muslims, both economically and politically.
1492	1938		P	Haripura session of the Indian National Congress. Subhash Chandra Bose elected the congress president. The Indian National Congress met at Haripura during 19 to 22 February 1938, under the presidency of Subhas Chandra Bose; he was elected President of the Haripura Congress Session in 1938. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel had selected Haripura for the convention. 51 Bullocks'chariot was decorated and sent for this very occasion by the then Maharajasaheb Shri Indrasinhji Pratapsinhji Solanki of Vansda state. Noted painter, Nandalal Bose also created set of seven posters at the request of Mahatma Gandhi for the Haripura Session, while film director, J. B. H. Wadia, of Wadia Movietone Studio, made a feature-length documentary of the Haripura Congress. Bose rose precociously to become Congress president in 1938. After reelection in 1939, differences arose between Bose and Gandhi. The senior leadership in the Congress supported Gandhi, and Bose resigned as president, and was eventually ousted from the party. In July 1940, Bose was arrested by the Bengal government over a small protest, and later kept housebound under a strict police watch. In mid-January 1941, he escaped from India in dramatic cloak-and-dagger fashion, heading northwestward into Afghanistan.
1493	1938		P	Notable Flag Satyagrahas were organised in Mysore (now in Karnataka) in 1938 known as Shivapur Dhwaja Satyagraha. Under leadership of T.Siddalingaih president of Mysore Congress. As a part of state-wide Satyagraha, the flag was hoisted at Vidurashwatha in Kolar district of Mysore state, 33 people were killed in open police firing.
1494	1938		R	Belur Math is the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission, founded by Swami Vivekananda, the chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. It is located on the west bank of Hooghly River, Belur, West Bengal, India and is one of the significant institutions in Kolkata. This temple is the heart of the Ramakrishna Movement. The temple is notable for its architecture that fuses Christian, Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist art motifs as a symbol of unity of all religions. In January 1897, Swami Vivekananda arrived in Baranagar, Calcutta with his small group of Western disciples. Two monasteries were founded by him, one at Belur (completed in 1938), which became the headquarters of Ramakrishna Mission and the other at Mayavati on the Himalayas, in Champawat District, Uttrakhand, called the Advaita Ashrama (founded on 19 March 1899). These monasteries were meant to receive and train young men who would eventually become sannyasis (religious ascetic) of the Ramakrishna Mission, and to give them a training for their work. The same year the philanthropic activity was started and relief of the famine was carried out.
1495	1938		S	The Cycling Federation of India is the national governing body of cycle racing in India. It is a member of the UCI and the Asian Cycling Confederation. Cycling as a sport was introduced in India thanks to the effort of actor and sportsman Jankidas in the mid 1930s. It reached its international level when Jankidas and his manager Swami Jagan Nath participated in the 1938 British Empire Games (Commonwealth Games) at Sydney. With the pioneering of these two, Indian cycling was able to secure its affiliation to the National Cyclists' Union of England. A few years later, another stalwart, Sohrab Bhoot of Bombay, joined Jankidas to form the National Cyclists' Federation of India in 1946, and they registered this new body with the world governing association, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).
1496	1938		Tr	Tata Airlines launched its first domestic flight from Bombay to Trivandrum with a six-seater Miles Merlin. In 1938, it was re-christened as Tata Air Services and later as Tata Airlines. Colombo in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and Delhi were added to the destinations in 1938. During the Second World War, the airline helped the Royal Air Force with troop movements, shipping of supplies, rescue of refugees and maintenance of aircraft.
1497	1939		Bu	Incorporated on 23 January 1939, Tata Chemicals completed its first chemical works unit — a bromide plant—in 1942. Forty years later, in 1983, India’s first iodized and vacuum-evaporated salt, Tata Salt, was launched. In 1994, a fertilizer plant at Babrala in Uttar Pradesh was completed.
1498	1939		N	The Assam Tribune, English, Daily First published on 4 August 1939 in Gauhati by Radha Govinda Baruah as a weekly newspaper under the editorship of Lakshminath Phookan, it is now published simultaneously from Guwahati and Dibrugarh as a daily. It has a huge readership in Assam and is the most popular newspaper in the North-East India.
1499	1939		P	Tripuri session of Indian National Congress.
1500	1939		P	Subhas Chandra Bose resigns the presidentship of the Indian National Congress.
1501	1939		P	The All India Forward Bloc established by Subhas Chandra Bose. The All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) is a left-wing nationalist political party in India. It emerged as a faction within the Indian National Congress in 1939, led by Subhas Chandra Bose. The party re-established as an independent political party after the independence of India. It has its main stronghold in West Bengal. The party's current Secretary-General is Debabrata Biswas. Veteran Indian politicians Sarat Chandra Bose (brother of Subhas Chandra Bose) and Chitta Basu had been the stalwarts of the party in independent India.
1502	1939		P	Congress ministries in the provinces resign against the war policy of the British Government. On 22 October 1939, all Congress ministries were called upon to tender their resignations. Both Viceroy Linlithgow (Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow) and Muhammad Ali Jinnah were pleased with the resignations.
1503	1939		P	Muslim League observes the resignation of the congress ministries as Deliverance day. On 2 December 1939, Muhammad Ali Jinnah put out an appeal, calling for Indian Muslims to celebrate 22 December 1939 as a "Day of Deliverance (India)" from Congress: "I wish the Musalmans all over India to observe Friday 22 December as the "Day of Deliverance" and thanksgiving as a mark of relief that the Congress regime has at last ceased to function. I hope that the provincial, district and primary Muslim Leagues all over India will hold public meetings and pass the resolution with such modification as they may be advised, and after Jumma prayers offer prayers by way of thanksgiving for being delivered from the unjust Congress regime."
1504	1939	28 Sep	P	The Defence of India Act, 1939 (No.35) was an Act passed by the Central Legislature on the 29th day of September, 1939 which effectively declared Martial law in India. Although it was enacted on 29 September 1939 it was deemed to come into force from 3 September 1939, the day when the World War II began. It provided the Viceroy to make rules for the safety of British India and to provide punishments in case of any contraventions which included that of death or transportation for life if the intent was to assist any State at war with His Majesty or that of waging war against His Majesty. It provided for Special Courts against whose verdict nobody can appeal from, and these Courts may decide to hold the trial in camera. It also provided for the acquisition of land for purposes of defence and it provided compensation for the land acquired. It expired six months after the termination of the war and was ultimately repealed by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1947 (Act II of 1948).
1505	1939		S	With the onset of World War II, international cricket came to a standstill. India’s forthcoming international ventures – MCC’s tour of India in 1939–40 and India’s scheduled tour of England in 1940 – got cancelled as a result.
1506	1939		WWII	3 September 1939 World War II begins. Viceroy declares that India too is at war. Resignation of Congress ministers in protest against not being consulted by viceroy before decleration of war by India. When WWII broke out, Canada was not dragged into the war by the British as they were in WWI. Canada's choice to join the war independent of showed that Canada weren't morally opposed to who the British were or what they did but it showed that they were only supporting them because they believed in what the British were doing, not because Canada was being controlled.
1507	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: During the World War II (1939–1945), India was controlled by the United Kingdom, with the British holding territories in India including over six hundred autonomous Princely states. British India officially declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939. The British Raj, as part of the Allied Nations (Allies of World War II), sent over two and a half million soldiers to fight under British command against the Axis powers. The British government borrowed billions of pounds to help finance the war. India also provided the base for American operations in support of China in the China Burma India Theater.
1508	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: With over two and a half million Indian soldiers serving in WWII, the Indian army became the largest volunteer army in history. In addition to these soldiers, billions and billions of pounds were borrowed by the British from India to be used on war expenses. In many ways, it is apparent that without Indian involvement in World War II, the Allies would not have been strong enough to sustain their wins against their enemies. Unfortunately, this is a story that many have chosen to forget. The British did not recognize the Indian people who fought for them during this time.
1509	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: Over 87,000 Indian soldiers (including those from modern day Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh) and 3 million civilians died in World War II. Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief, India, asserted the British "couldn't have come through both wars [World War I and II] if they hadn't had the British Indian Army".
1510	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: Opinions on India's involvement in the war was divided, with Viceroy Linlithgow declaring that India was at war with Germany despite a lack of consultations with Indian politicians. Political parties such as the All-India Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha supported the British war effort while the largest and most influential political party existing in India at the time, the Indian National Congress, demanded independence before it would help Britain. London refused, and when Congress announced a "Quit India Movement" in August 1942, tens of thousands of its leaders were imprisoned by the British for the duration. Meanwhile, under the leadership of Indian leader Subhash Chandra Bose, Japan set up an army of Indian Prisoner of wars (POWs) known as the Indian National Army, which fought against the British.
1511	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: In 1939 the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men. It took in volunteers and by 1945 was the largest all-volunteer force in history, rising to over 2.5 million men. Serving in divisions of infantry, armour and a fledgling airborne force, they fought on three continents in Africa, Europe and Asia. The British Indian Army fought in Ethiopia against the Italian Army, in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Algeria against both the Italian and German Army, and, after the Italian surrender, against the German Army in Italy. However, the bulk of British Indian Army was committed to fighting the Japanese Army, first during the British defeats in Malaya and the retreat from Burma to the Indian border; later, after resting and refitting for the victorious advance back into Burma, as part of the largest British Empire army ever formed. These campaigns cost the lives of over 87,000 Indian servicemen, while another 34,354 were wounded, and 67,340 became prisoners of war. Their valour was recognised with the award of some 4,000 decorations, and 18 members of British Indian Army were awarded the Victoria Cross or the George Cross.
1512	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: The Bengal famine of 1943 was a famine in the Bengal province of British India (now Bangladesh and eastern India) during World War II. An estimated 2.1–3 million, out of a population of 60.3 million, died of starvation, malaria, and other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions and lack of health care. Millions were impoverished as the crisis overwhelmed large segments of the economy and catastrophically disrupted the social fabric.
1513	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: After the Fall of Dunkirk (Battle of Dunkirk) in June 1940, the British desperately needed a larger army to protect their national borders; the large manforce the British Indian Army could provide served perfectly for this cause. The large number of Indians in the British army has been attributed to the victories of other important battles in Egypt, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. Almost two hundred and fifty thousand Indians were sent to fight in North Africa alone, and many of them were under equipped for the battles they faced in the desert.
1514	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: The Middle East and African theatre: The British government meanwhile sent Indian troops to fight in Western Asia and northern Africa against the Axis. India also geared up to produce essential goods such as food and uniforms. In the Battle of Bir Hakeim, Indian gunners played an important role by using guns in the anti tank role and destroying tanks of Rommel's panzer divisions. Maj Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam was the battery commander of 41 Field Regiment which was deployed in the anti tank role. He was awarded the DSO for his act of bravery. Later he became the Chief of Army Staff of India in 1967.
1515	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: South-East Asian theatre: The British Indian Army was the key British Empire fighting presence in the Burma campaign. The Royal Indian Air force's first assault mission was carried out against Japanese troops stationed in Burma. The British Indian Army was key to breaking the siege of Imphal when the westward advance of Imperial Japan came to a halt. These troops, popularly known as Chindits, played a crucial role in halting the Japanese advance into South Asia
1516	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: There were also many battles fought closer to home in Burma, Malaya, and Singapore. When the Japanese invaded Singapore in 1941–1942, most of the British army protecting British rule in Singapore and Malaya were Indian. However, the British lied to the Indian soldiers by telling them the planes of the Japanese invasion belonged to their American allies. In doing this, Indians were trapped in enemy territory as they did not have time to retreat to safety. This betrayal of the British resulted in the deaths of many Indian soldiers by the Japanese. Not only were many Indian soldiers murdered during this time, but the Japanese also used captured Indian soldiers as live shooting targets to train their own military. If the Indian soldiers survived these firing squads, they were subjected to cruel and unusual punishments until their death. The Japanese also forced captured Indian soldiers to work ten to twelve hours a day with very little food as POWs. They were tortured if they did not work hard enough. Some Indians were even killed and eaten by the Japanese during food shortages. Almost 60,000 Indians were taken as Japanese prisoners.
1517	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: Capture of Indian territory: By 1942, neighbouring Myanmar (Burma) was invaded by Japan, which by then had already captured the Indian territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Japan gave nominal control of the islands to the Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind) on 21 October 1943, and in the following March, the Indian National Army with the help of Japan crossed into India and advanced as far as Kohima in Nagaland. This advance on the mainland of South Asia reached its farthest point on India territory, retreating from the Battle of Kohima in June and from Battle of Imphal.
1518	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: Recapture of Axis-occupied territory: In 1944–45 Japan was under heavy air bombardment at home and suffered massive naval defeats in the Pacific. As its Imphal offensive failed, harsh weather and disease and withdrawal of air cover (due to more pressing needs in the Pacific) also took its toll on the Japanese and remnants of the INA and the Burma National Army (Burma Independence Army). In spring 1945, a resurgent British army recaptured the occupied lands.
1519	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: The invasion of Italy: Indian forces played a role in liberating Italy from Nazi control. India contributed the 3rd largest Allied contingent in the Italian campaign (World War II) after US and British forces. The 4th, 8th and 10th Divisions and 43rd Independent Gurkha Infantry Brigade led the advance, notably at the gruelling Battle of Monte Cassino. They fought on the Gothic Line in 1944 and 1945.
1520	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: Collaboration with the Axis powers: Several leaders of the radical revolutionary Indian independence movement broke away from the main Congress and went to war against Britain. Subhas Chandra Bose, once a prominent leader of Congress, volunteered to help Germany and Japan; he said Britain's opposition to Nazism and Fascism was "hypocrisy" since it was itself violating human rights and denying individual liberties in India. Moreover, he argued that it was not Germany and Japan but the British Raj which was the enemy, since the British were over-exploiting Indian resources for the war. Bose suggested that there was little possibility of India being attacked by any of the Axis powers provided it did not fight the war on Britain's side.
1521	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: Collaboration with the Axis powers: Berlin was encouraging but gave little help. Bose then approached Tokyo which gave him control of Indian forces it had organised. The Indian National Army (INA), formed first by Mohan Singh (general) consisted initially of prisoners taken by the Japanese in Malaya and at Singapore who were offered the choice of serving the INA by Japan or remaining in very negative conditions in POW camps. Later, after it was reorganised under Subhas Chandra Bose, it drew civilian volunteers from Malaya and Burma. Ultimately, a force of under 40,000 was formed, although only two divisions ever participated in battle. Prem Kumar Sahgal, an officer of the INA once Military secretary to Subhas Bose and later tried in the first Red Fort trials, explained that although the war itself hung in balance and nobody was sure if the Japanese would win, initiating a popular revolution with grass-root support within India would ensure that even if Japan lost the war ultimately, Britain would not be in a position to re-assert its colonial authority, which was ultimately the aim of the INA and Azad Hind.
1522	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: Princely states: During World War II, in 1941, the British presented a captured German Bf109 single-engined fighter to the Nizam of Hyderabad, in return for the funding of 2 RAF fighter squadrons. There was a campsite for Polish refugees at Valivade, in Kolhapur State, it was the largest settlement of Polish refugees In India during the war. Another such campsite for Polish refugee children was located in Balachadi, it was built by K. S. Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji, Jam Saheb Maharaja of Nawanagar State in 1942, near his summer resort. He gave refuge to hundreds of Polish children rescued from Soviet camps (Gulags). The campsite is now part of the Sainik School, Balachadi.
1523	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: In interviews and conversations of South Asians who fought for the British, one will almost always hear South Asians discuss how upsetting it was to have sacrificed their lives to protect a group of people who would only insult or mock them in return. Churchill himself would publicly announce his hatred of Indians and their religion and offered no respect towards their desires or achievements. Not only did the Indian participants of WWII have to bear these negative responses from the British, but they have also had to experience it from the Indian government as well. Because the Indian government does not want to acknowledge a time in which so many people supported their colonial master, many of the narratives of WWII are ignored or only come up in hushed tones. However, this erasure does not benefit any party; rather, it paints a distorted image of India that has led to further complications and injustice.
1524	1939	1945	WWII	India in World War II: It is clear that violence of unprecedented levels was taking place in India at the time of WWII; however, this era of Indian history is primarily remembered by the nonviolent movements toward Indian Independence. While neither event is more important than the other, we must begin questioning why certain sides of histories are left to be forgotten as others are emphasized. Both Indian Independence and Indian involvement in WWII are intrinsically tied to one another; in studying these events together—juxtaposed by their different ideas about freedom, justice, and morality—helps us see the violences caused by war and colonialism that are often ignored and purposely forgotten by contemporary political powers.
1525	1939		WWII	India in World War II: List of British-Indian Army divisions in World War II : Airborne Armoured Infantry Long Range Penetration Training Deception / Lines of Communication Emergency
1526	1939		WWII	This is a list of army divisions serving within the British Empire during the Second World War. Military formations within the British Empire were generally not static and were composed of a changing mix of units from across Britain, its colonies and the dominions. As a result military formations within the Empire and Commonwealth are not easily attributable to specific Imperial or national entities and naming conventions do not necessarily correlate with modern country names. Imperial and Dominion Armies: Australian Army Canadian Army Colonies and Protectorates (African, Egypt, Palestine, East Africa, Sudan, West Africa, from India) Army of India New Zealand Army South African Army
1527	1940		A	The Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA), an art movement with a communist inclination, began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s. Realist IPTA plays, such as Nabanna (drama), 1944, Bijon Bhattacharya prepared the ground for realism in Indian cinema, exemplified by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas's Dharti Ke Lal (Children of the Earth) in 1946. The IPTA movement continued to emphasise realism and went on to produce Mother India and Pyaasa, among India's most recognisable cinematic productions.
1528	1940		A	The 1940 film, Viswa Mohini, is the first Indian film to depict the Indian movie world. The film was directed by Y. V. Rao and scripted by Balijepalli Lakshmikantham Kavi.
1529	1940		Bu	Anand Chandavarkar founded Fairdeal Corp. as a partnership firm and incorporated it as a private limited firm in 1940. In 1949, the first manufacturing unit was set up for manufacturing indigenous formulations and absorbent cotton wool. In 1972, the firm entered into oral rehydration salts with Electral, now a household name. In 1986 it was renamed FDC Ltd.
1530	1940		J	Udham Singh (26 December 1899 – 31 July 1940), was a revolutionary belonging to the Ghadar Party best known for his assassination in London of Michael O'Dwyer, the former lieutenant governor of the Punjab in India, on 13 March 1940. The assassination was in revenge for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919. Singh was subsequently tried and convicted of murder and hanged in July 1940. While in custody, he used the name Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, which represents the three major religions of Punjab and his anti-colonial sentiment.
1531	1940		O	The All-India Jamhur Muslim League was formed in 1940, to counter the Lahore Resolution, passed by the All-India Muslim League, for a separate Pakistan based on Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Two-nation theory. The first session of the party was held at Muzaffarpur in Bihar. The Raja of Mahmoodabad, Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan was elected president and Dr. Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was elected General Secretary. Later, the Raja of Mahmoodabad changed his mind under influence of Jinnah, who was a long time family friend, and rejoined Jinnah in 1941. A major faction of the Jamhur Muslim League under the leadership of Dr. Ajazi merged with Indian National Congress to strengthen its view of opposing the partition of India.
1532	1940	1945	P	Congress resigns its ministries in protest against the British unilateral declaration of war on Germany on behalf of India and the lack of progress on its demand for a transfer of power to a representative government at the centre. It moves to an anti-war stance and launches a mass ‘Quit India Movement' which is met with severe repression and the arrest and imprisonment of Congress leaders. In contrast, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League agree to cooperate with the British government and support India’s participation in the war. At its Lahore session in 1940, the Muslim League puts forward the view that Muslims and Hindus make up two distinct ‘nations of India’ (the ‘Two-nation theory’) giving Muslims an entitlement to political parity, i.e. much more than separate, minority representation. On the strength of the League’s enhanced status in British eyes, Muhammad Ali Jinnah conducts a skilful campaign to persuade Indian Muslims to accept his leadership so as to compel both the British and Congress to concede the idea of ‘Pakistan’ – which still remains at this stage quite vague.
1533	1940		P	Lahore session of the Muslim league passes the Pakistan Resolution (Lahore Resolution). Calls for the creation of Pakistan. C. Rajagopalachari's formula (or C. R. formula or Rajaji formula) was a proposal formulated by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari to solve the political deadlock between the All India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress on the independence of British India. The CR formula entailed : The League was to endorse the Indian demand for independence and to co-operate with the Congress in formation of Provisional Interim Government for a transitional period. At the end of the War, a commission would be appointed to demarcate the districts having a Muslim population in absolute majority and in those areas plebiscite to be conducted on all inhabitants (including the non-Muslims) on basis of adult suffrage. All parties would be allowed to express their stance on the partition and their views before the plebiscite. In the event of separation, a mutual agreement would be entered into for safeguarding essential matters such as defence, communication and commerce and for other essential services. The transfer of population, if any would be absolutely on a voluntary basis. The terms of the binding will be applicable only in case of full transfer of power by Britain to Government of India.
1534	1940		P	Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of Britain .. 1941 to 1945 and 1951 to 1955: His imperialist views and comments on race, as well as his sanctioning of human rights abuses in the suppression of anti-imperialist movements seeking independence from the British Empire, have generated considerable controversy. He considering Gandhi as "a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir". Churchill received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values".
1535	1940		P	Leo Amery is the Secretary of State for India and Burma under Winston Churchill's prime minsitership (Chruschill's War Cabinet). 13 May 1940 – 26 July 1945 Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett Amery, CH (22 November 1873 – 16 September 1955), usually known as Leo Amery or L. S. Amery, was a British Conservative politician and journalist. Born on 22 November 1873 in Gorakhpur, British India, he died on 16 September 1955 (aged 81) in London, England. He could speak Hindi at 3; Amery was born in India and would naturally have acquired the language of his ayah (nanny). He could converse in French, German, Italian, Bulgarian, Turkish, Serbian and Hungarian. Amery was an active freemason. Their elder son, John Amery (1912–1945) became a Nazi sympathizer. During the Second World War he made propaganda broadcasts from Germany, and induced a few British prisoners of war to join the German-controlled British Free Corps. After the war, he was tried for treason, pleaded guilty, and was hanged. Leo amended his entry in Who's Who to read "one s[on]", with the editors permission. (he had 2 sons).
1536	1940		P	In the 6 th April 1940 issue of Harijan, Gandhi averred that he knew of no nonviolent method that would compel the obedience of eight crore Muslims to the will of the rest of India, no matter how powerful a majority the rest may represent. He further added that the Muslims should have the right of self-determination that the rest of India possessed because the nation was a joint family, and any member could claim a division. Saying that ‘the Muslims’ have a right of ‘self determination’ amounts to accepting that they as a collectively constitute the kind of entity which may be the subject of self-determination, i.e., a nation. This statement gives the impression that in spite of his stated objections to Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s Two-nation theory, Gandhi had already interiorized it.
1537	1940		P	Viceroy Linlithgow announces the August Offer: In August 1940, Lord Linlithgow proposed that India be granted a Dominion status after the war. Having not taken the Pakistan idea seriously, Linlithgow supposed that what Jinnah wanted was a non-federal arrangement without Hindu domination. To allay Muslim fears of Hindu domination, the "August Offer" was accompanied by the promise that a future constitution would consider the views of minorities. Neither the Congress nor the Muslim League were satisfied with the offer, and both rejected it in September. The Congress once again started a program of Civil disobedience. The August Offer was an offer promising the expansion of the Viceroy's Executive Council of India to include more Indians, the establishment of an advisory war council, giving full weight to minority opinion, and the recognition of Indians' right to frame their own constitution (after the end of the war). In return, it was hoped that all parties and communities in India would cooperate in Britain's efforts in World War II. However this proposal was rejected by the Congress as the minorities, especially the Muslim League, were assured that no constitutional scheme was acceptable to the government without their agreement, i.e. providing a veto power to the Muslim League. In March 1942, with the Japanese fast moving up the Malayan Peninsula after the Fall of Singapore, and with the Americans supporting independence for India, Winston Churchill, the wartime Prime Minister of Britain, sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House of Commons, with an offer of dominion status to India at the end of the war in return for the Congress's support for the war effort.
1538	1940		P	Congress launches Individual Satyagraha movement. The Congress was in a confused state again after the August Offer. The radicals and leftists wanted to launch a mass Civil Disobedience Movement, but here Gandhi insisted on Individual Satyagraha. The Individual Satyagraha was not to seek independence but to affirm the right of speech. The other reason for this Satyagraha was that a mass movement might turn violent and he would not like to see the Great Britain embarrassed by such a situation. This view was conveyed to Lord Linlithgow by Gandhi when he met him on 27 September 1940. The non-violence was set as the centerpiece of Individual Satyagraha. This was done by carefully selecting the Satyagrahis. The first Satyagrahi selected was Acharya Vinoba Bhave (Bhoodan movement), who was sent to Jail when he spoke against the war. He was followed nearly by 25,000 individual satyagrahis. The second Satyagrahi was Jawaharlal Nehru. The third was Brahma Datt, one of the inmates of the Gandhi's Ashram. They all were sent to jail for violating the Defence of India Act, 1939, and many others were also later imprisoned. But since it was not a mass movement, it attracted little enthusiasm and in December 1940, Gandhi suspended it. The campaign started again in January 1941; this time thousands of people joined and around 20,000 people were arrested. Aims of individual Satyagraha .... To show that nationalist patience was not due to weakness To express people’s feeling that they were not interested in the war and that they made no distinction between Nazism and the double autocracy that ruled India. To give another opportunity to the Government to accept Congress’s demands peacefully. The demand of the Satyagrahi was using freedom of Speech against the war through an anti-war declaration. If government did not arrest the Satyagrahi, he or she will move repeating it in villages and start march towards Delhi (“Delhi Chalo Movement”). Significant modifications were subsequently made to the August Offer in 1942 in the form of the Cripps Proposals.
1539	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): Domestic cricket including the Pentangular and the Ranji Trophy continued to be played in right royal earnestness. The staging of the Pentangular, in that context, was to excite vehement debates about the advisability of organising the tournament in such a tense socio-political situation. Thus, as the Pentangular season was approaching in 1940, debates on whether to hold it or not were on top. Arguments in favour and against poured in and flooded the newspapers. The Muslim captain, Wazir Ali, supporting the Pentangular, declared: ‘I fully believe that the Pentangular is not, in the least, anti-National and will, and must, go on in the interests of Indian cricket. … every match that I have played in or watched has been played in an atmosphere of perfect sportsmanship and amity.’ K S Duleepsinhji, on the other hand, considered ‘inter-communal cricket an unfavourable influence on the whole’ and ‘asked cricket fans to follow and support the Ranji Trophy’. Furthermore, Gandhi’s opinion was invoked to justify the continuance of the Pentangular tournament. The Bombay Sentinel, in its column ‘What the People Say’ : ‘The latest cry is that the tournament should not be held this year because Congress has launched Satyagraha. ‘Till very recently Gandhiji was saying that the country is not ripe for Satyagraha. Even thereafter he is not for mass action. ‘Gandhiji himself knows that the people at large, not to speak of a large section of Congressmen themselves, are not so much in support of the ways of the Congress today as they were during the last Satyagraha movement. ‘It is therefore absurd to try to force abandonment of Pentangular when almost everything has been arranged to conduct the tournament.’
1540	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): The Bombay Pentangular Tournament Committee announced the final schedule of the competition on December 5, 1940, with the hope of accommodating the Hindus in it. The managing committee of the Hindu Gymkhana, Mumbai called an emergency meeting of its members on December 13, the day before the scheduled start of the tournament to consider the proposed withdrawal from the tournament. Thus, while other gymkhanas were fully in support for the continuance of the Pentangular, the Hindus were in deep strife over the issue. Ramachandra Guha nicely captures this dilemma: ‘It was the Hindus of Bombay who were caught in a bind. Placed against their undoubted love of the Pentangular were the insistent claims of Congress nationalism. With their leaders in jail, and given the insolence with which the Viceroy had treated their offer of conditional cooperation, could they turn up this year at cricket?’
1541	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): The Pentangular debate reached a point of crisis in the first week of December 1940. The top brass of the Hindu Gymkhana, Mumbai knew that its emergency meeting would not resolve the matter easily with so much of divergence and bitterness already rampant in the rank and file of the Gymkhana. Hence, they preferred to seek the counsel of Mahatma Gandhi on the matter to resolve the impasse. A three-member delegation of the Hindu Gymkhana, Mumbai comprising its president, S A Shete; vice-president, M M Amersey; and one member of the managing committee, Jamnadas Pitambar, met Gandhi at his Wardha ashram on December 6, 1940, and sought his advice.
1542	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): Once the ball was in the court of Gandhi, the Mahatma had to either play it or duck it. Being an astute politician, the Mahatma decided to play the ball with a straight bat and tried to produce a politically correct straight drive. His verdict on the Pentangular cricket, aptly described as ‘his most direct, considerate and consequential intervention in the world of cricket’, deserves reproduction in full: ‘Numerous inquiries have been made as to my opinion on the proposed Pentangular Cricket Match in Bombay advertised to be played on the 14th. I have just been made aware of the movement to withdraw from the match, I understand, as a mark of grief over the arrests and imprisonment of satyagrahis, more especially, the recent arrests of leaders. A deputation of three representatives of the Hindu Gymkhana have also just been consulting me as to what their attitude should be. I must confess ignorance of these matches and of the ‘etiquette’ governing them. My opinion must, therefore, be taken as of a layman knowing nothing of such sports and special rules governing them. But I must confess my sympathies wholly with those who would like to see these matches stopped'.
1543	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): ‘I express this opinion not merely as a satyagrahi desirous of getting public support in some way or other for the movement. I must say at once that the present movement is wholly independent of such demonstrations or adventitious support. But I would discountenance such amusements at a time when the whole of the thinking world should be mourning over a war that is threatening the stable life of Europe and its civilisation and which bids fare to overwhelm Asia. I would rather that all those who are blessed with intelligence and opportunity devoted both to devising means of stopping what appears to be senseless slaughter. It is like an ill wind which blows nobody any good. And holding this view, I naturally welcome the movement for stopping the forthcoming match from the narrow standpoint I have mentioned above.
1544	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): ‘Incidentally I would like the public of Bombay to revise their sporting code and erase from it communal matches. I can understand matches between colleges and institutions, but I never understood reasons for having Hindu, Parsi, Muslim and other communal Elevens. I should have thought that such unsportsmanlike divisions would be considered taboos in sporting language and sporting manners. Can we not have some field of life which cannot be touched by the communal spirit? ‘I should like, therefore, those who have anything to do with this movement to stop the match broaden the issue and take the opportunity of considering it from the highest standpoint and decide once for all upon banishing communal taints from the sporting world and also deciding upon banishing these sports from our life whilst the blood-bath is going on. ‘I state this in fear and trembling and with apologies to Mr Bernard Shaw and others who think that a nation’s amusements most not be interrupted even while its flower of manhood is being done to death and is engaged in doing others to death and in destroying the noblest monuments of human effort.’
1545	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): Gandhi sounded categorical in his support to shun the Pentangular at a politically turbulent time affecting public life in India and the whole world. This was in line with what Gandhi suggested in Hind Swaraj more than three decades earlier. An Indian of real strength, he argued, ‘will understand that at the time of mourning, there can be no indulgence’. But his incidental comment on erasing communal code from cricket alias sport was a reflection of his uncompromising stand on the question of communal amity in India.
1546	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): Gandhi’s political stroke thus amply reflected the politicisation of sport as well. Guha aptly remarks: ‘The Mahatma’s credo was Hindu-Muslim unity: he had fought for it, and he was to die for it. Hindu-Muslim unity necessarily meant the unity of India. 'Did not the existence of a tournament on lines of community then undermine the idea of an inclusive nationalism? For if the Muslims were allowed a separate cricket team, what was to stop them demanding a separate nation? ‘What could Gandhi have done otherwise in playing the ball? ‘Even from a perspective of political advisability, Gandhi was reluctant to appreciate the element of ‘change of heart’ in cricket, which he so fervently advocated throughout his life.
1547	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): This statement was followed by another small dictum when Bhalerao, the secretary of the Bombay Hindu Cricket Club, in a telegram dated December 11, 1940, asked Gandhi ‘whether he wanted only Hindus to boycott the Pentangular cricket matches’. Gandhi replied categorically: ‘ALL WHO HOLD MY OPINION MUST REFRAIN WHETHER FEW OR MANY.’ Even before Gandhi met the Hindu Gymkhana representatives, one BPCC member, who seemed to be in touch with Wardha regarding the matter, understood that Gandhi was ‘acquainted with the nature of public feeling in the city regarding the tournament’. It was therefore predicted, ‘The news from Wardha is likely to lead to sensational developments. It is probable that the Hindu Gymkhana will withdraw their team from the Pentangular, which means Bombay’s annual cricket festival will be shorn of all its glory.’
1548	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): ‘If he could appreciate the game’s role in fostering communal amity in the years preceding 1940 through the Pentangular, he would have taken the chance to encourage the show to go on to cultivate the already enriched field of social unity vis- a-vis the communal face of politics and point out if Hindus and Muslims could remain in peace and brotherhood on the cricket field despite virulent rivalry, why could they not be able to remain so in politics and society, keeping India united?
1549	1940		S	Pentangular Cricket Tournment (Pentangular Tournament): However, in a tense socio-political situation, Gandhi, going by his political instinct, deemed that to be too risky a proposition. Or may be Gandhi’s rigidity about the ideal of satyagraha and his aversion to modern codes of leisure stood in the way of experimenting with cricket as a cultural tool to foster communal amity.
1550	1940		T	The first aircraft industry was set up at Bangalore in 1940 under the name of Hindustan Aircraft Ltd. It was a private company and was taken over by the government in 1942. This factory was merged into Aeronautics India Ltd. in 1964 to form Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Bangalore.
1551	1940	Bombay	T	In Bombay, reclamation of land that will become Nariman Point begins. Prior to 1940, the area was part of the Arabian sea. A popular leader of the Congress, Khurshed Nariman (affectionately called Veer Nariman), a Bombay Municipal Corporation corporator, proposed to reclaim the area from the sea near Churchgate. To accomplish this task, the shallow seafront was filled with debris from various parts of the city. Reinforced concrete cement was also used, the steel for which had to be purchased on the black market at higher prices due to World War II.The entire cost was estimated to be ₹300,000 (equivalent to about ₹118 million in 2021).
1552	1941		A	First US chair of Sanskrit and Indology established at Yale Univ.; American Oriental Society founded in 1942.
1553	1941		B	In 1941, Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII GCSI GBE (6 April 1886 – 24 February 1967), the last Nizam (ruler) of the Princely State of Hyderabad, started his own bank, the 'Hyderabad State Bank'. It was later renamed State Bank of Hyderabad. It was established on 8 August 1941 under the Hyderabad State Bank Act. The bank managed the Osmania Sikka (Hyderabadi rupee), the currency of the state of Hyderabad. It was the only state in India which had its own currency, and the only state in British India where the ruler was allowed to issue currency. In 1953, the bank absorbed, by merger, the Mercantile Bank of Hyderabad, which Raja Pannalal Pitti had founded in 1935
1554	1941	1945	BC	The Indian Legion (German: Indische Legion), officially the Free India Legion (German: Legion Freies Indien) or 950th (Indian) Infantry Regiment (German: Infanterie-Regiment 950 (indisches)), was a military unit raised during the World War II initially as part of the German Army (1935–1945) and later the Waffen-SS from August 1944. Intended to serve as a liberation force for British-ruled India (British Raj), it was made up of Indian prisoners of war and expatriates in Europe. Because of its origins in the Indian independence movement, it was known also as the "Tiger Legion", and the "Azad Hind Fauj". As part of the Waffen-SS it was known as the Indian Volunteer Legion of the Waffen-SS (German: Indische Freiwilligen Legion der Waffen-SS). Indian independence leader Subhas Chandra Bose initiated the legion's formation, as part of his efforts to win India's independence by waging war against Britain, when he came to Berlin in 1941 seeking German aid. The initial recruits in 1941 were volunteers from the Indian students resident in Germany at the time, and a handful of the Indian prisoners of war who had been captured during the North African campaign. It would later draw a larger number of Indian prisoners of war as volunteers.
1555	1941	7 Aug	F	Death of Rabindranath Tagore. His last five years were marked by chronic pain and two long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death for a time. This was followed in late 1940 by a similar spell, from which he never recovered. Poetry from these valetudinary years is among his finest. A period of prolonged agony ended with Tagore's death on 7 August 1941, aged 80. He was in an upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion (Jorasanko Thakur Bari) in which he grew up. The date is still mourned. A. K. Sen, brother of the first chief election commissioner, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day prior to a scheduled operation: his last poem. "I'm lost in the middle of my birthday. I want my friends, their touch, with the earth's last love. I will take life's final offering, I will take the human's last blessing. Today my sack is empty. I have given completely whatever I had to give. In return if I receive anything — some love, some forgiveness — then I will take it with me when I step on the boat that crosses to the festival of the wordless end."
1556	1941		N	Ajit (newspaper), Punjabi, Daily Ajit started its circulation with an Urdu language weekly edition in 1941 from Shaheed Sikh Missionary College Amritsar. Ajit Singh Ambalvi was its first editor. In November 1942, it became a daily newspaper and began printing from Lahore. After independence it moved its base to Jalandhar and Sadhu Singh Hamdard became its editor. In 1955, its name was changed to Ajit Patrika and the language was changed from Urdu to Punjabi.
1557	1941		O	Opposition to the partition of India: Khaksar movement leader Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi opposed the partition of India because he felt that if Muslims and Hindus had largely lived peacefully together in India for centuries, they could also do so in a free and united India. Mashriqi saw the two-nation theory as a plot of the British to maintain control of the region more easily, if India was divided into two countries that were pitted against one another. He reasoned that a division of India along religious lines would breed fundamentalism and extremism on both sides of the border. Mashriqi thought that "Muslim majority areas were already under Muslim rule, so if any Muslims wanted to move to these areas, they were free to do so without having to divide the country." To him, separatist leaders "were power hungry and misleading Muslims in order to bolster their own power by serving the British agenda". In 1941, a CID report states that thousands of Muslim weavers under the banner of All India Momin Conference and coming from Bihar and Eastern U.P. descended in Delhi demonstrating against the proposed two-nation theory. A gathering of more than fifty thousand people from an unorganized sector was not usual at that time, so its importance should be duly recognized. The non-ashraf Muslims constituting a majority of Indian Muslims were opposed to partition but sadly they were not heard. They were firm believers of Islam yet they were opposed to Pakistan.
1558	1941		P	Subhas Chandra Bose escapes from India to Germany. Netaji’s grandnephew Chandra wondered if the British looked the other way and allowed Subhas to flee so that they could liquidate him once he crossed over to Afghanistan. "It isn't impossible. The British were aware if they harmed Subhas in India, it would start a rebellion. I believe the Great Escape actually began from Kabul on March 17, 1941, where he gave the British sleuths a slip and travelled to Russia en route Berlin, in the guise of an Italian, Orlando Mozatta."
1559	1941		S	The Santosh Trophy was started in 1941 after the then president of the Indian Football Association, West Bengal's football association, Sir Manmatha Nath Roy Chowdhary of Santosh, Bangladesh and Sir Satish Chandra Chowdhury donated the trophy. At the time of the first tournament, India lacked a proper main championship for football teams. The other two main competitions at the time were the Durand Cup, Rovers Cup, and the IFA Shield and they were played by club sides.
1560	1941		T	The Coronation Bridge, also known as the Sevoke Bridge, in West Bengal, India, spans across the Teesta River, connecting the districts of Darjeeling District and Kalimpong district. The bridge is a part of the National Highway 17. It was named to commemorate the Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth in 1937 and was completed in 1941 at a cost of Rs 6 lakhs. The foundation stone of the bridge was laid by John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley, the-then Governor of Bengal in 1937. Locals call the bridge Baghpool, meaning tiger bridge, because of the two tiger statues (bagh actually means tiger) at one entrance of the bridge. John Chambers, the last British executive Engineer of the Darjeeling Division Public Works Department (PWD), carried out the design, drawing and planning of the bridge. Messrs J.C. Gammon, from Bombay, was the contractor. The bridge was built on the Reinforced Concrete system. Since it was not possible to obtain support from the Teesta River bed due to the depth and current of water, the entire bridge was supported by a fixed arch, which had its two ends fixed on rock layers on either side of the river.
1561	1941		Tr	Hindustan Shipyard: Founded as the Scindia Shipyard, it was built by industrialist Walchand Hirachand as a part of The Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd. Walchand selected Visakhapatnam as a suitable location for the construction of the yard and took possession of the land in November 1940. The foundation stone for the shipyard was laid by Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 21 June 1941, who was at that time the acting Congress President. The first ship to be constructed fully in India after independence was built at the Scindia Shipyard and named Jal Usha. It was launched in 1948 by Jawaharlal Nehru at a ceremony where the families of Seth Walchand Hirachnd, late Narottam Morarjee and Tulsidas Kilachand, the partners of Scindia Shipyard, were present along with other dignitaries and industrialists. Walchand died in 1953, and the Scindia Shipyard continued to operate successfully under the next of kin of the founders. However, in 1961 the shipyard was nationalised and renamed Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL).
1562	1942		A	At sites along the lost Sarasvati River in Rajasthan, archeologist Sir Aurel Stein finds shards with incised characters identical to those on Indus Valley seals.
1563	1942		A	Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Telugu film) Bhakta Prahlada (transl. Prahalada, the devotee) is a 1942 Telugu-language film produced by Sobhanachal Banners and directed by Chitrapu Narayana Rao. The film follows Prahlada, a devotee of Vishnu in Hinduism. This is the second film based on the same story, but with more advanced technicians.The story is about the devotee Prahlada. Cast: Vemuri Gaggaiah Rajeswari Narayan Rao G. Varalakshmi
1564	1942	February	BC	Christmas Island Mutiny (Battle of Christmas Island): At the time, Christmas Island was a British possession under administrative control of the Straits Settlements, situated 161 nmi (185 mi; 298 km) south of Java. It was important for two reasons: it was a perfect control post for the east Indian Ocean and it was an important source of phosphates, which were needed by Japanese industry. After the occupation of Java, Japanese Imperial General Headquarters issued orders for "Operation X" (the invasion and occupation of Christmas Island) on 14 March 1942. After two Japanese attacks on Christmas Island in late February and early March 1942, relations between the British officers and their Indian troops broke down. On the night of 10 March, the Indian troops assisted by Sikh policemen mutinied, killing five British soldiers and imprisoning the remaining 21 Europeans on the island. Later on 31 March, a Japanese fleet arrived at the island and the Indians surrendered. The Battle of Christmas Island was a quick military engagement on Christmas Island which began on 31 March 1942, during the Asiatic-Pacific Theater of World War II. Inspired by the British surrender to Japan at the Battle of Singapore approximately a month earlier, soldiers of the British Indian Army garrisoned on the island as well as some soldiers of the Straits Settlements Volunteer Force (SSVF) mutinied against their officers, and the Imperial Japanese Army troops were able to occupy Christmas Island without any land-based resistance. However, the United States Navy submarine Seawolf managed to cause significant damage to the Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser Naka during the landings. Japanese military occupation lasted for approximately four years, before the island was subsequently returned to British colonial rule after the war had concluded. A year later, the island was placed under the administration of the crown colony of Singapore, before it was transferred to Australia in 1957 for $20 million as an external territory.
1565	1942		BC	Indian National Army was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists Mohan Singh (general) in Southeast Asia during World War II.
1566	1942	Bombay	BC	8 August 1942 Quit India Movement declaration passed at Gowalia Tank Maidan.
1567	1942		BC	The Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj, Free Indian Army) was an armed force formed by Indian collaborationists and Imperial Japan (Empire of Japan) in 1942 in Southeast Asia during World War II. Its aim was to secure Indian independence from British rule. It fought alongside Japanese soldiers in the latter's campaign in the Southeast Asian theatre of WWII. The army was first formed in 1942 under Rash Behari Bose, by Indian PoWs of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan campaign and at Singapore. This first INA collapsed and was disbanded in December that year after differences between the INA leadership and the Japanese military over its role in Japan's war in Asia. Rash Behari Bose handed over INA to Subhas Chandra Bose. It was revived under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose after his arrival in Southeast Asia in 1943. The army was declared to be the army of Bose's Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (the Provisional Government of Free India). Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose named the brigades/regiments of INA after Gandhi, Nehru, Maulana Azad, and himself. There was also an all-women regiment named after Rani of Jhanshi, Lakshmibai. Under Bose's leadership, the INA drew ex-prisoners and thousands of civilian volunteers from the Indian expatriate population in Malaya (present-day Malaysia) and Burma. This second INA fought along with the Imperial Japanese Army against the British and Commonwealth forces in the campaigns in Burma: at Imphal and Kohima, and later against the Allied retaking of Burma.
1568	1942		Bu	Set up in February 1942 in Mumbai, Asian Paints was born out of an opportunity after a temporary ban on paint imports left only foreign firms and Shalimar Paints as competitors. By 1967, it was the leading paints maker in India. In 1954, Gattu, created by cartoonist R. K. Laxman as a mischievous boy holding a paint bucket, was launched as its mascot.
1569	1942		E	Jawaharlal Nehru's daughter Indira marries a Parsi lawyer and insurgent, Feroze Gandhi against her father's wishes.
1570	1942		E	Hurricane and flooding in Bombay: 40,000 dead.
1571	1942		Fl	Telugu Thalli ('Mother Telugu') is the female personification of Telugu people and their culture. She holds the harvest in her left hand portraying that the Telugu land is always filled with greenery (prosperity and happiness). In the right hand she holds the kalasam which signifies that she brings all good to the people's lives. The goddess is dressed in the traditional Telugu style. Since language is considered as one of the most necessary skills to the mankind and our Telugu Thalli has provided us with that, she is given utmost priority in our lives. Maa Telugu Thalliki the official song of the state Andhra Pradesh, India, was written by Sankarambadi Sundaraachari and sung by Suryakumari for the Telugu film Deena Bandhu (1942) which starred Chittor V. Nagaiah but was released as a private label by the artist.
1572	1942		N	Dina Thanthi, Tamil, Daily Dina Thanthi (English: Daily Mail; known as Daily Thanthi in English) is a Tamil language daily newspaper. It was founded by S. P. Adithanar in Madurai in 1942. Dina Thanthi is India's largest daily printed in the Tamil language.
1573	1942		N	Dainik Jagran, Hindi, Daily The newspaper was launched in 1942 by Puran Chandra Gupta and later edited by Narendra Mohan.
1574	1942		N	Deshabhimani, Malayalam, Daily Deshabhimani has a predecessor, Prabhatham (which means 'Dawn'). It was started in 1935 and was the manifesto of the socialist group in the Indian National Congress. It was in 1942, through the efforts of eminent leaders like A K Gopalan and E M S Namboodiripad (who in fact donated all of his ancestral property for raising funds for the paper) Deshabhimani started and became the voice of the Communist Party of India and later became the voice of Communist Party of India (Marxist), after the split from CPI in 1964. Various personalities like E. M. S. Namboodiripad, V. T. Induchoodan, K. P. R. Gopalan, E. K. Nayanar and V. S. Achuthanandan, have served as the chief editors of Deshabhimani.
1575	1942		N	Prajasakti, Telugu, Daily Prajasakti was a borne child of the freedom struggle. It had its inception in 1942 and was published as a daily from 1945. No sooner it was subjected to repression by the British and was banned in 1948. It started again as a weekly journal in 1969 and took the form of a daily in 1981 with Vijayawada as the edition centre.
1576	1942		P	Churchill announces the Cripps Mission. March 22 to April 12 The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. Was headed by a senior minister Sir Richard Stafford Cripps. Cripps belonged to the left-wing Labour Party, traditionally sympathetic to Indian self-rule, but was also a member of the coalition War Cabinet led by PM Winston Churchill, who had long been the leader of a movement to block Indian independence. An attempt to rally, through the rival Indian National Congress and Muslim League, Indian support for the defense of the country against Japanese invasion.
1577	1942		P	Churchill announces the Cripps Mission. March 22 to April 12 Mission Failure: There are three main reasons behind the causes of the failure of the Cripps' mission. They are listed as follows: All the things offered were to fulfilled after the war Jinnah wanted the provision of a separate state after The Pakistan Resolution the behind-the-scenes efforts of the Viceroy and Secretary of State for India to sabotage the mission. The behind-the-scenes efforts of the Viceroy and Secretary of State for India to sabotage the mission. Documents released in 1970 support the this interpretation. Messages between Viceroy Lord Linlithgow and Secretary of State L. S. S. Amery reveal that both opposed the Cripps Mission and that they deliberately undercut Cripps. While the British government used the Cripps Mission as evidence of its liberal colonial policy, personal and private correspondence reveals contempt for the mission and elation over its failure. Following Britain's declaration of war on Germany in September 1939, the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, responded by declaring India a belligerent state on the side of Britain without consulting Indian political leaders or the elected provincial representatives, sharply underlining the failure of progress to self-rule. Churchill was deeply opposed to any dismantling of the British Empire, regarding its non-white subjects as incapable of self-rule. He was supported in his views by the Conservative Secretary of State for India, Leo Amery.
1578	1942		P	The Cripps Mission's proposals are rejected by Congress. In 1942, came the Cripps Mission(…) with a clear hint of partition of India in the background. Naturally the Mission failed, but the Congress even while opposing the Mission’s proposals yielded to the principle of partition.
1579	1942		P	Quit India Movement: Quit India resolution was passed by the Bombay session of the AICC, which led to the start of a historical civil disobedience movement across India. The ultimate appeasement offer was to keep India united by handing power entirely to the Muslim League. Maulana Azad made this proposal, and Gandhi approved it on 6 August 1942, confirming it again in a letter dated 8 August, ‘the Congress will have no objection to the British Government transferring all the powers it today exercises to the Muslim League on behalf of the whole of India". But Gandhi did not await any reply and started the Quit India Movement for immediate independence on 8 August. This made the British quite deaf to any ‘proposals’ by Gandhi and the Congress, including the far-fetched idea of handing India over to the Muslim League.
1580	1942		P	Quit India Movement: Quit India resolution asked for drastic constitutional changes which the British saw as the most serious threat to their rule since the Indian rebellion of 1857. With their resources and attention already spread thin by a global war, the nervous British immediately jailed the Congress leaders and kept them in jail until August 1945, whereas the Muslim League was now free for the next three years to spread its message. Consequently, the Muslim League's ranks surged during the war, with Jinnah himself admitting, "The war which nobody welcomed proved to be a blessing in disguise." Although there were other important national Muslim politicians such as Congress leader Abul Kalam Azad, and influential regional Muslim politicians such as A. K. Fazlul Huq of the leftist Krishak Praja Party (Krishak Sramik Party) in Bengal, Sikandar Hayat Khan of the landlord-dominated Unionist Party (Punjab), and Abdul Ghaffar Khan of the pro-Congress Khudai Khidmatgar (popularly, "red shirts") in the North West Frontier Province, the British were to increasingly see the League as the main representative of Muslim India. The All-India Muslim League's demand for Pakistan pitted it against the British and Congress.
1581	1942		P	Indian leader, Mohandas Gandhi is arrested in Bombay by British forces.
1582	1942		P	Newly married couple Indira Gandhi and Feroze Gandhi are arrested for their participation in Quit India movement.
1583	1942		T	With the gaining momentum of the Indian independence movement, ham operator Nariman Abarbad Printer (Nariman Printer) (VU2FU) in 1940 set up the Azad Hind Radio to broadcast Gandhian protest music and uncensored news; he was immediately arrested and his equipment seized. In August 1942, after Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement, the British began clamping down on the activities of Indian independence activists and censoring the media. To circumvent media restrictions, Indian National Congress activists, led by Usha Mehta, contacted Mumbai-based amateur radio operators, Bob Tanna (VU2LK) and Nariman Printer to help broadcast messages to grass-roots party workers across the country. The radio service was called the "Congress Radio", and began broadcasting from 2 September 1942 on 7.12 MHz. The station could be received as far as Japanese-occupied Myanmar. By November 1942, Tanna was betrayed by an unknown radio officer and was forced to shut down the station. Congress Radio was a clandestine and underground radio station, which operated for about three months during the Quit India Movement of 1942, a movement launched by Gandhi against the British Raj for independence of India. Congress Radio was the broadcasting mouthpiece of the Indian National Congress, and functioned from different locations from Bombay, currently known as Mumbai. It was organized by Usha Mehta (1920–2000), a veteran freedom fighter of India with the help of ham radio operators (Amateur radio in India). Her other associates for organizing the Congress Radio included Vitthaldas khakar, Chandrakant Jhaveri, and Babubhai Thakkar. The technicians and the equipment were supplied by Nanik Motwane of Chicago Radio, Mumbai. Eminent personalities like Ram Manohar Lohia, Achyutrao Patwardhan, and Purushottam Trikamdas were also associated with the Congress Radio. On 14 August 1942, within a week of launching of the Quit India Movement, the Secret Congress Radio, went on air, with Dr. Usha Mehta herself broadcasting this announcement: "This is the Congress Radio calling on (a wavelength of) 42.34 meters from somewhere in India."
1584	1942		T	Azad Hind Radio was a propaganda radio service that was started under the leadership of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany in 1942 to encourage Indians to fight for freedom. Though initially based in Germany, its headquarters were shifted to Singapore, and later to Rangoon, following the course of the war in Southeast Asia. After Netaji's departure to Southeast Asia, the German operations were continued by A. C. N. Nambiar, the head of the Indian Legion in Germany and later ambassador of the Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind in Germany. The station broadcast weekly news bulletins in English, Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi, Punjabi, Pashto and Urdu, the languages spoken by most potential volunteers for the Indian Legion in Germany and the Indian National Army in southeast Asia. Azad Hind Radio aimed to counter the broadcasts of Allied radio stations. On Azad Hind Radio, Netaji referred to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) as the Bluff and Bluster Corporation and the All India Radio as the Anti-Indian Radio.
1585	1942	1945	WWII	World War II global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The Japanese occupation of Burma was the period between 1942 and 1945 during World War II, when Burma was occupied by the Empire of Japan. The Japanese had assisted formation of the Burma Independence Army, and trained the Thirty Comrades, who were the founders of the modern Armed Forces (Tatmadaw). The Burmese hoped to gain support of the Japanese in expelling the British, so that Burma could become independent – This however, did not happen.
1586	1942		WWII	Indian Army during World War II: The Women's Auxiliary Corps (India) was formed in May 1942; recruits had to be a minimum age of 18 years and their duties were clerical or domestic. In December 1942, the minimum age was reduced to 17 years and 11,500 women had enlisted by the end of the war. Volunteers could enlist on Local service or General service terms. Those on General service could be sent to serve anywhere in India. Compared to over two million men, the corps of 11,500 women was small, but recruitment was always hampered by caste and communal inhibitions. Indian women at the time did not mix socially or at work with men and a large part of the corps was formed from the mixed-race Anglo–Indian community. The WAC(I) had an autonomous Air Wing, which served as the Indian counterpart of the WAAF: the women operated switchboards and similar duties at airfields and air headquarters (AHQ). In the earlier part of the war there was likewise a Naval Wing, but with the very localised environment of naval base and the very distinct ethos of the wartime naval services, British and Indian, this department was formally hived-off, in 1944, to become: the Women's Royal Indian Naval Service (WRINS), with its own uniform, similar to WRNS.
1587	1942		WWII	Five Japanese Aircraft from Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa’s force centred on the light carrier Ryujo, which was equipped with 29 such aircraft, attacked Vizagapatam between 13:00 Hrs and 13:45 Hrs. A second strike hit Vizagapatam, probably between 17:25 Hrs and 17:45 Hrs, and was likely flown by the same five aircraft and crews, which had made the early afternoon raid. The main target of the raids appeared to be the new harbour, the new Scindia Shipyard, the powerhouse and steamers in port.
1588	1943		A	Aaj Himalay Ki Choti Se, is an Indian patriotic song sung by Amirbai Karnataki and Khan Mastana in the 1943 Bollywood film Kismet (1943 film). Kavi Pradeep the writer of the song participated in the Quit India Movement. Kavi Pradeep penned the song, 'Aaj Himalay ki choti se'. He was the first to use cinema to propagate Indian nationalism by challenging the British to quit India. The British believed the song to be good propaganda against the Japanese and the Germans fighting World War II, instead the song had spread by word of mouth and was being sung at political rallies across the country for independence of India. It turned Kavi Pradeep from an obscure dissenter to a revolutionary poet. The British considered this song seditious in nature and arrest warrants were issued against Kavi Pradeep and the composer of the song, Anil Biswas (composer).
1589	1943		B	Rao Bahadur Lala Sohan Lal, the first chairman of Oriental Bank of Commerce (OBC), founded it in 1943 in Lahore. During partition, the lender shut its branches in Pakistan and shifted to Amritsar. Within four years of its coming into existence, OBC had to face Partition. The bank had to close down its branches in the newly formed Pakistan and shift its registered office from Lahore to Amritsar. Lala Karam Chand Thapar, the then Chairman of the Bank, in a unique gesture honoured the commitments made to the depositors from Pakistan and paid every rupee to its departing customers. The bank was nationalized on 15 April 1980.
1590	1943		B	G.D. Birla, the renowned Indian industrialist, founded the United Commercial Bank after the Quit India Movement in 1942. As of December 2012, the government held 65% of the bank’s shares after nationalizing it on 19 July 1969. In 1985, it was renamed UCO Bank.
1591	1943		B	In August 1943, Ratnakar Bank (now known as RBL Bank) was incorporated as a regional bank in Maharashtra. In August 1959, it was categorized as a scheduled commercial bank.
1592	1943		Bu	In 1943, the entity was incorporated and headquartered in Pollibetta, Karnataka. The parent Consolidated Coffee Estates Ltd., Edinburgh relinquished its controlling interest in the 1960s and Tata Tea Ltd acquired a controlling interest in 1991–92. In September 1999, Asian Coffee Ltd, Veerarajendra Estates Ltd and Charagni Ltd merged with the firm to form the single largest integrated plantation company in the world. In 2000, it was renamed Tata Coffee.
1593	1943	1944	E	The Bengal famine of 1943 was a devastating famine in the Bengal province of British India during World War II. An estimated 2.1–3 million, out of a population of 60.3 million, died of starvation, malaria, or other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions and lack of health care. Winston Churchill is glorified as some great leader when he was responsible for causing the deaths of 4 million Indians in 1943 by diverting food supplies from a productive India. This happened due to, British's …. Denial Policies for rice and paddy, Boat Denial – Under this policy, the Army confiscated approximately 46,000 rural boats, Access to international imports was largely denied by Churchill's War Cabinet, arguably due to a wartime shortage of shipping.
1594	1943	1944	E	The Bengal famine of 1943: More proximate causes included large-scale natural disasters in south-western Bengal – a cyclone, tidal waves and flooding, and rice crop disease. John Herbert (Conservative politician), the governor of Bengal, issued an urgent directive in late March 1942 immediately requiring stocks of paddy (unmilled rice) deemed surplus, and other food items, to be removed or destroyed in three southern districts along the coast of the Bay of Bengal – Bakarganj (or Barisal, Backergunge District), Midnapore district and Khulna District. Sir John Arthur Herbert GCIE (16 December 1895 – 11 December 1943), born Coldbrook, Monmouthshire, Wales, died Government House, Calcutta was a Conservative Party politician in UK and a colonial governor in British India, serving as Governor of Bengal from 1939 till his death in December 1943. aged 48.
1595	1943		F	Kushal Konwar, Indian National Congress President of Golaghat district, First martyr of Quit India Movement.
1596	1943	21 Oct	P	Subhas Chandra Bose takes over the leadership of Indian National Congress and proclaims formation of the ‘Provisional Government of free India’ at Singapore. The Provisional Government of Free India (Arzi Hakumat-e-Azad Hind) or, more simply, Azad Hind, was an Indian Provisional government established in Japanese occupied Singapore during World War II. It was created in October 1943 and supported by – as well as largely dependent on – the Empire of Japan. It was a part of the political movement originating in the 1940s outside India with the purpose of allying with the Axis powers to liberate India from British rule (British Raj). It was established by Indian nationalists in exile during the latter part of the Second World War in Singapore with monetary, military and political assistance from Imperial Japan (Empire of Japan). Founded on 21 October 1943, the government was inspired by the concepts of Subhas Chandra Bose who was also the leader of the government and Head of State. The government proclaimed authority over Indian civilian and military personnel in Southeast Asian British colonial territory and prospective authority over Indian territory to fall to the Japanese forces and the Indian National Army during the Japanese thrust towards India. The government of Azad Hind had its own currency, court and civil code, and in the eyes of some Indians, its existence gave a greater importance to the independence struggle against the British. Japan also handed over nominal authority of the Japanese occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1943, though the government continued to be dependent on Japanese support.
1597	1943		P	Karachi session of the Muslim League adopts the slogan of ‘Divide and Quit’. The Karachi Session of All-India Muslim League was held in December, 1943. A resolution demanding the creation of Pakistan was presented and Mohammed Ali Jinnah had invented a new slogan "Divide and Quit".
1598	1943		P	The Japanese attack the Port of Calcutta. As part of the British Empire during World War II, India found itself in the position of a de-facto ally to Britain's Western allies, including the US. India was a major aerial supply route, for an American military mission that came to be known as 'Flying over The Hump', a term of reference for flying over the Indian Himalayas. Though extremely dangerous (several U.S. planes had crashed on the mission), it was the only way for the allies to send supplies to China in support of its war against Japan, while avoiding Japanese occupied Burma. On December 20, 1942, bombers of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF) bombed the city, damaging its infrastructure and bringing sorrow to the entire city of joy. The city was bombed several times over the next few days. In 1943, the Japanese raid on Calcutta's Kidderpore docks took a heavy toll of property and lives. Hundreds of people were killed and many ships and warehouses were destroyed in this attack. Japanese aerial bombing of Calcutta continued sporadically until 1944 when Japan deployed its fighter planes elsewhere.
1599	1943		T	Howrah Bridge is a balanced cantilever bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. Commissioned in 1943, the bridge was originally named the New Howrah Bridge, because it replaced a pontoon bridge at the same location linking the two cities of Howrah and Calcutta (Kolkata). On 14 June 1965 it was renamed Rabindra Setu after the great Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Construction start : 1936 Construction end : 1942 Opened : 3 February 1943
1600	1944	Bombay	Ad	14 April 1944, Bombay Harbour Explosion kills scores of people and hurls debris up to 3 km away. The Bombay explosion (or Bombay docks explosion) occurred on 14 April 1944, in the Victoria Dock of Bombay when the freighter SS Fort Stikine, carrying a mixed cargo of cotton bales, gold, and ammunition including around 1,400 tons of explosives, caught fire and was destroyed in two giant blasts, scattering debris, sinking surrounding ships and setting fire to the area, killing around 800 to 1,300 people. Some 80,000 people were made homeless and 71 firemen lost their lives in the aftermath.
1601	1944	1945	BC	Insurgency in Balochistan: From 1944 to 1945, Daru Khan Badinzai led an insurgency against the authorities of the Raj. It began in the first half of 1944, when rebels of the Badinzai tribe began interfering with road construction on the British side of the Balochistan border. The insurgency had subsided by March 1945
1602	1944		BC	Mazrak Zadran's invasion of India: In 1944, the Southern and Eastern provinces of Afghanistan entered a state of turmoil, with the Zadran (Pashtun tribe), Safi (Pashtun tribe) and Mangal (Pashtun tribe) rising up against the Afghan government. Among the leaders of the revolt was the Zadran chieftain, Mazrak Zadran, who opted to invade British-occupied India in late 1944. There he was joined by a Baloch chieftain, Sultan Ahmed. Mazrak was forced to retreat back into Afghanistan due to British aerial bombardment.
1603	1944		Bu	Escorts (Agents) was incorporated in 1944. The firm became the largest producer of piston assemblies in India after a collaboration with Mahle of Germany in 1959.It was renamed Escorts Limited in 1960. Ten years later, a joint venture was formed with the Ford Motor Co. to manufacture Ford tractors in India. In 1984, an agreement was signed with Yamaha to make motorcycles.
1604	1944		Bu	Bajaj Holdings and Investment or BHIL (erstwhile Bajaj Auto Ltd) was demerged in 2007 as per a Bombay high court order, whereby its manufacturing unit was transferred to the new Bajaj Auto, and its wind farm and financial services businesses were vested with Bajaj Finserv Ltd.
1605	1944	1947	G	Lord Wavell – Viceroy, Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, In office 1 October 1943 – 21 February 1947. During his tenure as Viceroy .... Simla Conference held on June 25, 1945 between All-India Muslim League and Indian National Congress failed. 1946 Cabinet Mission to India. On December 9, 1946, first meeting of Constituent Assembly of India was held.
1606	1944		P	Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944: As the Allies saw more victories, the attitude of British administration towards Congress softened. Moreover, America had been pressing Britain to meet India's demand for self-governance. Although other Congress leaders were still in prison Gandhi was released on 5 May 1944. After his release Gandhi proposed talks with Jinnah on his two-nation theory and negotiating on issue of partition. The CR formula acted as the basis for the negotiations. Gandhi and Jinnah met in September 1944 to ease the deadlock. Gandhi offered the CR formula (C. Rajagopalachari's formula or C. R. formula or Rajaji formula) as his proposal to Jinnah. Nevertheless, Gandhi-Jinnah talks failed after two weeks of negotiations.
1607	1944		P	Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944: Causes of failure of the proposal; Although the formulation supported the principle of Pakistan, it aimed to show that the provinces that Jinnah claimed as Pakistan contained large numbers of non-Muslims. Jinnah had claimed provinces then regarded as Muslim majority regions (in the north-west; Sind, Balochistan, Pakistan, the North-West Frontier Province and the Punjab, and in the north-east, Assam and Bengal). Thus if a plebiscite was placed, Jinnah ran a risk of partitioning Punjab and Bengal. Moreover, Jinnah considered that the League represented all Muslims and the adult franchise demanded by the formula was redundant. Furthermore, the decision of Muslims to secede from India, according to the C. R. formula, would be taken not just by Muslims alone but by a plebiscite of the entire population even in the Muslim majority districts. This, according to Ayesha Jalal (a Pakistani-American sociologist and historian), might well have diluted the enthusiasm of the people of these provinces about going partition. Hence Jinnah rejected the initiative, telling his Council that it was intended to 'torpedo' the Lahore Resolution; it was the 'grossest travesty', a 'ridiculous proposal', 'offering a shadow and a husk – a maimed, mutilated and moth-eaten Pakistan, and thus trying to pass off having met out Pakistan scheme and Muslim demand'. While the formula retained most of the essential services, Jinnah wanted a full partition and any relations would be dealt via treaty alone. Although a failure, the CR formula was seen as Congress' betrayal of the Sikhs by Shiromani Akali Dal leaders like Master Tara Singh (activist). Since the formula meant vivisection of Punjab, if agreed the Sikh community would be divided. Sikhs did not hold a majority in any single district. Splitting Punjab would leave many on both sides of the dividing line. The proposal had been attacked by other leaders such as Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Syama Prasad Mukherjee of the Hindu Mahasabha and V. S. Srinivasa Sastri of Indian Liberal Party. However, Wavell the then viceroy of India who had earlier insisted on the geographic unity of India stated that the talks based on the CR formula failed because Gandhi himself did "not really believe" in the proposal nor Jinnah was ready to "answer awkward questions" which would reveal that he had "not thought out the implications of Pakistan".
1608	1944		P	Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, Viceroy calls Simla Conference of 1945 in a bid to form the executive Council of Indian political leaders
1609	1944		P	Subhas Chandra Bose calls Mahatma Gandhi the Father of the Nation.
1610	1945		A	At the height of World War II in 1943, the government of British India brought forth a rule that out of three Indian films made, two should be in support of the British war effort. Burma Rani was one of such movies produced by Modern Theatres and directed by T. R. Sundaram. Burma Rani (transl. Queen of Burma) is a 1945 Indian Tamil language war-Spy film. It starred K. L. V. Vasantha in the lead role of the female spy Mangalam and Sundaram, himself, as the lead antagonist. The British funded wartime propaganda films during World War II, some of which showed the Indian army pitted against the Axis powers, specifically the Empire of Japan, which had managed to infiltrate India. Burma Rani, depicted civilian resistance to Japanese occupation by British and Indian forces in Myanmar.
1611	1945		Bu	Brothers Jagdish Chandra Mahindra and Kailash Chandra Mahindra, along with Ghulam Muhammad (governor-general), set up Mahindra and Mohammed in 1945 as a steel trading firm. When Mohammed emigrated to Pakistan to serve as the country’s first finance minister, it was renamed Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. Later, it began to assemble Willys Jeeps in India and it ventured into light commercial vehicles, agricultural tractors and two-wheelers.
1612	1945		Bu	Tata Motors, formerly Tata Engineering and Locomotive Co., was founded in 1945. It built its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in collaboration with Germany’s Daimler-Benz AG (Daimler AG) and entered the passenger vehicle market in 1991 with Tata Sierra. In 1998, it launched the first indigenous Indian passenger car, the Indica. In 2004, it bought truck maker Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Co. and Jaguar Land Rover from Ford in 2008
1613	1945		Bu	Wipro was incorporated as Western India Vegetable Products in 1945. The firm went public the next year; it ventured into information technology in 1981. A software products and exports unit, Wipro Systems Ltd, was formed two years later. Indigenous personal computers were developed first by Wipro in 1985 and a joint venture with General Electric Co. was formed in 1989.
1614	1945		Co	The British Indian Army intended to implement appropriate internal disciplinary action against its soldiers who had joined the Indian National Army, whilst putting to trial a selected group in order to preserve discipline in the Indian Army and to award punishment for criminal acts where these had occurred. As news of the army spread within India, it began to draw widespread sympathy support and admiration from Indians. Newspaper reports around November 1945 reported executions of INA troops, which worsened the already volatile situation. Increasingly violent confrontations broke out between the police and protesters at the mass rallies being held all over India, culminating in public riotings in support of the Indian National Army men. This public outcry defied traditional communal barriers of the subcontinent, representing a departure from the divisions between Hindus and Muslims seen elsewhere in the independence movement and campaign for Pakistan.
1615	1945	1946	Co	Red Fort trials (Indian National Army trials): Between November 1945 and May 1946, approximately ten courts-martial were held in public at the Red Fort in Delhi. Claude Auchinleck, the Commander-in-Chief of the British Indian Army, hoped that by holding public trials in the Red Fort, public opinion would turn against the INA if the media reported stories of torture and collaborationism, helping him settle a political as well as military question. Those to stand trials were accused variously of murder, torture and "waging war against the King-Emperor". However, the first and most celebrated joint courts-martial – those of Colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon and Major General Shah Nawaz Khan (general) – were not the story of torture and murder Claude Auchinleck had hoped to tell the Indian press and people. The accusations against them included the alleged murder of their comrades-in-arms in the Indian National Army (INA) whilst in Burma. Peter Fay highlights in his book The Forgotten Army that the murders alleged were, in fact, courts-martial of captured deserters the defendants had presided over. If it was accepted that the three were part of a genuine combatant army (as the legal defence team later argued), they had followed due process of written INA law and of the normal process of conduct of war in execution of the sentences. Indians rapidly came to view the soldiers who enlisted as patriots and not enemy-collaborators. Philip Mason, then-Secretary of the War Department, later wrote that "in a matter of weeks ... in a wave of nationalist emotion, the Indian National Army were acclaimed heroes who fought for the freedom of India." The three accused were from the three major religions of India: Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism. Indians felt the Indian National Army represented a true, secular, national army when judged against the British Indian Army, where caste and religious differences were preserved amongst ranks.
1616	1945	1946	Co	Red Fort trials (Indian National Army trials): The opening of the first trial saw violence and a series of riots in a scale later described as "sensational". The Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League both made the release of the INA prisoners an important political issue during the campaign for independence in 1945–1946. Lahore in Diwali 1946 remained dark as the traditional earthen lamps lit on Diwali were not lit by families in support of prisoners. In addition to civilian campaigns of non-cooperation and non-violent protest, protest spread to include mutinies within the British-Indian Army and sympathy within the British-Indian forces. Support for the INA crossed communal barriers to the extent that it was the last major campaign in which the Congress and the Muslim League aligned together; the Congress tricolour (Flag of India) and the green flag of the League were flown together at protests.
1617	1945	1946	Co	Red Fort trials (Indian National Army trials): The Congress quickly came forward to defend soldiers of the Indian National Army who were to be court-martialled. The INA Defence Committee was formed by the Indian Congress and included prominent Indian legal figures, among whom were Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Kailash Nath Katju and Asaf Ali. The trials covered arguments based on military law, constitutional law, international law, and politics. Much of the initial defence was based on the argument that they should be treated as prisoners of war as they were not paid mercenaries but bona fide soldiers of a legal government – Bose's Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (Azad Hind). Nehru argued that "however misinformed or otherwise they had been in their notion of patriotic duty towards their country", they recognized the free Indian state as their sovereign and not the British sovereign. Peter Fay points out that at least one INA prisoner – Burhan-ud-Din (Indian National Army officer) a brother of the ruler of Chitral (princely state) – may have deserved to be accused of torture, but his trial had been deferred on administrative grounds. Those charged after the first celebrated courts-martial only faced trial for torture and murder or abetment of murder. Charges of treason were dropped for fear of inflaming public opinion.
1618	1945	1946	Co	Red Fort trials (Indian National Army trials): In spite of aggressive and widespread opposition to the continuation of the court-martial, it was completed. All three defendants were found guilty in many of the charges and sentenced to deportation for life. The sentence, however, was never carried out. Immense public pressure, demonstrations, and riots forced Claude Auchinleck to release all three defendants. Within three months, 11,000 soldiers of the INA were released after cashiering and forfeiture of pay and allowance. On the recommendation of Lord Mountbatten (Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma) and with the agreement of Jawaharlal Nehru, former soldiers of the INA were not allowed to join the new Indian Armed Forces as a condition for independence.
1619	1945	18 Aug	E	Subhas Chandra Bose death in plane crash at Taiwan.
1620	1945		N	The Shillong Times, English, Daily It is North-East India's oldest English-language daily newspaper, which started as a tabloid-sized weekly on 10 August 1945, on a treadle machine in Shillong.
1621	1945		P	Congress leaders released. Simla Conference under Lord Wavell. The Simla Conference 1945 was a meeting between the Viceroy of India Lord Wavell and the major political leaders of British India at Simla. Convened to agree on and approve the Wavell Plan for Indian self-government, and there it reached a potential agreement for the self-rule of India that provided separate representation for Muslims and reduced majority powers for both communities in their majority regions. Talks, however, stalled on the issue of selection of Muslim representatives. Seeking to assert itself and its claim to be the sole representative of Indian Muslims, the All-India Muslim League refused to back any plan in which the Indian National Congress, the dominant party in the talks, appointed Muslim representatives. This scuttled the conference, and perhaps the last viable opportunity for a united, independent India.
1622	1945	14 Jun	P	Simla Conference: On 14 June 1945 Lord Wavell announced a plan for a new Executive Council in which all members except the Viceroy and the Commander in Chief would be Indians. This executive council was to be a temporary measure until a new permanent constitution could be agreed upon and come into force. All portfolios except Defense would be held by Indian members
1623	1945	1946	p	The defeat of the die-hard Winston Churchill and election of a Labour government in 1945 (Attlee ministry) signals a change in colonial policy and the promise of an early achievement of ‘full self-government’ for India. There follows a bitterly fought general election in India, still on a very restricted franchise, and reveals the polarisation of (middle class) public opinion. Congress again wins the vast majority of non-Muslim seats, but the Muslim League achieves a spectacular result, reversing its poor showing of a decade earlier and winning the bulk of Muslim seats at both central and provincial levels. Muhammad Ali Jinnah believes he has been given a mandate for the realisation of ‘Pakistan’. A new interim government, consisting of leaders of both parties, is set up with the aim of preparing for full independence, but is unable to operate harmoniously amid escalating communal riots and atrocities in northern and eastern India. The Labour government despatches a three-man Cabinet Mission (1946 Cabinet Mission to India) with the objectives of securing Indian agreement to a representative government to whom power would be transferred and of arresting the apparent slide towards civil war. The Mission proposes the maintenance of a united, centrally-governed India but with a large measure of provincial autonomy and the right of Muslim-majority provinces to act in concert to defend their interests, if required. The plan is rejected, for different reasons, by Congress and the Muslim League.
1624	1945	December	P	1945 Indian general election: General elections were held in British India in December 1945 to elect members of the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State. The Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party, winning 59 of the 102 elected seats. The Muslim League won all Muslim constituencies, but failed to win any other seats. Of the 13 remaining seats, 8 went to Europeans, 3 to independents, and 2 to Akali candidates in the Sikh constituencies of Punjab. This election coupled with the provincial one in 1946 proved to be a strategic victory for Jinnah and the partitionists. Even though Congress won, the League had united the Muslim vote and as such it gained the negotiating power to seek a separate Muslim homeland as it became clear that a united India would prove highly unstable. The elected members later formed the Constituent Assembly of India. These were the last general elections in British India; consequent elections were held in 1951 in India and 1970 in Pakistan.
1625	1945		Tr	Deccan Airways Limited was a commercial airline based at Begumpet Airport in the erstwhile Hyderabad State. Founded in 1945, it was one of the nine airlines existing in India during independence. The airline was a joint venture of Nizam of Hyderabad and Tata Airlines.
1626	1945		W	India and the United Nations: India was a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco. The United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), commonly known as the San Francisco Conference, was a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, California, United States of America. At this convention, the delegates reviewed and rewrote the Dumbarton Oaks agreements of the previous year (Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 1944). The convention resulted in the creation of the United Nations Charter, which was opened for signature on 26 June, the last day of the conference. The conference was held at various locations, primarily the War Memorial Opera House, with the Charter being signed on 26 June at the Herbst Theatre in Civic Center. A square adjacent to the city's Civic Center, called "United Nations Plaza", commemorates the conference.
1627	1946		A	Dharti Ke Lal (Children of the Earth in English) is a 1946 Hindustani language film, the first directorial venture of the noted film director Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (K. A. Abbas). It was jointly written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and Bijon Bhattacharya, based on plays by Bhattacharya and the story Annadata by Krishan Chander. The film had music by Ravi Shankar, with lyrics by Ali Sardar Jafri, Nemichand Jain, Vamiq, and Prem Dhawan. The film was based on the Bengal famine of 1943, which killed millions of Bengali people, and was one of the first films in Indian cinema's social-realist (Parallel cinema) movement. In 1949, Dharti Ke Lal also became the first Indian film to receive widespread distribution in the Soviet Union (USSR), which led to the country becoming a major overseas market for Indian films.
1628	1946		N	Navbharat Times, Hindi, Daily Navbharat Times (NBT) is one of the largest circulated as well as largest reader's Hindi newspapers of Delhi, Mumbai and Lucknow or Kanpur. It is from the stable of Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd (BCCL) (The Times Group), which also publishes other dailies including The Times of India, The Economic Times, Maharashtra Times and also magazines such as Filmfare and Femina. NBT is one of the oldest product of the BCCL group.
1629	1946		O	Opposition to the partition of India: In the 1946 Indian provincial elections, only 16% of Indian Muslims, mainly those from upper class, were able to vote. The common Indian Muslims, however, opposed the partition of India, believing "that a Muslim state would benefit only upper-class Muslims".
1630	1946	January	P	1946 Indian provincial elections: Provincial elections were held in British India in January 1946 to elect members of the legislative councils of British Indian provinces. The consummation of British rule in India were the 1945/1946 elections. As minor political parties were eliminated, the political scene became restricted to the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League who were more antagonised than ever. The Congress, in a repeat of the 1937 Indian provincial elections, won 90 percent of the general non-Muslim seats while the Muslim League won the majority of Muslim seats (87%) in the provinces. Nevertheless, the All India Muslim League verified its claim to be the sole representative of Muslim India. The election laid the path to Pakistan.
1631	1946	January	P	Royal Air Force mutiny of 1946 of British and Indian air force units. In January 1946, mutinies broke out in the armed services, starting with RAF servicemen frustrated with their slow repatriation to Britain. The insurgencies came to a head in February 1946 with the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay, followed by others in Calcutta, Madras, and Karachi. Although the mutinies were rapidly suppressed, they had the effect of spurring the Attlee government to action. The Royal Air Force Mutiny of 1946 was a series of demonstrations and strikes at several dozen Royal Air Force stations in the Indian Subcontinent in January 1946. As these incidents involved refusals to obey orders they technically constituted a form of "Mutiny". The protests arose from slow demobilization and poor conditions of service following the end of World War II. The "mutiny" began at Karachi (RAF Drigh Road, PAF Base Faisal) and later spread to involve nearly 50,000 men over 60 RAF stations in India and Ceylon, including the then-largest RAF base at Kanpur and RAF bases as far as Singapore. At its height, the 1946 strike extended beyond South-East Asia through the Middle East to Egypt and North Africa, and as far west as Gibraltar. The protests lasted between three and eleven days at different places and were peaceful. Labour Prime Minister Clement Attlee had been deeply interested in Indian independence since the 1920s, and for years had supported it. He now took charge of the government position and gave the issue the highest priority. A Cabinet Mission was sent to India led by the Secretary of State for India, Lord Pethick Lawrence (Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence), which also included Sir Stafford Cripps, who had visited India four years before. The objective of the mission was to arrange for an orderly transfer to independence.
1632	1946	February	P	Royal Indian Navy mutiny. 18 Feb 1946 – 23 Feb 1946 The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny encompasses a total strike and subsequent mutiny by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian revolt on board ship and shore establishments at Bombay (Mumbai) harbour on 18 February 1946. From the initial flashpoint in Bombay, the mutiny spread and found support throughout British India, from Karachi to Calcutta and ultimately came to involve 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors. The mutiny was suppressed by British troops and Royal Navy warships. The Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League condemned the mutiny, while the Communist Party of India was the only party that supported the rebellion. The agitations, mass strikes, demonstrations and consequently support for the mutineers, therefore continued several days even after the mutiny had been called off. Along with this, the assessment may be made that it described in crystal clear terms to the government that the British Indian Armed forces could no longer be universally relied upon for support in crisis, and even more it was more likely itself to be the source of the sparks that would ignite trouble in a country fast slipping out of the scenario of political settlement.
1633	1946		P	Elections nationwide. Muslim League wins majority of Muslim seats.
1634	1946		P	Nehru elected leader of the Congress Party.
1635	1946		P	The new postwar Labour Party government of Clement Attlee, succeeding the Conservative Winston Churchill government, was determined to terminate its authority in India. A cabinet mission led by William Pethick-Lawrence was sent in 1946 to discuss and possibly arrange the mechanisms for the transfer of power to indigenous hands.
1636	1946		P	The 1946 Cabinet Mission to India aimed to discuss the transfer of powers from the British government to the Indian leadership, with the aim of preserving India's unity and granting its independence. Formulated at the initiative of Clement Attlee, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, the mission had Lord Pethick-Lawrence (Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence), the Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade, and A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough, the First Lord of the Admiralty. Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, did not participate in every step but was present and it was divided into three groups A,B,C clusters. Through the scheme, the British expected to maintain Indian unity, as both they and Congress wanted, and also providing Jinnah the substance of Pakistan.
1637	1946		P	Cabinet Mission Plan: The British, while not approving of a separate Muslim homeland, appreciated the simplicity of a single voice to speak on behalf of India's Muslims. Britain had wanted India and its army to remain united to keep India in its system of 'imperial defence'. With India's two political parties unable to agree, Britain devised the Cabinet Mission Plan. Through this mission, Britain hoped to preserve the united India which they and the Congress desired, while concurrently securing the essence of Jinnah's demand for a Pakistan through 'groupings.' The Cabinet mission scheme encapsulated a federal arrangement consisting of three groups of provinces. Two of these groupings would consist of predominantly Muslim provinces, while the third grouping would be made up of the predominantly Hindu regions. The provinces would be autonomous, but the centre would retain control over the defence, foreign affairs, and communications. Though the proposals did not offer independent Pakistan, the Muslim League accepted the proposals. Even though the unity of India would have been preserved, the Congress leaders, especially Nehru, believed it would leave the Center weak.
1638	1946	July	P	On 10 July 1946, Nehru gave a "provocative speech", rejected the idea of grouping the provinces and "effectively torpedoed" both the Cabinet mission plan and the prospect of a United India.
1639	1946		P	Interim Government of India: Wavell invites Nehru to form an interim government. Concerned by the diminishing British power, Wavell was eager to inaugurate an interim government. Disregarding Jinnah's veto, he authorised a cabinet in which Nehru was the interim prime minister. Sidelined and with his Pakistan of "groups" refused, Jinnah became distraught. To achieve Pakistan and impose on Congress that he could not be sidelined, he resorted to "direct action", which sparked rioting and massacres.
1640	1946	16 Aug	P	Jinnah calls Direct Action Day. Voilence erupts in Calcutta. Direct Action Day (16 August 1946), also known as the 1946 Calcutta Killings, was a day of widespread communal rioting between Muslims and Hindus in the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal province of British India. The day also marked the start of what is known as The Week of the Long Knives. The 'Direct Action' was announced by the Muslim League Council to show the strength of Muslim feelings towards its demand for an "autonomous and sovereign" Pakistan, and resulted in the worst communal riots that British India had seen.
1641	1946	2 Sep	P	Direct Action Day further increased Wavell's resolve to establish the interim government. Violence was not confined to the public sphere, but homes were entered and destroyed, and women and children were attacked. Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events, on 2 September 1946, a Congress-led interim government was installed, with Jawaharlal Nehru as united India's prime minister.
1642	1946		P	Constituent Assembly of India meets for the first time.
1643	1946		P	The Noakhali riots were a series of semiorganized massacres, rapes, abductions and forced conversions of Hindus to Islam and looting and arson of Hindu properties perpetrated by the Muslim community in the districts of Noakhali in the Chittagong Division of Bengal (now in Bangladesh) in October–November 1946, a year before India's independence from British rule.
1644	1946		P	The communal violence spread to Bihar, where Hindus attacked Muslims (1946 Bihar riots), to Garhmukteshwar in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, where Hindus attacked Muslims, and on to Rawalpindi in March 1947 in which Hindus were attacked or driven out by Muslims.
1645	1946		Tr	After World War II, regular commercial service was restored in India and Tata Airlines became a public limited company on 29 July 1946 under the name Air India.
1646	1946		Tr	Jamair was a privately owned and has served as non-scheduled charter as well as scheduled services airline based in Calcutta, India. Jamair was formed in 1946 by James B Muff, a former Chief Engineer at China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) and Eddie Quinn, a radio operator and pilot with CNAC. They were financially backed by the Maharajah Jam Sahib (Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji) of Nawanagar State and so was based out of Jamnagar where the Maharaja developed an air base for the aircraft. In 1949 – 50 they bought the Maharajah's interests in the business and moved to Dum Dum Airport in Calcutta.
1647	1946		Tr	Mistri Airways, later known as Indian Overseas Airlines, is a defunct airline, which was based in India. The airline started operations in 1946 using Douglas DC-3s and later also ordered for a Martin 2-0-2. The airline was started by one 29-year-old Parsi businessman, Rusi Mistri, who owned his personal Beech D17S (Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing).
1648	1946		Tr	Orient Airways Ltd. was an airline established in 1946 with its base in Calcutta, Bengal, British India. The airline shifted operations to the newly independent state of Pakistan in 1947, and was rechristened as Pakistan International Airlines in 1955. It was the first and only Muslim owned airline in British Raj and flew from 1947 to 1955
1649	1947	Bombay	A	Bombay Progressive Artists' Group founded. A collective of some of the most iconic artists of India, the Progressive Artists' Group (PAG), formed in 1947 in Bombay, transformed the modern art scenario of the country. The founding members were rightly referred to as 'heralds of a new dawn in the world of Indian art' by celebrated author Mulk Raj Anand.
1650	1947		BE	Indian Independence Act 1947: The 1947 Indian Independence Act [1947 c. 30 (10 & 11. Geo. 6.)] is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent country of India and Pakistan. The Act received Royal Assent on 18 July 1947 and thus India and Pakistan, comprising West (modern day Pakistan) and East (modern day Bangladesh) regions, came into being on 14 August. Independence was at midnight on the 14/15 August, Pakistan chose to celebrate independence on the 14th and India on the 15th. The legislature representatives of .... The Indian National Congress, represented by Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Acharya Kripalani, The Muslim League, represented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan, and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar and The Sikh community, represented by Sardar Baldev Singh came to an agreement with Lord Mountbatten on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan. This plan was the last plan for independence. The Mountbatten Plan partitions the subcontinent into Hindu-controlled India and Muslim-controlled Pakistan on June 3. India gains independence on August 15, marking the end of British rule and the establishment of a free and independent Indian nation.
1651	1947		Co	British India – Partition of India: The Partition of India of 1947 was the division of British India (Presidencies and provinces of British India) into two independent Dominion states, Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan. The Dominion of India is today the Republic of India; the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The Partition (politics) involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and Punjab Province (British India), based on district-wise non-Muslim or Muslim majorities. The partition also saw the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury. The partition was outlined in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, or Crown rule in India. The two self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 15 August 1947.
1652	1947		Co	British India – Partition of India: The term partition of India does not cover the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971 (Bangladesh Liberation War), nor the earlier separations of Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from the administration of British India. The term also does not cover the Political integration of India of Princely states into the two new dominions, nor the disputes of annexation or division arising in the princely states of Hyderabad State, Junagadh State, and Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), though violence along religious lines did break out in some princely states at the time of the partition. It does not cover the incorporation of the enclaves of French India into India during the period 1947–1954, nor the annexation of Goa and other districts of Portuguese India by India in 1961. Other contemporaneous political entities in the region in 1947, the Kingdom of Sikkim, Kingdom of Bhutan, Kingdom of Nepal, and the Maldives were unaffected by the partition.
1653	1947		E	Air India goes international.
1654	1947	22 Jul	Fl	On July 22, 1947, the Constituent Assembly adopted it as Free India National Flag. After the advent of Independence, the colours and their significance remained the same. Only the Dharma Charkha of Emperor Asoka was adopted in place of the spinning wheel as the emblem on the flag. Thus, the tricolour flag of the Congress Party eventually became the tricolour flag of Independent India.
1655	1947		G	Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, (March 1947 to August 1947) Lord Mountbatten, last British viceroy and governor general of India is sworn in. During his tenure .... Partition of India was done on June 3, 1947. Indian Independence Act 1947 was passed on July 4, 1947 by British parliament. Radcliffe Award (Radcliffe Line), August 1947 As per the Act India became independent on August 15, 1947. He was succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari, who was the last Governor General of free India
1656	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: Opposition to the partition of India was widespread in India in the 20th century and it continues to remain a talking point in South Asian politics. Those who opposed it often adhered to the doctrine of Composite nationalism. The Hindu, Christian, Anglo-Indian, Parsi and Sikh communities were largely opposed to the Partition of India (and its underlying Two-nation theory), as were many Muslims (these were represented by the All India Azad Muslim Conference). Pashtun politician and Indian independence movement activist Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of the Khudai Khidmatgar viewed the proposal to partition India as un-Islamic and contradicting a common history in which Muslims considered India as their homeland for over a millennium. Mahatma Gandhi opined that "Hindus and Muslims were sons of the same soil of India; they were brothers who therefore must strive to keep India free and united."
1657	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India, Hindu–Muslim unity: In Mughal India, the emperor Akbar advocated for Hindu–Muslim unity, appointing both Hindus and Muslims as officials in his court. Akbar participated and promoted festivals of both Hinduism and Islam, he also created feasts such as Phool Walon Ki Sair (although this festival is said to have been started much later in the nineteenth century under Akbar II) to be celebrated by citizens of all faiths. Chhatrapati Shivaji also promoted Hindu-Muslim unity. Maratha Hindavi Swarajya had many Muslims in high posts. Shivaji's personal security, his most trusted courtiers were Muslims. A Muslim general had led the Maratha troops in the Third Battle of Panipat and sacrificed for the cause. Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Asadabadi advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity, holding that it would effectively combat British imperialism, leading to an independent India. In the First War of Indian Independence in 1857 (Indian Rebellion of 1857), many Hindus and Muslims of India mobilized to fight the British.
1658	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: Pakistan was created through the partition of India on the basis of Religious segregation; the very concept of dividing the country of India along religious lines has been criticized as being a backward idea for the modern era. After it occurred, critics of the partition of India point to the displacement of fifteen million people, the murder of more than one million people, and the rape of 75,000 women (Violence against women during the partition of India) to demonstrate the view that it was a mistake.
1659	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politcal Parties) All India Anglo-Indian Association led by its president Frank Anthony "vociferously opposed Partition". All India Azad Muslim Conference was an organisation headed by the Premier of Sind Allah Bux Soomro, which represented the religiously observant Muslim working class; in one of the largest gatherings of Muslims in colonial India, it rallied in Delhi to oppose the partition of India. All India Conference of Indian Christians opposed the partition of India, as well as the creation of separate electorates based on religion; it supported Swaraj and helped to secure to rights of minorities in the Constitution of India. All-India Jamhur Muslim League was formed "in 1940, to oppose Jinnah's scheme of Pakistan". All India Momin Conference saw itself as articulating the interests of common, rather than upper-class Muslims and passed a resolution against the partition of India in 1940. It said: “the Partition scheme was not only impracticable and unpatriotic but altogether un-Islamic and unnatural, because the geographical position of the different provinces of India and the intermingled population of the Hindus and Muslims are against the proposal and because the two communities have been living together for centuries, and they have many things in common between them.”
1660	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politcal Parties) All India Muslim Majlis (Dr. Faridi) opposed the partition of India "as impracticable". All India Shia Political Conference protested the idea of creating a Pakistan, being against the partition of colonial India. It also supported common electorates. Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan allied itself with the Indian National Congress and opposed the partition of India. Central Khalsa Young Men Union declared its "unequivocal opposition" to the creation of a separate Muslim state in northwestern India, as with other Sikh organisations. Chief Khalsa Diwan declared its "unequivocal opposition" to the creation of a separate Muslim state in northwestern India, as with other Sikh organisations. Communist Party of India opposed the partition of India and did not participate in the Independence Day (India) celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest of the division of the country.
1661	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politcal Parties) Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha opposed the partition of India and did not participate in the Independence Day (India) celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest of the division of the country. Indian National Congress firmly opposed the partition of India, though it later reluctantly accepted it after the failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan which resulted from the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India. Jamiat Ahl-i-Hadis (Ahl-i Hadith) was a member party of the All India Azad Muslim Conference, which opposed the partition of India. Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind was "uncompromisingly against the formation of Pakistan", rejecting the idea of the partition and instead advocating for Composite nationalism in a united India, cf. Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam, (Composite Nationalism and Islam). Khaksar movement opposed the partition of India and were "outspoken critics of the Pakistan scheme". Khudai Khidmatgar stood out against the partition of India, using nonviolent principles to resist British rule in the country. Krishak Praja Party (Krishak Sramik Party) condemned idea of a partition plan as "absurd and meaningless".
1662	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politcal Parties) Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam passed a resolution in 1943 declaring itself to be against the partition and "introduced a sectarian element into its objections by portraying Jinnah as an infidel in an attempt to discredit his reputation". Sind United Party held that "Whatever our faiths we must live together in our country in an atmosphere of perfect amity and our relations should be the relations of the several brothers of a joint family, various members of which are free to profess their faith as they like without any let or hindrance and of whom enjoy equal benefits of their joint property." Shiromani Akali Dal led by Master Tara Singh (activist) saw the idea of the creation of a Muslim state as inviting possible persecution of Sikhs, who thus "launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution". Unionist Party (Punjab), which had a base of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs, opposed the partition of India from the perspective of seeing the Punjabi identity as more important than one's religious identity.
1663	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: Nathu Singh Rathore, an officer of the British Indian Army who opposed the partition of India, felt that the British decided to deliberately divide India in order to weaken it in hopes that Indians would ask the British to lengthen their rule in India. Singh said that the armed forces of undivided India were not affected by the "virus of communalism" and "were capable of holding the country together and thereby avoiding Partition". Singh was unable to forgive the politicians for failing to consult with the Indian Army before accepting the partition of India.
1664	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Religious leaders and organizations) All India Conference of Indian Christians opposed the partition of India, as well as the creation of separate electorates based on religion; it supported Swaraj and helped to secure to rights of minorities in the Constitution of India. Darul Uloom Deoband continues to oppose the two-nation theory, instead advocating for Composite nationalism and a united India. Jamaat-e-Islami actively worked to prevent the partition of India, with its leader Maulana Abul A'la Maududi arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the Ummah. The Jamaat-e-Islami saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.
1665	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Religious leaders and organizations) Abul Muhasin Muhammad Sajjad "played a stellar role in ideologically countering the Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s demand for Pakistan, besides campaigning vigorously on the plank of Composite nationalism". Zakir Naik criticized the partition of India and creation of Pakistan, calling it a tragedy. Naik holds that those who advocated the creation of Pakistan out of the northwestern provinces of colonial India were "not even practising Muslims".
1666	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Abul Kalam Azad stated that the creation of a Pakistan would only benefit upper class Muslims who would come to monopolize the economy of the separate state; he warned that if it would be created, it would be controlled by international powers, "and with the passage of time this control will become tight". Abdul Matlib Mazumdar supported Hindu-Muslim unity and opposed the partition of India, being a prominent Muslim leader in eastern Hindustan. Abdul Qayyum Khan, a barrister from the North-West Frontier Province of colonial India, declared that he would resist the partition of India with his own blood; he reversed his position in 1945 and joined the All India Muslim League Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai argued against the two-nation theory, favouring a united India. Allah Bux Soomro, the Chief Minister of Sind, was vehemently opposed to partitioning India on the basis of religious lines; he chaired the All India Azad Muslim Conference to advocate for a united and independent India. Allah Bakhsh Soomro proclaimed that the very concept of "The Muslims as a separate nation in India on the basis of their religion, is un-Islamic."
1667	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Ansar Harvani, a nationalist Muslim, voted against the resolution to partition India. Altaf Hussain (Pakistani politician) and founder of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement political party, called the partition of India the "greatest blunder" that resulted in "the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, relationships". Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed supported Mahatma Gandhi's vision of a united India. Fazl-i-Hussain was opposed to the separatist campaign to create a Muslim state through the division of India. Frank Anthony, president of the All India Anglo-Indian Association, "vociferously opposed Partition". Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah, who was elected as the Chief Minister of Sind from 1937–1938 and also 1942–1947, rejected the idea to partition India.
1668	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi advocated a joint Hindu-Muslim revolution and called everyone to "all rise against" the "conspiracy" of a partition plan. Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi saw the idea of the partition of India as one that catered to the imperialist policy of Divide and rule and he thus strongly opposed it, calling for an Akhand Hindustan (Hindi-Urdu for "united India") Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan opposed the partition of India and campaigned against British rule in the country through nonviolence. Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan favoured a united India and was an ally of the Indian National Congress. He stood against communalism and battled the Muslim League after it became apparent that a Pakistan would be created out of the provinces of northwest colonial India. Khwaja Abdul Majid was a social reformer and lawyer "who supported Gandhi in his opposition to the partition of India".
1669	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Khwaja Atiqullah, the brother of the Nawab of Dhaka, "collected 25,000 signatures and submitted a memorandum opposing the partition". Lal Khan, a Pakistani politician and founder of The Struggle Pakistan, criticized the partition of India and advocated for Indian reunification, which he stated would heal continuing wounds and solve the Kashmir conflict. Advocating for a common revolution, Khan declared that "Five thousand years of common history, culture and society is too strong to be cleavaged by this partition." Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi opposed the partition of India and founded the All-India Jamhur Muslim League to advocate for a united India. Mahatma Gandhi opposed the partition of India, seeing it as contradicting his vision of unity among Indians of all religions.
1670	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana, the Premier of Punjab (Prime Minister of Punjab), opposed the partition of India, seeing it as a ploy to divide the Punjab Province (British India) and Punjabi people. He felt that Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus of the Punjab all had a common culture and was against dividing India on the basis of religious segregation. Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana, himself a Muslim, remarked to the separatist leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah: "There are Hindu and Sikh Tiwanas who are my relatives. I go to their weddings and other ceremonies. How can I possibly regard them as coming from another nation?" March 1st was proclaimed by Tiwana as Communal Harmony Day, with the Communal Harmony Committee being established by him in Lahore, with Raja Narendra Nath as its president and Maulvi Mahomed Ilyas as its secretary. Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, a nationalist Muslim, voted against the resolution to partition India. Maulana Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari was the creator of the Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam, which passed a resolution in 1943 declaring itself to be against the partition and "introduced a sectarian element into its objections by portraying Jinnah as an infidel in an attempt to discredit his reputation".
1671	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Markandey Katju views the British as bearing responsibility for the partition of India; he regards Jinnah as a British agent who advocated for the creation of Pakistan in order "to satisfy his ambition to become the ‘Quaid-e-Azam’, regardless of the suffering his actions caused to both Hindus and Muslims". Katju states that after Hindus and Muslims joined hands in the First War of Indian Independence in 1857 (Indian Rebellion of 1857), the British implemented a divide and rule policy to cause them to fight one another rather than rise up to fight imperialist rule. He said that the British orchestrated the partition of India in order to prevent a united India from emerging as an industrial power that would rival the economy of any western state. Master Tara Singh (activist) declared that his party, the Shiromani Akali Dal would fight "tooth and nail" against the partition of India and creation of Pakistan. Maulana Mazhar Ali Azhar referred to Jinnah as Kafir-e-Azam ("The Great Kafir"). He, as with other Ahrar leaders, opposed the partition of India.
1672	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Maulana Sayyid Hussain Ahmed Madani strongly opposed the campaign for a separate Muslim state, instead advocating for Composite nationalism in a united India, cf. Muttahida Qaumiyat aur Islam (Composite Nationalism and Islam). Five decades earlier, Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Asadabadi advocated for the same; he held that Hindu-Muslim unity in India as opposed to unity between Indian Muslims and foreign Muslims, would effectively combat British imperialism, leading to an independent India. Maulana Abul A'la Maududi, the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami, actively worked to prevent the partition of India, arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the ummah. Maulana Maududi saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another. He advocated for the whole of India to be reclaimed for Islam. M. C. Davar opposed the partition of India, creating the "United Party of India (UPI) with the aim of removing the chasm between the Congress and the Muslim League". Muhammad Tayyab Danapuri was a Barelvi scholar who wrote against Jinnah in his books.
1673	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Mohammed Abdur Rahiman, a peace activist, "mobilised the Muslim masses against the two-nation theory of Muslim League". Mufti Mahmud, associated with the Darul Uloom Deoband, opposed the partition of India. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari argued against Jinnah's two-nation theory. Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan, coming from the background with ties to the Indian National Congress and Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam, opposed the Muslim League. Purushottam Das Tandon opposed the partition of India, advocating unity, stating that "Acceptance of the resolution will be an abject surrender to the British and the Muslim League. The admission of the Working Committee was an admission of weakness and the result of a sense of despair. The Partition would not benefit either community – the Hindus in Pakistan and the Muslims in India would both live in fear." Rafi Ahmed Kidwai supported Mahatma Gandhi's vision of a united India.
1674	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Saifuddin Kitchlew, a Kashmiri Muslim leader and President of the Punjab Provincial Congress Committee, was strongly opposed to the partition of India, calling it "a surrender of nationalism in favour of communalism". Kitchlew supported a united Indian nationalism against British imperialism and held "that a divided India would only debilitate the Muslim cause, in terms of its political emancipation and economic prosperity." Salman Khurshid criticized the partition of India, opining that a united India with a liberal democracy and proportional representation would have been better for the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. Khurshid praised Nelson Mandela for refusing to accept a partition of South Africa. Shaukatullah Shah Ansari argued against Jinnah's two-nation theory. Sheikh Abdullah supported Mahatma Gandhi's vision of a united India. Shibli Nomani argued against Jinnah's two-nation theory.
1675	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Sikandar Hayat Khan, the Prime Minister of Punjab, was opposed to the partition of India as he saw the consequence of dividing the Punjab as painful. Syed Sultan Ahmed backed M. C. Davar in his opposition to the partition of India. Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri, a leader who joined the Indian independence movement at the time of the Salt March, opposed the two-nation theory and was imprisoned in the same jail cell as Mahatma Gandhi. Tarun Vijay, a member of the Rajya Sabha aligned with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, is critical of the partition of India, faulting the British for it, and advocates for Indian reunification due to the “same cultural thread” that he states runs throughout the subcontinent. Vijay believes that nature has established one contiguous entity known as Hindustan or Bharat has exited throughout history and that in his travels to Pakistan and Bangladesh, the people there expressed a “close affinity with Indians”. Vijay praised Abraham Lincoln for refusing to accept separatist tendencies in the United States during the time of the American Civil War.
1676	1947		O	Opposition to the partition of India: (Politicians) Ted Grant, founder of the International Marxist Tendency, heavily criticized the partition of India, calling it "a crime carried out by British Imperialism" that was done in order "to divide the subcontinent to make it easier to control from outside once they had been forced to abandon a military presence." Tikka Raja Shatrujit Singh of Kapurthala State stated his opposition to the partition of India and advocates for Indian reunification, citing the communal harmony that existed in the Kapurthala State of colonial India, which contained Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus who lived peacefully. According to him, a secular and united India would have been a global superpower. Ubaidullah Sindhi organised a conference in 1940 in Kumbakonam to stand against the separatist campaign to create Pakistan, stating "if such schemes were considered realistically, it would be apparent at once how damaging they would be not only for Indian Muslims but for the whole Islamic world." Zahid Ali Khan opposed the partition of India, believing that it would divide the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. Zakir Husain (politician) supported Mahatma Gandhi's vision of a united India.
1677	1947		P	Attlee's announcement: Clement Attlee, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, announced on 20 February 1947 that: The British Government would grant full self-government to British India by 30 June 1948 at the latest, The future of the Princely States would be decided after the date of final transfer is decided.
1678	1947		P	Attlee's announcement: The British Prime Minister Attlee appointed Lord Louis Mountbatten as India's last viceroy, giving him the task to oversee British India's independence by June 1948, with the instruction to avoid partition and preserve a United India, but with adaptable authority to ensure a British withdrawal with minimal setbacks. Mountbatten hoped to revive the Cabinet Mission scheme for a federal arrangement for India. But despite his initial keenness for preserving the centre, the tense communal situation caused him to conclude that partition had become necessary for a quicker transfer of power
1679	1947	3 Mar	P	During this period, many alleged that Tara Singh (activist) was endorsing the killing of Muslims. On 3 March 1947, at Lahore, Singh, along with about 500 Sikhs, declared from a dais "Death to Pakistan". According to political scientist Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist): On March 3, radical Sikh leader Master Tara Singh famously flashed his Kirpan (sword) outside the Punjab Assembly, calling for the destruction of the Pakistan idea prompting violent response by the Muslims mainly against Sikhs but also Hindus, in the Muslim-majority districts of northern Punjab. Yet, at the end of that year, more Muslims had been killed in East Punjab than Hindus and Sikhs together in West Punjab.
1680	1947	15 Aug	P	India gains independence on 15 August: On 14 August 1947, the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being, with Muhammad Ali Jinnah sworn in as its first Governor-General in Karachi. The following day, 15 August 1947, India, now Dominion of India, became an independent country, with official ceremonies taking place in New Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru assuming the office of prime minister, and with Viceroy Mountbatten staying on as the country's first Governor General. Gandhi remained in Bengal to work with the new refugees from the partitioned subcontinent. Partition of the country amid mass killings and displacement. Britain exits India.
1681	1947		P	Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first Prime Minister of India and unfurls the Indian tricolour on the ramparts of the Red Fort, symbolically marking the end of British colonial rule.
1682	1947		P	Following its creation as a new country in August 1947, Pakistan applied for membership of the United Nations and was accepted by the General Assembly on 30 September 1947. The Dominion of India continued to have the existing seat as India had been a founding member of the United Nations since 1945.
1683	1947		P	Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948: War breaks out between India and Pakistan Administered Kashmir forces in Kashmir. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was an armed conflict that was fought between Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan over Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts that was fought between the two newly-independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after its independence by launching tribal Lascar (militias) from Waziristan, in an effort to capture Kashmir, the future of which hung in the balance. The inconclusive result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both countries. The war was initially fought by the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces (Jammu and Kashmir Rifles) and by militias from the Frontier Tribal Areas (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) adjoining the North-West Frontier Province. Following the accession of the state to India (Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)) on 26 October 1947, Indian troops were airlifted to Srinagar, the state capital. British commanding officers initially refused the entry of Pakistani troops into the conflict, citing the accession of the state to India. However, later in 1948, they relented and Pakistan's armies entered the war shortly afterwards. The fronts solidified gradually along what later came to be known as the Line of Control. A formal ceasefire was declared at 23:59 on the night of 31 December 1948 and became effective on the night of 1 January 1949. The result of the war was inconclusive. However, most neutral assessments agree that India was the victor of the war as it was able to successfully defend about two-thirds of the erstwhile princely state, including the Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Ladakh.
1684	1947		Pa	Partition was seen as the only solution by both parties. At the same time, the British decide to bring forward their departure from India by a year. In June 1947, Viceroy Mountbatten broadcasts a rushed and incoherent partition plan to Indians, announcing that British withdrawal and the division of the country was to take place in just 2 months. The social ruptures and atrocities that accompany the unfolding of this time-compressed partition plan, particularly along the partitioned borderlands of Punjab and Bengal, ensure that the new nation-states of India and Pakistan are born with profound mutual distrust and enmity.
1685	1947	3 Jun	Pa	The actual division of British India between the two new dominions was accomplished according to what has come to be known as the "3 June Plan" or "Mountbatten Plan". It was announced at a press conference by Mountbatten on 3 June 1947, when the date of independence – 15 August 1947 – was also announced. The plan's main points were: Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in Punjab Province (British India) and Bengal Presidency legislative assemblies would meet and vote for partition. If a simple majority of either group wanted partition, then these provinces would be divided. Sind and Balochistan were to make their own decision. The fate of North-West Frontier Province and Sylhet District of Assam was to be decided by a Referendum. India would be independent by 15 August 1947. The separate independence of Bengal was ruled out. A boundary commission to be set up in case of partition. The Indian political leaders accepted the Plan on 2 June. It could not deal with the question of the Princely states, which were not British possessions, but on 3 June Mountbatten advised them against remaining independent and urged them to join one of the two new dominions. The All-India Muslim League's demands for a separate country were thus conceded. The Congress's position on unity was also taken into account, while making Pakistan as small as possible. Mountbatten's formula was to divide India and, at the same time, retain maximum possible unity.
1686	1947	3 Jun	Pa	Abul Kalam Azad expressed concern over the likelihood of violent riots, to which Mountbatten replied: "At least on this question I shall give you complete assurance. I shall see to it that there is no bloodshed and riot. I am a soldier and not a civilian. Once the partition is accepted in principle, I shall issue orders to see that there are no communal disturbances anywhere in the country. If there should be the slightest agitation, I shall adopt the sternest measures to nip the trouble in the bud." Jagmohan has stated that this and what followed showed a "glaring failure of the government machinery".
1687	1947	3 Jun	Pa	Within British India, the border between India and Pakistan (the Radcliffe Line) was determined by a British Government-commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a London Barrister, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe. Pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous enclaves, East Pakistan (today Bangladesh) and West Pakistan, separated geographically by India. India was formed out of the majority Hindu regions of British India, and Pakistan from the majority Muslim areas.
1688	1947	18 Jul	Pa	On 18 July 1947, the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act 1947 that finalized the arrangements for partition and abandoned British Suzerainty over the Princely states, of which there were several hundred, leaving them free to choose whether to accede to one of the new dominions or to remain independent outside both. The Government of India Act 1935 was adapted to provide a legal framework for the new dominions.
1689	1947		Pa	Vallabhbhai Patel was one of the first Congress leaders to accept the partition of India as a solution to the rising Muslim separatist movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He had been outraged by Jinnah's Direct Action campaign, which had provoked communal violence across India and by the viceroy's vetoes of his home department's plans to stop the violence on the grounds of constitutionality. Patel severely criticized the viceroy's induction of League ministers into the government and the revalidation of the grouping scheme by the British without Congress approval. Although further outraged at the League's boycott of the assembly and non-acceptance of the plan of 16 May despite entering government, he was also aware that Jinnah enjoyed popular support amongst Muslims, and that an open conflict between him and the nationalists could degenerate into a Hindu-Muslim civil war. The continuation of a divided and weak central government would in Patel's mind, result in the wider fragmentation of India by encouraging more than 600 princely states towards independence.
1690	1947	17 Aug	Pa	Radcliffe Line: The Radcliffe Line was the boundary Demarcation line between the Indian and Pakistan portions of the Punjab Province (British India) and Bengal Presidency of British India. It was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe, who, as the joint chairman of the two boundary commissions for the two provinces, received the responsibility to equitably divide 175,000 square miles (450,000 km2) of territory with 88 million people. The demarcation line was published on 17 August 1947 upon the Partition of India. Today its western side still serves as the India–Pakistan border and the eastern side serves as the Bangladesh–India border.
1691	1947		Pa	Junagadh joins the Dominion of India – Annexation of Junagadh.
1692	1947		Pa	Massive population exchanges occurred between the two newly formed states in the months immediately following the partition. There was no conception that population transfers would be necessary because of the partitioning. Religious minorities were expected to stay put in the states they found themselves residing in. However, an exception was made for Punjab, where the transfer of populations was organized because of the communal violence affecting the province, this did not apply to other provinces.
1693	1947		Pa	Lawrence James observed that "Sir Francis Mudie, the governor of West Punjab, estimated that 500,000 Muslims died trying to enter his province, while the British high commissioner in Karachi put the full total at 800,000. This makes nonsense of the claim by Mountbatten and his partisans that only 200,000 were killed".
1694	1947		Pa	Partition of India, Punjab: The newly formed governments had not anticipated, and were completely unequipped for, a two-way migration of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the new India–Pakistan border. Estimates of the number of deaths vary, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 2,000,000. The worst case of violence among all regions is concluded to have taken place in Punjab. Virtually no Muslim survived in East Punjab (except in Malerkotla) and virtually no Hindu or Sikh survived in West Punjab.
1695	1947		Pa	Partition of India, Partition of Bengal (1947), Bengal: The province of Bengal was divided into the two separate entities of West Bengal, awarded to the Dominion of India, and East Bengal, awarded to the Dominion of Pakistan. East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan in 1955, and later became the independent nation of Bangladesh after the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. While the Muslim majority districts of Murshidabad district and Malda district were given to India, the Hindu majority district of Khulna District and the Buddhist majority, but sparsely populated, Chittagong Hill Tracts were given to Pakistan by the Radcliffe award. Thousands of Hindus, located in the districts of East Bengal, which were awarded to Pakistan, found themselves being attacked, and this religious persecution forced hundreds of thousands of Hindus from East Bengal to seek refuge in India. The massive influx of Hindu refugees into Calcutta affected the demographics of the city. Many Muslims left the city for East Pakistan, and the refugee families occupied some of their homes and properties.
1696	1947		Pa	Partition of India, Sind: At the time of partition, the majority of Sindh's prosperous Upper and middle class was Hindu. The Hindus were mostly concentrated in cities and formed majority of population in cities including Hyderabad, Sindh, Karachi, Shikarpur, Sindh, and Sukkur. During the initial months after partition, only some Hindus migrated. However, by Late 1947 and early 1948, the situation began to change. Large numbers of Muslims refugees from India started arriving in Sindh and began to live in crowded refugee camps. Despite the migration, a significant Sindhi Hindu population still resides in Pakistan's Sindh province, where they number at around 2.3 million as per Pakistan's 1998 census; Some bordering districts in Sindh had a Hindu majority like Tharparkar District, Umerkot, Mirpur Khas, Sanghar and Badin, but there has decreased drastically due to persecution. Due to brutal nature of the religious persecution of Hindus in Pakistan. Hindus from sindh are still migrating to India.
1697	1947		Pa	Partition of India, Gujarat: There was no mass violence in Gujarat as there was in Punjab and Bengal. However, Gujarat experienced large refugee migrations. Est. 340,000 Muslims migrated to Pakistan, of which 75% went to Karachi largely due to business interests. The number of incoming refugees was quite large, with over a million people migrating to Gujarat. These Hindu refugees were largely Sindhi and Gujarati.
1698	1947		Pa	Partition of India, Delhi: As refugees began pouring into Delhi in 1947, the city was ill-equipped to deal with the influx of residents. Refugees "spread themselves out wherever they could. They thronged into camps…colleges, temples, Gurdwaras, Dharamshala (type of building)s, military barracks, and gardens". Tens of thousands of Muslims were driven to refugee camps regardless of their political affiliations, and numerous historical sites in Delhi such as the Purana Qila, Idgah, and Nizamuddin were transformed into refugee camps. In fact, many Hindu and Sikh refugees eventually occupied the abandoned houses of Delhi's Muslim inhabitants. At the culmination of the tensions in Delhi, 330,000 Muslims had migrated to Pakistan. 1951 Census of India registered a drop of the Muslim population in the city from 33.2% in 1941 to 5.3% in 1951
1699	1947		Pa	Partition of India, Princely states: In several cases, rulers of Princely states were involved in communal violence or did not do enough to stop in time. Some rulers were away from their states for the summer, such as those of the Sikh states. Some believe that the rulers were whisked away by communal ministers in large part to avoid responsibility for the soon-to-come ethnic cleansing. With the exceptions of Jind and Kapurthala State, the violence was well organised in the Sikh states, with logistics provided by the Durbar (court). In Patiala State and Faridkot State, the Maharajas responded to the call of Master Tara Singh (activist) to cleanse India of Muslims. The ruler of Bharatpur State personally witnessed the cleansing of Muslim Meo (ethnic group) at Khumbar and Deeg. When reproached by Muslims for his actions, the Maharaja retorted by saying: "Why come to me? Go to Jinnah."
1700	1947		Pa	Partition of India, Alwar and Bharatpur: In Alwar and Bharatpur, Rajasthan, princely states of Rajputana (modern-day Rajasthan), there were bloody confrontation between the dominant, Hindu land-holding community and the Muslim cultivating community. Well-organised bands of Hindu Jats, Ahirs and Gurjars, started attacking Muslim Meo (ethnic group)s in April 1947. By June, more than fifty Muslim villages had been destroyed. The Muslim League was outraged and demanded that the Viceroy provide Muslim troops. Accusations emerged in June of the involvement of Indian State Forces from Alwar and Bharatpur in the destruction of Muslim villages both inside their states and in British India. In the wake of unprecedented violent attacks unleashed against them in 1947, 100,000 Muslim Meos from Alwar and Bharatpur were forced to flee their homes, and an estimated 30,000 are said to have been massacred. On 17 November, a column of 80,000 Meo refugees went to Pakistan. However, 10,000 stopped travelling due to the risks.
1701	1947		Pa	Partition of India, Jammu and Kashmir: In September–November 1947 in the Jammu region of the Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), a large number of Muslims were massacred, and others driven away to West Punjab. The impetus for this violence was partly due to the "harrowing stories of Muslim atrocities", brought by Hindu and Sikh refugees arriving to Jammu from West Punjab since March 1947. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, aided and abetted by the forces of the Dogra dynasty State, headed by the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Hari Singh. Observers state that Hari Singh aimed to alter the demographics of the region by eliminating the Muslim population and ensure a Hindu majority.
1702	1947		Pa	World War II was the last time the Indian Army fought as part of the British military apparatus, as independence and partition followed in 1947. On 3 June 1947, the British Government announced the plan for the partition of the sub–continent between India and Pakistan. On 30 June 1947, the procedure for the division of the armed forces was agreed upon. After partition the British Indian Army was divided between the new Indian Army and the Pakistan Army. Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, then Commander-in-Chief, India, was appointed Supreme Commander to ensure smooth division of units, stores and so on. It was announced on 1 July 1947, that both countries would have operational control of their respective armed forces by 15 August 1947.
1703	1947		Pa	Partition of India, Missing People: A study of the total population inflows and outflows in the districts of Punjab, using the data provided by the 1931 Censusu (Census of India prior to independence) and 1951 Census of India has led to an estimate of 1.3 million missing Muslims who left western India but did not reach Pakistan. The corresponding number of missing Hindus/Sikhs along the western border is estimated to be approximately 800,000. This puts the total of missing people, due to partition-related migration along the Punjab border, to around 2.2 million. Another study of the demographic consequences of partition in the Punjab region using the 1931, 1941 and 1951 censuses concluded that between 2.3 and 3.2 million people went missing in the Punjab.
1704	1947		Pa	Partition of India, Rehabilitation of women: Both sides promised each other that they would try to restore women abducted and raped during the riots. The Indian government claimed that 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women were abducted, and the Pakistani government claimed that 50,000 Muslim women were abducted during riots. By 1949, there were legal claims that 12,000 women had been recovered in India and 6,000 in Pakistan. By 1954, there were 20,728 Muslim women recovered from India, and 9,032 Hindu and Sikh women recovered from Pakistan. Most of the Hindu and Sikh women refused to go back to India, fearing that their family would never accept them, a fear mirrored by Muslim women. See also Violence against women during the partition of India
1705	1947		Pa	The partition was a highly controversial arrangement, and remains a cause of much tension on the Indian subcontinent today. According to American scholar Allen McGrath, many British leaders including the British Viceroy, Mountbatten, were unhappy over the partition of India. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma had not only been accused of rushing the process through but also is alleged to have influenced the Radcliffe Line in India's favor. The commission took longer to decide on a final boundary than on the partition itself. Thus the two nations were granted their independence even before there was a defined boundary between them. Some critics allege that British haste led to increased cruelties during the partition. Because independence was declared prior to the actual partition, it was up to the new governments of India and Pakistan to keep public order. No large population movements were contemplated; the plan called for safeguards for minorities on both sides of the new border. It was a task at which both states failed. There was a complete breakdown of law and order; many died in riots, massacre, or just from the hardships of their flight to safety. What ensued was one of the largest population movements in recorded history. According to Richard Symonds (academic), at the lowest estimate, half a million people perished and twelve million became homeless.
1706	1947		Pr	Presidencies and provinces of British India: At the time of independence in 1947, British India had 17 provinces .... Ajmer-Merwara, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam Province, Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province), Bengal Presidency, Bihar Province, Bombay Presidency, Central Provinces and Berar, Coorg Province, Delhi, Madras Presidency, North-West Frontier Province, Orissa Province, Panth-Piploda Province, Punjab Province (British India), Sind Province (1936–55), United Provinces (1937–50). Upon the Partition of India into the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan, 11 provinces (Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces and Berar, Coorg, Delhi, Madras, Panth-Piploda, Orissa, and the United Provinces) joined India, 3 (Baluchistan, North-West Frontier and Sindh) joined Pakistan, and 3 (Punjab, Bengal and Assam) were partitioned between India and Pakistan. In 1950, after the new Constitution of India was adopted, the provinces in India were replaced by redrawn states and union territories. Pakistan, however, retained its five provinces, one of which, East Bengal, was renamed East Pakistan in 1956 and became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.
1707	1947		Pr	Presidencies, Provinces, Princely states, (Presidencies and provinces of British India): At the time of the British withdrawal, 565 princely states were officially recognised in the Indian subcontinent, apart from thousands of zamindari estates and jagirs. In 1947, princely states covered 40% of the area of pre-independence India and constituted 23% of its population. The most important states had their own British Political Residencies: Nizam of Hyderabad, Kingdom of Mysore and Travancore in the South followed by Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), and Kingdom of Sikkim in the Himalayas, and Indore State in Central India. The most prominent among those – roughly a quarter of the total – had the status of a Salute state, one whose ruler was entitled to a set number of gun salutes on ceremonial occasions.
1708	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: Five large princely states in direct political relations with the Central Government in India …. Baroda State, Hyderabad State, Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), Kingdom of Mysore, Gwalior State.
1709	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 88 Princely states forming the Central India Agency …. Indore State, Bhopal State, Rewa (princely state) and 85 minor states.
1710	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 42 Princely states forming the Eastern States Agency …. Cooch Behar State, Tripura (princely state), Mayurbhanj State and 39 minor states
1711	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 2 states under the suzerainty of the Resident at Gwalior …. Rampur, Uttar Pradesh and Benares State.
1712	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 23 princely states forming the Rajputana Agency, with the Resident for Rajputana at Abu …. Udaipur State (Mewar), Jaipur State, Jodhpur State (Marwar), Bikaner State, 17 minor states, 1 chiefship, 1 zamindari
1713	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 3 princely states forming the Baluchistan Agency …. Khanate of Kalat, Las Bela (princely state), Kharan (princely state)
1714	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: Sikkim, as a protectorate of the British Government
1715	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 5 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of Madras …. Travancore, Kingdom of Cochin, Pudukkottai State, 2 minor states (Banganapalle and Sandur State)
1716	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 354 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of Bombay …. Kolhapur, Kutch district, Junagadh State, Nawanagar State and 349 other states
1717	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 15 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of the Central Provinces …. Kalahandi district, Bastar state and 13 other states.
1718	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 45 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of the Punjab …. Bahawalpur (princely state), Patiala, Nabha State, Jind, Kapurthala, Faridkot State, Tehri Garhwal district, Khairpur (princely state) and 25 other states
1719	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 26 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of Assam …. Manipur, 25 Khasi states (Khasi and Jaintia Hills).
1720	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: 52 states in Burma: all except Kantarawadi, one of the Karenni States, were included in British India until 1937 …. Hsipaw State (Thibaw), Kengtung State, Yawnghwe, Mongnai State, 5 Karenni States and 44 other states
1721	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: At the time of Indian independence (Partition of India) on 15 August 1947, India was divided into two sets of territories .... The first being the territories of "Presidencies and provinces of British India", which were under the direct control of the India Office in London and the Governor-General of India, and The second being the "princely states", the territories over which The Crown had Suzerainty, but which were under the control of their hereditary rulers. In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal. The integration of these territories into Dominion of India, that had been created by the Indian Independence Act 1947 by the British parliament, was a declared objective of the Indian National Congress, which the Government of India pursued over the years 1947 to 1949. Through a combination of tactics, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V. P. Menon in the months immediately preceding and following the independence convinced the rulers of almost all of the hundreds of princely states to accede to India
1722	1947		Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: Although this process successfully integrated the vast majority of princely states into India, it was not as successful in relation to a few states, notably the former princely state of Kashmir, whose Maharaja delayed signing the instrument of accession into India until his territories were under the threat of invasion by Pakistan, and the state of Hyderabad, whose ruler decided to remain independent and was subsequently defeated by the Operation Polo invasion (Annexation of Hyderabad). Having secured their accession, Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon then proceeded, in a step-by-step process, to secure and extend the central government's authority over these states and to transform their administrations until, by 1956, there was little difference between the territories that had formerly been part of British India and those that had been princely states. Simultaneously, the Government of India, through a combination of diplomatic and military means, acquired control over the remaining European colonial enclaves, such as Goa, which were also integrated into India.
1723	1947	1971	Pr	Principal princely states in 1947: As the final step, in 1971, the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India withdrew official recognition of all official symbols of princely India, including titles and privileges, and abolished the remuneration of the princes by privy purses (Privy Purse in India). As a result, even titular heads of the former princely states ceased to exist.
1724	1947		Tr	Kalinga Airlines was a private airline based in Calcutta, India. It was founded in 1947 by aviator and politician Biju Patnaik, who was also the airline's chief pilot. The airline was nationalised and merged into Indian Airlines in 1953.
1725	1947		Tr	Ambica Airlines, which was based at Bombay, began local services on 10 March 1947. The fleet consisted of DC-3s, with a three Beech 18s and other types. The airline was associated and subsidiary of the Shri Ambica Steam Navigation Company, a shipping company owned & established by Seth Vijaysinh Govindji & Jagmal Raja Chauhan in 1945
1726	1947		W	In 1947, the first ever Canadian embassy was opened in the United States. This event was significant because up until this point, any embassy duties as they related to Canadians were taken care of by the British.
1727	1948	30 Jan	E	Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Godse.
1728	1948	1950	G	C. Rajagopalachari, Governor-General of India, 21 June 1948 – 26 January 1950: Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (10 December 1878 – 25 December 1972), informally called Rajaji or C.R., was an Indian politician, independence activist, lawyer, writer, historian and statesman. Rajagopalachari was the last Governor-General of India, as India soon became a Republic in 1950. Furthermore, he was the first Indian-born governor-general, since before him the posts were held by British nationals. He also served as leader of the Indian National Congress, Premier of the Madras Presidency, Governor of West Bengal, Minister for Home Affairs of the Indian Union and Chief Minister of Madras state. Rajagopalachari founded the Swatantra Party and was one of the first recipients of India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna. He vehemently opposed the use of nuclear weapons and was a proponent of world peace and disarmament. During his lifetime, he also acquired the nickname 'Mango of Salem'.
1729	1948		Pa	Annexation of Hyderabad: (Operation Polo) After the Independence of India in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad chose to join neither India nor Pakistan. He later declared Hyderabad an independent state as the third dominion, but the Government of India refused to accept this. After attempts by India to persuade the Nizam to accede to India failed, and due to large scale atrocities committed by Razakars (Hyderabad) (who wanted the Nizam to accede Hyderabad to Pakistan) on the Hindu populace, the Indian government finally launched a military operation named Operation Polo. The Indian Armed Forces invaded Hyderabad on 13 September 1948 and defeated his untrained forces. The Nizam capitulated on 17 September 1948; that same afternoon he broadcast the news over the State radio network. The Nizam was forced to accept accession to the new Republic of India. His abdication on 17 September 1948 was the end of the dynasty's ambitions. Still he became the Rajpramukh, post independence based on public vote.
1730	1948		S	The Dominion of India competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in Wembley Park, London, England. 79 competitors, all men, took part in 39 events in 10 sports. It was the first time that India competed as an independent nation at the Olympic Games. The Indian field hockey team defeated the British team to win the country's first gold medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics. It was the country's first Olympic gold medal since India became independent. Score Line in favour of India 6–0 "It was a proud moment for all of us when we defeated England, which had until a year ago ruled India for a long period, on their own turf (in 1948)," – hockey wizard Balbir Singh Sr.
1731	1948		W	Jewish underground organization Lehi (militant group) killed UN Peace Mediator Count Folke Bernadotte (September 17, 1948) to protest his diplomatic efforts to modify the Palestine partition plan.
1732	1948		W	Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) never received the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948. In 1948 Gandhi received six letters of nomination and was on the short list for the Peace Prize but he was assassinated on 30 January 1948, two days before the closing date for nominations. The Nobel Committee decided against awarding the prize, saying the laureate could only be awarded posthumously if he/she died after the committee's decision had been made. Decades later, a Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, [but] whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question". In 1948 (the year of Gandhi's death) the Nobel Committee made no award, stating "there was no suitable living candidate"
1733	1950	26 Jan	P	India became a republic.
1734	1951		R	Reconstruction of the Somnath temple under the orders of the Home Minister of India Vallabhbhai Patel.
1735	1951		P	Congress Party wins first general elections under leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru.
1736	1954		BC	The Coup d'état of Yanaon (Yanam) was a tense but ultimately non-lethal political coup at Yanam, India, in 1954. It occurred as India and France held ongoing negotiations regarding the future of French settlements in India (French India). Yanam, along with Pondicherry, Karikal, and Mahé, was one of four small French colonial enclaves remaining in India after its 1947 independence from Britain. Though widely separated along both of India's coasts, the towns were collectively known as Pondicherry [Fr: Pondichéry; mod. India: Puducherry], after the largest of the settlements. Yanam had pro-France (anti-integration) leaders such as Samatam Kistaya, Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu, and Kamichetty Venougopala Rao Naidou, as well as pro-India (pro-merger) leaders like Dadala Raphael Ramanayya, V. Subbiah, Édouard Goubert and Madimchetty Satianandam. While Krouschnaya would remain committed to France, most of the anti-integration leaders later switched to the pro-merger camp. The integration of the colony into India was further hastened by the active intervention of India's consul, Kewal Singh. The coup d'état of Yanaon was interpreted differently by different people. While Indian nationalists considered it an act of liberation, some pro-French leaders saw it as an act of treachery.
1737	1954		Co	Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Dadra and Nagar Haveli were small Portuguese overseas territories that had been part of Portuguese India since 1779. They were administered by a Portuguese Governor based in nearby Daman. Following Indian independence in 1947, they were completely surrounded by sovereign territory belonging to India. On 22 July 1954, pro-India forces took control of the main police station in Dadra. They would proceed to take control of Naroli on 22 July and Silvassa on 2 August at which point the region was declared to be liberated from Portuguese rule and assumed the name "Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli". A body called the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli was formed to administer the territory. The Indian National Flag was hoisted in Silvassa and the Indian national anthem was sung. These would become the de-facto symbols of the state. In June 1961, the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli voted to accede to India. An Indian civil servant, K.G. Badlani would assume the title “Prime Minister of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli” on 11 August 1961 in order to formally sign an Instrument of Accession allowing annexation by India to take place. Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli was annexed by India on 11 August 1961 by virtue of the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India, becoming the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
1738	1954		Co	French India, Municipal administration in French India, Election results of 1954: Franco-Indian negotiations were resumed in early August 1954, that time in New Delhi. Nationalist agitation in the settlements was suspended while the negotiations were in progress. A compromise between the French and Indian points of view was worked out. On 18 October, 1954 a joint communiqué was issued stating that "all elected members of the Representative Assembly and municipal councils will meet on 18 October at Pondicherry to consider the joint proposals of the two Governments for a final settlement of the future of the establishments and to record their decision on these proposals as an expression of the wishes of the people". This historical meeting is called Kiloor Congress. Kizhur, a tiny hamlet was finally chosen in order to avoid the disturbances, which the presence of messrs. Goubert and Mouthoupoulle might have provoked if the congress had been held at Pondicherry. Monsieur Balasubramanian, President of Assemblée Représentative, acted as presiding officer of the congress. After considering the draft agreement put before them by the French and Indian Governments the Congress voted in secret ballot. An agreement for the de facto transfer of the Establishments was thereupon signed in Delhi on 21 October 1954. Total Voters – 178 For India – 170 For France – 8
1739	1955		B	Nationalisation of the Indian insurance sector. Establishment of LIC.
1740	1956	14 Oct	E	B. R. Ambedkar converted to Buddhism along with 600,000 followers.
1741	1956	6 Dec	E	B. R. Ambedkar died.
1742	1957		BE	Gold Coast (British colony): The Gold Coast becomes the first sub-Saharan African colony to reach independence (as Ghana). The movement of Britain’s remaining colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean toward self-government gains speed in later years.
1743	1961		Co	Annexation of Goa: Portugal would remain in possession of the Diu enclave (Goa, Daman and Diu), until Operation Vijay on 17–19 December 1961. The Annexation of Goa was the process in which the Republic of India annexed the former Portuguese Indian territories of Goa, Daman and Diu, starting with the armed action carried out by the Indian Armed Forces in December 1961. In India, this action is referred to as the "Liberation of Goa". In Portugal, it is referred to as the "Invasion of Goa". The "armed action" was code named Operation Vijay (meaning "Victory") by the Indian Armed Forces. It involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of rule by Portugal over its remaining exclaves in India. The engagement lasted two days, and twenty-two Indians and thirty Portuguese were killed in the fighting. The brief conflict drew a mixture of worldwide praise and condemnation. In India, the action was seen as a liberation of historically Indian territory, while Portugal viewed it as an aggression against its national soil and citizens. Following the end of Portuguese rule in 1961, Goa was placed under military administration headed by Kunhiraman Palat Candeth as Lieutenant Governor. On 8 June 1962, military rule was replaced by civilian government when the Lieutenant Governor nominated an informal Consultative Council (Goa Legislative Assembly) of 29 nominated members to assist him in the administration of the territory.
1744	1962		Co	French India: The Independence of India on 15 August 1947 gave impetus to the union of France's Indian possessions with former British India. The lodges in Machilipatnam, Kozhikode and Surat were ceded to India in October 1947. An agreement between France and India in 1948 agreed to an election in France's remaining Indian possessions to choose their political future. Governance of Chandernagore was ceded to India on 2 May 1950, then it was merged with West Bengal state on 2 October 1954. On 1 November 1954, the four enclaves of Pondichéry, Yanam, Mahe, and Karikal were de facto transferred to the Indian Union and became the Union Territory of Puducherry. The de jure union of French India with India did not take place until 1962 when the French Parliament in Paris ratified the treaty with India.
1745	1962		P	War over disputed territory of Kashmir with China.
1746	1964	27 May	E	Death of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
1747	1997		BE	The last significant British colony, Hong Kong, is returned to Chinese sovereignty. By this time virtually nothing remains of the British Empire. The Commonwealth, however, remains a remarkably flexible and durable institution.
1748	Entire		Ec	Jewel In The Crown: India was considered the ‘Jewel in the Crown’ for the British Empire due to India's resources and location. Britain exploited India's natural assets. British metaphorically "milked" the raw materials out of India. They traded Indian pepper, cotton, Chinese silk, porcelain, fine spices, tea, and coffee. During the Industrial Revolution, Britain needed raw materials and new markets, which India had. India’s value of raw cotton exports increased from 10 million rupees to 60 million rupees in 1849 to 1869 and to 410 million rupees in 1913. India also imported more because of their growing exports: “The value of finished cotton products imported into India rose from 50,000 in 1814 to 5.2 million in 1829 and 30 million rupees in 1890”. These statistics meant that Britain took millions of rupees of raw materials and then sold the transformed materials back to India. Being considered the ‘Jewel in the Crown’ also meant that India was strategically placed. India is in between England and China so it was perfect for the silk trade. England wanted to trade with China, and India is on the way to China. The Silk Road had an inlet into India, which made it easy to trade with China. England also built reinforced posts along the coastlines. These posts helped them feel more secure. Being strategically placed and fielding raw materials meant that India was considered 'The Jewel in the Crown'.
1749	Entire		Ec	The state of Indian economy under the lmperial rule has a long history. Its discussion can be traced to 1860’s when the moderates or a group of intellectual now known as the economic nationalists led by Dadabhai Naoroji and Romesh Chunder Dutt spoke about the apparent lack of growth and development of Indian economy in the colonial period: The nationalist school has been the staunchest critics of role of British Government. Romesh Chunder Dutt’s (1901, 1903) work The Economic History Of India, “Volumes I & II”, remain till date the most influent book on the analysis of the Indian colonial economy. He broadly identified three phases of British exploitation of India. This periodisation often overlaps and cannot be treated as rigid blocks. 1st Phase or Mercantile Phase (Merchant capitalism) from 1757 up to 1813 2nd phase coincided with the Industrial Revolution in England (1813– 1858) 3rd phase- Finance-Imperialism (Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism) from middle of 19th century onwards Also see Sn: 202, 315 and 426.
1750	Entire		Ec	Colonial Economy and Its phases: The true exploitative nature of the colonial economy started after gaining the diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. In trade till 1750s bullion flowed into India from Europe which meant that India profited from the trade. The import of Indian infact was so high that the British Parliament in 1700 had to pass an Act which prohibited the use of Asiatic Silks, printed and dyed calicoes. They could be brought in England but only for the purpose of re-exporting. Protective duties were imposed on Indian cloth entering England which over the years was raised to 80%. This meant that the Indian cloth that was already expensive became more expensive on account of paying custom duties. This was done in order to protect the English weavers from finer Indian cloth. But throughout this period India gained due to inflow of bullion.
1751	Entire		Ec	Colonial Economy and Its phases: Changes in Balance of Trade In Favour of Britain, (marked the beginning of the reversal of terms of trade). In the late eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century, England .was undergoing Industrial Revolution. This meant that the machines were replacing the human labour in production. Machines made possible production of goods on a large scale which were significantly cheaper than hand-made goods. England now needed an outlet to sell these goods and raw material to feed its rising industries. The East India Company by several means was able to change the balance of trade in its own favour. Under the conditions of the farman granted by the “Emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1717, a dastak was given to the East India Company that had to be signed by the President of the Calcutta Council. Dastak exempted the goods covered by the English factory from payment of custom duties. The dastaks were not applicable for the private trade of the individual servants of the Company as these duties formed an important source of revenues. This was one of the bones of contention between the English and Siraj-ud-daula and reason for the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
1752	Entire		Ec	Colonial Economy and Its phases: Changes in Balance of Trade In Favour of Britain, (marked the beginning of the reversal of terms of trade). Defeat of Siraj gave the British the freedom to exploit Indian sources and acted as a stepping stone in Indian politics The British installed Mr. Jafar, a weak Nawab, on the throne. In estimation within the seven years after the battle of Plassey in 1757, the puppet Nawabs had to give East India Company more than 5 million pounds sterling in terms of payments for support, concessions granted and so on. And this amount flowed out of India in the form of bullion. The servants of the Company even overlook the trade in commodities which had thus far remained prohibited to all Europeans, like tobacco, betel nut and salt. The East India Company benefited further after the winning the Battle of Buxar in 1764 and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Allahabad whereby the East India Company gained the diwani rights of Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. This meant that the Company gained the rights to collect the revenues. The ‘surplus’ that is one left after giving the Nawab his dues, was used to buy Indian goods for exporting to England and elsewhere. Thus, revenues were drained out of India and helped in the accumulation of capital in Britain.
1753	Entire		Ec	Colonial Economy and Its phases: Changes in Balance of Trade In Favour of Britain, (marked the beginning of the reversal of terms of trade). If this bullion, flowing out of India was somehow brought back either in the form of goods for further trade, or was somehow used to develop Indian industries by the British; the money would have circulated with in India. However, this out flowing bullion did not come back to India but went either to the stock holders’ pockets or private pockets. The bullion once out of India remained out of India. India did not gain any equivalent returns. In this way a large part of India’s financial resources were drained out.
1754	Entire		Ec	The Economy in British India: Both the direct administration of India by the British Crown and the technological change ushered in by the Industrial Revolution closely intertwined the economies of India and Great Britain. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India and telegraph links established so that raw materials, most notably cotton, from India’s hinterland could be transported more efficiently to ports for subsequent export to England. Finished goods from England were transported back just as efficiently for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Despite Britain’s position as the global leader of industrial development, India’s industrialization was limited beyond textiles. Historians have pointed to two causes: relatively low labor costs that discouraged investment in new labor-saving technologies and British control of trade and exports of cheap Manchester cotton. Entrepreneur Jamsetji Tata became the symbol of local industrial success, establishing a company that remains an influential global brand today. A plan for a rail system in India was first put forward in 1832. A few short lines were built in the 1830s, but they did not interconnect. In 1844, Governor-General of India Lord Hardinge (Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst) allowed private entrepreneurs to set up a rail system in India. The colonial government encouraged new railway companies backed by private investors under a scheme that would provide land and guarantee an annual return of up to five percent during the initial years of operation. Encouraged by the government guarantees, investment flowed in and a series of new rail companies were established, leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India.
1755	Entire		Ec	The Economy in British India: The railways were privately owned and operated and run by British administrators, engineers, and skilled craftsmen. At first, only the unskilled workers were Indians. Like hiring practices, building and maintaining the railways were designed to benefit mostly British companies. India thus provides an example of the British Empire pouring its money and expertise into a well-built system designed for military purposes with the hope that it would stimulate industry. The Indian economy grew about 1% per year from 1880 to 1920 and the population also grew at 1%. The result was, on average, no long-term change in income levels. Agriculture was still dominant, with most peasants at the subsistence level. Extensive irrigation systems were built, providing an impetus for growing cash crops for export and for raw materials for Indian industry, especially jute, cotton, sugarcane, coffee, and tea. Historians continue to debate whether the long-term impact of British rule accelerated or hindered the economic development of India. Some argue that the new economy brought by the British in the 18th century was a form of “plunder.” Others note the British takeover did not make any sharp break with the past. Many scholars in India and the West agree today that the British power depended upon excellent cooperation with Indian elites and that the British rule did not change the highly divisive caste-based hierarchy of the Indian society.
1756	Entire	Bombay	T	Heritage structures in Mumbai: Bombay has quite a unique architecture. These amazing structures have well blended with the landscape of the city. ‘City of Dreams’ is home to some of the most magnificent colonial architecture. Apart from the main tourist attractions like the Gateway of India, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, The Taj Mahal Palace, there are many more. Bombay Castle (Casa da Orta), 16th Century Castella de Aguada (Bandra Fort), 1640 Sion Hillock Fort, 1677 Sewri Fort, 1680 St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai, 1718 Maneckji Seth Agiary fire temple, 1733 Naval Dockyard, Bombay Dockyard, 1750 Horniman Circle Gardens, 1833 Asiatic Society of Mumbai Town Hall, 1833 Flora Fountain (known as Hutatma Chowk), 1864 Bombay Muncipal Corporation (BMC), 1865 Afghan Church, 1865 Crawford Market, officially Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai, 1869 Watson's Hotel (Esplanade Mansion), 1869 David Sassoon Library, 1870 Bombay High Court, 1878 Rajabai Clock Tower, 1878 Bomanjee Hormarjee Wadia Clock Tower, 1882
1757	Entire	Bombay	T	Heritage structures in Mumbai: Knesset Eliyahoo (Jewish synagogue), 1884 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly Victoria Terminus (VT), 1887 Elphinstone College, 1888 Anjuman-i-Islam School, 1893 Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai, 1893 J. N. Petit Library, 1898 Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, 1903 Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra, 1904 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, formerly Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, 1905 Ismail Building, 1906 Hotel Majestic and Waterloo Mansion, 1909 Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church, Mt. Poinsur, 1912 General Post Office, Mumbai, 1913 Gloria Church (or Nossa Senhora de Gloria), 1913 Gateway of India, 1924 National Gallery of Modern Art, 1936 Eros Cinema, 1938
1758	Entire	Madras	T	Heritage structures in Chennai: Madras (Chennai), with historically rich records dating from the British era, houses 2,467 heritage buildings within its metropolitan area (CMA), the highest within any Metropolitan Area limit in India. Most of these buildings are around 200 years old and older. Chennai is home to the second largest collection of heritage buildings in the country, after Calcutta. Fort St. George, India, 1640 Chepauk Palace, 1768 Amir Mahal, 1798 Government Central Press, Chennai, 1807 Egmore Eye Hospital, 1819 St Andrew's Church, Chennai, 1821 Police headquarters building, Chennai, 1839 Higginbotham's, 1844 Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai, 1850 Government Museum, Chennai, 1851 Royapuram railway station, 1853 Chennai Central railway station, 1873 Senate House (University of Madras), 1879 P.Orr & Sons (Clock Shop), 1879 Deputy Inspector General of Registration, 1880 The Hindu, rented in 1883, owned in 1892 General Post Office, Chennai, 1884 Victoria Public Hall, 1888
1759	Entire	Madras	T	Heritage structures in Chennai: Madras High Court, 1892 Bharat Insurance Building, 1897 State Bank of India Building, 1897 Red Fort building at the Madras Medical College, 1897 King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, 1899 Dobbin Hall, 1904 National Art Gallery, Chennai, 1906 Chennai Egmore railway station, 1908 Madras Record Office, Tamil Nadu Archives (TNA), 1909 Ripon Building, 1913 Kilpauk Water Works, 1914 Egmore Court Complex, 1916 Gove Building, Chennai (formerly Cuddon Building), 1916 College of Engineering, Guindy, 1920 Southern Railway Headquarters, Chennai, 1921
1760	Entire	Calcutta	T	Hertige Structures in Calcutta: Calcutta was initially the capital of the British Raj, which means that several structures constructed by them during the pre-Independence era still stand strong. From rajbaris and museums to churches and palaces, The City of Joy boasts of many beautiful heritage sites. Jorasanko Thakur Bari, 18th Century Belvedere Estate (now National Library of India), 1760s Writers' Building, 1777 Fort William, India, 1781 St. John's Church, Kolkata, 1784 Raj Bhavan, Kolkata (Government House), 1803 St. Olav's Church, Serampore, 1806 The Asiatic Society, 1808 Kolkata Town Hall, 1813 Imperial Museum (Indian Museum, Kolkata), 1814 St. Andrew's Church, 1818 Bengal Club, 1827 Shaheed Minar, Kolkata (Ochterlony Monument), 1828 Shobhabazar Rajbari, 1830s
1761	Entire	Calcutta	T	Hertige Structures in Calcutta: Currency Building, 1833 Marble Palace (Kolkata), 1835 National Library of India, 1836 James Prinsep Ghat, 1841 Great Eastern Hotel (Kolkata) (LaLiT Great Eastern), 1841 Tipu Sultan Mosque, 1842 Metcalfe Hall, 1844 St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata, 1847 Gwalior Monument (Ellenborough’s Folly), 1847 Howrah railway station, 1854 Beth El Synagogue, 1856 General Post Office, Kolkata, 1868 Calcutta High Court, 1872 Star Theatre, Kolkata, 1883 Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata), 1884 Royal Insurance Building, 1905 Metropolitan Building (Kolkata), (Whiteway Laidlaw store), 1905 Calcutta Club, 1907
1762	Entire	Calcutta	T	Hertige Structures in Calcutta: Gillander House, 1909 Grand Hotel (Kolkata) (Oberoi Grand), 1911 Bankshall Court, 1915 Calcutta Bungalow, 1920s restored Victoria Memorial, Kolkata, 1921 Lascar War Memorial, 1924 Glorious Dead Monument, 1924 Bengali War memorial, 1924 Toong On Church, 1924 Nizam Palace (Kolkata) ("Galstaun Park"), 1933 Raja Rammohun Roy Memorial Museum and Library Belur Math, 1938 Howrah Bridge, 1943
1763	Entire	Delhi	T	Hertige Structures in Delhi: Moth ki Masjid, 1505 Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb, 1528 Purana Qila, 1538 Masjid Khairul Manazil, 1561 Humayun's Tomb, 1572 Chausath Khamba Nizamuddin, 1623 Taj Mahal, 1632 The Red Fort, 1648 Chhota Qutub Minar, Mini Qutub Minar, 1650 Fatehpuri Mosque, 1650 Jama Masjid, Delhi, 1656 Jantar Mantar, New Delhi, 1724 Golden Mosque (Red Fort) (Sunehri Masjid), 1747 Safdarjung’s Tomb, Tomb of Safdar Jang, 1753 Ajmeri Gate, 1811 Gates of Delhi St. James' Church, Delhi, 1836 Coronation Memorial (Coronation Park, Delhi), 1877 Haveli Dharampura, 1887 Hyderabad House, 1928 Rashtrapati Bhavan ("Presidential Palace", formerly Viceroy's House), 1931 India Gate, 1933 The Imperial, New Delhi Hotel, 1936
1764	Entire	Hyderabad	T	Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India: Purana pul (Old Bridge), 1578 Charminar, 1591 Char Kaman, 1592 Badshahi Ashurkhana, 1594 Golconda Fort, 1600s Jamia Masjid Musheerabad, Musheerabad Mosque 1611 Qutub Shahi Masjid, Qutb Shahi tombs, 1626 Toli Masjid (Damri Masjid), 1671 Hayat Bakshi Mosque, 1672 Goshamahal Baradari (Masonic Building), 1682 Kulsum Begum Masjid (Kulsumpura Masjid), 17th century OU College for Women (Koti Residency or British Residency, Hyderabad), 1798 Raymond's Obelisk (Raymond's Tomb), 1798 Church of St. John The Baptist (St. John's Church, Secunderabad), 1818 St. George's Grammar School (Hyderabad), 1834 St. George's Church, Hyderabad, 1844 Malwala Palace, 1845 Parsi Fire Temple, Secunderabad, 1847
1765	Entire	Hyderabad	T	Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India: Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption, Secunderabad (St. Mary's Church), 1850 Sultan Bazar Clock Tower, 1865 Errum Manzil, 1870 St Joseph's Cathedral, Hyderabad, 1875 Monty's Hotel, Secunderabad , 1880 Chowmahalla Palace, 1880 Purani Haveli (Masarrat Mahal palace), 1880s Taramati Baradari, 1880s Saidani Ma Tomb, 1883 Asman Garh Palace (St. Joseph's Public School), 1885 Nizam College, 1887 Bai Pirojbai Edulji Chenai Parsi Dharamshala, 1889 Mahboob Chowk Clock Tower, 1892 Falaknuma Palace, 1893 Secunderabad Clock Tower, 1897 Vikhar Manzil (Paigah Palace), 1900 Sardar Mahal, 1900 Nizamia observatory, 1901
1766	Entire	Hyderabad	T	Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India: Mahbub Mansion (Mahboob Mansion), 1902 Shrine of Our Lady of Health, 1904 Spanish Mosque (Jam e Masjid Aiwan-E-Begumpet), 1906 Nizam Club, 1906 Bella Vista, Hyderabad (Administrative Staff College of India), 1910 Osmania General Hospital, 1910 ~ 1919 King Kothi Palace, 1911 Jubilee Hall, Hyderabad, 1913 Hill Fort Palace (Ritz Hotel), 1915 Osmania University, 1918 High Court, 1919 City College Hyderabad, 1921 The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet, 1923 Lady Hydari Club, 1929 Aza Khane Zehra, an ashurkhana, 1930s Taj Mahal Hotel (Old Block), 1930 Allahuddins Building, 1934 Government Nizamia General Hospital, 1938 Chiran Palace (Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), 1940
1767	Entire	Bangalore	T	Hertige Structures in Bangalore and Mysore: Bengaluru has over 800 heritage structures. Devanahalli Fort, 1501 (re-constructed in stone, 18th c) Bangalore Fort, 1537 Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace, 1791 St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore, 1808 (current 1927) Jaganmohan Palace Art Gallery, 1861 Government Museum, Bangalore, 1877 Bangalore Palace, 1878 Mayo Hall (Bangalore) (Kempegowda Museum), 1883 Jayamahal Palace Hotel (Arni Hall), 1892 Jayalakshmi Vilas, 1905 Mysore Palace, 1912 Lalitha Mahal, 1921 Krishna Rajendra Hospital, 1927 Cathedral of St. Joseph and St. Philomena (St. Philomena's Cathedral, Mysore), 1936 Also, see List of Heritage Buildings in Mysore.
1768	Entire	Allhabad	T	Hertige Structures in Allhabad: List of Monuments of National Importance in Allahabad district. Allahabad Fort, 1583 Khusro Bagh, 1622 Allahabad Public Library (Thornhill Mayne Memorial), 1864 Allahabad High Court, 1869 Chandrashekhar Azad Park (Alfred Park, Company Bagh), 1870 Swaraj Bhavan (formerly Anand Bhavan), 1871 Muir Central College, 1872 Mayo Memorial Hall, 1879 All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad, 1887 Allahabad University (University of Allahabad), 1887 Victoria Memorial, 1906 Allahabad Clock Tower, 1913 Prayag Sangeet Samiti, 1926 Anand Bhavan, 1930 Allahabad Museum, 1931
1769	Entire	Cochin	T	Hertige Structures in Cochin: Fort Emmanuel, 1503 Pallipuram Fort (Castelo em Cima), 1503 Fort Kochi, 1506 Le Colonial 1506, 16th century Church of Saint Francis, Kochi, 1516 Mattancherry Palace, 1545 Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi, 1558 Paradesi Synagogue, 1568 Paliam Palace, 17th century National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom, Vallarpadam, 1676 Bolgatty Palace, 1744 Krishnapuram Palace (Alleppey), 18th century Clock Tower, 1760 Shakthan Thampuran Palace (Vadakkekara Palace, Thrissur), 1795 Koder House, 1808 Hill Palace, Tripunithura Museum, 1865 Aspinwall House, 1867 Napier Museum (Trivandrum), 1880 Pierce Leslie Bungalow, 1892 Indo-Portuguese Museum, 1910
1770	Entire	Vizag	T	Hertige Structures in Visakhapatnam: Queen Mary's School, 1817 (Waltair Orphan Asylum) CBM High School, 1836 St. Pauls' Church, 1838 St. John's Church 1844 St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, 1847 St. Peter's CSI Church, 1859 Daspalla Palace, 1859 Mrs. A. V. N. College, 1860 Ross Hill Church, 1864 Waltair Club, 1883 Turner's Choultry, 1893 Kuruppam Market, 1893 Ghosha Hospital (Government Victoria Hospital), 1894 Lighthouse, 1903 Queen Victoria Pavilion, 1904 Town Hall Visakhapatnam, 1904
1771	Entire	Vizag	T	Hertige Structures in Visakhapatnam: Kurupam Tomb, 1905 Waltair Lodge-56, 1908 (1895) Sri Kanaka Maha Lakshmi Temple, 1912 Collector's Office, 1913 Hindu Reading Room, 1917 Rani Chandramani Devi Government Hospital, 1919 King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, 1923 (1845) Hawa Mahal, Visakhapatnam, 1923 Andhra University, 1926 District Court, 1931 Governer's Bunglow, 1931
1772	Entire	Pune	T	Hertige Structures in Pune Shivneri Fort, 17th century military fortification Lal Mahal (Red Palace), 1630 Lohagad (Iron Fort), 1648 captured by Shivaji Raigad Fort (King's Fort), 1656 Dehu]][[ Gatha temple, 1723 Shaniwar Wada, 1732 Nana Wada, 1780 Shinde Chhatri, 1794 Vishrambaug Wada, 1807 Rasalgad Fort, 1818 captured by British Bhide Wada, 1848, India’s first school for girls Ohel David Synagogue, 1867 Mahatma Phule Museum (Lord Ray Museum), 1890 Aga Khan Palace, 1892 Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple, 1892 Shivaji Bridge (Lloyd's Bridge), 1925
1773	Entire	In the aftermath of World War II	P	In the aftermath of World War II, European colonies, controlling more than one billion people throughout the world, still ruled most of the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Africa, and until 1947 the Indian subcontinent. Independence movements emerged across Africa and in regions of Asia that remained under the European control. They often referred to the 1941 Atlantic Charter and applied a number of strategies, both militant and based on the civil disobedience model. New modernizing forms of African nationalism gained strength in the early 20th-century with the emergence of Pan-Africanism. By the 1930s, the colonial powers in Africa had cultivated, sometimes inadvertently, a small elite group of leaders who advocated the idea of self-determination. The struggle culminated in 1960, known today as the Year of Africa, when the number of independent countries rose from nine to 26 and African nations were recognized as a force to be reckoned with on the international arena. Many colonies continued to fight for their independence throughout the 1960s and 1970s. In Asia, the image of European pre-eminence was shattered by the wartime Japanese occupations of large portions of British, French, and Dutch territories in the Pacific. The destabilization of European rule led to the rapid growth of nationalist movements, and nearly all Asian colonies gained independence in the aftermath of World War II, sometimes as a result of violent conflicts.

References

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